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  • Articles  (756,928)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (369,588)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (241,929)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 1
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    The Kamil Crater in Egypt (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: BREVIA
    Description: We report on the discovery in southern Egypt of an impact crater 45 m in diameter with a pristine rayed structure. Such pristine structures have been previously observed only on atmosphereless rocky or icy planetary bodies in the Solar System. This feature and the association with an iron meteorite impactor and shock metamorphism provides a unique picture of small-scale hypervelocity impacts on the Earth's crust. Contrary to current geophysical models, ground data indicate that iron meteorites with masses of the order of tens of tons can penetrate the atmosphere without significant fragmentation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 804
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Impact crater ; Egypt ; geophysical exploration ; ataxite ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    An aerobic eukaryotic parasite with functional mitochondria that likely lacks a mitochondrial genome (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 5(4), ISSN: 2375-2548
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Dinoflagellates are microbial eukaryotes that have exceptionally large nuclear genomes; however, their organelle genomes are small and fragmented and contain fewer genes than those of other eukaryotes. The genus Amoebophrya (Syndiniales) comprises endoparasites with high genetic diversity that can infect other dinoflagellates, such as those forming harmful algal blooms (e.g., Alexandrium). We sequenced the genome (~100 Mb) of Amoebophrya ceratii to investigate the early evolution of genomic characters in dinoflagellates. The A. ceratii genome encodes almost all essential biosynthetic pathways for self-sustaining cellular metabolism, suggesting a limited dependency on its host. Although dinoflagellates are thought to have descended from a photosynthetic ancestor, A. ceratii appears to have completely lost its plastid and nearly all genes of plastid origin. Functional mitochondria persist in all life stages of A. ceratii, but we found no evidence for the presence of a mitochondrial genome. Instead, all mitochondrial proteins appear to be lost or encoded in the A. ceratii nucleus.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 3
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    Thermal bottlenecks in the life cycle define climate vulnerability of fish (2020)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 369(6499), pp. 65-70, ISSN: 1095-9203
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-05
    Description: Species’ vulnerability to climate change depends on the most temperature-sensitive life stages, but for major animal groups such as fish, life cycle bottlenecks are often not clearly defined. We used observational, experimental, and phylogenetic data to assess stage-specific thermal tolerance metrics for 694 marine and freshwater fish species from all climate zones. Our analysis shows that spawning adults and embryos consistently have narrower tolerance ranges than larvae and nonreproductive adults and are most vulnerable to climate warming. The sequence of stage-specific thermal tolerance corresponds with the oxygen-limitation hypothesis, suggesting a mechanistic link between ontogenetic changes in cardiorespiratory (aerobic) capacity and tolerance to temperature extremes. A logarithmic inverse correlation between the temperature dependence of physiological rates (development and oxygen consumption) and thermal tolerance range is proposed to reflect a fundamental, energetic trade-off in thermal adaptation. Scenario-based climate projections considering the most critical life stages (spawners and embryos) clearly identify the temperature requirements for reproduction as a critical bottleneck in the life cycle of fish. By 2100, depending on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenario followed, the percentages of species potentially affected by water temperatures exceeding their tolerance limit for reproduction range from ~10% (SSP 1–1.9) to ~60% (SSP 5–8.5). Efforts to meet ambitious climate targets (SSP 1–1.9) could therefore benefit many fish species and people who depend on healthy fish stocks.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 4
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    Brazil oil spill response: Protect rhodolith beds (2020)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 367(6474), pp. 156-156
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-19
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 5
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    Thermal stress reduces pocilloporid coral resilience to ocean acidification by impairing control over calcifying fluid chemistry (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-25
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 6
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    Time-resolved seismic tomography detects magma intrusions at Mt. Etna (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The continuous volcanic and seismic activity at Mount Etna makes this volcano an important laboratory for seismological and geophysical studies. We used repeated three-dimensional tomography to detect variations in elastic parameters during different volcanic cycles, before and during the October 2002–January 2003 flank eruption. Well-defined anomalous low P- to S-wave velocity ratio volumes were revealed. Absent during the pre-eruptive period, the anomalies trace the intrusion of volatile-rich (Q4 weight percent) basaltic magma, most of which rose up only a few months before the onset of eruption. The observed time changes of velocity anomalies suggest that four-dimensional tomography provides a basis for more efficient volcano monitoring and shortand midterm eruption forecasting of explosive activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 821-823
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: NONE ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.07. Tomography and anisotropy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    Earth's Degassing: A Missing Ethane and Propane Source (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: BREVIA
    Description: Current emission inventories require an additional "unknown" source to balance the global atmospheric budgets of ethane (C2H6). Here, we provide evidence that a substantial part of the missing source can be attributed to natural gas seepage from petroliferous, geothermal, and volcanic areas. Such geologic sources also inject propane (C3H8) into the atmosphere. The analysis of a large data set of methane (CH4), ethane, and propane concentrations in surface gas emissions of 238 sites from different geographic and geologic areas, coupled with published estimates of geomethane emissions, suggests that Earth's degassing accounts for at least 17% and 10% of total ethane and propane emissions, respectively.
    Description: Published
    Description: 478
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ethane ; Propane ; Geologic emissions ; Seepage ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Tidal Modulation of Nonvolcanic Tremor (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Episodes of nonvolcanic tremor and accompanying slow slip recently have been observed in the subduction zones of Japan and Cascadia. In Cascadia, such episodes typically last a few weeks, and differ from “normal” earthquakes in their source location and momentduration scaling. The three most recent episodes in the Puget Sound/Southern Vancouver Island portion of the Cascadia subduction zone have been exceptionally well recorded. In each episode, we see clear pulsing of tremor activity with periods of 12.4 and 24-25 hours, the same as the principal lunar and lunisolar tides. This indicates that the small stresses associated with the solid-earth and ocean tides influence the genesis of tremor much more effectively than they do “normal” earthquakes. Because the lithostatic stresses are 105 times larger than those associated with the tides, we argue that tremor occurs on very weak faults.
    Description: Published
    Description: 186 -189
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Nonvolcanic ; tremor ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Figure 1 of: Pelagic sediments (1961)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3New York, American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 10
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    Boundary condition of grounding lines prior to collapse, Larsen-B Ice Shelf, Antarctica (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 345(6202), pp. 1354-1358
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-15
    Description: Grounding zones, where ice sheets transition between resting on bedrock to full floatation, help regulate ice flow. Exposure of the sea floor by the 2002 Larsen-B Ice Shelf collapse allowed detailed morphologic mapping and sampling of the embayment sea floor. Marine geophysical data collected in 2006 reveal a large, arcuate, complex grounding zone sediment system at the front of Crane Fjord. Radiocarbon-constrained chronologies from marine sediment cores indicate loss of ice contact with the bed at this site about 12,000 years ago. Previous studies and morphologic mapping of the fjord suggest that the Crane Glacier grounding zone was well within the fjord before 2002 and did not retreat further until after the ice shelf collapse. This implies that the 2002 Larsen-B Ice Shelf collapse likely was a response to surface warming rather than to grounding zone instability, strengthening the idea that surface processes controlled the disintegration of the Larsen Ice Shelf .
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 11
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    Climbing the crustal ladder : magma storage-depth evolution during a volcanic flare-up (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaap7567, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aap7567.
    Description: Very large eruptions (〉50 km3) and supereruptions (〉450 km3) reveal Earth’s capacity to produce and store enormous quantities (〉1000 km3) of crystal-poor, eruptible magma in the shallow crust. We explore the interplay between crustal evolution and volcanism during a volcanic flare-up in the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ, New Zealand) using a combination of quartz-feldspar-melt equilibration pressures and time scales of quartz crystallization. Over the course of the flare-up, crystallization depths became progressively shallower, showing the gradual conditioning of the crust. Yet, quartz crystallization times were invariably very short (〈100 years), demonstrating that very large reservoirs of eruptible magma were transient crustal features. We conclude that the dynamic nature of the TVZ crust favored magma eruption over storage. Episodic tapping of eruptible magmas likely prevented a supereruption. Instead, multiple very large bodies of eruptible magma were assembled and erupted in decadal time scales.
    Description: This work was supported by the NSF (EAR-1151337) and by two Vanderbilt University Discovery Grants.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 12
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    Future climate response to Antarctic Ice Sheet melt caused by anthropogenic warming (2020)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Sadai, S., Condron, A., DeConto, R., & Pollard, D. Future climate response to Antarctic Ice Sheet melt caused by anthropogenic warming. Science Advances, 6(39), (2020): eaaz1169, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz1169.
    Description: Meltwater and ice discharge from a retreating Antarctic Ice Sheet could have important impacts on future global climate. Here, we report on multi-century (present–2250) climate simulations performed using a coupled numerical model integrated under future greenhouse-gas emission scenarios IPCC RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, with meltwater and ice discharge provided by a dynamic-thermodynamic ice sheet model. Accounting for Antarctic discharge raises subsurface ocean temperatures by 〉1°C at the ice margin relative to simulations ignoring discharge. In contrast, expanded sea ice and 2° to 10°C cooler surface air and surface ocean temperatures in the Southern Ocean delay the increase of projected global mean anthropogenic warming through 2250. In addition, the projected loss of Arctic winter sea ice and weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation are delayed by several decades. Our results demonstrate a need to accurately account for meltwater input from ice sheets in order to make confident climate predictions.
    Description: This research was supported by the NSF Office of Polar Programs through NSF grant 1443347, the Biological and Environmental Research (BER) division of the U.S. Department of Energy through grant DE-SC0019263, the NSF through ICER 1664013, and by a grant to the NASA Sea Level Science Team 80NSSC17K0698.
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  • 13
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    Barium isotope evidence for pervasive sediment recycling in the upper mantle (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaas8675, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aas8675.
    Description: The upper mantle, as sampled by mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs), exhibits significant chemical variability unrelated to mechanisms of melt extraction at ridges. We show that barium isotope variations in global MORBs vary systematically with radiogenic isotopes and trace element ratios, which reflects mixing between depleted and enriched MORB melts. In addition, modern sediments and enriched MORBs share similar Ba isotope signatures. Using modeling, we show that addition of ~0.1% by weight of sediment components into the depleted mantle in subduction zones must impart a sedimentary Ba signature to the overlying mantle and induce low-degree melting that produces the enriched MORB reservoir. Subsequently, these enriched domains convect toward mid-ocean ridges and produce radiogenic isotope variation typical of enriched MORBs. This mechanism can explain the chemical and isotopic features of enriched MORBs and provide strong evidence for pervasive sediment recycling in the upper mantle.
    Description: This study was supported by NSF grants EAR-1119373 and EAR-1427310 to S.G.N.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 14
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    Natural climate solutions for the United States (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaat1869, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat1869.
    Description: Limiting climate warming to 〈2°C requires increased mitigation efforts, including land stewardship, whose potential in the United States is poorly understood. We quantified the potential of natural climate solutions (NCS)—21 conservation, restoration, and improved land management interventions on natural and agricultural lands—to increase carbon storage and avoid greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. We found a maximum potential of 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) Pg CO2e year−1, the equivalent of 21% of current net annual emissions of the United States. At current carbon market prices (USD 10 per Mg CO2e), 299 Tg CO2e year−1 could be achieved. NCS would also provide air and water filtration, flood control, soil health, wildlife habitat, and climate resilience benefits.
    Description: This study was made possible by funding from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation. C.A.W. and H.G. acknowledge financial support from NASA’s Carbon Monitoring System program (NNH14ZDA001N-CMS) under award NNX14AR39G. S.D.B. acknowledges support from the DOE’s Office of Biological and Environmental Research Program under the award DE-SC0014416. J.W.F. acknowledges financial support from the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research program under National Science Foundation grant no. DEB-1237517.
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  • 15
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    Warming of the interior Arctic Ocean linked to sea ice losses at the basin margins (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaat6773, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat6773.
    Description: Arctic Ocean measurements reveal a near doubling of ocean heat content relative to the freezing temperature in the Beaufort Gyre halocline over the past three decades (1987–2017). This warming is linked to anomalous solar heating of surface waters in the northern Chukchi Sea, a main entryway for halocline waters to join the interior Beaufort Gyre. Summer solar heat absorption by the surface waters has increased fivefold over the same time period, chiefly because of reduced sea ice coverage. It is shown that the solar heating, considered together with subduction rates of surface water in this region, is sufficient to account for the observed halocline warming. Heat absorption at the basin margins and its subsequent accumulation in the ocean interior, therefore, have consequences for Beaufort Gyre sea ice beyond the summer season.
    Description: Support was provided by the National Science Foundation Division of Polar Programs under award numbers 1303644, 1350046, and 1603660.
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  • 16
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    A continuous pathway for fresh water along the East Greenland shelf (2020)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Foukal, N. P., Gelderloos, R., & Pickart, R. S. A continuous pathway for fresh water along the East Greenland shelf. Science Advances, 6(43), (2020): eabc4254, doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc4254.
    Description: Export from the Arctic and meltwater from the Greenland Ice Sheet together form a southward-flowing coastal current along the East Greenland shelf. This current transports enough fresh water to substantially alter the large-scale circulation of the North Atlantic, yet the coastal current’s origin and fate are poorly known due to our lack of knowledge concerning its north-south connectivity. Here, we demonstrate how the current negotiates the complex topography of Denmark Strait using in situ data and output from an ocean circulation model. We determine that the coastal current north of the strait supplies half of the transport to the coastal current south of the strait, while the other half is sourced from offshore via the shelfbreak jet, with little input from the Greenland Ice Sheet. These results indicate that there is a continuous pathway for Arctic-sourced fresh water along the entire East Greenland shelf from Fram Strait to Cape Farewell.
    Description: Funding for this work comes from the NSF under grant numbers OCE-1756361 and OCE-1558742 (N.P.F. and R.S.P.) and grant numbers OCE-1756863 and OAC-1835640 (R.G.).
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  • 17
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    Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 3 (2017): e1700782, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700782.
    Description: Plastics have outgrown most man-made materials and have long been under environmental scrutiny. However, robust global information, particularly about their end-of-life fate, is lacking. By identifying and synthesizing dispersed data on production, use, and end-of-life management of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives, we present the first global analysis of all mass-produced plastics ever manufactured. We estimate that 8300 million metric tons (Mt) as of virgin plastics have been produced to date. As of 2015, approximately 6300 Mt of plastic waste had been generated, around 9% of which had been recycled, 12% was incinerated, and 79% was accumulated in landfills or the natural environment. If current production and waste management trends continue, roughly 12,000 Mt of plastic waste will be in landfills or in the natural environment by 2050.
    Description: R.G. was supported by the NSF Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental and Transport Systems grant #1335478.
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  • 18
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    Constraining the rate of oceanic deoxygenation leading up to a Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE-2: ~94 Ma) (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 3 (2017): e1701020, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701020.
    Description: The rates of marine deoxygenation leading to Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events are poorly recognized and constrained. If increases in primary productivity are the primary driver of these episodes, progressive oxygen loss from global waters should predate enhanced carbon burial in underlying sediments—the diagnostic Oceanic Anoxic Event relic. Thallium isotope analysis of organic-rich black shales from Demerara Rise across Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 reveals evidence of expanded sediment-water interface deoxygenation ~43 ± 11 thousand years before the globally recognized carbon cycle perturbation. This evidence for rapid oxygen loss leading to an extreme ancient climatic event has timely implications for the modern ocean, which is already experiencing large-scale deoxygenation.
    Description: We would like to acknowledge support from the NSF grant OCE 1434785 (to J.D.O. and S.G.N.), the NASA Exobiology grant NNX16AJ60G (to J.D.O. and S.G.N.), a WHOI Summer Student Fellowship (to C.M.O.), and an Agouron Postdoctoral Fellowship (to J.D.O.). This material is based on work supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant no. 026257-001.
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  • 19
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    Revisiting carbon flux through the ocean's twilight zone (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-04
    Description: Citation only. Published in Science 316: 567-570, doi: 10.1126/science.1137959
    Description: Funding was obtained primarily through the NSF, Ocean Sciences Programs in Chemical and Biological Oceanography, with additional support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Program, and other national programs, including the Australian Cooperative Research Centre program and Australian Antarctic Division.
    Keywords: Carbon flux ; Carbon sequestration ; Biological pump
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  • 20
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    Agreement between reconstructed and modeled boreal precipitation of the Last Interglacial (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 5(11), pp. eaax7047, ISSN: 2375-2548
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-25
    Description: The last extended time period when climate may have been warmer than today was during the Last Interglacial (LIG; ca. 129 to 120 thousand years ago). However, a global view of LIG precipitation is lacking. Here, seven new LIG climate models are compared to the first global database of proxies for LIG precipitation. In this way, models are assessed in their ability to capture important hydroclimatic processes during a different climate. The models can reproduce the proxy-based positive precipitation anomalies from the preindustrial period over much of the boreal continents. Over the Southern Hemisphere, proxy-model agreement is partial. In models, LIG boreal monsoons have 42% wider area than in the preindustrial and produce 55% more precipitation and 50% more extreme precipitation. Austral monsoons are weaker. The mechanisms behind these changes are consistent with stronger summer radiative forcing over boreal high latitudes and with the associated higher temperatures during the LIG.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
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    Biogenic formation of amorphous carbon by anaerobic methanotrophs and select methanogens (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 7(44), pp. eabg9739
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-05
    Description: Elemental carbon exists in different structural forms including graphite, diamond, fullerenes, and amorphous carbon. In nature, these materials are produced through abiotic chemical processes under high temperature and pressure but are considered generally inaccessible to biochemical synthesis or breakdown. Here, we identified and characterized elemental carbon isolated from consortia of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), which together carry out the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Two different AOM consortia, ANME-1a/HotSeep-1 and ANME-2a/c/Seep-SRB, produce a black material with similar characteristics to disordered graphite and amorphous carbon. Stable isotope probing studies revealed that the carbon is microbially generated during AOM. In addition, we found that select methanogens also produce amorphous carbon with similar characteristics to the carbon from AOM consortia. Biogenic amorphous carbon may serve as a conductive element to facilitate electron transfer, or redox active functional groups associated with the carbon could act as electron donors and acceptors.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 22
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    Crystal structure of a key enzyme for anaerobic ethane activation (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 373(6550), pp. 118-121
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    Publication Date: 2021-10-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 23
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    A methylotrophic origin of methanogenesis and early divergence of anaerobic multicarbon alkane metabolism (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 7(27), pp. eabj1453
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-20
    Description: Methanogens are considered as one of the earliest life forms on Earth, and together with anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea, they have crucial effects on climate stability. However, the origin and evolution of anaerobic alkane metabolism in the domain Archaea remain controversial. Here, we present evidence that methylotrophic methanogenesis was the ancestral form of this metabolism. Carbon dioxide–reducing methanogenesis developed later through the evolution of tetrahydromethanopterin S-methyltransferase, which linked methanogenesis to the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway for energy conservation. Anaerobic multicarbon alkane metabolisms in Archaea also originated early, with genes coding for the activation of short-chain or even long-chain alkanes likely evolving from an ethane-metabolizing ancestor. These genes were likely horizontally transferred to multiple archaeal clades including Candidatus (Ca.) Bathyarchaeia, Ca. Lokiarchaeia, Ca. Hadarchaeia, and the methanogenic Ca. Methanoliparia.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Sulfate-dependent reversibility of intracellular reactions explains the opposing isotope effects in the anaerobic oxidation of methane (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 7(19), pp. eabe4939
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Geodetic measurements reveal similarities between Last Glacial Maximum and present-day mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2(9), pp. e1600931
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-20
    Description: Accurate quantification of the millennial-scale mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) and its contribution to global sea-level rise remain challenging because of sparse in situ observations in key regions. Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) is the ongoing response of the solid Earth to ice and ocean load changes occurring since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~21 thousand years ago) and may be used to constrain the GrIS deglaciation history. We use data from the Greenland Global Positioning System network to directly measure GIA and estimate basin-wide mass changes since the LGM. Unpredicted, large GIA uplift rates of +12 mm/year are found in southeast Greenland. These rates are due to low upper mantle viscosity in the region, from when Greenland passed over the Iceland hot spot about 40 million years ago. This region of concentrated soft rheology has a profound influence on reconstructing the deglaciation history of Greenland. We reevaluate the evolution of the GrIS since LGM and obtain a loss of 1.5-m sea-level equivalent from the northwest and southeast. These same sectors are dominating modern mass loss. We suggest that the present destabilization of these marine-based sectors may increase sea level for centuries to come. Our new deglaciation history and GIA uplift estimates suggest that studies that use the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellite mission to infer present-day changes in the GrIS may have erroneously corrected for GIA and underestimated the mass loss by about 20 gigatons/year.
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    Archean cratonic mantle recycled at a mid-ocean ridge (2022)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-13
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Liu, C.-Z., Dick, H. J. B., Mitchell, R. N., Wei, W., Zhang, Z.-Y., Hofmann, A. W., Yang, J.-F., & Li, Y. Archean cratonic mantle recycled at a mid-ocean ridge. Science Advances, 8(22), (2022): eabn6749, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn6749.
    Description: Basalts and mantle peridotites of mid-ocean ridges are thought to sample Earth’s upper mantle. Osmium isotopes of abyssal peridotites uniquely preserve melt extraction events throughout Earth history, but existing records only indicate ages up to ~2 billion years (Ga) ago. Thus, the memory of the suspected large volumes of mantle lithosphere that existed in Archean time (〉2.5 Ga) has apparently been lost somehow. We report abyssal peridotites with melt-depletion ages up to 2.8 Ga, documented by extremely unradiogenic 187Os/188Os ratios (to as low as 0.1095) and refractory major elements that compositionally resemble the deep keels of Archean cratons. These oceanic rocks were thus derived from the once-extensive Archean continental keels that have been dislodged and recycled back into the mantle, the feasibility of which we confirm with numerical modeling. This unexpected connection between young oceanic and ancient continental lithosphere indicates an underappreciated degree of compositional recycling over time.
    Description: This study was financially supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars 42025201 (to C.-Z.L.), the National Key Research and Development Project of China 2020YFA0714801 (to C.-Z.L.), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences XDA13010106 (to C.-Z.L.), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences XDB42020301 (to C.-Z.L.), and NSF grants 2114652 and 1657983 (to H.J.B.D.).
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    Multiple integrated metabolic strategies allow foraminiferan protists to thrive in anoxic marine sediments (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gomaa, F., Utter, D. R., Powers, C., Beaudoin, D. J., Edgcomb, V. P., Filipsson, H. L., Hansel, C. M., Wankel, S. D., Zhang, Y., & Bernhard, J. M. Multiple integrated metabolic strategies allow foraminiferan protists to thrive in anoxic marine sediments. Science Advances, 7(22), (2021): eabf1586, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf1586.
    Description: Oceanic deoxygenation is increasingly affecting marine ecosystems; many taxa will be severely challenged, yet certain nominally aerobic foraminifera (rhizarian protists) thrive in oxygen-depleted to anoxic, sometimes sulfidic, sediments uninhabitable to most eukaryotes. Gene expression analyses of foraminifera common to severely hypoxic or anoxic sediments identified metabolic strategies used by this abundant taxon. In field-collected and laboratory-incubated samples, foraminifera expressed denitrification genes regardless of oxygen regime with a putative nitric oxide dismutase, a characteristic enzyme of oxygenic denitrification. A pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase was highly expressed, indicating the capability for anaerobic energy generation during exposure to hypoxia and anoxia. Near-complete expression of a diatom’s plastid genome in one foraminiferal species suggests kleptoplasty or sequestration of functional plastids, conferring a metabolic advantage despite the host living far below the euphotic zone. Through a unique integration of functions largely unrecognized among “typical” eukaryotes, benthic foraminifera represent winning microeukaryotes in the face of ongoing oceanic deoxygenation.
    Description: his project was funded by the U.S. NSF IOS 1557430 and 1557566. H.L.F. acknowledges support from the Swedish Research Council VR (grant number 2017-04190).
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    Postmelting hydrogen enrichment in the oceanic lithosphere (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Le Roux, V., Urann, B. M., Brunelli, D., Bonatti, E., Cipriani, A., Demouchy, S., & Monteleone, B. D. Postmelting hydrogen enrichment in the oceanic lithosphere. Science Advances, 7(24), (2021): eabf6071, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf6071.
    Description: The large range of H2O contents recorded in minerals from exhumed mantle rocks has been challenging to interpret, as it often records a combination of melting, metasomatism, and diffusional processes in spatially isolated samples. Here, we determine the temporal variations of H2O contents in pyroxenes from a 24-Ma time series of abyssal peridotites exposed along the Vema fracture zone (Atlantic Ocean). The H2O contents of pyroxenes correlate with both crustal ages and pyroxene chemistry and increase toward younger and more refractory peridotites. These variations are inconsistent with residual values after melting and opposite to trends often observed in mantle xenoliths. Postmelting hydrogen enrichment occurred by ionic diffusion during cryptic metasomatism of peridotite residues by low-degree, volatile-rich melts and was particularly effective in the most depleted peridotites. The presence of hydrous melts under ridges leads to widespread hydrogen incorporation in the oceanic lithosphere, likely lowering mantle viscosity compared to dry models.
    Description: Funding for this study was supported by NSF EAR-P&G 1524311 and 1839128 to V.L.R. and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Award for Innovative Research to V.L.R. A.C. and D.B. were funded by the Italian Programma di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale PRIN 20178LPCPW and PRIN2017KY5ZX8, respectively. Revisions were performed within the duration of a “Visiting Scholar at SCIENCE 2020” award to V.L.R. (University of Copenhagen, Denmark), with support from the Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Section for Geology.
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    Remote and local drivers of Pleistocene South Asian summer monsoon precipitation: a test for future predictions (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Clemens, S. C., Yamamoto, M., Thirumalai, K., Giosan, L., Richey, J. N., Nilsson-Kerr, K., Rosenthal, Y., Anand, P., & McGrath, S. M. Remote and local drivers of Pleistocene South Asian summer monsoon precipitation: a test for future predictions. Science Advances, 7(23), (2021): eabg3848, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg3848.
    Description: South Asian precipitation amount and extreme variability are predicted to increase due to thermodynamic effects of increased 21st-century greenhouse gases, accompanied by an increased supply of moisture from the southern hemisphere Indian Ocean. We reconstructed South Asian summer monsoon precipitation and runoff into the Bay of Bengal to assess the extent to which these factors also operated in the Pleistocene, a time of large-scale natural changes in carbon dioxide and ice volume. South Asian precipitation and runoff are strongly coherent with, and lag, atmospheric carbon dioxide changes at Earth’s orbital eccentricity, obliquity, and precession bands and are closely tied to cross-equatorial wind strength at the precession band. We find that the projected monsoon response to ongoing, rapid high-latitude ice melt and rising carbon dioxide levels is fully consistent with dynamics of the past 0.9 million years.
    Description: S.C.C. and S.M.M. were supported by U.S. NSF OCE1634774. M.Y. was funded by JSPS grants JPMXS05R2900001 and 19H05595 and JAMSTEC Exp. 353 postcruise study. K.N.-K. and P.A. were supported by UK-IODP, Open University, and NERC (NE/L002493/1), K.T. was supported by the Technology and Research Initiative Fund, Arizona Board of Regents.
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    Groundwater residence time estimates obscured by anthropogenic carbonate (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Seltzer, A. M., Bekaert, D. V., Barry, P. H., Durkin, K. E., Mace, E. K., Aalseth, C. E., Zappala, J. C., Mueller, P., Jurgens, B., & Kulongoski, J. T. Groundwater residence time estimates obscured by anthropogenic carbonate. Science Advances, 7(17), (2021): eabf3503, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf3503.
    Description: Groundwater is an important source of drinking and irrigation water. Dating groundwater informs its vulnerability to contamination and aids in calibrating flow models. Here, we report measurements of multiple age tracers (14C, 3H, 39Ar, and 85Kr) and parameters relevant to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from 17 wells in California’s San Joaquin Valley (SJV), an agricultural region that is heavily reliant on groundwater. We find evidence for a major mid-20th century shift in groundwater DIC input from mostly closed- to mostly open-system carbonate dissolution, which we suggest is driven by input of anthropogenic carbonate soil amendments. Crucially, enhanced open-system dissolution, in which DIC equilibrates with soil CO2, fundamentally affects the initial 14C activity of recently recharged groundwater. Conventional 14C dating of deeper SJV groundwater, assuming an open system, substantially overestimates residence time and thereby underestimates susceptibility to modern contamination. Because carbonate soil amendments are ubiquitous, other groundwater-reliant agricultural regions may be similarly affected.
    Description: his work was conducted as a part of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) Enhanced Trends Project (https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/studies/gwtrends/). Measurements at Argonne National Laboratory were supported by Department of Energy, Office of Science under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. Measurements at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory were part of the Ultra-Sensitive Nuclear Measurements Initiative conducted under the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program. PNNL is operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830. This work was also partially supported by NSF award OCE-1923915 (to A.M.S. and P.H.B. at WHOI).
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    Serpentinite-derived slab fluids control the oxidation state of the subarc mantle (2022)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zhang, Y., Gazel, E., Gaetani, G. A., & Klein, F. Serpentinite-derived slab fluids control the oxidation state of the subarc mantle. Science Advances, 7(48), (2021): eabj2515, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj2515.
    Description: Recent geochemical evidence confirms the oxidized nature of arc magmas, but the underlying processes that regulate the redox state of the subarc mantle remain yet to be determined. We established a link between deep subduction-related fluids derived from dehydration of serpentinite ± altered oceanic crust (AOC) using B isotopes and B/Nb as fluid proxies, and the oxidized nature of arc magmas as indicated by Cu enrichment during magma evolution and V/Yb. Our results suggest that arc magmas derived from source regions influenced by a greater serpentinite (±AOC) fluid component record higher oxygen fugacity. The incorporation of this component into the subarc mantle is controlled by the subduction system’s thermodynamic conditions and geometry. Our results suggest that the redox state of the subarc mantle is not homogeneous globally: Primitive arc magmas associated with flat, warm subduction are less oxidized overall than those generated in steep, cold subduction zones.
    Description: Y.Z. acknowledges funding from the National Science Foundation of China (91958213), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB42020402), and the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (ZR2020QD068). This study was supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation NSF EAR 1826673 to E.G. and G.A.G. and OCE 1756349 to E.G.
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    Ocean deoxygenation and zooplankton: Very small oxygen differences matter (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances, 4(12), (2018): eaau5180. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau5180.
    Description: Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), large midwater regions of very low oxygen, are expected to expand as a result of climate change. While oxygen is known to be important in structuring midwater ecosystems, a precise and mechanistic understanding of the effects of oxygen on zooplankton is lacking. Zooplankton are important components of midwater food webs and biogeochemical cycles. Here, we show that, in the eastern tropical North Pacific OMZ, previously undescribed submesoscale oxygen variability has a direct effect on the distribution of many major zooplankton groups. Despite extraordinary hypoxia tolerance, many zooplankton live near their physiological limits and respond to slight (≤1%) changes in oxygen. Ocean oxygen loss (deoxygenation) may, thus, elicit major unanticipated changes to midwater ecosystem structure and function.
    Description: We thank the captain and crew of the R/V Sikuliaq (University of Alaska) and Scripps Institution of Oceanography for additional technical services. Thanks also to D. Ullman and D. Casagrande for Wire Flyer assistance; C. Matson and J. Calderwood for MOCNESS upgrades; S. Gordon (professional photographer, Open Boat Films LLC) for the photographs and movies; and A. Dymowska, J. Ivory, Y. Jin, J. McGreal, and N. Redmond for help at sea. Funding: Funding was provided by the NSF grants OCE1459243 (to K.F.W., C.R., and B.A.S.), OCE1458967 (to C.D.), DGE1244657 (to M.A.B.), and OCE1460819 (URI REU SURFO program to S.R.) plus funding from our respective institutions. Author contributions: K.F.W., B.A.S., C.R., and C.D. conceived the project. K.F.W. led the writing effort, with substantial contributions from all the authors. K.F.W. directed the MOCNESS component including zooplankton abundance and biomass quantification. B.A.S. directed the metabolic experiments and Tucker trawls. C.R. directed the Wire Flyer work. B.A.S., C.D., K.A.S.M., and M.A.B. developed the MI models. D.O., C.T.S., D.M., and S.R. processed and analyzed the zooplankton data. T.J.A. processed the MOCNESS hydrographic data. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Extensive files of continuous hydrographic data from transects are available from C.R. (Wire Flyer) and K.F.W. (MOCNESS). Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.
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    Multiple carbon incorporation strategies support microbial survival in cold subseafloor crustal fluids (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Trembath-Reichert, E., Shah Walter, S. R., Ortiz, M. A. F., Carter, P. D., Girguis, P. R., & Huber, J. A. Multiple carbon incorporation strategies support microbial survival in cold subseafloor crustal fluids. Science Advances, 7(18), (2021): eabg0153, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg0153.
    Description: Biogeochemical processes occurring in fluids that permeate oceanic crust make measurable contributions to the marine carbon cycle, but quantitative assessments of microbial impacts on this vast, subsurface carbon pool are lacking. We provide bulk and single-cell estimates of microbial biomass production from carbon and nitrogen substrates in cool, oxic basement fluids from the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The wide range in carbon and nitrogen incorporation rates indicates a microbial community well poised for dynamic conditions, potentially anabolizing carbon and nitrogen at rates ranging from those observed in subsurface sediments to those found in on-axis hydrothermal vent environments. Bicarbonate incorporation rates were highest where fluids are most isolated from recharging bottom seawater, suggesting that anabolism of inorganic carbon may be a potential strategy for supplementing the ancient and recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon that is prevalent in the globally distributed subseafloor crustal environment.
    Description: The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation sponsored most of the observatory components at North Pond through grant GBMF1609. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation through grants NSF OCE-1745589, OCE-1635208, and OCE-1062006 to J.A.H. and NSF OCE-1635365 to P.R.G. and S.R.S.W.; NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship with the NASA Astrobiology Institute to E.T.-R.; L’Oréal USA For Women in Science Fellowship to E.T.-R.; and Woods Hole Partnership Education Program, sponsored by the Woods Hole Diversity Initiative to M.A.F.O. The Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI OCE-0939564) also supported the participation of J.A.H. and P.D.C. This is C-DEBI contribution number 564.
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    Reconciling evidence of oxidative weathering and atmospheric anoxia on Archean Earth (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Johnson, A. C., Ostrander, C. M., Romaniello, S. J., Reinhard, C. T., Greaney, A. T., Lyons, T. W., & Anbar, A. D. Reconciling evidence of oxidative weathering and atmospheric anoxia on Archean Earth. Science Advances, 7(40), (2021): eabj0108, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj0108.
    Description: Evidence continues to emerge for the production and low-level accumulation of molecular oxygen (O2) at Earth’s surface before the Great Oxidation Event. Quantifying this early O2 has proven difficult. Here, we use the distribution and isotopic composition of molybdenum in the ancient sedimentary record to quantify Archean Mo cycling, which allows us to calculate lower limits for atmospheric O2 partial pressures (PO2) and O2 production fluxes during the Archean. We consider two end-member scenarios. First, if O2 was evenly distributed throughout the atmosphere, then PO2 〉 10–6.9 present atmospheric level was required for large periods of time during the Archean eon. Alternatively, if O2 accumulation was instead spatially restricted (e.g., occurring only near the sites of O2 production), then O2 production fluxes 〉0.01 Tmol O2/year were required. Archean O2 levels were vanishingly low according to our calculations but substantially above those predicted for an abiotic Earth system.
    Description: We would like to thank our funding sources, including FESD “Dynamics of Earth System Oxygenation” (NSF EAR 1338810 to A.D.A.), NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship awarded to A.C.J. (80NSSC17K0498), NSF EAR PF to A.C.J. (1952809), and WHOI Postdoctoral Fellowship to C.M.O. C.T.R. acknowledges support from the NASA Astrobiology Institute. We also acknowledge support from the Metal Utilization and Selection across Eons (MUSE) Interdisciplinary Consortium for Astrobiology Research, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Science Mission Directorate (19-ICAR19_2-0007).
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    Fossil records of early solar irradiation and cosmolocation of the CAI factory: a reappraisal (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bekaert, D. V., Auro, M., Shollenberger, Q. R., Liu, M.-C., Marschall, H., Burton, K. W., Jacobsen, B., Brennecka, G. A., McPherson, G. J., von Mutius, R., Sarafian, A., & Nielsen, S. G. Fossil records of early solar irradiation and cosmolocation of the CAI factory: a reappraisal. Science Advances, 7(40), (2021): eabg8329, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg8329.
    Description: Calcium-aluminum–rich inclusions (CAIs) in meteorites carry crucial information about the environmental conditions of the nascent Solar System prior to planet formation. Based on models of 50V–10Be co-production by in-situ irradiation, CAIs are considered to have formed within ~0.1 AU from the proto-Sun. Here, we present vanadium (V) and strontium (Sr) isotopic co-variations in fine- and coarse-grained CAIs and demonstrate that kinetic isotope effects during partial condensation and evaporation best explain V isotope anomalies previously attributed to solar particle irradiation. We also report initial excesses of 10Be and argue that CV CAIs possess essentially a homogeneous level of 10Be, inherited during their formation. Based on numerical modeling of 50V–10Be co-production by irradiation, we show that CAI formation during protoplanetary disk build-up likely occurred at greater heliocentric distances than previously considered, up to planet-forming regions (~1AU), where solar particle fluxes were sufficiently low to avoid substantial in-situ irradiation of CAIs.
    Description: This study was funded by NASA Emerging Worlds grant NNX16AD36G to S.G.N. and prepared by LLNL under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 with release number LLNL-JRNL-819045. M.C.L acknowledges the support by the NASA grant 80NSSC20K0759. The UCLA ion microprobe facility is partially supported by a grant from the NSF Instrumentation and Facilities program.
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    A global environmental crisis 42,000 years ago (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 371(6531), pp. 811-818
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-01
    Description: Geological archives record multiple reversals of Earth's magnetic poles, but the global impacts of these events, if any, remain unclear. Uncertain radiocarbon calibration has limited investigation of the potential effects of the last major magnetic inversion, known as the Laschamps Excursion 41 to 42 thousand years ago (ka). We use ancient New Zealand kauri trees (Agathis australis) to develop a detailed record of atmospheric radiocarbon levels across the Laschamps Excursion. We precisely characterize the geomagnetic reversal and perform global chemistry-climate modeling and detailed radiocarbon dating of paleoenvironmental records to investigate impacts. We find that geomagnetic field minima ~42 ka, in combination with Grand Solar Minima, caused substantial changes in atmospheric ozone concentration and circulation, driving synchronous global climate shifts that caused major environmental changes, extinction events, and transformations in the archaeological record.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Formation of the Isthmus of Panama (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 2 (2016): e1600883, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600883.
    Description: The formation of the Isthmus of Panama stands as one of the greatest natural events of the Cenozoic, driving profound biotic transformations on land and in the oceans. Some recent studies suggest that the Isthmus formed many millions of years earlier than the widely recognized age of approximately 3 million years ago (Ma), a result that if true would revolutionize our understanding of environmental, ecological, and evolutionary change across the Americas. To bring clarity to the question of when the Isthmus of Panama formed, we provide an exhaustive review and reanalysis of geological, paleontological, and molecular records. These independent lines of evidence converge upon a cohesive narrative of gradually emerging land and constricting seaways, with formation of the Isthmus of Panama sensu stricto around 2.8 Ma. The evidence used to support an older isthmus is inconclusive, and we caution against the uncritical acceptance of an isthmus before the Pliocene.
    Description: This study was supported by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute to A.O., J.B.C.J., N.K., and H.A.L.; the NSF (EAR 1325683) to A.O., P.G.R.-D., and E.L.G.; the National System of Investigators to A.O.; the Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá) to A.O., H.A.L., and S.E.C.; the U.S. Geological Survey to R.F.S.; and the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina) to A.L.C., G.M.G., E.S., and L.S.
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    Sunlight-driven dissolution is a major fate of oil at sea (2022)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Freeman, D. H., & Ward, C. P. Sunlight-driven dissolution is a major fate of oil at sea. Science Advances, 8(7), (2022): eabl7605, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl7605.
    Description: Oxygenation reactions initiated by sunlight can transform insoluble components of crude oil at sea into water-soluble products, a process called photo-dissolution. First reported a half century ago, photo-dissolution has never been included in spill models because key parameters required for rate modeling were unknown, including the wavelength and photon dose dependence. Here, we experimentally quantified photo-dissolution as a function of wavelength and photon dose, making possible a sensitivity analysis of environmental variables in hypothetical spill scenarios and a mass balance assessment for the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DwH) spill. The sensitivity analysis revealed that rates were most sensitive to oil slick thickness, season/latitude, and wavelength and less sensitive to photon dose. We estimate that 3 to 17% (best estimate 8%) of DwH surface oil was subject to photo-dissolution, comparable in magnitude to other widely recognized fate processes. Our findings invite a critical reevaluation of surface oil budgets for both DwH and future spills at sea.
    Description: This work was supported by the Fisheries and Oceans Canada Multi-Partner Research Initiative award to C.P.W. (project #1.06), the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship awarded to D.H.F. (award #174530), and NSF-OCE grant #1841092 to C.P.W.
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    Surface warming-induced global acceleration of upper ocean currents (2022)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Peng, Q., Xie, S.-P., Wang, D., Huang, R. X., Chen, G., Shu, Y., Shi, J.-R., & Liu, W. Surface warming-induced global acceleration of upper ocean currents. Science Advances, 8(16), (2022): eabj8394, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj8394.
    Description: How the ocean circulation changes in a warming climate is an important but poorly understood problem. Using a global ocean model, we decompose the problem into distinct responses to changes in sea surface temperature, salinity, and wind. Our results show that the surface warming effect, a robust feature of anthropogenic climate change, dominates and accelerates the upper ocean currents in 77% of the global ocean. Specifically, the increased vertical stratification intensifies the upper subtropical gyres and equatorial currents by shoaling these systems, while the differential warming between the Southern Ocean upwelling zone and the region to the north accelerates surface zonal currents in the Southern Ocean. In comparison, the wind stress and surface salinity changes affect regional current systems. Our study points a way forward for investigating ocean circulation change and evaluating the uncertainty.
    Description: Q.P. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42005035), the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou (202102020935), and the Independent Research Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography (LTOZZ2102). D.W. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (92158204), and the Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) (311020004). S.-P.X. is supported by the National Science Foundation (AGS-1934392). Y.S. is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1401702). G.C. is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41822602). The numerical simulation is supported by the High-Performance Computing Division and HPC managers of W. Zhou and D. Sui in the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology.
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    Crystal aggregates record the pre-eruptive flow field in the volcanic conduit at Kilauea, Hawaii (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in DiBenedetto, M., Qin, Z., & Suckale, J. Crystal aggregates record the pre-eruptive flow field in the volcanic conduit at Kilauea, Hawaii. Science Advances, 6(49), (2020): eabd4850, doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd4850.
    Description: Developing reliable, quantitative conduit models that capture the physical processes governing eruptions is hindered by our inability to observe conduit flow directly. The closest we get to direct evidence is testimony imprinted on individual crystals or bubbles in the conduit and preserved by quenching during the eruption. For example, small crystal aggregates in products of the 1959 eruption of Kīlauea Iki, Hawaii contain overgrown olivines separated by large, hydrodynamically unfavorable angles. The common occurrence of these aggregates calls for a flow mechanism that creates this crystal misorientation. Here, we show that the observed aggregates are the result of exposure to a steady wave field in the conduit through a customized, process-based model at the scale of individual crystals. We use this model to infer quantitative attributes of the flow at the time of aggregate formation; notably, the formation of misoriented aggregates is only reproduced in bidirectional, not unidirectional, conduit flow.
    Description: M.D. acknowledges support the Stanford Gerald J. Lieberman Fellowship and the Postdoctoral Scholarship from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
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    The role of northeast pacific meltwater events in deglacial climate change (2020)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Praetorius, S. K., Condron, A., Mix, A. C., Walczak, M. H., McKay, J. L., & Du, J. The role of northeast pacific meltwater events in deglacial climate change. Science Advances, 6(9), (2020): eaay2915, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay2915.
    Description: Columbia River megafloods occurred repeatedly during the last deglaciation, but the impacts of this fresh water on Pacific hydrography are largely unknown. To reconstruct changes in ocean circulation during this period, we used a numerical model to simulate the flow trajectory of Columbia River megafloods and compiled records of sea surface temperature, paleo-salinity, and deep-water radiocarbon from marine sediment cores in the Northeast Pacific. The North Pacific sea surface cooled and freshened during the early deglacial (19.0-16.5 ka) and Younger Dryas (12.9-11.7 ka) intervals, coincident with the appearance of subsurface water masses depleted in radiocarbon relative to the sea surface. We infer that Pacific meltwater fluxes contributed to net Northern Hemisphere cooling prior to North Atlantic Heinrich Events, and again during the Younger Dryas stadial. Abrupt warming in the Northeast Pacific similarly contributed to hemispheric warming during the Bølling and Holocene transitions. These findings underscore the importance of changes in North Pacific freshwater fluxes and circulation in deglacial climate events.
    Description: The research was partly supported by the NSF through grants ARC-257 1204045 and PLR-1417667. The numerical model simulations used resources from the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
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    Submesoscale-selective compensation of fronts in a salinity-stratified ocean (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): e1701504, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701504.
    Description: Salinity, rather than temperature, is the leading influence on density in some regions of the world’s upper oceans. In the Bay of Bengal, heavy monsoonal rains and runoff generate strong salinity gradients that define density fronts and stratification in the upper ~50 m. Ship-based observations made in winter reveal that fronts exist over a wide range of length scales, but at O(1)-km scales, horizontal salinity gradients are compensated by temperature to alleviate about half the cross-front density gradient. Using a process study ocean model, we show that scale-selective compensation occurs because of surface cooling. Submesoscale instabilities cause density fronts to slump, enhancing stratification along-front. Specifically for salinity fronts, the surface mixed layer (SML) shoals on the less saline side, correlating sea surface salinity (SSS) with SML depth at O(1)-km scales. When losing heat to the atmosphere, the shallower and less saline SML experiences a larger drop in temperature compared to the adjacent deeper SML on the salty side of the front, thus correlating sea surface temperature (SST) with SSS at the submesoscale. This compensation of submesoscale fronts can diminish their strength and thwart the forward cascade of energy to smaller scales. During winter, salinity fronts that are dynamically submesoscale experience larger temperature drops, appearing in satellite-derived SST as cold filaments. In freshwater-influenced regions, cold filaments can mark surface-trapped layers insulated from deeper nutrient-rich waters, unlike in other regions, where they indicate upwelling of nutrient-rich water and enhanced surface biological productivity.
    Description: This work was carried out under the Office of Naval Research’s ASIRI (grants N000141612470 and N000141310451) in collaboration with the Indian Ministry of Earth Science’s OMM initiative supported by the Monsoon Mission
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    Increased fluxes of shelf-derived materials to the central Arctic Ocean (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaao1302, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao1302.
    Description: Rising temperatures in the Arctic Ocean region are responsible for changes such as reduced ice cover, permafrost thawing, and increased river discharge, which, together, alter nutrient and carbon cycles over the vast Arctic continental shelf. We show that the concentration of radium-228, sourced to seawater through sediment-water exchange processes, has increased substantially in surface waters of the central Arctic Ocean over the past decade. A mass balance model for 228Ra suggests that this increase is due to an intensification of shelf-derived material inputs to the central basin, a source that would also carry elevated concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and nutrients. Therefore, we suggest that significant changes in the nutrient, carbon, and trace metal balances of the Arctic Ocean are underway, with the potential to affect biological productivity and species assemblages in Arctic surface waters.
    Description: This work was funded by NSF awards OCE-1458305 to M.A.C. and OCE-1458424 to W.S.M. The Mackenzie River sampling was supported by a Graduate Student Research Award from the North Pacific Research Board to L.E.K. L.E.K. also acknowledges support from a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship. I.G.R. acknowledges funding by the contributors to the U.S. Interagency Arctic Buoy Program, which include the U.S. Coast Guard, the Department of Energy, NASA, the U.S. Navy, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and NSF.
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    Accelerated freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water over the last decade in the Southern Indian Ocean (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 3 (2017): e1601426, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601426.
    Description: Southern Ocean abyssal waters, in contact with the atmosphere at their formation sites around Antarctica, not only bring signals of a changing climate with them as they move around the globe but also contribute to that change through heat uptake and sea level rise. A repeat hydrographic line in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, occupied three times in the last two decades (1994, 2007, and, most recently, 2016), reveals that Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) continues to become fresher (0.004 ± 0.001 kg/g decade−1), warmer (0.06° ± 0.01°C decade−1), and less dense (0.011 ± 0.002 kg/m3 decade−1). The most recent observations in the Australian-Antarctic Basin show a particularly striking acceleration in AABW freshening between 2007 and 2016 (0.008 ± 0.001 kg/g decade−1) compared to the 0.002 ± 0.001 kg/g decade−1 seen between 1994 and 2007. Freshening is, in part, responsible for an overall shift of the mean temperature-salinity curve toward lower densities. The marked freshening may be linked to an abrupt iceberg-glacier collision and calving event that occurred in 2010 on the George V/Adélie Land Coast, the main source region of bottom waters for the Australian-Antarctic Basin. Because AABW is a key component of the global overturning circulation, the persistent decrease in bottom water density and the associated increase in steric height that result from continued warming and freshening have important consequences beyond the Southern Indian Ocean.
    Description: The 2016 I08S cruise and the analysis and science performed at sea, as well as the individual principal investigators were funded through multiple National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and NSF grants including NSF grant OCE-1437015. The research for this article was mainly completed at sea. For land-based work, V.V.M. relied on her postdoctoral funding through NSF grant OCE-1435665, and A.M.M. was supported in part by NSF grant OCE-1356630 and NOAA grant NA11OAR4310063.
    Keywords: Salinity ; AABW ; Changes ; Water masses ; T-S properties ; Iceberg ; Calving ; Antartica ; Abyss ; Climate change
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    Glacial to Holocene changes in trans-Atlantic Saharan dust transport and dust-climate feedbacks (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 2 (2016): e1600445, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600445.
    Description: Saharan mineral dust exported over the tropical North Atlantic is thought to have significant impacts on regional climate and ecosystems, but limited data exist documenting past changes in long-range dust transport. This data gap limits investigations of the role of Saharan dust in past climate change, in particular during the mid-Holocene, when climate models consistently underestimate the intensification of the West African monsoon documented by paleorecords. We present reconstructions of African dust deposition in sediments from the Bahamas and the tropical North Atlantic spanning the last 23,000 years. Both sites show early and mid-Holocene dust fluxes 40 to 50% lower than recent values and maximum dust fluxes during the deglaciation, demonstrating agreement with records from the northwest African margin. These quantitative estimates of trans-Atlantic dust transport offer important constraints on past changes in dust-related radiative and biogeochemical impacts. Using idealized climate model experiments to investigate the response to reductions in Saharan dust’s radiative forcing over the tropical North Atlantic, we find that small (0.15°C) dust-related increases in regional sea surface temperatures are sufficient to cause significant northward shifts in the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone, increased precipitation in the western Sahel and Sahara, and reductions in easterly and northeasterly winds over dust source regions. Our results suggest that the amplifying feedback of dust on sea surface temperatures and regional climate may be significant and that accurate simulation of dust’s radiative effects is likely essential to improving model representations of past and future precipitation variations in North Africa.
    Description: This study was supported, in part, by NSF awards OCE-1030784 (to D.M. and P.B.d.) and OCE-09277247 (to P.B.d.); NASA grant NN14AP38G (to C. Heald, Massachusetts Institute of Technology), which supports D.A.R.; and the Columbia University Center for Climate and Life. A.F. is supported by the NSF grant AGS-1116885 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) grant NA14OAR4310277. S.H. is supported by the NASA Earth and Space Sciences Fellowship. We also acknowledge computational support from the NSF/NCAR Yellowstone Supercomputing Center and the Yale University High Performance Computing Center.
    Keywords: Mineral dust ; North Africa ; Paleoclimate ; African Humid Period
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    Limited contribution of ancient methane to surface waters of the U.S. Beaufort Sea shelf (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaao4842, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao4842.
    Description: In response to warming climate, methane can be released to Arctic Ocean sediment and waters from thawing subsea permafrost and decomposing methane hydrates. However, it is unknown whether methane derived from this sediment storehouse of frozen ancient carbon reaches the atmosphere. We quantified the fraction of methane derived from ancient sources in shelf waters of the U.S. Beaufort Sea, a region that has both permafrost and methane hydrates and is experiencing significant warming. Although the radiocarbon-methane analyses indicate that ancient carbon is being mobilized and emitted as methane into shelf bottom waters, surprisingly, we find that methane in surface waters is principally derived from modern-aged carbon. We report that at and beyond approximately the 30-m isobath, ancient sources that dominate in deep waters contribute, at most, 10 ± 3% of the surface water methane. These results suggest that even if there is a heightened liberation of ancient carbon–sourced methane as climate change proceeds, oceanic oxidation and dispersion processes can strongly limit its emission to the atmosphere.
    Description: The National Science Foundation (PLR-1417149; awarded to J.D.K.) primarily supported this work with additional support provided by the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-FE0028980; awarded to J.D.K.). Atmospheric 14C-CH4 measurements were funded by NASA via the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Earth Ventures project “Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment”) to the University of Colorado under contract 1424124. K.M.S. acknowledges support from the University of Minnesota Grant-in-Aid program.
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    The largest deep-ocean silicic volcanic eruption of the past century (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): e1701121, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701121.
    Description: The 2012 submarine eruption of Havre volcano in the Kermadec arc, New Zealand, is the largest deep-ocean eruption in history and one of very few recorded submarine eruptions involving rhyolite magma. It was recognized from a gigantic 400-km2 pumice raft seen in satellite imagery, but the complexity of this event was concealed beneath the sea surface. Mapping, observations, and sampling by submersibles have provided an exceptionally high fidelity record of the seafloor products, which included lava sourced from 14 vents at water depths of 900 to 1220 m, and fragmental deposits including giant pumice clasts up to 9 m in diameter. Most (〉75%) of the total erupted volume was partitioned into the pumice raft and transported far from the volcano. The geological record on submarine volcanic edifices in volcanic arcs does not faithfully archive eruption size or magma production.
    Description: This research was funded by Australian Research Council Postdoctoral fellowships (DP110102196 and DE150101190 to R. Carey), a short-term postdoctoral fellowship grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (to R. Carey), National Science Foundation grants (OCE1357443 to B.H., OCE1357216 to S.A.S., and EAR1447559 to J.D.L.W.), and a New Zealand Marsden grant (U001616 to J.D.L.W.). J.D.L.W. and A.M. were supported by a research grant and PhD scholarship from the University of Otago. R.W. was supported by NIWA grant COPR1802. J.D.L.W. and F.C.-T. were supported by GNS Science grants CSA-GHZ and CSA-EEZ. M.J. was supported by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) through the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship (NDSEG) Program.
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    Small-molecule mimicry hunting strategy in the imperial cone snail, Conus imperialis (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Torres, J. P., Lin, Z., Watkins, M., Salcedo, P. F., Baskin, R. P., Elhabian, S., Safavi-Hemami, H., Taylor, D., Tun, J., Concepcion, G. P., Saguil, N., Yanagihara, A. A., Fang, Y., McArthur, J. R., Tae, H. S., Finol-Urdaneta, R. K., Özpolat, B. D., Olivera, B. M., & Schmidt, E. W. Small-molecule mimicry hunting strategy in the imperial cone snail, Conus imperialis. Science Advances, 7(11), (2021): eabf2704, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf2704.
    Description: Venomous animals hunt using bioactive peptides, but relatively little is known about venom small molecules and the resulting complex hunting behaviors. Here, we explored the specialized metabolites from the venom of the worm-hunting cone snail, Conus imperialis. Using the model polychaete worm Platynereis dumerilii, we demonstrate that C. imperialis venom contains small molecules that mimic natural polychaete mating pheromones, evoking the mating phenotype in worms. The specialized metabolites from different cone snails are species-specific and structurally diverse, suggesting that the cones may adopt many different prey-hunting strategies enabled by small molecules. Predators sometimes attract prey using the prey’s own pheromones, in a strategy known as aggressive mimicry. Instead, C. imperialis uses metabolically stable mimics of those pheromones, indicating that, in biological mimicry, even the molecules themselves may be disguised, providing a twist on fake news in chemical ecology.
    Description: Research reported in this publication was supported by NIH R35GM12252, with contributions to biological work from NIH Fogarty International Center U19TW008163, NIH P01GM48677, and DOD CDMRP W81XWH-17-1-0413. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.
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    Thermal stress reduces pocilloporid coral resilience to ocean acidification by impairing control over calcifying fluid chemistry (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Guillermic, M., Cameron, L. P., De Corte, I., Misra, S., Bijma, J., de Beer, D., Reymond, C. E., Westphal, H., Ries, J. B., & Eagle, R. A. Thermal stress reduces pocilloporid coral resilience to ocean acidification by impairing control over calcifying fluid chemistry. Science Advances, 7(2), (2021): eaba9958, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba9958.
    Description: The combination of thermal stress and ocean acidification (OA) can more negatively affect coral calcification than an individual stressors, but the mechanism behind this interaction is unknown. We used two independent methods (microelectrode and boron geochemistry) to measure calcifying fluid pH (pHcf) and carbonate chemistry of the corals Pocillopora damicornis and Stylophora pistillata grown under various temperature and pCO2 conditions. Although these approaches demonstrate that they record pHcf over different time scales, they reveal that both species can cope with OA under optimal temperatures (28°C) by elevating pHcf and aragonite saturation state (Ωcf) in support of calcification. At 31°C, neither species elevated these parameters as they did at 28°C and, likewise, could not maintain substantially positive calcification rates under any pH treatment. These results reveal a previously uncharacterized influence of temperature on coral pHcf regulation—the apparent mechanism behind the negative interaction between thermal stress and OA on coral calcification.
    Description: R.A.E. and J.B.R. acknowledge support from National Science Foundation grants OCE-1437166 and OCE-1437371. The work was also supported by the “Laboratoire d’Excellence” LabexMER (ANR-10-LABX-19), cofunded by a grant from the French government under the program “Investissements d’Avenir,” and an IAGC student grant 2017. R.A.E. acknowledges financial and logistical support from the Pritzker Endowment to UCLA IoES, and J.B.R. acknowledges support from the ZMT and the Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Fellowship Program and the NSF OCE award #1437371.
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    The United States' contribution of plastic waste to land and ocean (2020)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Law, K. L., Starr, N., Siegler, T. R., Jambeck, J. R., Mallos, N. J., & Leonard, G. H. The United States' contribution of plastic waste to land and ocean. Science Advances, 6(44), (2020): eabd0288, doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd0288.
    Description: Plastic waste affects environmental quality and ecosystem health. In 2010, an estimated 5 to 13 million metric tons (Mt) of plastic waste entered the ocean from both developing countries with insufficient solid waste infrastructure and high-income countries with very high waste generation. We demonstrate that, in 2016, the United States generated the largest amount of plastic waste of any country in the world (42.0 Mt). Between 0.14 and 0.41 Mt of this waste was illegally dumped in the United States, and 0.15 to 0.99 Mt was inadequately managed in countries that imported materials collected in the United States for recycling. Accounting for these contributions, the amount of plastic waste generated in the United States estimated to enter the coastal environment in 2016 was up to five times larger than that estimated for 2010, rendering the United States’ contribution among the highest in the world.
    Description: This work was funded by Ocean Conservancy through support from the Arthur Vining Davis Foundations.
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    Offshore pelagic subsidies dominate carbon inputs to coral reef predators (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Skinner, C., Mill, A. C., Fox, M. D., Newman, S. P., Zhu, Y., Kuhl, A., & Polunin, N. V. C. Offshore pelagic subsidies dominate carbon inputs to coral reef predators. Science Advances, 7(8), (2021): eabf3792, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf3792.
    Description: Coral reefs were traditionally perceived as productive hot spots in oligotrophic waters. While modern evidence indicates that many coral reef food webs are heavily subsidized by planktonic production, the pathways through which this occurs remain unresolved. We used the analytical power of carbon isotope analysis of essential amino acids to distinguish between alternative carbon pathways supporting four key reef predators across an oceanic atoll. This technique separates benthic versus planktonic inputs, further identifying two distinct planktonic pathways (nearshore reef-associated plankton and offshore pelagic plankton), and revealing that these reef predators are overwhelmingly sustained by offshore pelagic sources rather than by reef sources (including reef-associated plankton). Notably, pelagic reliance did not vary between species or reef habitats, emphasizing that allochthonous energetic subsidies may have system-wide importance. These results help explain how coral reefs maintain exceptional productivity in apparently nutrient-poor tropical settings, but also emphasize their susceptibility to future ocean productivity fluctuations.
    Description: Sample analysis funding was provided by NERC LSMSF grant BRIS/102/0717 and BRIS/125/1418. C.S. was supported by a Newcastle University SAgE DTA studentship and a cooperative agreement with Banyan Tree.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    An early cretaceous subduction-modified mantle underneath the ultraslow spreading Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean (2020)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Richter, M., Nebel, O., Maas, R., Mather, B., Nebel-Jacobsen, Y., Capitanio, F. A., Dick, H. J. B., & Cawood, P. A. An early cretaceous subduction-modified mantle underneath the ultraslow spreading Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean. Science Advances, 6(44), (2020): eabb4340, doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb4340.
    Description: Earth’s upper mantle, as sampled by mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) at oceanic spreading centers, has developed chemical and isotopic heterogeneity over billions of years through focused melt extraction and re-enrichment by recycled crustal components. Chemical and isotopic heterogeneity of MORB is dwarfed by the large compositional spectrum of lavas at convergent margins, identifying subduction zones as the major site for crustal recycling into and modification of the mantle. The fate of subduction-modified mantle and if this heterogeneity transmits into MORB chemistry remains elusive. Here, we investigate the origin of upper mantle chemical heterogeneity underneath the Western Gakkel Ridge region in the Arctic Ocean through MORB geochemistry and tectonic plate reconstruction. We find that seafloor lavas from the Western Gakkel Ridge region mirror geochemical signatures of an Early Cretaceous, paleo-subduction zone, and conclude that the upper mantle can preserve a long-lived, stationary geochemical memory of past geodynamic processes.
    Description: O.N. was supported by the Australian Research Council (grant FT140101062). P.A.C. was supported by the Australian Research Council (grant FL160100168). H.J.B.D. was supported by the NSF (grants PLR 9912162, PLR 0327591, OCE 0930487, and OCE 1434452). M.R. was supported by a graduate scholarship of Monash University and the SEAE.
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    Archaea dominate oxic subseafloor communities over multimillion-year time scales (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).. The definitive version was published in Vuillemin, A., Wankel, S. D., Coskun, Ö. K., Magritsch, T., Vargas, S., Estes, E. R., Spivack, A. J., Smith, D. C., Pockalny, R., Murray, R. W., D'Hondt, S., & Orsi, W. D. Archaea dominate oxic subseafloor communities over multimillion-year time scales. Science Advances, 5(6), (2019): eaaw4108, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw4108.
    Description: Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) dominate microbial communities throughout oxic subseafloor sediment deposited over millions of years in the North Atlantic Ocean. Rates of nitrification correlated with the abundance of these dominant AOA populations, whose metabolism is characterized by ammonia oxidation, mixotrophic utilization of organic nitrogen, deamination, and the energetically efficient chemolithoautotrophic hydroxypropionate/hydroxybutyrate carbon fixation cycle. These AOA thus have the potential to couple mixotrophic and chemolithoautotrophic metabolism via mixotrophic deamination of organic nitrogen, followed by oxidation of the regenerated ammonia for additional energy to fuel carbon fixation. This metabolic feature likely reduces energy loss and improves AOA fitness under energy-starved, oxic conditions, thereby allowing them to outcompete other taxa for millions of years.
    Description: This work was supported primarily by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) project OR 417/1-1 granted to W.D.O. Preliminary work was supported by the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations project OCE-0939564 also granted to W.D.O. Publication of the manuscript was supported by the LMU Mentoring Program. The expedition was funded by the US National Science Foundation through grant NSF-OCE-1433150 to A.J.S, S.D., and R.P. R.W.M. led the expedition. This is a contribution of the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO). S.D.W. acknowledges partial support from NASA Exobiology (NNX15AM04G). This is Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) publication number 463. Portions of this material are based on work supported while R.W.M. was serving at the National Science Foundation. A portion of this work was performed as part of the LMU Masters Program “Geobiology and Paleobiology” (MGAP).
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    High Levels of Microplastics in the Arctic Sea Ice Alga 〈i〉Melosira arctica〈/i〉, a Vector to Ice-Associated and Benthic Food Webs (2023)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science & Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), 57(17), pp. 6799-6807, ISSN: 0013-936X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-16
    Description: Plastic pollution has become ubiquitous with very high quantities detected even in ecosystems as remote as arctic sea ice and deepsea sediments. Ice algae growing underneath sea ice are released upon melting and can form fast-sinking aggregates. In this pilot study, we sampled and analyzed the ice algaeMelosira arcticaand ambient sea water from three locations in the Fram Strait to assess their microplastic content and potential as a temporary sink and pathway to the deep seafloor. Analysis by μ-Raman and fluorescence microscopy detected microplastics (≥2.2 μm) in all samples at concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 5.7 × 104 microplastics (MP) m−3 in ice algae and from 1.4 to 4.5 × 103 MP m−3 in sea water, indicating magnitude higher concentrations in algae. On average, 94% of the total microplastic particles were identified as 10 μm or smaller in size and comprised 16 polymer types without a clear dominance. The high concentrations of microplastics found in our pilot study suggest thatM. arctica could trap microplastics from melting ice and ambient sea water. The algae appear to be a temporary sink and could act as a key vector to food webs near the sea surface and on the deep seafloor, to which its fast-sinking aggregates could facilitate an important mechanism of transport.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    The Molecular Fingerprint of Fluorescent Natural Organic Matter Offers Insight into Biogeochemical Sources and Diagenetic State (2018)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Analytical Chemistry, American Chemical Society (ACS), 90(24), pp. 14188-14197, ISSN: 0003-2700
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Investigating the biogeochemistry of dissolved organic matter (DOM) requires the synthesis of data from several complementary analytical techniques. The traditional approach to data synthesis is to search for correlations between measurements made on the same sample using different instruments. In contrast, data fusion simultaneously decomposes data from multiple instruments into the underlying shared and unshared components. Here, Advanced Coupled Matrix and Tensor Factorization (ACMTF) was used to identify the molecular fingerprint of DOM fluorescence fractions in Arctic fjords. ACMTF explained 99.84% of the variability with six fully shared components. Individual molecular formulas were linked to multiple fluorescence components and vice versa. Molecular fingerprints differed in diversity and oceanographic patterns, suggesting a link to the biogeochemical sources and diagenetic state of DOM. The fingerprints obtained through ACMTF were more specific compared to traditional correlation analysis and yielded greater compositional insight. Multivariate data fusion aligns extremely complex, heterogeneous DOM data sets and thus facilitates a more holistic understanding of DOM biogeochemistry.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Glucose as a Potential Chemical Marker for Ice Nucleating Activity in Arctic Seawater and Melt Pond Samples (2019)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), 53(15), pp. 8747-8756, ISSN: 0013-936X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-12
    Description: Recent studies pointed to a high ice nucleating activity (INA) in the Arctic sea surface microlayer (SML). However, related chemical information is still sparse. In the present study, INA and free glucose concentrations were quantified in Arctic SML and bulk water samples from the marginal ice zone, the ice-free ocean, melt ponds, and open waters within the ice pack. T50 (defining INA) ranged from −17.4 to −26.8 °C. Glucose concentrations varied from 0.6 to 51 μg/L with highest values in the SML from the marginal ice zone and melt ponds (median 16.3 and 13.5 μg/L) and lower values in the SML from the ice pack and the ice-free ocean (median 3.9 and 4.0 μg/L). Enrichment factors between the SML and the bulk ranged from 0.4 to 17. A positive correlation was observed between free glucose concentration and INA in Arctic water samples (T50(°C) = (−25.6 ± 0.6) + (0.15 ± 0.04)·Glucose(μg/L), RP = 0.66, n = 74). Clustering water samples based on phytoplankton pigment composition resulted in robust but different correlations within the four clusters (RP between 0.67 and 0.96), indicating a strong link to phytoplankton-related processes. Since glucose did not show significant INA itself, free glucose may serve as a potential tracer for INA in Arctic water samples.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Finding the Balance between Research and Monitoring: When Are Methods Good Enough to Understand Plastic Pollution? (2023)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), 57(15), pp. 6033-6039, ISSN: 0013-936X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Description: Plastic pollution is an international environmental problem. Desire to act is shared from the public to policymakers, yet motivation and approaches are diverging. Public attention is directed to reducing plastic consumption, cleaning local environments, and engaging in citizen science initiatives. Policymakers and regulators are working on prevention and mitigation measures, while international, regional, and national bodies are defining monitoring recommendations. Research activities are focused on validating approaches to address goals and comparing methods. Policy and regulation are eager to act on plastic pollution, often asking questions researchers cannot answer with available methods. The purpose of monitoring will define which method is implemented. A clear and open dialogue between all actors is essential to facilitate communication on what is feasible with current methods, further research, and development needs. For example, some methods can already be used for international monitoring, yet limitations including target plastic types and sizes, sampling strategy, available infrastructure and analytical capacity, and harmonization of generated data remain. Time and resources to advance scientific understanding must be balanced against the need to answer pressing policy issues.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Ultrahigh-precision noble gas isotope analyses reveal pervasive subsurface fractionation in hydrothermal systems (2024)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Mantle-derived noble gases in volcanic gases are powerful tracers of terrestrial volatile evolution, as they contain mixtures of both primordial (from Earth's accretion) and secondary (e.g., radiogenic) isotope signals that characterize the composition of deep Earth. However, volcanic gases emitted through subaerial hydrothermal systems also contain contributions from shallow reservoirs (groundwater, crust, atmosphere). Deconvolving deep and shallow source signals is critical for robust interpretations of mantle-derived signals. Here, we use a novel dynamic mass spectrometry technique to measure argon, krypton, and xenon isotopes in volcanic gas with ultrahigh precision. Data from Iceland, Germany, United States (Yellowstone, Salton Sea), Costa Rica, and Chile show that subsurface isotope fractionation within hydrothermal systems is a globally pervasive and previously unrecognized process causing substantial nonradiogenic Ar-Kr-Xe isotope variations. Quantitatively accounting for this process is vital for accurately interpreting mantle-derived volatile (e.g., noble gas and nitrogen) signals, with profound implications for our understanding of terrestrial volatile evolution.
    Description: Published
    Description: eadg2566
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: noble gases ; earth degassing
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Significant turning point: common buzzard (Buteo buteo) exposure to second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides in the United Kingdom (2024)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  Environmental Science & Technology vol. 2024 no. 3c09052
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are widely used to control rodent populations, resulting in the serious secondary exposure of predators to these contaminants. In the United Kingdom (UK), professional use and purchase of SGARs were revised in the 2010s. Certain highly toxic SGARs have been authorized since then to be used outdoors around buildings as resistance-breaking chemicals under risk mitigation procedures. However, it is still uncertain whether and how these regulatory changes have influenced the secondary exposure of birds of prey to SGARs. Based on biomonitoring of the UK Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) collected from 2001 to 2019, we assessed the temporal trend of exposure to SGARs and statistically determined potential turning points. The magnitude of difenacoum decreased over time with a seasonal fluctuation, while the magnitude and prevalence of more toxic brodifacoum, authorized to be used outdoors around buildings after the regulatory changes, increased. The summer of 2016 was statistically identified as a turning point for exposure to brodifacoum and summed SGARs that increased after this point. This time point coincided with the aforementioned regulatory changes. Our findings suggest a possible shift in SGAR use to brodifacoum from difenacoum over the decades, which may pose higher risks of impacts on wildlife.
    Keywords: apex predator ; conditional inference trees ; effectiveness evaluation ; regulatory changes ; seasonal fluctuation
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    Hotspots of Floating Plastic Particles across the North Pacific Ocean (2024)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science & Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), 58(9), pp. 4302-4313, ISSN: 0013-936X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: The pollution of the marine environment with plastic debris is expected to increase, where ocean currents and winds cause their accumulation in convergence zones like the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). Surface-floating plastic (〉330 μm) was collected in the North Pacific Ocean between Vancouver (Canada) and Singapore using a neuston catamaran and identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Baseline concentrations of 41,600–102,700 items km–2 were found, dominated by polyethylene and polypropylene. Higher concentrations (factors 4–10) of plastic items occurred not only in the NPSG (452,800 items km–2) but also in a second area, the Papaha̅naumokua̅kea Marine National Monument (PMNM, 285,200 items km–2). This second maximum was neither reported previously nor predicted by the applied ocean current model. Visual observations of floating debris (〉5 cm; 8–2565 items km–2 and 34–4941 items km–2 including smaller “white bits”) yielded similar patterns of baseline pollution (34–3265 items km–2) and elevated concentrations of plastic debris in the NPSG (67–4941 items km–2) and the PMNM (295–3748 items km–2). These findings suggest that ocean currents are not the only factor provoking plastic debris accumulation in the ocean. Visual observations may be useful to increase our knowledge of large-scale (micro)plastic pollution in the global oceans.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Direct Analysis of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter Using LC-FT-ICR MS (2024)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), 58(10), pp. 4637-4647, ISSN: 0013-936X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important component of the global carbon cycle, yet its intricate composition and the sea salt matrix pose major challenges for chemical analysis. We introduce a direct injection, reversed-phase liquid chromatography ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry approach to analyze marine DOM without the need for solid-phase extraction. Effective separation of salt and DOM is achieved with a large chromatographic column and an extended isocratic aqueous step. Postcolumn dilution of the sample flow with buffer-free solvents and implementing a counter gradient reduced salt buildup in the ion source and resulted in excellent repeatability. With this method, over 5,500 unique molecular formulas were detected from just 5.5 nmol carbon in 100 μL of filtered Arctic Ocean seawater. We observed a highly linear detector response for variable sample carbon concentrations and a high robustness against the salt matrix. Compared to solid-phase extracted DOM, our direct injection method demonstrated superior sensitivity for heteroatom-containing DOM. The direct analysis of seawater offers fast and simple sample preparation and avoids fractionation introduced by extraction. The method facilitates studies in environments, where only minimal sample volume is available e.g. in marine sediment pore water, ice cores, or permafrost soil solution. The small volume requirement also supports higher spatial (e.g., in soils) or temporal sample resolution (e.g., in culture experiments). Chromatographic separation adds further chemical information to molecular formulas, enhancing our understanding of marine biogeochemistry, chemodiversity, and ecological processes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Iron Promotes the Retention of Terrigenous Dissolved Organic Matter in Subtidal Permeable Sediments (2024)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), ISSN: 0013-936X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Marine permeable sediments are important sites for organic matter turnover in the coastal ocean. However, little is known about their role in trapping dissolved organic matter (DOM). Here, we examined DOM abundance and molecular compositions (9804 formulas identified) in subtidal permeable sediments along a near- to offshore gradient in the German North Sea. With the salinity increasing from 30.1 to 34.6 PSU, the DOM composition in bottom water shifts from relatively higher abundances of aromatic compounds to more highly unsaturated compounds. In the bulk sediment, DOM leached by ultrapure water (UPW) from the solid phase is 54 ± 20 times more abundant than DOM in porewater, with higher H/C ratios and a more terrigenous signature. With 0.5 M HCl, the amount of leached DOM (enriched in aromatic and oxygen-rich compounds) is doubled compared to UPW, mainly due to the dissolution of poorly crystalline Fe phases (e.g., ferrihydrite and Fe monosulfides). This suggests that poorly crystalline Fe phases promote DOM retention in permeable sediments, preferentially terrigenous, and aromatic fractions. Given the intense filtration of seawater through the permeable sediments, we posit that Fe can serve as an important intermediate storage for terrigenous organic matter and potentially accelerate organic matter burial in the coastal ocean.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    A Call to Include Plastics in the Global Environment in the Class of Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) Pollutants (2023)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), 57(22), pp. 8185-8188, ISSN: 0013-936X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 64
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Semi-insulating properties and photoluminescence quenching in Cu-diffused InP (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4546-4550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The properties of high-resistivity InP with resistivity up to 107 Ω cm, obtained by thermal diffusion of Cu at 800 °C for over 20 h into undoped and p-type InP samples, are investigated. Hall-effect measurements showed that the compensation mechanism in the slowly cooled sample is different from that in the quickly cooled samples. Photoluminescence was quenched in the quickly cooled samples when annealed at 350 °C and the anneal temperature at which the sample resistivity and carrier mobility reached the maximum. It is shown that the electrical compensation in the slowly cooled sample could be understood by a simple deep-level compensation model. However, the semi-insulating behavior of the quickly cooled samples appears to be consistent with an internal Schottky depletion model associated with the Cu precipitates. The photoluminescence quenching is due to the Cu precipitates acting as effective nonradiative recombination centers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354372
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyrite thin films: Improvements in their optical and electrical properties by annealing at different temperatures in a sulfur atmosphere (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4551-4556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Iron pyrite thin films prepared by flash evaporation of pyrite powder have been annealed at different temperatures in a sulfur atmosphere. We present some results on the influence of the annealing temperature (from 250 to 450 °C) on the optical and electrical properties of three groups of samples with different thicknesses ((approximately-equal-to)0.3, 0.6, and 1 μm, respectively). Sulfuration temperature has a clear influence on the optical absorption and electrical resistivity of the films, with some differences in their behavior depending on the film thickness. In light of the available present knowledge of pyrite thin films, interpretation of the obtained results is difficult, it suggests that the shape of the optical absorption curves (and their absorption edge) at low photon energies is determined by the density of point defects, which decreases on increasing the annealing temperature. On the other hand, the electrical resistivity seems to be influenced by both the film grain size and point defect density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354373
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  • 66
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons of one- and two-dimensional three-moment fluid models for rf glow discharges (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 839-847 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Self-consistent nonequilibrium fluid models of both the two-dimension (2D) and one-dimension (1D) are presented. In the 2D simulations, the models evaluate the quantitative effects of both radial and axial flow dynamics inside a cylindrically symmetric parallel-plate geometry. The 1D model assumes that the radius of the electrode is much larger than the electrode gap and the moment distributions are uniform along the radial direction. The models are based on the first three moments of the Boltzmann equation and Poisson's equation. Radio frequency (rf) glow discharge simulations from those two fluid models are presented and compared in this study. The comparisons are presented in terms of plasma density, electric field, mean energy, and ionization rate. Results of the 1D fluid model are close to those at the center of the reactor from the 2D simulations. Nonuniform profiles along the radial direction are obtained from the 2D simulations due to the radial dynamics. Higher electron mean energy in the middle region of the radial sheath is observed. The maximum ionization rate is located in the radial sheath region and agrees with the experimental observation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354875
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport model of charged particle behavior in the afterglow region of a microwave generated oxygen plasma (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 825-831 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this paper a model of charged particle behavior in a low-pressure oxygen plasma is developed, and compared with experimental results. Agreement is excellent. It is demonstrated that the extremely high temperature ((approximately-greater-than)1 eV) of electrons in these plasmas results in diffusion totally dominating the transport of charged species. It is also shown that charged particle recombination on the walls of a quartz reactor is insignificant. Finally, the influence of the electron temperature profile must be fully considered for accurate results. This work complements an earlier model of radical behavior in these plasmas. Both are needed to fully understand materials modification in these plasmas, which has been shown to involve a synergism between radicals and charged species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354873
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  • 68
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    Electronic Resource
    The role of negative ions in the formation of particles in low-pressure plasmas (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 853-861 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Large particles (tens of nm to tens of μm in diameter) are problematic in low-pressure (〈1 Torr) plasma processing (etching, deposition) discharges because they can contaminate the product and can perturb electron transport. Although the source of these particles has been studied by a number of groups, a definitive explanation is still lacking. In this paper, we theoretically investigate the role of negative ions in the formation of large clusters, the precursors to particles, in low-pressure plasmas. We find that the formation of particles requires a critically large cluster. Forming the critically large cluster requires longer residence times in the plasma than is usually possible if clustering involves only neutral particles. We propose that negatively charged intermediates, which are trapped in electropositive plasmas, increase the average residence time of clusters to allow the growth of critically large clusters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354877
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    Deep level transient spectroscopy of high-energy heavy ion irradiation-induced defects in n-type germanium (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 868-871 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Swift heavy ion irradiation-induced defects have been studied in n-type germanium at room temperature using deep level transient spectroscopy. Several electron traps have been observed after irradiation. The corresponding energies have been determined to be at Ec−0.22, Ec−0.275, Ec−0.29, Ec−0.32, and Ec−0.465 eV. The isochronal annealing behavior of these traps has been studied in detail between room temperature and 200 °C. Comparison of our results with previously published ones allowed an identification of these defects with complexes like divacancies or associations of vacancies with impurities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354879
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  • 70
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    Electronic Resource
    Time-resolved electric-field measurements in 30 kHz hydrogen discharges by optical emission Stark spectroscopy (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 862-867 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The temporal behavior of the cathode sheath in 30 kHz 0.4–1 Torr H2 discharges has been investigated by optical emission spectroscopy. Analysis of the Stark splitting of plasma-induced H Balmer delta emission was used to measure the electric field with spatial and temporal resolution in the instantaneous cathode sheath. The location of the plasma/sheath boundary was determined from the position of the maximum of the H2 d 3Πu→a 3Σg+ (0,0) Q1 emission at 622.5 nm. Both methods showed that the sheath width increases as the cathode voltage becomes more negative, whereas the width remains constant as the applied voltage drops off. Analysis of the electric-field profile provided information on the time evolution of the ion density close to the electrode during the cathode half-cycle, in agreement with recent numerical calculations. At the beginning of the anodic half-cycle an intense flash of plasma-induced emission was observed, localized within 3 mm from the electrode.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354878
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    Surface roughness and the scattering of glancing-angle x rays: Application to x-ray lenses (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 877-883 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hollow glass fibers can guide x rays because glancing-angle collisions with a smooth glass surface are highly reflective. Surface roughness decreases this reflectivity. We have developed relatively simple expressions for the effects of surface roughness on x-ray scattering, and we relate our results to the theoretical efficiency of x-ray lenses formed from bundles of hollow glass fibers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354881
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  • 72
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    Vacancy-type defects in crystalline and amorphous SiO2 (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 884-890 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Positron lifetime spectroscopy and two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation have been used to investigate grown-in vacancy structures in synthetic crystalline α-SiO2, synthetic fused quartz, and in a 60-μm-thick chemical-vapor-deposited amorphous SiO2 film. For α-SiO2 a ∼300 ps lifetime component suggests trapping by either silicon monovacancies or by oxygen divacancies (or both). The vacancies are neutral and present at a concentration level of 1017/cm3. The positron bulk lifetime for α-SiO2 is estimated to be ∼238 ps in good agreement with semiempirical predictions. In the fused quartz significant positronium formation is found (80%) and the remaining positrons annihilate in voids yielding a lifetime of ∼500 ps. The amorphous SiO2 film contains a mixture of small vacancy clusters and voids and ∼30% of the positrons form positronium. Heat treatment above 950 °C results in a substantial reduction in defect concentration, but up to 1100 °C a small vacancy cluster contribution persists. The positron data indicate that positronium formation in the fused quartz and in the amorphous film takes place in the voids.
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    Surface properties of perovskites and their response to ion bombardment (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 872-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to study the surface composition and chemistry of two perovskites: SrTiO3 and Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (commonly known as PZT). It is seen that ion bombardment, which is a common surface modification technique, can cause substantial changes in these oxides. The PZT surface undergoes surface depletion of lead along with chemical reduction of the Pb2+ ion to its metallic state. The Zr/(Ti+Zr) ratio also changes with sputtering, but the total oxygen to cation ratio is unchanged. On the other hand, the surface stoichiometry of SrTiO3 is almost unaffected by ion bombardment. In all the perovskites, irrespective of whether the composition changes or not, a substantial amount of surface Ti is reduced to a lower valency state on sputtering. Most of this component is restored back to the original Ti4+ state when Ni is evaporated on these surfaces, indicating that the reduced state is associated with a damaged outermost surface that can be repaired with an adsorbate. The implication of these results to the bonding properties of these materials have been discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354880
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    Investigation of the oxide surface layer on fine iron particles (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4102-4104 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The spin pinning in the oxide surface layer has been observed directly, and it is considered a possible reason why the oxide layer leads to the decrease of the specific saturation magnetization for fine iron particles. The pinning depth has been estimated by means of a Mössbauer effect under an applied field of 6 T in a thermal-cycle process. The Debye temperature of the oxide layer and the temperature dependence of f2/f1 have been obtained, where f1 and f2 are the Mössbauer recoilless fractions for the inner α-Fe core and the oxide layer, respectively. Furthermore, the estimation for the thickness of an oxide layer has been improved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354456
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  • 75
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    Forced translational vibrations of 90° domain walls and the dielectric dispersion in ferroelectric ceramics (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4105-4112 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A theory of collective translational vibrations of 90° domain walls (DWs) in ferroelectric ceramics is presented. Vibrational motions of DWs forming a regular domain structure of a representative grain are assumed to be completely correlated but independent of DW oscillations in other grains. A dynamic mechanical stress field appearing in a ceramic because of DW vibrations is calculated. In contrast to former studies, this calculation takes into account effects due to the lagging of sound waves emitted by oscillating DWs and gives a general expression for the dynamic mechanical restoring force acting on DWs. From this expression we derive the equation of sustained forced DW vibrations in an oscillating external electric field that is valid for a wide frequency range including microwave frequencies. A general solution of this equation is found, which enables us to compute numerically the dependencies of amplitude and phase of DW vibrations on the frequency ω of the applied electric field. It is shown that in the low-frequency range ω〈ω*=ct/g (ct=velocity of transverse sound wave, g=grain size) the general equation of DW vibrations can be reduced to a simplified equation that includes the static restoring force, the inertial reaction, and the radiation reaction self-force of the DWs emitting sound waves. Analytic expressions are derived for the DW effective mass and for the factors characterizing the static restoring force and the radiation reaction. The contribution of DW vibrations to the complex dielectric constants of ferroelectric ceramics is calculated. It is predicted that at very high frequencies ω(very-much-greater-than)ω* the DW contribution to the real part of permittivity strongly decreases due to clamping of DWs. In this frequency range a peak of dielectric losses should also arise being caused by the emission of sound waves from oscillating DWs. It is emphasized that the above effects can be correctly described on the base of the general equation of DW vibrations only.
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    Compositional instability and the resultant charge variations in mixed B-site cation relaxer ferroelectrics (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4121-4124 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A phenomenological model has been applied in an attempt to explain the inability of the ordered regions in the lead magnesium niobate family of relaxor ferroelectrics to coarsen. This approach is based on the concept that the free energy is lowered by an embryonic decomposition along a non-neutral direction. It is proposed that the excess free energy associated with the formation of the non-neutral phase is offset by the distortability of the perovskite structure toward the pyrochlore. The lack of coarsening is then explained as a balance of the electrostatic energy and gradient energy terms, following an earlier published report. This model is then applied to the La-modified (donor-doped) lead magnesium niobate, to explain the dependence of the size of the ordered regions on the degree of doping as observed by other workers.
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    Breakdown mechanism in buried silicon oxide films (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4113-4120 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Charge injection leading to catastrophic breakdown has been used to study the dielectric properties of the buried oxide layer in silicon implanted with high-energy oxygen ions. Current versus gate bias, current versus time, and capacitance versus gate bias were used to characterize, at various temperatures, MOS metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors with areas in the 1×10−4–1×10−2 cm2 range fabricated with commercially available single- or triple-implant separation by implanted oxygen silicon wafers. The data show that injected charge accumulates in the buried oxide at donorlike oxide traps ultimately leading to catastrophic breakdown. Both Poole–Frenkel and Fowler–Nordheim conduction, as well as impact-ionization mechanisms, have been identified in the oxide. The charge and field to breakdown in the best buried oxides are, respectively, near 1 C cm−2 and 10 MV cm−1, similar to the thermally grown oxide parameters. Cumulative distributions of these parameters measured over a large number of capacitors show that the frequency of breakdown events caused by extrinsic defects is scaled with the capacitor area. Intrinsic and extrinsic defect distributions are broader than with thermally grown oxides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354458
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  • 78
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    Optical and electrical properties of layer semiconductor p-GaSe doped with Zn (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4125-4129 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zinc (Zn) is doped into GaSe single crystals grown by the Bridgman technique in a wide range from 0.005 to 0.5 at. % to the stoichiometric melt. Radiative recombination mechanisms have been investigated by using photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The PL spectra in Zn-doped samples at 77 K are dominated by three emission bands at 1.75, 1.63, and 1.27 eV. The 1.63 and 1.27 eV emission bands are enhanced with the increase in the amount of Zn. In addition to the results of Hall effect measurements, it is found that the 1.63 and 1.27 eV emission bands are associated with the acceptor levels at 0.12 and 0.3 eV above the valence band, respectively. For the 1.27 eV emission band, the temperature dependences of the PL intensity, peak energy, and half-width are characterized by the configurational coordinate model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354436
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    Degradation of oxides in metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors under high-field stress (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4598-4607 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High-field effects in metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors have been studied in detail. A comprehensive set of experiments, stressing identically fabricated capacitors on both P-type and N-type silicon, both in accumulation and in inversion, has been made to study defect generation in the oxide at high fields. There is clear experimental evidence that both bulk hole and electron traps are generated under all stress conditions. High-field prebreakdown properties depend mainly upon the dynamics of generation of traps, trapping and detrapping at these and in previously existing traps. It has been found that of several processes, some dominate, depending upon the type of silicon and polarity during stressing, and this is also true for the final breakdown mechanism. In this paper the dominant mechanisms are identified for each of the field stress conditions that have been studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354378
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  • 80
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    Pressure tuning of strain in CdTe/InSb epilayer: A photoluminescence and photomodulated reflectivity study (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4136-4144 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The heavy-hole and light-hole excitons of a CdTe epilayer, pseudomorphically grown on an InSb epilayer by molecular beam epitaxy, are studied with a diamond anvil cell as a function of applied hydrostatic pressure via photoluminescence (PL) and photomodulated reflectivity (PR) spectroscopies. They are compared with the excitonic features in the simultaneously measured PL spectra of a sample of bulk CdTe. Under applied pressure, the lattice mismatch-induced splitting between the light-hole and heavy-hole related transitions increases in a continuous and reversible manner because of the additional pressure-induced compression due to the difference in the compressibilities of CdTe and InSb. The unusually large strain sustained by the CdTe epilayer under pressure is discussed in the light of various models. The PR signal vanishes after the InSb epilayer goes through a structural phase transition at approximately 20 kbar, while the PL signal persists until it is irreversibly quenched by the CdTe epilayer undergoing a structural phase transition at approximately 30 kbar. For pressures between 20 and 30 kbar, the behavior of the CdTe epilayer is similar to that of the bulk sample; the strain appears to have been relaxed due to the structural phase transition which has taken place in InSb. Values of the first- and second-order pressure coefficients for bulk CdTe and for the CdTe epilayer as well as values of the hydrostatic and shear deformation potentials are obtained at 14 and 80 K and compared with previously quoted values.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354415
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    Observation by electroabsorption of strain-enhanced interface roughening in GaxIn1−xAs/Ga0.22In0.78As0.48P0.52 quantum wells prepared by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4149-4152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This article discusses a low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) and electroabsorption (EA) study of GaxIn1−xAs/Ga0.22In0.78As0.48P0.52 single quantum well (QW) samples prepared by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. The linewidth of PL emitted from these single QW samples increases monotonically with increasing QW strain. EA measurements on the same samples reveal a multipeaked response on the high energy side of the PL spectrum. The energy separation of the EA features corresponds to that expected for differences in QW thickness of one monolayer. The observed PL broadening results from PL emanating from different regions of the same well, differing in thickness, while the Stokes shift results from migration of excitons to wider well regions. Spectral features are lost at large strain which is attributed to strain-enhanced roughening of the QW surface during the crystal deposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354417
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    An optical method for evaluation of the net acceptor concentration in p-type ZnSe (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4153-4157 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report photoluminescence (PL) results obtained on p-type ZnSe epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. As an acceptor dopant, we used an active nitrogen beam produced by a free radical nitrogen source. On the basis of a detailed analysis of PL data we propose a simple semiquantitative method for a quick and contactless evaluation of the net acceptor concentration in p-type ZnSe. In particular, we show that the intensity ratio of the donor–acceptor pair (DAP) emission to the acceptor-bound exciton (I1) emission strongly depends on both the excitation power and the quality of the sample, and because of that it cannot by itself be regarded as a good measure of the net acceptor concentration. On the other hand, the intensity of the DAP emission under saturation excitation shows a simple direct proportionality to the net acceptor concentration, thus providing a reliable tool for determining the relative doping level in p-type ZnSe films.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354418
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    Thermo-optic effects of 4-alkoxy-3-chlorobenzoic acids in polymeric matrices (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4158-4162 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Polymer films containing 4-alkoxy-3-chlorobenzoic acid heated to 140 °C showed two optically different states at room temperature depending on the cooling rate. If after heating the film cooled rapidly, it froze in the transparent state. In contrast, it reverted to the light scattering state when cooled slowly. Cycles between the two optical states were reproducible, therefore these films may offer potential as a rewritable recording material. The reversibility in the optical transmittance may be caused by a reversible change in the crystal size of the acid in the polymer matrix.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354419
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    Kinetics of pulsed ultraviolet laser induced oxidation of c-Ge: The role of optical coupling and material losses (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 963-968 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ultraviolet pulsed laser induced oxidation kinetics of crystalline germanium (c-Ge) is determined from real-time optical measurements in conjunction with absolute measurements of the oxygen incorporation performed by nuclear reaction analysis. Although the oxidation process can be triggered at laser fluences initially below the melting threshold of c-Ge, it is strongly activated when surface melting occurs and therefore the fast oxidation process observed is mainly a thermally activated process. Because an optical coupling between the oxide layer and the c-Ge underneath, the growth kinetics is complex and leads to nonconstant rates. The oxygen incorporation reaches a saturation value which depends both on the laser fluence and the oxygen pressure. The results show that the oxygen incorporation is limited by an overlapped laser-induced material removal process rather than by the diffusion length of oxygen species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354838
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    Melt-spun PrCo5 and related magnet materials: Coercivity enhancement by carbon addition (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4651-4659 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated melt-spun Pr-Co alloys with the objective of optimizing their permanent magnet characteristics. Among a variety of elemental additives studied, carbon was found capable of significantly improving the properties, the coercivity in particular. For binary Pr-Co systems optimum values of the remanence, Br=5.7 kG, intrinsic coercivity, Hci=5.8 kOe, and energy product, (BH)max=4.7 MG Oe, were obtained from the Pr16Co84 composition. These values were enhanced to Br=5.8 kG, Hci=16.5 kOe, and (BH)max=7.4 MG Oe for Pr18Co76C6. In both cases the melt-spun ribbons were principally composed of PrCo5. The 16.5 kOe coercivity of the carbon-containing ribbons is the highest ever reported for a PrCo5-based material. Two new rare earth-cobalt phases were tentatively identified during the course of this work: PrCo7 (hexagonal TbCu7 structure) and PrCo2Cx (cubic MgCu2 structure). Survey results for other melt-spun, RCo5-based alloys are also described.
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    Microstructural origin of in-plane magnetic anisotropy in magnetron in-line sputtered CoPtCr thin-film disks (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4643-4650 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The microstructural origin of magnetic anisotropy in a magnetron in-line sputter-deposited CoPtCr/Cr magnetic thin-film disk was examined by mapping magnetic properties and microstructure. The film coercivity (Hc), remanence-thickness product (Mrδ), and coercivity squareness (S*) were determined as a function of radial (r) and angular (θ) co-ordinates using a transfer curve magnetometer. The observed variations in Hc, Mrδ, and S* across the disk were 85 Oe, 0.15 emu/cm2, and 0.03, respectively. The angular variation in magnetic properties showed a sinusoidal pattern with the maxima corresponding to the regions where the tracks were parallel (θ=270°) to the pallet movement direction. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy showed subtle differences in the Co-alloy grain morphology and crystallographic orientation between θ=270° and θ=360° locations. The grains were equiaxed in general except for a small fraction of grains elongated in the direction of pallet movement. Lattice images clearly showed that about 45% of the Co-alloy grains had in-plane c axes and a preferred alignment of the c axes along the texture groove. A greater preference for the c axes to lie along the texture line was observed for the θ=270° location. A coherency stress-based model is proposed to explain the preferred c-axis alignment. While the crystalline anisotropy appears to be the main factor responsible for the magnetic anisotropy, both crystalline and shape anisotropies contribute to the magnetic anisotropy variations.
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    Hydrothermal BaTiO3 films on silicon: Morphological and chemical characterization (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4664-4672 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Insulating barium titanate films were successfully grown on Ti-deposited silicon substrates using the hydrothermal method. The film thickness was 35 and 49 nm for films treated at 200 and 250 °C, respectively, in a 0.25 M Ba(OH)2 solution for 8 h. The BaTiO3 films did not reach the Ti/Si interface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed OH-free and nearly carbon-free films, which was corroborated using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth analysis. AES revealed that the oxygen and barium concentrations are correlated throughout the film, and the existence of a diffuse BaTiO3/Ti interface. A discussion on the film growth mechanism is made using existing information on the subject.
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    Giant magnetoresistance in Co/Cu superlattices with mixed interfaces (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4660-4663 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetoresistance, antiferromagnetic coupling, and crystallographic orientation of Co/Cu superlattices with intentionally mixed interfaces have been studied as a function of the thickness of the mixed region. The antiferromagnetic coupling is weakened, and spin-independent scattering of free electrons is enhanced with increasing thickness of the mixed region, although the morphology and the superlattice period remain unchanged. Saturation magnetoresistance is reduced from 27% to 4% as the result of the formation of a 0.15 nm mixed region at the interfaces. Moreover, the crystallographic orientation of Co/Cu superlattices is also found to be varied by formation of the mixed region. Giant magnetoresistance, antiferromagnetic coupling, and the crystallinity of Co/Cu superlattices are governed by the events in the thin region at the interfaces less than 1 monolayer.
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    Effects of aluminum doping upon color formation in zinc oxide powders (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4685-4690 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effects on the reflectance spectra of zinc oxide powders, of heat treatment, and of mechanical grinding were investigated for both undoped and aluminum-doped ZnO. A broad absorptance band at 390–400 nm was induced in the undoped powders both by heating in air and by grinding. From a comparison with electron paramagnetic resonance data from the literature, the band could be related to oxygen vacancies. It was found that aluminum doping suppresses the band formation induced by grinding; however, the doping does not suppress the band formation induced by heat treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354360
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    On the microstructural, optical, and thermal properties of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4673-4680 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hydrogenated amorphous carbon films were prepared from CH4, H2, and Ar mixtures by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Films with various physical properties resulting from various deposition conditions were utilized for this study. The varying deposition parameters included H2 flow rates, Ar flow rates, total pressures, substrate temperatures, and power densities. A systematic study regarding the relationship between deposition conditions and the microstructures, optical, and thermal properties was conducted. Furthermore, how the optical and thermal properties related to the microstructures was analyzed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed in this paper for determining the hydrogen concentration and the amounts of tetrahedral and trigonal bondings associated with C—H bond and their relative ratio while the optical properties were measured by optical spectrophotometer. Additionally, photothermal deflection spectroscopy was applied for the measurements of thermal diffusion length.
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    Magnitude of the piezoelectric field in (111)B InyGa1−yAs strained-layer quantum wells (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4681-4684 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The relationship between the magnitude of the piezoelectric field and the degree of lattice constant mismatch is investigated via low-temperature photoluminescence measurements of the quantum-confined Stark effect for a series of (111)B Al0.15Ga0.85As-InyGa1−yAs pseudomorphic quantum well heterostructures. The experimental strain-induced electric field values agree well with theoretical calculations for indium mole fractions in the range 0.037≤y≤0.09. In addition, an anomalous saturation of the photoluminescence transition energy is observed at values of applied voltage greater than that required to nullify the piezoelectric field, despite the indication from separate electroreflectance measurements that the net electric field within the quantum well reverses polarity under similar electrical biasing conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354359
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  • 92
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    Shock wave analysis of laser assisted particle removal (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7044-7047 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Laser assisted particle removal (LAPR) is an innovative laser cleaning technique which can remove various particles from solid surfaces via laser induced explosive evaporation of a chosen energy transfer medium, e.g., water. An Ar+ ion continuous-wave laser (488 nm) was used to study the CO2 laser pumped explosive evaporation of water adsorbed on a Si substrate. The probe laser beam was parallel to the sample surface at different displacements and interacted with the ejected material upon pulsed CO2 laser irradiation in analogy with the time resolved laser beam deflection experiments on laser induced vaporization of copper by Guo et al. [Opt. Commun. 77, 381 (1990)]. Using CO2 laser energies which are much greater than the LAPR thresholds, we observed the generation and propagation of a shock wave at supersonic speeds followed by a water vapor/aerosol/particle cloud at a much slower speed. From the evolution of the shock wave, the total conversion efficiency of the incident laser beam into the shock wave has been determined using a self-similar approximation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355017
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  • 93
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    Fabrication of YBa2Cu3Oy-La0.7Ca0.3MnOz-YBa2Cu3Oy coplanar junctions and their anisotropic current-voltage characteristics (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2681-2685 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Two types of YBa2Cu3Oy-La0.7Ca0.3MnOz-YBa2Cu3Oy (YBCO-LCMO-YBCO) coplanar-type junctions with a 0.2 μm gap were fabricated by electron-beam lithography and Ar-ion-beam milling. One is a junction in which a current flows into the a-b plane (ferromagnetic spin arrangement) of the LCMO and then passes through the channel along the c axis (antiferromagnetic arrangement), and the other is a junction in which the current only passes through the a-b plane. In the former junction the current-voltage characteristics show nonlinearity which suggests a superconductive linkage, while the latter has linear characteristics. This anisotropy of the proximity effect is attributed to anisotropy of the spin structure, because the LCMO film has a small anisotropy of the normal decay length in the a-b plane and along the c axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354661
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  • 94
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    Anomalous giant magnetostriction of amorphous (SmFe2) (1−x) at. % B (x) at. % alloy in a low magnetic field (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2701-2704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: RFe2 laves phase intermetallic compounds are promising materials for magnetostrictive applications. To obtain a larger magnetostriction in a low magnetic field, the influence of boron addition on the giant magnetostriction of an amorphous (SmFe2) (1−x) at. % B (x) at. % alloy has been examined. In the amorphous alloy, the saturation magnetostriction anomalously increases, while the saturation magnetization decreases with the increase in x. The highest saturation magnetostriction of −670×10−6 at 10 kOe and its effective magnetostriction of −490×10−6 at 0.3 kOe can be obtained for amorphous (SmFe2) 99.26 at. % B 0.74 at. % alloy. This effective giant magnetostriction obtained in a low magnetic field is larger than those reported in previous researches. I attribute this anomalous giant magnetostriction in a low magnetic field to the increment of elastic energy in the amorphous (SmFe2) (1−x) at. % B (x) at. % alloy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354664
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  • 95
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    Observation of charge behavior in multiply low-density polyethylene (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2725-2730 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Effects of interfaces such as metal/polymer interfaces and polymer/polymer interfaces on the space-charge distribution in multiply low-density polyethylene have been investigated using a pulsed electroacoustic method. It has been found that the heterocharge was dominant in an artificial interface existing in a polyethylene sample. The time dependence of the heterocharge distribution in the interface on applied voltages and polarity was studied. From these charge distributions, the modified electrical field was calculated based on Poisson's equation. The calculated result indicated that the actual field was stronger than the applied uniform field at the artificial interface. A new data display method for a three- or two-dimensional plot is employed to display all measurement data on one plot in which the space charge becomes visible so that the results can be easily and conveniently understood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354667
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  • 96
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    Method for thermal diffusivity measurements based on photothermal deflection (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7078-7084 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The thermal diffusivity measurement through pulsed photodeflection in a modified collinear configuration is presented and discussed; comparison between theory and experiment is also shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355334
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  • 97
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    Expansion and electron emission characteristics of a hollow-cathode plasma contactor (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7094-7100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A theory is presented to explain the observed electron emission characteristics of a hollow-cathode-based plasma source. The theory is compared with measurements made in a laboratory vacuum facility and is used to predict emission characteristics when the source plasma expands into an ambient space plasma. Crucial to understanding the observed emission current-voltage characteristic of hollow-cathode-type devices is the recognition of the role of emission current, not just the current in the main discharge circuit, in ionization of the neutral gas flowing through the device. This ionization can lead to breakdown of the sort that is familiar in many gas discharge devices. Equally crucial to understanding the low impedance capability of the device in coupling spacecraft to an ambient space plasma is recognition of the role of escaping as well as trapped source electrons in the formation of the space potential profile. The presence of these electrons, according to the theory, results in space electron emission current-voltage characteristics which are well approximated by those observed in laboratory chambers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355023
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  • 98
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    Neutral and ion emissions accompanying pulsed excimer laser irradiation of polytetrafluoroethylene (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4729-4736 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The neutral and charged species emitted by pulsed-laser irradiation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) at 248 nm in vacuum have been examined. In particular, the species and properties of the emission products produced at typical fluence regimes used in the pulsed-laser deposition of PTFE thin films have been characterized. The relative intensities of the major products as well as their dependence on laser fluence are presented, and a simple model is used to fit the observed fluence dependence. Evidence that the major neutral component, the monomer (C2F4), is formed from a thermally activated unzipping reaction is presented. The ionic species are derived from the neutral decomposition products, apparently ionized by electron collisions in the weak plasma generated at the target surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354341
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  • 99
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    Impurity doping in InP layer grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy using tertiarybutylphosphine and organic doping sources (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4737-4740 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Impurity doping in InP layer grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy using tertiarybutylphosphine and organic doping sources is presented. Diethylzinc and diethylselenide were used as the p-type and n-type doping sources, respectively. Electrical properties and surface morphology of the impurity-doped layers together with their growth condition dependence were investigated. Good controllability and reproducibility of the doping level were confirmed. The maximum doping levels of 1.8×1018 and 1×1019 cm−3 were successfully attained for p-InP and n-InP, respectively. These results promise further safe metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy by using organic compounds for all precursors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354342
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  • 100
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    The barrier to misfit dislocation glide in continuous, strained, epitaxial layers on patterned substrates (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3103-3110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In a previous report [G. P. Watson, D. G. Ast, T. J. Anderson, and Y. Hayakawa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 2517 (1991)] we demonstrated that the motion of misfit dislocations in InGaAs, grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy on patterned GaAs substrates, can be impeded even if the strained epitaxial layer is continuous. Trenches etched into GaAs before growth are known to act as a barrier to misfit dislocation propagation [E. A. Fitzgerald, G. P. Watson, R. E. Proano, D. G. Ast, P. D. Kirchner, G. D. Pettit, and J. M. Woodall, J. Appl. Phys. 65, 2220 (1989)] when those trenches create discontinuities in the epitaxial layers; but even shallow trenches, with continuous strained layers following the surface features, can act as barriers. By considering the strain energy required to change the length of the dislocation glide segments that stretch from the interface to the free surface, a simple model is developed that explains the major features of the unique blocking action observed at the trench edges. The trench wall angle is found to be an important parameter in determining whether or not a trench will block dislocation glide. The predicted blocking angles are consistent with observations made on continuous 300 and 600 nm thick In0.04Ga0.96As films on patterned GaAs. Based on the model, a structure is proposed that may be used as a filter to yield misfit dislocations with identical Burgers vectors or dislocations which slip in only one glide plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354576
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