ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

Ihre E-Mail wurde erfolgreich gesendet. Bitte prüfen Sie Ihren Maileingang.

Leider ist ein Fehler beim E-Mail-Versand aufgetreten. Bitte versuchen Sie es erneut.

Vorgang fortführen?

Exportieren
Filter
  • Artikel  (921)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (921)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1950-1954  (921)
  • Physik  (921)
Sammlung
  • Artikel  (921)
Schlagwörter
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (921)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Chemistry  (921)
Verlag/Herausgeber
Erscheinungszeitraum
Jahr
Thema
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 69-95 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: In this communication, which is a brief critical review, the author summarizes the classical results of the theory of light scattering by dilute solutions of macromolecules and stresses the simplified hypothesis for carrying out the calculations. He examines particularly the case in which the dipoles are no longer isotropic and shows the important consequences of the newly obtained results.He attaches special importance to the case in which the solution contains chain macromolecules and recapitulates the most recent attempts made to treat the true configurations of the molecule and not those of a fictive “random flight”.
    Notizen: Dans cet exposé qui constitue simplement une brève revue critique l'auteur résume rapidement les résultats classiques de la théorie de la diffusion de la lumière par les solutions macromoléculaires étendues et souligne les hypothèses simplificatrices qui ont permis les calculs. Il examine en particulier le cas où les dipǒles élémentaires ne sont plus isotropes et montre les conséquences importantes des nouveaux résultats obtenus.Il s'attache en particulier à l'examen du cas important où la solution contient des macromolécules en chaǐne linéaire et résume les plus récentes tentatives qui tendent à traiter les configurations réelles de la molécule et non plus celles d'un “random flight” fictif.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 2
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: In this paper we have reported the most important results of a study in which we measured by means of the electron microscope the size of rigid colloid particles used as models, and calculated from the size the intrinsic viscosity [η], the free diffusion constant Δ, and the rotation diffusion constant D, as well as the sedimentation s. These calculated parameters are then compared to experimental values obtained by the use of appropriate methods. The comparison of the two sets of results should permit a decision as to the validity of the theories under consideration. Computing the theoretical values we have taken into account the effect of polydispersity and we have indicated how we compute the average values of [η], \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\rm \bar \Delta}, and {\rm \bar D} $\end{document}, and D̄. The viscosity, free diffusion, and sedimentation measurements made with V2O5 sol have given results which do not compare quantitatively with theoretical values computed from the size of particles, but the simultaneous use of measured [η], Δ, and s, leads to the conclusion that V2O5 sols have the same behavior as a monodispersed sol of rigid ellipsoids with 1692 A. length and 44 A. diameter. It should be pointed out that 40.3% of sol particles have a length of 1670 A. and a cross-section of 100 by 50 A. The measurement of D by flow birefringence shows a notable disagreement with the computed value of D̄. This disagreement is likely to arise from the presence in the solvent of vanadic acids disturbing the rod orientation. Measurements with a T.M.V. sol give a good agreement between experimental (D = 260 c.g.s. ± 20%) and calculated values (D̄ = 205 c.g.s. ± 20%). This result is the first to establish experimentally the quantitative validity of the theory of Peterlin and Stuart. Values for the refractive index of T.M.V. particles are also obtained (n1 = 1.58 and n2 = 1.59). These values are in agreement with those given by other authors using indirect methods. Measurements with a carbon black sol show a satisfactory agreement between the calculated value \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \bar \Delta = 1.10 \times 10^{ - 7} $\end{document} c.g.s. ± 15% and the measured Δ = 1.37 × 10-7 c.g.s. ± 10%. This shows the validity of Stokes' law for spherical particles with about 1 to 200 A. diameter. On the other hand, the carbon black sol shows a “viscoelectric” effect; and Einstein's constant, which in absence of this effect is K = 2.5, is found here to be K = 7.8 ± 0.5. Several results concerning the viscoelectric effect of this sol are also reported.
    Notizen: Nous avons groupé dans cet article les principaux résultats d'un travail, dont le principe consiste à mesurer au microscope électronique les dimensions des particules colloïdales rigides utilisées comme modèles, puis à calculer à partir des dimensions la viscosité intrinsèque [η], les constantes de diffusion de translation Δ et de rotation D ainsi que la constante de sédimentation s. Ces paramètres calculés à l'aide des théories fondamentales sont ensuite comparés aux valeurs expérimentales mesurées par les techniques correspondantes et la comparaison des deux groupes de résultats doit permettre de juger de la validité des théories mises en jeu. Dans le calcul des valeurs théoriques nous avons tenu compte de la polydispersité et nous indiquons comment nous avons calculé les valeurs moyennes apparentes de \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$[\bar \eta ], {\rm \bar \Delta}, {\rm \bar D} $\end{document}. Les mesures de viscosité, de diffusion de translation et de sédimentation effectuées sur un sol de V2O5 donnent des résultats dont la comparaison avec les valeurs théoriques calculées à partir des dimensions n'est guère possible de manière quantitative en raison de l'imprécision de celles-ci. Mais l'utilisation simultanée des valeurs expérimentales de [η], Δ, s, nous conduit à la conclusion que le sol de V2O5 se comporte comme un sol monodispersé d'ellipsoïdes de révolution rigides de 1692 Å de longueur et de 44 Å de diamètre, or 40,3% des particules de sol étudié ont pour dimensions 1607 Å de longueur et une section rectangulaire de 100 sur 50 Å. La détermination de D par birefringence d'écoulement conduit à un désaccord considérable avec la valeur calculée de D̄ et ce désaccord semble dǔ à la présence dans le solvant d'acides vanadiques qui perturbent l'orientation des bǎtonnets. L'étude d'un sol de virus de la mosaïque du tabac a donné un bon accord entre la valeur calculée D̄ = 205 c.g.s. ± 20% et la valeur mesurée D = 260 c.g.s. ± 20% ce qui constitue la première vérification expérimentale de la théorie de Peterlin et Stuart. Cette étude a permis de calculer l'indice de réfraction de la particule de V.M.T., on trouve n1 = 1,58, n2 = 1,59, ce qui corrobore les valeurs trouvées par d'autres employant des méthodes indirectes. Enfin l'étude d'un sol aqueux de noir de carbone a permis d'observer un accord convenable entre \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \bar \Delta $\end{document} calculé = 1,10 · 10-7 c.g.s. ± 15% et Δ mesuré = 1,37 · 10-7 c.g.s. ± 10%, ce qui montre la validité de la loi de Stokes pour des sphères dont le diamètre est de l'ordre de 1 à 200 Å. Ce sol présente d'autre part de l'effet électro-visqueux et la constante d'Einstein K = 2,5 est trouvée égale à K = 7,8 ± 0,5. On donne quelques résultats concernant l'étude de l'effet électro-visqueux de ce sol.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The general theory of irreversible processes in solutions of macromolecules, previously formulated by the author, is reviewed. The theory is based upon the Oseen method for determining the perturbation in the hydrodynamic flow pattern produced by the frictional forces exerted by the macromolecule on the solvent, and on a generalized theory of Brownian motion in molecular configuration space. Applications of theory to viscoelastic behavior, flow birefringence, and the Kerr effect, and to dielectric dispersion are presented in outline.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 15-34 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The classical results concerning solutions of rigid particles are briefly reviewed (orientation theory). The theory has been shown to be of quantitative significance. The main attention is then given to the case in which the particle is deformable. In the last ten years research has considerably clarified this problem. The main factors determining the nature of the observed effect are (1) the amount of the fluctuations of the shape of the molecule and (2) the life time of a given configuration. Depending on these factors the effect can be in extreme cases: (1) an orientation effect analogous to that presented by solutions of rigid particles and (2) a pure deformation effect completely different from the preceding one. In the general case there will be a superposition of both effects. For a given molecule one may have a continuous passage from effect (1) to effect (2) when the solvent viscosity is varied. Particular attention is then given to the case of solutions of high polymers. The theories of the two extreme cases (1) and (2) mentioned above, as well as the intermediate case, permit one to understand to a large extent the effects observed in these solutions. There exists an experimental test by which one can determine whether the effect is predominantly an orientation or a deformation effect. The measurements can be interpreted, at least in the two above-mentioned limiting cases, in terms of molecular coefficients. From the experimental point of view there is a great advantage to combine flow birefringence measurements with measurements of specific viscosity, static viscosity, and dispersion of the viscosity (ultrasonic shear waves measurements). Finally, the general considerations necessary for perfecting the theory of chain molecules are indicated.
    Notizen: Les résultats classiques concernant les solutions de particules rigides sont brièvement rappelés (théorie de l'orientation). L'éxpérience a montré que la théorie avait une valeur quantitative. On examine ensuite en détail le cas où la particule est déformable. Cette question s'est considérablement clarifiée au cours des dix dernières années. La nature de l'effet présenté est déterminée essentiellement (1) par l'intensité des fluctuations de forme de la molécule et (2) par la durée de vie d'une configuration donnée. Il en résulte que le phénomène peut ětre dans certains cas extrěmes (1) un effet d'orientation analogue à celui que présentent les solutions de particules rigides, (2) un effet de déformation pure complètement différent du précédent. Dans le cas général il y a superposition des deux effets. Pour une molécule donnée il peut y avoir passage continu de l'effet (1) à l'effet (2) lorsqu'on modifie la valeur de la viscosité du solvant. On considère en particulier le cas des solutions de hauts polymères. Les théories pour les deux effets (1) et (2) mentionnés ci-dessus, ainsi que pour le cas intermédiaire, permettent de comprendre dans une large mesure les phénomènes présentés par ces solutions. Il existe un critère expérimental permettant de déceler si l'effet présenté par une solution donnée est principalement un effet d'orientation ou un effet de déformation. Il est possible de relier les grandeurs observées à des coefficients moléculaires, au moins dans les deux cas extrěmes mentionnés ci-dessus. Du point de vue expérimental il est intéressant de coupler les mesures de biréfringence d'écoulement avec des mesures de viscosité spécifique, viscosité statique et dispersion de la viscosité (ondes de cisaillement de fréquence ultra-sonique). On indique finalement sur quelles bases générales une théorie pour les molécules en chaǐnes pourrait ětre développée.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A theory of the excluded volume of branched molecules has been developed. The model of the branched molecule is a main or backbone string of beads from which side branches (which are themselves unbranched) originate. Each of these beads has the property of the Kuhn statistical chain element. The calculation is based on the Fokker-Planck equation as used by Hermans and collaborators. The differential equation obtained therefrom is not solved, but the average squared distance between two segments on the main chain is obtained. It is found that this quantity \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ 〈 r_{t_p }^2 〉 _{Av} $\end{document} contains a term proportional to (t - p)3/2 power, which term arises from the contribution of the branches. The radius of the molecule, which can be measured by light scattering techniques, contains a term proportional to the molecular weight to the three halves power if the length of the branches does not depend on molecular weight. It is suggested that the dependence on molecular weight of the relation between molecular size and branching could be used as an experimental check of the theory.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. iii 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 35-44 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A treatment is given for the Brownian deformation of an elastic sphere which permits extension of the theory of the Maxwell effect of solutions of elastic spheres to arbitrary values of the ratio of the time of establishment θ′, of a preferential orientation to the deformation relaxation time θ of the sphere. For large values of η0/ηi the (ratio of solvent viscosity to internal viscosity) the effect reduces to the simple deformation effect described in previous papers. For decreasing values of η0/ηi the deformation effect is gradually replaced by the orientation effect (orientation of elongated configurations). The influence of the intensity of the fluctuations as measured by the mean square value δ02 of the deformation coefficient is discussed. Values of δ0 are given for a series of polystyrene samples of increasing molecular weight. The theory is in qualitative agreement with experimental results on solutions of chain molecules and leads in particular to a new interpretation of the data for thymonucleic acid. The incompatibility of the Kuhn and Kuhn dumbbell theory with experimental results is discussed in more detail than in previous papers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 8
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Melting temperatures of cellulose trinitrate (13.96% N) in mixtures with γ-butyrolactone have been determined dilatometrically, and also by an optical method depending on depolarization of polarized light when transmitted through a semicrystalline sample. Results obtained by these two methods, and also by direct visual observation, are in good agreement. Whereas the dilatometric method is preferred for higher concentrations of diluent (volume fraction v1 = 0.86 to 0.68) where the melting point is below 80°C., gas generation by decomposition necessitated abandonment of this method at the higher melting temperatures for lower diluent concentrations. Adoption of the optical method permitted determination of melting temperatures as high as 116°C. (v1 = 0.60). The results have been treated according to the thermodynamic theory of melting of polymers. While the results do not extend far enough to allow definite assignment of the melting point Tm0 of the pure polymer, they indicate that it is at least 1000°K. The heat of fusion per structural unit is low - not over 1500 cal. per repeating unit, or 5 cal./g. The low value of the entropy of fusion - less than 1.5 cal./deg./mole of units-indicates limited flexibility of the chains in the liquid state. The high melting point of cellulose trinitrate is a consequence of its low entropy of fusion, and cannot be attributed to large intermolecular attractions in the crystal.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 391-400 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The bacteriophages (bacterial viruses) are the largest biologically active agents having known dimensions and particle morphology which have been prepared in a homogeneous state. Because all the bacteriophages have an appendage or “tail”, they offer an interesting system for study in the analytical ultracentrifuge in comparison of the results of direct and indirect methods for estimation of particle size and shape. The sedimentation behavior of phages T5, T6, and T7, all differing in size and morphology, has thus been investigated. Although, under certain conditions, the three viruses sediment with a single sharp boundary, T6 appears to undergo aggregation to form a dimer at neutral pH. The sedimentation rate of the phages is little affected by concentration and is uninfluenced by the centrifugal field, thus indicating the absence of interaction or of particle orientation due to the peculiar morphology. A comparison of estimates of the particle size and weight based on molecular-kinetic constants, electron micrograph dimensions, and unit infectivity yields a good correlation among the results of the direct and indirect physical methods for the quasispherical particle of T7, satisfactory agreement for the large tadpole-shaped particle of T6, but considerable discrepancy for the sperm-shaped particle of T5. It is suggested that the dimensions of T5 based on early electron micrographs are in error. Despite their large size and unusual shape the bacteriophages are amenable to physicochemical study, and each type is as uniform in molecular-kinetic properties as are molecular proteins.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 439-443 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Semipermeable membranes used for osmotic pressure measurements are usually made from collodion or from regenerated cellulose or from other cellulosic materials. Such membranes are readily attacked by corrosive solvents, they are easily oxidized, and they can be used for only a few hours at high temperatures. To overcome these difficulties new noncellulosic membranes have been developed. The preparation of a polyvinyl butyral membrane and of a Kel-F (polychlorotrifluoroethylene)membrane is described. The data for typical osmotic pressure measurements using the new membranes are presented. The Kel-F membrane can be used for measurements in all common organic solvents as well as for solutions of cellulose in solvents such as cupriethylene diamine and cuprammonium hydroxide. It is also suitable for high-temperature osmotic pressure measurements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 11
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Styrene and methyl methacrylate have been polymerized at 25° using α,α′-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile labeled with C14 as initiator. The numbers of initiator fragments per polymer molecule have been determined by measurements of the average molecular weights of the polymers by osmometry and the specific activities of the polymers and the initiator by gas counting. It is found that polystyrene radicals combine at 25° and that for polymethyl methacrylate radicals at this temperature disproportionation occurs about twice as frequently as combination.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 481-487 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Olefins can only be polymerized by metal halides if a third substance, the cocatalyst, is present. The function of this is to provide the cation which starts the carbonium ion chain reaction. In most systems the catalyst is not used up, but at any rate part of the cocatalyst molecule is necessarily incorporated in the polymer. Whereas the initiation and propagation of cationic polymerizations are now fairly well understood, termination and transfer reactions are still obscure. A distinction is made between true kinetic termination reactions in which the propagating ion is destroyed, and transfer reactions in which only the molecular chain is broken off. It is shown that the kinetic termination may take place by several different types of reaction, and that in some systems there is no termination at all. Since the molecular weight is generally quite low, transfer must be dominant. According to the circumstances many different types of transfer are possible, including proton transfer, hydride ion transfer, and transfer reactions involving monomer, catalyst, or solvent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 503-507 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: 3,3-Bis(chloromethyl)oxacyclobutane may be polymerized in the presence of powerful electrophilic catalysts, e.g., boron trifluoride; minute traces of water are also necessary for polymerization to proceed. The resulting polyether, poly-3,3-bis(chloromethyl)-oxabutene, is an inert, highly crystalline and insoluble polymer, m.p. 180°, capable of forming oriented films and fibers. The high crystallinity and strong interchain forces are reflected by the complete inconsistency of solution viscosity values measured at 100°. The molecular weights could only be compared by determining melt viscosity values.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 533-541 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: High molecular weight polymethacrylic acid in aqueous solution is rapidly broken down by ultrasonics (250 kc.). The rate of degradation varies as the shape of the molecule in solution is altered and is greatest when most asymmetric.It is concluded that cavitation is essential for the breakdown of the polymer molecules and that the reaction proceeds by two mechanisms. The major part of the reaction is due to mechanical forces produced on the collapse of the cavity but chemical degradation by HO2 radicals also occurs. Polymerization experiments confirm that free radicals are formed during cavitation. The quantity of H2O2 formed by ultrasonics is much greater than the number of free radicals produced and a separate mechanism for its formation must be postulated. High-speed propellers, e.g., in a “Waring Blendor,” bring about cavitation and degradation of polymethacrylic acid.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 15
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The polymerization of activated fibrinogen takes place in two stages. First, the monomer units form intermediate polymers with twice the original cross-section area and about eight times the original length. The polymers have been detected under a variety of conditions between pH 6.1 and 10. The polymerization geometry is believed to be lateral dimerization with a staggered configuration, determined by a pattern of electrical charges. The negatively charged groups, though unidentified, appear to be near histidine residues, as deduced from the dependence of polymerization on pH. The positively charged groups, from this and other evidence, appear to be α-amino groups. Second, the intermediate polymers unite to form the strands of the fibrin network. This association appears to involve nonpolar groups, and the width of the final strands, unlike that of the intermediate polymer, depends markedly on the net charge as determined by the pH.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 559-564 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: When treated with liquid ammonia for 24 hours under pressure at 16°C., methyl esters of polygalacturonic acid of varying degree of esterfication form the corresponding amides. The latter dissolve in water with difficulty giving solutions of low viscosities. These solutions can easily be coagulated by electrolytes. Derivatives containing more than 70% of amide groups are water insoluble. An increase in the content of amide groups causes, e.g., an increase in stability toward polygalacturonase and an increase in gelling tendency. The amides, however, yield but weak gels. The properties of the amides may be highly influenced by their ability to form inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bridges.
    Notizen: Polygalakturonsäuremethylester verschiedener Veresterungsgrade können durch Behandlung mit flüssigem Ammoniak im Autoklaven bei 16°C. während 24 Stunden annähernd quantitativ in die entsprechenden Amide übergeführt werden. Die Amide sind in Wasser schwer löslich und ergeben Lösungen geringer Viskosität. Sie können aus ihren Lösungen durch Elektrolyte leicht koaguliert werden. Derivate mit einem Amidierungsgrad von über 70% sind wasserunlöslich. Mit steigendem Amidierungsgrad können eine Erhöhung der Stabilität gegenüber dem Enzym Polygalakturonase. sowie eine Zunahme der Geliertendenz festgestellt werden. Die Amide bilden keine festen Gele. Die Eigenschaften der Amide werden stark durch ihre Fähigkeit zur Bildung inter- und intramolekularer Wasserstoffbrücken beeinflusst.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 317-318 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 320-320 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 19
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A number of polyisoprenes and polybutadienes have been prepared at temperatures between 30° and -78°C. using Friedel-Crafts catalysts. Quantitative analyses for the various types of addition occurring in these polymers have been made from their infrared spectra. It has been found that the linear structures corresponding to 1,4; 1,2 and 3,4 addition are present in about the same ratios as in free radical type polymers. However, in the case of the polyisoprenes (and apparently also the polybutadienes) these structures account for only about 50 to 75% of the material present.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 329-353 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: As a step toward the better understanding of acrylonitrile polymerization a kinetic study was made in bulk with azo and peroxy catalysts over the range 30 to 60°C. Rates were followed gravimetrically in most cases, and molecular weights were estimated from viscosity measurements. Electron micrographs and nitrogen sorption data were obtained. Following a short induction period (which could not be eliminated) polymer separated as a fine suspension, coagulated to form curds at a few tenths percent polymerization and formed a hard, porous mass at about 60% reaction. Product at 5 to 50% polymerization was in the form of dense particles about 0.5 micron across; these appeared to be aggregates of 400 A. particles. The rate of polymerization accelerated up to 1-3% conversion and was then nearly constant to about 50%, beyond which it could not be measured. Rate increased with the 0.8 power of catalyst concentration and showed an over-all activation energy of 35 to 37 kcal./mole. Molecular weight varied inversely with the 0.2 power of the catalyst concentration, was nearly constant from 5 to 50% conversion and went through a slight maximum with temperature. To account for these observations a kinetic scheme is proposed that involves the possibility of unimolecular chain termination by a process of “burial.” This process is conceived of as a mechanism by which a growing chain may become shielded from further growth by coiling or embedding itself in the solid phase. Equations derived for rate and degree of polymerization fit the data adequately. Consideration is given to the simultaneous effects at high conversion of a small loss in initiator by thermal decomposition, of enrichment of the solution by shrinking liquid volume and of depletion of monomer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 393-401 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The kinetics of chain degradation have been studied for the heterogeneous hydrolysis of Egyptian cotton under mild acid conditions. The results have been interpreted to give estimates of accessibilities free from the defects associated with former measurements. The amount of accessible material in the undegraded cotton was found to be 10.8%, but during hydrolysis this is reduced to less than 5%. The recrystallization takes place at an early stage in the degradation, starting at a point when approximately one-eighth of the intercrystalline chain segments have been broken.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 405-406 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 23
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 633-633 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 21-42 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The phases which are formed at, e.g., 22°C., when a solution containing, e.g., 1.1% polystyrene and 1.7% ethyl cellulose is made in benzene, are characterized by having a low interfacial tension (⋍10-3 erg/cm.2), which permits droplets of the one phase in the other to be easily deformed and disrupted in a field of flow. The size and shape of the droplets thus formed were determined by an optical method depending upon the statistical addition of the deflections suffered by a beam of light in its passage through the medium. It is found that at intermediate velocity gradients very small and extremely elongated droplets are stable and that, at a given temperature, the phase separation can be reversed by raising the velocity gradient above a definite value. A full discussion of the observations is given and it is shown in particular that the appearance of extremely elongated drops at certain velocity gradients is due to a stationary state equilibrium between processes causing the drops to break up and others causing them to recombine again. The superposition of break-up and recombination is thus responsible for the existence in practice of inherently unstable drop shapes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 26
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: (1) The electrostatic internal energy of a solution of rodlike, ionized polymolecules is calculated by an integration which makes use of the molecular potentials evaluated previously. (2) The electrostatic free energy is calculated by a charging process for which the reference state is a discharged solution of the same concentration as that of the charged solution. (3) A series of graphs is presented for the numerical evaluation of the internal and free energies of salt-free polyelectrolyte solutions as a function of concentration, degree of ionization, and temperature. (4) The osmotic pressure of stretched polyelectrolytes is calculated from the free energy expression. The calculated osmotic coefficients are practically independent of molecular weight and polyelectrolyte concentration, and are determined by the degree of ionization. A comparison with the measurements of Kern on salt-free polyacrylic acid at higher degrees of ionization (for which the macromolecules are stretched) gives a very satisfactory agreement. (5) An expression for the light scattering by polyelectrolyte solutions is derived from the equation for osmotic pressure and discussed briefly.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 27
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 37-46 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A viscoelastic material when extruded rapidly through a short capillary or spinneret may exhibit an effective viscosity which is smaller than the usual or zero shear rate viscosity by a factor of several hundred. An equation is derived which expresses the effective viscosity as a function of the time the material spends in the spinneret (transit time) and the distribution function of Maxwellian relaxation times. It is assumed that the mechanical properties of the material may be represented by a generalized Maxwell model. Effective viscosities observed when a 25% cellulose acetate solution in a 96:4 (by weight) acetone:water solvent is extruded through a spinneret with radius 0.006 cm. and effective length 0.0186 cm. are given. The relaxation distribution function for the cellulose acetate solution is calculated from the dynamic viscosity data of Philippoff. From the distribution function and values of the transit time, effective viscosities are calculated and found to differ from the experimental values by -26 to 60%. In view of the fact that the effective viscosities are smaller than the zero shear rate viscosity by factors ranging from 145 to 10.8, the agreement between calculated and experimental values is quite satisfactory.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 30
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The flow and retarded-elastic behavior of four polyisobutylene specimens (M̄w 1.09 × 104 to 8.54 × 104), measured in a concentric cylinder rotational viscometer, are reported. Under the conditions investigated the non-Newtonian flow behavior can be represented by Ferry's equation. The logarithm of the viscosity η varied linearly with the reciprocal of the square of the absolute temperature. The time-scale for retarded elasticity was found to vary with temperature in the same way as the viscosity. The normalized retarded elasticity functions at temperatures corresponding to unit viscosity are substantially identical. The time corresponding to a normalized retarded elastic compliance of 0.5 is about 10-5 η second when η is in poises. The reciprocal steady state shear compliances 1/J and internal shear moduli Gi in Ferry's equation are of the same order of magnitude for each polymer. The retardation time function L(ln τ) is calculated for one of the polymers, and then the dynamic response; these results are in good agreement with dynamic measurements on this material. From a consideration of the stress relaxation behavior of high molecular polymers, it is pointed out that there must exist another retarded elasticity mechanism, the time-scale of which depends only on temperature and not on molecular weight. This second mechanism is masked in the reported experiments on low molecular polymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 24 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 121-123 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Certain physical and chemical properties of samples of polyacetaldehyde prepared by M. Letort have been examined. Study of the rheological behavior of high molecular weight specimens of this polymer indicates that its internal strength is high, and that it shows typical rubbery elasticity. Under rapidly applied stresses, it shows a high modulus, indicating a high degree of internal friction. Correlated with this is a relatively high brittle point. Upon pyrolysis the polymer depolymerizes to yield the monomer, and likewise undergoes chain cleavage. About 200-400 monomer units are lost for each cleavage of the chain.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 129-137 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The sorption of acetone and water by cellulose nitrate from mixtures of the two solvents was studied by allowing the solid cellulose nitrate to come to equilibrium with aqueous solutions of acetone and measuring the change in concentration of the liquid phase. Changes in concentration were determined by measuring the index of refraction using a dipping refractometer. The values calculated for acetone sorbed per (C6) mole of cellulose nitrate are a function of the acetone concentration of the equilibrium solvent. Moles of water sorbed by one (C6) mole of cellulose nitrate depend inversely on the equilibrium acetone concentration of solvent.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 301-316 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Human blood is known to coagulate much more slowly in glass vessels lined with a very thin film of methyl silicone than in similar vessels with clean glass walls. In an attempt to explain this observation, the effect of various surfaces on the simpler system of egg albumin in aqueous buffer was studied. It was found that little or no denaturation of the albumin occurred when the solution of it was shaken for extended periods in either clean glass or silicone-lined bottles in the absence of air. In the presence of a gas interface denaturation was fairly rapid, but proceeded at a somewhat lower rate in silicone-treated bottles (coated by exposure to the vapor of mixed methylchlorosilanes) than in clean bottles. A relatively thick oily film of methyl silicone deposited by another method greatly increased the rate of denaturation, an effect due to a large degree to the increased oil-water interface created by the dispersion of silicone oil droplets in the solution during shaking. Kinetic studies show that the over-all denaturation is first-order, regardless of the type of surface. A theoretical interpretation of these observations in terms of possible mechanisms is given.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 212-213 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 193-208 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: For the description of the practical properties of a large number of linear polymer molecules as well as for the discussion of the various mean parameters of the individual chain molecule, the model usually employed to represent the molecule consists of N m straight line chain elements of length A m statistically joined to each other (straight element model). For the construction of large-scale wire models of polymer molecules to be used in model experiments on the hydrodynamic behavior of chain molecules, a somewhat different model (circular segment model) was employed in previous papers. In these papers the relationships connecting the parameters which characterize these two models respectively have been determined on the basis of certain assumptions. These assumptions, as has recently been shown, were however partly in error and certain corrections have now to be applied to the numerical constants which appear in previously published formulas for the diffusion and sedimentation constants and for the intrinsic viscosity and streaming birefringence. The formulas, resulting after these corrections have been incorporated, are compiled in the present paper and the effect of these corrections on the interpretation of both new and old experimental results is discussed. It is found that agreement between theory and experiment is improved by the use of the corrected expressions and that in particular certain discrepancies which had previously existed between the lengths A m of the statistical chain element as calculated from sedimentation and diffusion experiments, on the one hand, and viscosity determinations on the other, disappear after these corrections are applied (see Table I).
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 402-402 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 403-404 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 408-410 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 460-460 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 41
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of temperature and pH on the optical rotation of a representative group of proteins was investigated. It was found that the proteins showed little or no effect of temperature on the optical activity whether in the native or denatured state. Where definite changes in rotation occurred among the native proteins, these were attributed to denaturation accompanying the change of temperature. Zein, casein, fibrin, erepsin, globin, native and denatured egg and serum albumins, edestin, and pepsin showed no temperature dependence of optical rotation, over the temperature range 20 to 60°C., although protamine sulfate and gliadin possessed small negative coefficients. Native chymotrypsin, trypsin and β-lactoglobulin showed a marked increase in levorotation with increase of temperature, which was due to denaturation on heating. The denatured forms of the latter two proteins, however, showed no change of optical activity with temperature. The shapes of the optical rotation-pH curves obtained for salmine, zein, gliadin, egg and serum albumins, casein, fibrin, and insulin were found to reflect the presence of free acid- and base-combining groups in the proteins, with some uncertainty in the case of globin. Since native pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and β-lactoglobulin were denatured at pH values not far from those of their normal aqueous solutions, the rotation-pH curves for these proteins were not capable of similar analysis, but they could be used to follow polarimetrically the course of the denaturation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 461-469 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The scattering of light by solutions of a well-fractionated sample of polymethyl methacrylate in acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and benzene, have been measured using 4358 and 5461 A. wave lengths as incident radiations. The average molecular weights of the polymer from turbidity measurements and lengths determined from angular dissymmetries of scattered light are 571,000 and 760 A. in acetone, 38,400,000 and 715 A. in methyl ethyl ketone, and 408,000 and 375 A. in benzene. The abnormal molecular weight observed in methyl ethyl ketone solution may be ascribed to low μ - μ0 value of the medium. The greater molecular extension in ketone than in benzene solutions is explained in terms of the relative magnitudes of solute-solvent interaction. The depolarization ratios ρu, ρv and ρh have been measured and the decrease of ρv and ρh with increase in concentration of the polymer in ketonic solvents and little change under similar conditions in benzene, are discussed in the light of the “molecular field effect” of Gans.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 477-485 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The infrared spectra of synthetic poly-1-phenyl- and poly-2-phenylbutadienes have been examined, principally in the region from 9 to 15 μ. The different intramolecular structures of these polymers, corresponding to the different types of monomer additions (1,4, 1,2, and 3,4) were examined by this method; the data are in complete agreement with the chemical results as reported previously. The influence of the method of polymerization on the internal structures of the polymers is taken in evidence; the presence of the aromatic substituent in position 1 or 2 in the monomer molecule exerts a large influence on the position and the intensity of the characteristic absorption bands, if they are compared with the results for synthetic polyisoprenes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 499-510 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: An electrolytic theory is developed for the swelling and deswelling mechanism of mechanochemical systems by methods established by the authors, who are concerned with the problem of polyelectrolyte solutions. The model employed in the theory is a macroscopic cylindrical fiber of rubberlike material with many dissociative radicals. It is assumed, for the sake of simplicity, that the average charge density of the ionized radicals is spread uniformly inside the fiber. The result of the theory shows that almost all the gegenions are bound by the fiber, and that the contributions of the electrostatic energy and entropy to the electrostatic free energy are two- and three-dimensional, respectively, when the density of the ionized radicals remains constant. In combination with theoretical results of rubberlike elasticity and of nonelectrolytic swelling, it is concluded that the osmotic pressure of the gegenions bound by the system makes the system swell against the restoring force due to the rubberlike elasticity of the system. The free swelling of systems is, for instance, expressed by the following relation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \alpha ^2 B = N\xi $$\end{document} where α is the relative elongation, N the number of the dissociative radicals per chain ξ the degree of neutralization, and B the factor due to the full stretching effect of each chain. This relation is in good agreement with experimental results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 583-587 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The transfer constant for the butadiene-polybutadiene system at 50°C. has been calculated from data obtained from a graft polymerization study of that system. This constant (K = 1.1 × 10-3) has been used to calculate that polybutadiene prepared in an emulsion system at 50°C. contains an average of one branch for every 800 monomer units.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 535-547 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Polyethylene can be heat-oxidized in air when temperatures in excess of 125°C. are employed or photo-oxidized when exposed to ultraviolet radiation during weathering. Infrared spectrophotometric studies show that during these types of oxidation carbonyl groups are formed and the concentrations of the three types of carbon to carbon double bond groups present are altered. Grating spectra in the 5.6-6.0 micron region reveal that the carbonyl groups formed by heat-oxidation are mainly ketonic (5.81 microns) although some aldehyde (5.77 microns) and acid (5.84 microns) groups are also present. In photo-oxidized samples, the carbonyl groups are rather well distributed among the aldehyde, acid and ketone forms. For oxidized samples showing intense carbonyl absorptions, there is a small increase in the concentration of RHC=CHR groups (10.35 microns) for both types of oxidation. At this same degree of oxidation both the heat-and photo-oxidized samples show decreases in the concentration of RRC=CH2 groups (11.25 microns). However, this decrease is considerably more pronounced in the photo-oxidized samples. Finally, there is a small decrease in the concentration of RHC=CH2 groups (10.07 and 11.00 microns) in the heat-oxidized samples which stands in contrast to a large increase in concentration of RHC=CH2 groups produced by photo-oxidation. The presence of an absorption maximum at 2.81 microns as the heat-oxidation of polyethylene is occuring is indicative of unstable hydroperoxide groups.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 588-588 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 414-416 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 49
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The hydrodynamic properties of native and urea-denatured fibrinogen have been investigated, primarily to examine further the suggestion, based on a consideration of data for horse serum albumin, that urea denaturation may involve swelling instead of increased asymmetry. A sedimentation-diffusion and also a light scattering molecular weight determination at the isoelectric point indicate that 6 M urea causes neither splitting nor aggregation of the native protein in the denaturation process. The observed increase in the intrinsic viscosity and frictional coefficient upon denaturation can be interpreted in terms of an equivalent hydrodynamic ellipsoid of approximately the same shape but of a volume which is approximately 1.7 times that for the native protein. The effective volume appears to be slightly dependent on pH with a minimum at the isoelectric point. It thus appears that the urea denaturation of bovine fibrinogen, like that of horse serum albumin, may involve swelling. There is no indication in the case of either protein that increased asymmetry is involved in accounting for the frictional behavior of the denatured substances.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 483-488 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Independent means of assaying free radical copolymerization polarity (e) values from ionic copolymerization data are outlined. Interpretation of ionic (carbanionic and carbonium) copolymerization data in general in the light of these same e values is discussed. An extension of Wall's equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\frac{{d[{\rm M}_1 ]}}{{d[{\rm M}_2 ]}} = \alpha \frac{{[{\rm M}_1 ]}}{{[{\rm M}_2 ]}}$\end{document} to allow prediction of ionic copolymerization reactivity of untested combinations is offered. For carbanionic systems: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\frac{{d[{\rm M}_1 ]}}{{d[{\rm M}_2 ]}} = \frac{{P_1 [{\rm M}_1 ]}}{{P_2 [{\rm M}_2 ]}}$\end{document} where P1 and P2 are empirical functions of the polarity e of Alfrey and Price. For carbonium systems: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\frac{{d[{\rm M}_1 ]}}{{d[{\rm M}_2 ]}} = \frac{{N_1 [{\rm M}_1 ]}}{{N_2 [{\rm M}_2 ]}}$\end{document} where N1 and N2 are different empirical functions of the polarity e. Advantages and limitations of the technique are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 497-501 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: An effective method for dealing with tensile data of rubber, based on previously described frequency distributions, is presented and its advantages over graphic methods are described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 508-510 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 535-545 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Using a simple statistical model, the probability of intramolecular reaction is calculated for the polymerizing diallyl phthalate molecule. The calculation is based on the assumption of the free rotation of bonds and a restriction of the chains considered to 9 and 11 links. Allowance is made for the different types of terminal structure produced during the reaction. The result agrees with the experimental work of Simpson in that an appreciable probability is found. (Theoretical 31%, experimental 41%, saturated groups). It is probable that the accuracy of the results obtained has been increased by reason of the fact that different imperfections in the model affect the result in opposite senses.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 54
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: It is possible to obtain a polyampholyte characterized by the presence of primary amine and carboxylic functions by a method based on the mutual reaction of functional groups along the polymeric chain. The great advantage of this method is the production of copolymers of a new type, from which the internal structure is well defined. In the present case the method is based upon interaction of an acyl chloride unit with a neighboring isocyanate function; these isocyanate functions have been introduced into the chains by two different methods, the Curtius reaction (sodium azide on polyacroyl chloride) and the Lossen reaction (hydroxylamine base on polyacroyl chloride). The solvents used were dioxane and dimethylformamide; the reactions were performed at ebullition. Higher boiling solvents yield an increasing amount of insoluble material. Both syntheses give end-products with the same properties. The structure of the polymers has been established from conductometric and potentiometric titration curves and also from nitrogen analysis. It was found that the interactions produce the formation of rings along the chain, and that these interactions are limited, as can be foreseen from statistical reasons; the residual groups remain free and become carboxylic functions after hydrolysis, or they react further and are transformed into amino functions. The final products are to be considered as copolymers of vinylamine and acrylic acid with a predominant alternate structure, and in which a given amount of amino groups have reacted with a neighboring acid function yielding lactam rings. However, these pyrrolidone units may be easily opened by alkaline hydrolysis, yielding thereby a polymeric chain with free amino and carboxylic functions, from which the proportions are approximately equivalent at high nitrogen content (12.5-13% N2). At lower nitrogen content the proportion of free carboxylic functions predominates; e.g., at 9.8% N2 there is an excess of 24% acidic functions. Determinations before and after hydrolysis allow the establishment of the internal structure of the copolymers; the proposed structure has been confirmed by benzoylation and deamination reaction and analysis of the benzoylated and deaminated copolymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 588-588 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 287-294 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Changes in the infrared spectra due to the introduction of 1 to 4 chlorine atoms per isoprene unit in the natural rubber molecule have been studied. Four prototypes are discussed in greater detail: hydrochlorides, rubber dichlorides, chlorinated hydrochlorides, and products obtained by the direct chlorination of rubber and of cyclized rubber. Within certain limits it is possible to follow double bond shifts which occur during the process of hydrochlorination or of chlorination. Chlorinated rubber differs from other chlorinated polymers with a similar composition by a large reduction of the intensity of the CH3 frequency. Absorptions due to the presence of chlorine atoms are observed in the 13-18 μ region, but these bands show little individual differences. Small quantities of oxygen in the form of CO or OH groups are readily detected.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 57
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Relaxation distribution functions for concentrated solutions of six polyisobutylene samples, using three different solvents, have been derived from measurements by the methods of the single transducer, wave propagation, and stress relaxation following cessation of steady-state flow. The ranges of molecular weight, concentration, and temperature were about 0.3 to 2.5 × 106, 5 to 40%, and -5 to 40°C., respectively. When plotted with reduced variables with a reference state of unit density and viscosity at a standard temperature, data at different temperatures superpose; data at different concentrations superpose except for the two samples of highest molecular weight, where there are perceptible deviations. The reduced distribution functions for all the samples lie close together at long times where there is a drop associated with the finite lengths of the molecules. The theory of Rouse for viscoelastic properties of dilute solutions, when modified for concentrated solutions by assuming that all segmental mobilities are equally affected by interlacing of neighboring molecules, agrees with the reduced mechanical properties at long times fairly well. However, it does not predict the plateau region characteristic of distribution functions of polymers of high molecular weight. The existence of this plateau in concentrated solutions and undiluted polymers represents an abnormal prolongation of the longest relaxation times in these systems, which is attributed to molecular coupling by entanglement as discussed by Bueche with respect to steady flow viscosity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 281-286 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The dielectric increment of a specimen of carboxymethylcellulose in aqueous solution has been studied as a function of pH. For the free acid a low increment was obtained which increased with increasing ionization (sodium salt). With excess sodium or hydrogen ions the increment decreased. Similarly there was a marked increase of the increment per gram per liter for the sodium salt with increasing dilution. The dielectic increments obtained for various salts of carboxymethylcellulose followed the order: Li+ 〉 Na+ 〉 NH4+ 〉 K+ in agreement with the ion exchange affinities found previously for these ions (reversed order). The data have been interpreted along the lines of current theories for polyelectrolytes, by taking into consideration the net charge of the polyion, and the polyion-counterion association under varying conditions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 307-309 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 310-312 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 320-320 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 62
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Measurements are reported for the reversible changes in force with temperature at constant length of wet and dry viscose rayon and wet ramie. It was found that the force was a reversible function of the temperature although the components of its thermodynamic equivalent, the product of modulus and coefficient, are very time dependent. The entropies of stretching obtained as the negative slopes of the force-temperature curves are interpreted in terms of the mechanisms of reversible stretching. Completely dry rayon is glasslike and shows no slippage of chains but only deformation of valence bonds and angles on reversible stretching. Wet rayons exhibit a rubberlike slippage of chains above 50°C. but below this temperature chain movement is restricted. This inhibition of the chains produces at low temperatures a yield point in the wet stress-strain curves and poor work recovery. Sodium hydroxide, although speeding up stress relaxation, has no effect on the reversible stretching of the amorphous wet cellulose. In room air, the entropy of stretching is opposite to that of completly dry rayon even up to 92°C. Wet ramie appears to be in the glassy state like the completely dry rayon.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 385-389 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A thermostat for light scattering studies is described in which the glass cell containing the solution under investigation is immersed in water maintained at constant temperature. The construction is such that the phototube used for detection of scattered light is at room temperature whatever the temperature of the sample. The liquid bath about the sample cell minimizes both troublesome reflections of the incident light and errors arising from refraction effects.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 505-507 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 512-512 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 66
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of exposing long chain polymers to high energy radiation is either to produce crosslinking or chain degradation. Changes in some of the properties are outlined. The formation of gel in many polymers offers a possibility of obtaining information as to the initial molecular weight distribution. Results are given of a mathematical analysis of the amount of gel formed for various degrees of crosslinking. From the shape of the gel crosslinking curve the ratio of z average, z + 1 average etc., to weight-average molecular weight can be deduced. Formulae for the changes in the molecular weight of the sol are also given.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 555-577 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Reaction curves for the reaction of cellulose with acetic acid and water were studied. This reaction was found to be slow and severely limited in extent of reaction. An analysis by means of reaction kinetics equations of this limited reaction led to the following suggested reaction mechanism: (a) The larger fraction of cellulose hydroxyl groups - 88% in the particular samples of cellulose investigated - cannot be acetylated because the mutual hydrogen-bonding between these groups imposes an energy barrier to reaction. This causes the equilibrium constant for the reaction of these groups to be highly unfavorable toward acetylation. (b) Part of the remaining hydroxyl groups (those which do react) react very slowly with a reaction rate apparently dependent on the rate of diffusion of acetic acid into the cellulose fibers. These hydroxyl groups are apparently unassociated hydroxyl groups buried within the cellulose fibers. (c) The remaining hydroxyl groups apparently react according to the kinetics of homogeneous acetic acid acetylation and thus must be in freely accessible locations, such as on the fiber surfaces.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 583-587 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Rates of adsorption of polystyrene on to charcoal from methyl ethyl ketone solutions are influenced by water present in the solvent causing resting periods. These resting periods disappear when water-free solvent is used. The type of adsorption isotherm and molecular weight relationship are not influenced by the presence of water. The temperature coefficient for rate of adsorption is small.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 69
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 511-511 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 71
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The extent of branching in polystyrene is attributed to a polymer transfer step occurring during polymerization. In this process a radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from along a chain which then adds monomer at the site of the abstraction. The rate of this process should be decreased if the hydrogen is replaced by deuterium, and consequently deuterated monomers should polymerize to form polymers less branched than those from the nondeuterated monomer. Polymers of α- and β-deuterostyrene were synthesized and thier intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight by light scattering determined. In the case of the α-deuterostyrene, the polymer was also fractionated and measurements were made on the fractions. The data for the deuterated styrenes fit quite closely the same relationships as a normal styrene sample prepared simultaneously and under the same conditions, i.e., 70°C. and without catalyst. The results indicate, therefore, that branching is quite small in polystyrene prepared under such typical conditions. A check of the isotope effect on the transfer process was made utilizing S-deuterobutyl mercaptan. A value of 4.0 was obtained at 60°C. for the relative rate of transfer with butyl mercaptan to that for the deuterated mercaptan.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 579-582 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: An alternative method based on least squares adjustment is presented for evaluating tensile data on rubber.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 593-595 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 12 (1954), S. 155-167 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: By means of an Al2O3-column it is possible to establish chromatographicaly in a plain way, whether the amylopectin - the part of starch which gives with iodine a violet complex - isolated from the total starch, is free of amylose, as both these basal components of starch exhibit very different adsorption-circumstances. In case that amylopectin as a part of starch - pasted under mild conditions - has been chromatographed, a violet zone, faded at the end, can be observed on the acid part of an acid-basic Al2O3-column. The chromatogram of an isolated amylopectinpreparation, separated from amylose, shows on the contrary violet zones as well on the acid as on the basic part of the column too. According to that one has to do it by amylopectin with a constitutiv inhomogeneous product, more easy changeable by foreign influences than amylose, expressed by a different ability of adsorption on Al2O3. In consequence of very high concentrate lowerings there are also variations in amylopectinchromatograms, which points to the fact that also in dilute solutions there are no plain circumstances present.
    Notizen: Durch eine Al2O3-Säule läßt sich chromatographisch in einfacher Weise feststellen, ob das aus dem Stärkeverbande isolierte Amylopektin, der mit Jod einen violetten Komplex gebende Teil der Stärke, frei von Amylose ist, da diese beiden Grundkomponenten der Stärke ganz verschiedene Adsorptionsverhältnisse auf weisen. Falls das Amylopektin als Teil einer unter milden Bedingungen verkleisterten Kartoffelstärke chromatographiert wird, beobachtet man auf dem sauren Teil einer sauer-basischen Al2O3-Säule eine violette nach unten abblassende Zone. Das Chromatogramm eines von der Amylose abgetrennten, isolierten Amylopektinpräparates dagegen zeigt außer auf dem sauren auch auf dem basischen Säulenteil violette Zonen. Demnach hat man es beim Amylopektin mit einem konstitutiv uneinheitlichen, durch äußere Einflüsse auch leichter als Amylose veränderlichen Produkt zu tun, was sich durch eine verschiedene Adsorptionsfähigkeit am Al2O3 zu erkennen gibt. Auch starke Konzentrationserniedrigungen bedingen Veränderungen im Amylopektinchromatogramm, was darauf hinweist, daß auch in verdünnten Lösungen noch keine einfachen Verhältnisse vorliegen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 75
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: On a series of polymer-homologus tunicins from Phallusia mammiollata Cuvier, polymer degrees 700 to 3500, the intrinsic viscosities (Zη) in Schweizer reagent solution were determined. By polymer-analogous nitration in accordance with the method by Staudinger and Mohr the samples were converted to the nitrates. Their intrinsic viscosities and their osmotic molecular weights had been measured. The relation between molecular weight and viscosity of the solutions had been found to be the same as for vegetable cellulose and their nitrates respectively.
    Notizen: An einer Reihe polymerhomologer Tuniocatencellulosen in Durchschittspolymerisationsgraden von 700 bis 3500 wurden die Viskositätszahlen in Kupferhydroxyd-Ammoniak bestimmt. Durch polymeranalogue Nitrierung nach Staudinger und Mohr wurden die Proben in die entsprechenden Cellulosenitrate äberführt und deren Viskositätszahlen in Aceton und ihr osmotisches Molekulargewicht gemessen. Die sich aus diesen Messungen ergebenide Gesetzmäßigkeit der Beziehung zwischen der Molekülgröße und der Viskosität der Lösungen ist die gleiche, wie sie für pflanzliche Cellulosen Gültigkeit hat.Ebenso wie Schulz und Husemann für fraktionierte pflanzliche Cellulosenitrate einen niedrigeren Km-Wert als für unfraktionierte fanden, ergab sich auch für fraktionierte Tunieinnitrate nur ein Km-Wert von 8,6.10-4 gegenüber 11,0.10-4 bei unfraktionierten Produkten (bei ea. 12,7% N).Aus der molekularen Verteilung von Nitraten hydrolytisch abgebauter Tunicatencellulosen ist zu schließen, daß auch im Tunicin in Abständen von etwa 500 Glucossineenheiten Bindungen Vorliegen, die gegen hydrolytische Einflüsse empfindlicher sind als die normale β-glucosidischen Verknüpfungen.Nach diesen Untersuchungen muß das aus Phallusia mammillata Cuvier isolierte und untersuchte Tunicin linearmakromolekular gebaut sein. Die Tunicatencellulose ähnelt auch im Hinblick auf das Vorliegen von Lockerstellen den pflanzlichen Cellulosen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 13 (1954), S. 71-75 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: For the determination of the molecular weight it is not necessary, to exptrapolate the viscosity number (intrinsic viscosity) to the velocity gradient 0. We propose, to norm the viscosity number in such a way, that only a distinct number of capillary diameters are used. Hereby a distinct gradient is adjoined to each solvent (between 0,5 and 1,5·103 sec-1), and the „conventional viscosity number“ is fixed for each polymer (in this solvent) in an exact and reproducable manner. For the lower polymers the „conventional viscosity number“ agrees with the limiting viscosity number; for the highest polymers (M≥106)- there is a marked difference between these two quantities. It is proposed to relate calibration functions for molecular weight determinations to the „conventional viscosity number“.
    Notizen: Für viskosimetrische Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen ist es nicht nötig, die Viskositätszahl auf den Geschwindigkeitsgradienten 0 zu extrapolieren. Es wird empfohlen, die Viskositätszahl derart zu normieren, daß zur Messung bestimmte Kapillarenradien verwendet werden. Dadurch wird jedem Lösungsmittel ein bestimmter Gradient (i. A. zwischen 0,5 und 1,5.103 sec-1 zugeordnet, und damit ist auch für jedes in diesem Lösungsmittel gemessene Polymere die „konventionelle Viskositätszahl“ eindeutig und reproduzierbar festgelegt. Eichkurven zur viskosimetrischen Molekulargewichtsbestimmung sollten auf die konventionelle Viskositätszahl bezogen werden. Diese weicht nur bei hohen Polymeren von der Grenzviskositätszahl merklich ab.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 13 (1954), S. 117-119 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: It is shown that diketopiperazine formation takes place from the carboxyl end of the chain upon heating peptides or peptide esters.
    Notizen: Es wird nachgewiesen, daß die Diketopiperazin-Bildung beim Erwärmen von Peptiden oder Peptidestern vom Carboxylende her erfolgen kann.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 13 (1954), S. 130-140 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Cross-divisions in periodical succession are proved in genuine cellulose fibres. Their distances are corresponding with the calculated unit length of molecules. Accordingly they are substantially greater than the distances of loose-places, correspondingly established by light- and electron-microscope.The periodical return of this appearance is declared by the arrangement of abnormally formed loose-places in form of a screw.Since the regular loose-places are well visible but not cut through in state of maximal swelling, the fibrillar structure falls to segments of unit length at each return of the abnormally formed loose-plain. These separating-plains are following themselves generally in distances of 1-2 μ, however there are also fibres with greater (5 μ), unregular and missing divisions, since the short-periodical division, according to the normal loose-places is always regularly improved.
    Notizen: In nativen Cellulosefasern wurden periodisch sich folgende Querunterteilungen nachgewiesen, deren Abstände größenordnungsmäßig der berechneten einheitlichen Moleküllänge entsprechen. Sie sind demanach wesentlich größer als die licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch übereinstimmend festgestellten Lockerstellenabstände.Die schraubenförmige Anordnung der Querunterteilungen erklärt die periodische Wiederkehr dieser Erscheinung, die als anormale Ausbildung von Lockerflächen definiert wird.Während die normalen Lockerstellen bei maximaler Quellung zwar deutlich sichtbar hervortreten, aber nicht durchgetrennt werden, zerfällt die längsorientiert fibrilläre Struktur bei jeder Wiederkehr der extrem ausgebildeten Lockerfläche in gleichlange Abschnitte. Diese Trennungsflächen folgen sich meist in Abständen zwischen 1-2 μ, doch finder sich auch Fasern mit größerer (5 μ), unregelmäßiger und fehlender Unterteilung, während die kurzperiodische, den normalen Lockerstellen entsprechende Unterteilung stets regelmäßig ausgebildet vorhanden ist.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 13 (1954), S. 210-222 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Different diacyl peroxides, hydroperoxides, dialkylperoxides and peracids are used as components of Fe··-redox-systems to polymerize styrene in benzene at 50° C. The conversions so obtained are compared with those of peroxide-induced polymerization. In cases of brominated peroxides one can calculate from the bromine-content of the polymers the incorporated catalyzer-fragments. No bromine can be found in the polymer if one uses brombenzoperacid; therefore if must be assumed, that the chain-initiation ensues through OH-radicals.
    Notizen: Verschiedene Diacylperoxyde, Hydroperoxyde, Dialkylperoxyde und Persären werden als Komponenten von Eisen-Redox-Systemen zur Polymerisation von Styrol in Benzol bei 50° C benutzt. Die erzielten Umsätze werden mit denen bei peroxydischer Polymerisation verglichen. Bei bromhaltigen Peroxyden kann aus dem Bromgehalt der Polymeren auf die Zahl der eingebauten peroxydischen Bruchstücke geschlossen werden. Dabei Anwendung von Brombenzopersäre kein Brom in den Polymeren nachzuweiseu ist, muß angenommen werden, daß der Kettenstart durch OH-Radikale erfolgt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 14 (1954), S. 15-39 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The polymerization of several vinyl compounds can be induced by ultrasonic waves. The dependency of the polymerization in aqueous solution of various experimental conditions was investigated on acrylamide as a sample. The rate of polymerization and the average polymer chain length depend upon the intensity and frequency of the ultrasonic waves; furthermore, on the time of radiation and the monomer concentration. In solutions containing hydrogen or argon the rate of the reaction is greater than in solutions containing carbondioxyde or being evacuated. In solutions containing argon hydrogenperoxyde is produced at the same time. The polymerization is retarded in these solutions, which may be explained by the simultaneous production of molecular oxygen by the decomposition of water.At the same time the ultrasonic waves depolymerize the polymer; therefore, the depolymerization of polyacrylamide was investigated. The results show that polymer radicals arising by depolymerization can induce the polymerization of the monomer.These polymerizations are compared with the well known oxydations of the ultrasonic waves; furthermore, comparisons are carried out between the polymerizing and oxydizing effects of ultrasonic waves and similar effects of γ-rays.
    Notizen: Mehrere Vinylverbindungen lassen sich durch Ultraschallwellen zur Polymerisation anregen. Am Beispiel des Acrylamids wurde die Abhängigkeit der Polymerisation in wäßriger Lösung von verschiedenen Versuchsbedingungen untersucht. Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit und mittlerer Polymerisationsgrad sind abhängig von der Intensität und Frequenz der Ultraschallwellen, ferner von der Bestrahlungsdauer und der Konzentration des Monomeren. In wasserstoff- und argonhaltigen Lösungen verläuft die Reaktion rascher als in kohlensäurehaltigen und entgasten Lösungen. In argonhaltiger Lösung wird gleichzeitig Wasserstoffperoxyd gebildet. Die Polymerisation ist in diesen Lösungen verzögert, was auf die gleichzeitige Bildung von molekularem Sauerstoff durch Zersetzung des Wassers zurückgeführt wird.Um die gleichzeitig vorhandene depolymerisierende Wirkung der Ultraschallwellen zu erfassen, wurde der Abbau von Polyacrylamid untersucht. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß durch Depolymerisation des Polymerisats entstehende langkettige Radikale das Monomere zur Polymerisation anregen können.Diese Polymerisationsversuche werden mit den bekannten Oxydationsreaktionen des Ultraschalls verglichen; ferner werden Vergleiche zwischen den polymerisierenden und oxydierenden Wirkungen der Ultraschallwellen und den ähnlichen Wirkungen von γ-Strahlen angestellt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 81
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: It is shown that ηsp/c for polyvinyl chloride in cyclohexanone and tetrahydrofuran decreases linearly as the concentration is lowered to very dilute solutions. This is also true for samples which are regarded to be branched.
    Notizen: Polyvinylchloride zeigen in Cyklohexanon und Tetrahydrofuran eine lineare Konzentrationsabhängigkeit von ηsp/c bis zu sehr kleinen Konzentrationen und zwar auch dann, wenn die Produkte als verzweigt angesehen werden müssen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 14 (1954), S. 128-145 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The polymerization of acrylonitrile in aqueous solution is induced by ultrasonic waves. In the presence of polyacrylamide this polymerization takes place with more than tenfold rate; because polymer free radicals are produced during the ultrasonic depolymerization of polyacrylamide which induce the polymerization of acrylonitrile. The resulting polymers usually are insoluble in water, but they are formed as stable colloids in the course of the reaction. The dependency of this graft reaction on various experimental conditions is investigated and the behaviour of the polymers towards solvents is described.Pure depolymerization of polyacrylamide also takes place besides grafting. This shows, that breaking of C—C-bounds also can lead to inactive fragments.The polymerization of a monomer existing at the same time may serve to detect ultrasonic depolymerization of very small quantities of a macromolecular substance. In 3,5·10-4 molar solutions polyacrylamide still is depolymerized; this result is compared with the theories regarding ultrasonic depolymerization of macromolecules by Schmid and by Sata and Okuyama.
    Notizen: Acrylnitril wird in wäßriger Lösung durch Ultraschallwellen zur Polymerisation angeregt. In Gegenwart von Polyacrylamid verläuft die Polymerisation mit mehr als zehnfacher Geschwindigkeit. Denn beim Abbau des Polyacrylamids durch den Ultraschall werden langkettige freie Radikale gebildet, die die Polymerisation des Acrylnitrils auslösen. Das gebildete Polymere ist meist wasserunlöslich, entsteht aber bei der Reaktion als stabiles Kolloid. Die Abhängigkeit dieser Graftreaktion von verschiedenen Versuchs-bedingungen wird untersucht und das Verhalten der Polymerisate gegenüber Lösungsmitteln beschrieben.Neben der Graftung tritt auch ein reiner Abbau des Polyacrylamids ein. Dies weist darauf hin, daß beim Brachen von C—C-Bindungen auch inaktive Bruchstücke entstehen können.Die Polymerisation eines gleichzeitig vorhandenen Monomeren ist geeignet, um die Depolymerisation sehr geringer Mengen einer makromolekularen Substanz unter dem Einfluß von Ultraschallwellen nachzuweisen. In 3,5·10-4 molarer (Grundmole) Lösung wird Polyacrylamid noch abgebaut; dieses Ergebnis wird mit den Theorien über den Abbau von Makromolekülen durch Ultraschall von Schmid und von Sata und Okuyama verglichen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 83
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Description of the synthesis of polyesters of cis- and trans-hexahydroterephthalic acid with aliphatic glyceroles and of cis- and trans-chinit with aliphatic dicarbonic acids. The physical properties of these polyesters are compared with those of the polyesters of terephthalic acid.It shows that the hydroaromatic polyesters of the trans-figuration have a fibrous structure and comparatively high softening points. The polyesters of trans-chinit correspond with the according derivates of terephthalic acids. Contrary to the statements of other authors the polyesters of trans-hexahydroterephthalic acid have been found to have also a fibrous structure at lower softening points.Viscosimetric and osmometric measuring on polymerhomologue rows of four isomeric polyesters of the hexahydroterephthalic acid or chinit with glycerols or dicarbonic acids lead to the figures listed below.
    Notizen: Es wird die Synthese von Polyestern aus cis- und trans-Hexahydroterephthalsäure mit aliphatischen Glycolen, aus cis- und trans-Chinit mit aliphatischen Dicarbonsäuren und aus anderen hydroaromatischen Verbindungen beschrieben.Die physikalischen Eigenschaften dieser Polyester werden mit den Eigenschaften der Polyester aus Terephthalsäure verglichen. Dabei zeigt sich, daß die hydroaromatischen Polyester der trans-Form Fasereigenschaften und relativ hohen Erweichungspunkt besitzen; die Polyester aus trans-Chinit entsprechen den vergleichbaren Terephthalsäurederivaten, die der trans-Hexahydroterephthalsäure zeigen bei tieferen Erweichungspunkten entgegen den Ergebnissen anderer Autoren ebenfalls Faserbildung.An polymerhomologen Reihen von 4 isomeren Polyestern aus Hexahydroterephthalsäure bzw. Chinit mit Glycolen bzw. Dicarbonsäuren werden viskosimetrische und osmotische Messungen durchgeführt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 14 (1954), S. 52-95 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Object of this paper is the determination of size and size distribution of glycosidic cellulose chains, wich exist in native vegetable materials. In order to obtain these chains, the material was extracted with organic solvents and with 2% solution of caustic soda and then nitrated polymeranalogous. The successive steps of the preparative treatment were controlled in regard to a possible degradation by varying all experimental conditions. It is shown, that the applied process leaves nearly unchanged the original length of chains and the distribution of chain lengths.The degree of polymerization was determined by viscosity measurements after having calibrated the intrinsic viscosity through measurements with the ultracentrifuge.Fiber celluloses (cotton, linters, ramie, chinagrass, flax) in native state consist of cellulose chains with a DP of 6500-9000. Their distribution has some well defined maxima. Primary celluloses (coleoptiles, root tips, bacterial celluloses) have a DP considerably lower and less uniform. Wood pulps (spruce, beech) have the higher molecular weights, the more carefully the pulping is performed. The highest fractions of carefully prepared wood pulps have about the same chain length as fiber celluloses.
    Notizen: Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Bestimmung der Größe und der Größenverteilung der im nativen Pflanzenmaterial vorliegenden glukosidischen Ketten der Cellulose. Zur Gewinnung dieser Ketten wird das Pflanzenmaterial einer Extraktion mit organischen Lösungsmitteln und mit 2%iger Natronlauge unterworfen und anschließend polymeranalog nitriert. Die einzelnen Schritte des präparativen Verfahrens werden im Hinblick auf ihre mögliche Abbauwirkung durch Variation sämtlicher Versuchsbedingungen kontrolliert. Es wird gezeigt, daß das angewandte Verfahren die ursprünglich vorhandene Kett enlänge und Kettenlängenverteilung weitgehend unverändert läßt.Die Bestimmung des Polymerisationsgrades erfolgt viskosimetrisch nach Eichung der Viskositätszahl durch Messungen mit der Ultrazentrifuge.Fasercellulosen (Baumwolle, Linters, Ramie, Chinagras, Flachs) bestehen im nativen Zustand aus Celluloseketten mit Polymerisationsgraden zwischen 6500 und 9000 (vgl. Tabelle 17). Ihre Verteilung zeigt ausgeprägte, sehr enge Maxima. Primärcellulosen (Coleoptile und Wurzelspitzen, Bakteriencellulose) Holz (Fichte, Buche) sind umso höhermolekular, je schonender der Aufschluß vorgenommen wurde. Die höchsten Fraktionen schonend aufgeschlossener Holzcellulosen haben ungefähr die Kettenlänge der Fasercellulosen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: From the close correlation between viscosity increment and streaming birefringence in dilute solution the parallelity of both effects in concentrated solutions is deduced and proved by the results on nitrocellulose, polystyrene, and polyisobutylene samples. By plotting birefringence vs. (η - ηl)q and the extinction angle vs. (η - ηl)q/c, the optical anisotropy and the stiffness of the single macromolecule can be obtained from measurements at fairly high concentrations, where the effects are large and therefore easily accessible.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 221-227 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The interactions of some polyelectrolytes (anionic-gum arabic, agar; ampholytic-gelatin) with silver bromide sol in statu nascendi were studied. It was found that there are analogous phenomena to those encountered with usual hydrophobic sols. The polyelectrolyte effects on hydrophobic systems were treated in a manner usual for simple electrolytes. The appearance of the typical coagulation curves with maximum is used for the characterization of various systems: hydrophobic colloid-polyelectrolyte-electrolyte. Depending upon the position of the system on “stabilizing” or “sensitizing” side of this maximum (sometimes of minimum), there is a very pronounced difference of the polyelectrolyte action on the coagulation value of simple electrolyte. Thus, on the “stabilizing” side, the “reverse” antagonism was found, which is explained as a result of the dominating polyelectrolyte adsorption effect.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 281-286 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of pH of buffer on the adsorption of cytochrome C on the ion exchange resin IRC 50 has been studied in detail and the information gained has been used to predict conditions for the separation of neutral proteins such as the hemoglobins. The behavior of a protein on the resin is markedly different from that of ampholytes of low molecular weight such as the basic amino acids. The basic amino acids are desorbed as the pH falls below 5 due to suppression of the ionization of the resin carboxyl groups, but the adsorption of protein is greatly increased under acidic conditions. It is suggested that this is due to a large increase in secondary short-range forces.Sheep fetal CO hemoglobin has been separated from bovine CO hemoglobin and bovine CO hemoglobin from bovine methemoglobin. The eluting buffer was citrate of pH 5.81 and 5.92, respectively, and Na+ concentration 0.34 g. ions per liter. In initial experiments, heavy losses of the CO hemoglobins occurred which was most probably due, to a large extent, to the formation of methemoglobin. To obtain good yields, it is necessary to work at a temperature near 0°C. and to use freshly prepared proteins.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 199-208 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The finding of Pouyet and Sadron that, at extreme dilutions of thymonucleic acid, the specific viscosity at low shear rates is either unaffected or only slightly affected by salts is confirmed with two samples prepared in different ways. The specific viscosity in these solutions increases considerably above the limiting value at very low concentrations and is then markedly sensitive to the presence of salts even at very small concentrations of the latter. The rapid increase of the specific viscosity with increasing concentration must be due to increasing interaction between the particles, and as these interactions are sensitive to small salt concentrations they must be electrostatic in nature. It is suggested that they arise from the Debye-Hückel forces between the particles and their counter ions. When no added salt is present the counter ions can only complete their ion atmospheres by interacting with two of the polyelectrolyte particles and this will give rise to interactions between the particles, which will be greatly reduced by even small concentrations of added electrolytes. Interactions of this type will vary in strength according to the distances of the interacting charges and may be so weak that the shearing stresses can over come them. This will produce the high shear dependence observed in solutions of this kind. The differences between the behaviour of deoxyribonucleic acid and various synthetic polyelectrolytes which have been studied may arise from the fact that in the former the charges are carried by the “backbone” of the fiber and in the latter on side chains which are capable of rotation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 229-236 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (CMC) with about 50% of the glucose units substituted, has been studied dielectrically by the “ellipsoid method” at various wave lengths. Aqueous solutions containing 0.1-0.0025 g./100 ml. were investigated. Dielectric increments of 2-9 dielectric constant units were obtained for these solutions. The calculated increment per gram per liter was not constant but increased considerably at the lowest concentrations, indicating the prevalence of polar molecules or aggregates at the lowest concentrations, whereas less polar aggregates dominate at higher concentrations (more than 0.01% solutions). At the lowest concentration studied, 0.0023%, the increment per gram per liter was about 120, corresponding to a molar increment of about 55,000,000. Dielectric dispersion curves were obtained which approached theoretical Debye dispersions, indicating that the CMC molecules are rather rigid. The dispersion curves were displaced toward shorter wave lengths with increasing concentration, probably due to the strong molecular interaction. At the lowest concentration a relaxation time of 4.6 × 10-7 sec. was calculated for the CMC molecule. This corresponds to a rotation of the molecules about their long axes in the electric field. An average molecular weight of about 460,000 was calculated for the CMC molecules, or polar aggregates, in very dilute aqueous solution. The electric moment of CMC was estimated to be about 1000 Debye units. In contrast to CMC, the uncharged polysaccharides dextran and ethyloxyethylcellulose did not show any deviation of the dielectric constant values from that of the pure solvent, when investigated in 0.5% aqueous solutions at various wave lengths. It was concluded that the dielectric properties of CMC are very similar to those of other polyelectrolytes studied-such as desoxyribonucleic acid, nucleohistone, and hyaluronic acid.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 253-280 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: It is now becoming possible to correlate studies on the general size and shape of protein molecules in solution with knowledge of the possible configurations of polypeptide chains and, in some instances, with that of the actual sequence of amino acid residues in these chains. The formation of helices and of “pleated sheets” from polypeptide chains, and the dimensions of these structures, are discussed, and the possible significance of proline residues for the bending and folding of chains is pointed out. The relation of purified protein preparations to the state of the proteins in their natural surroundings is discussed, as is the meaning of the concept of purity. Protein molecules are to be regarded as highly ordered and regular structures, but probably not as completely rigid. The meaning of the concept of protein hydration is considered, with reference to both external and internal hydration. The question of what can be learned from hydrodynamic measurements concerning the hydration and the shapes of protein molecules in solution is critically discussed.The evidence available today concerning the size and shape of some particularly wellknown proteins is examined. These include beef insulin; horse heart myoglobin; horse hemoglobin; human and bovine serum albumin, including mercaptalbumin; human and bovine fibrinogen; rabbit myosin; and tobacco mosaic virus. The first three of these molecules are relatively small and symmetrical in shape. Serum albumin appears to be moderately asymmetrical, with an axial ratio of the order of 4 to 1. Fibrinogen, myosin and tobacco mosaic virus are highly asymmetrical. Although the chemical structure of insulin is now known in great detail, the shape of the molecule as a whole cannot yet be precisely specified. All the molecular models proposed for these proteins, except perhaps that for the virus, must be regarded as tentative and subject to revision.Future prospects of progress in this area are considered, with particular emphasis on the significance of dielectric dispersion, fluorescence polarization, and x-ray methods. The hope of obtaining fairly rapidly a much deeper insight into protein structure now appears justifiable.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 351-378 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: With the development of the ultracentrifuge by Svedberg there was provided a group of methods for the determination of solute molecular weight and of distribution of molecular weights in proper solutions. In addition to the sedimentation equilibrium and the sedimentation velocity experiments, there are other closely related molecular kinetic phenomena which, when taken together, form a collection of very useful tools in an area of macromolecular chemistry.The principal past use of the ultracentrifuge has been in the determination of the molecular weight and the homogeneity of proteins. In this report the attempt has been made to point the way for concerted action in the return to the original problem-that of investigating the dispersity of macromolecular and other colloidal solutions. Among other things, there is proposed in outline a combination of the sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium experiments to provide mass distribution data in macromolecular systems. While the main emphasis is devoted to the theory of the sedimentation methods and their unique usefulness to this end, there have been presented shorter discussions of diffusion and osmotic pressure as such and in their relationships to the sedimentation problems.Recognition is also made of the fact that the optical systems for the study of the redistribution of the components in the diffusion and sedimentation cells are now in a state of change, with a rapid adaptation of several interference methods to take the place of the more classical refractometric schemes. The change is being made in the interest of a greatly enhanced accuracy, even to the point that diffusion behavior in systems which contain two solutes can properly be observed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 337-350 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The kinetics of reaction between amino acids and lower aldehydes (acetaldehyde, propylaldehyde) was followed by the Van Slyke technique and a quantitative chromatographic method. In a narrow range of pH (pH 6-7), the reaction was found to be bimolecular. Graphically computed bimolecular kinetic constants are presented for a certain number of amino acids reacting with acetaldehyde. Under certain conditions (for instance, tryptophane in acetic acid solution with acetaldehyde) the reaction rate was slowed down to trimolecular. At some acid or alkaline pH values the exact order of the reaction could not be determined (it was not of the first, second, or third order). Except for tryptophane, which reacted more rapidly in acid media, the amine-aldehyde combination rate was accelerated by rising pH. The combination rate of histidine is directly proportional to the acetaldehyde concentration, the proportionality factor being unchanged with increasing the pH from 3.00 to 6.20. In some cases (for example, propylaldehyde with lysine) the amino nitrogen content reached a minimum after 10-20 minutes, and then rose to attain even the initial value. Specific viscosity did not change (tryptophane), or else decreased (lysine, arginine, histidine) during the acetaldehyde-amino acid reaction. In acetaldehyde-NaOH or acetaldehyde-morpholine mixtures the viscosity was unaltered even when the solution became rapidly turbid and aldehyde-resin precipitated. It was possible to separate the reaction products obtained during the formation of aldehyde-resin and aldehyde-amino acid interaction by the method of paper electrophoresis. The fluorescent patterns were characteristic for each amino acid. Most of the amino acids showed 3-6 spots of different fluorescent color. This rendered probable the hypothesis that the same aldehyde condensation products are formed in amino acidaldehyde mixtures as in alkali-acetaldehyde solution.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 379-390 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: This report presents some general applications of a new type of ultracentrifuge cell, called a synthetic boundary cell, in which a sharp, stable boundary is obtained by layering one solution over another more dense solution while the ultracentrifuge is in operation. Since such a boundary between a solvent and a dilute solution of a low molecular weight solute can be formed in the center of the cell, the complications encountered at the meniscus in conventional ultracentrifugation by the high diffusion and low sedimentation rate of the solute are obviated. By this technique the sedimentation velocity method has been extended to substances with molecular weights as low as 350. Sedimentation constants of a number of low molecular weight materials such as fraction A of insulin (molecular weight 3000), vitamin B12 (molecular weight about 1500), β-dextrin (molecular weight 1134), and sucrose (molecular weight 342) have been determined. The cell has also been used to form a boundary between solutions of two different concentrations of the same macromolecule and differential sedimentation constants have been obtained. The relationship between these differential sedimentation constants and those obtained for either of the two solutions when studied alone is discussed. Application of the cell to the determination of hydrodynamic volumes of sedimenting components is described. Measurements are made of the backward flow of solvent by the use of an indicator boundary formed by layering a virus solution over another virus solution containing an additional component, such as sucrose or a protein, which acts as an indicator. In addition, the cell was used in a preliminary investigation of some fundamental problems in ultracentrifugation such as the sedimentation of slowly sedimenting materials in the presence of more rapidly sedimenting components, the analysis of equilibrium systems such as insulin and chymotrypsin, and the role of convection.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 109-121 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Measurements have been made of the osmotic pressure of polystyrene fractions in toluene and methyl ethyl ketone at 25, 50, and 55°. The results can be accurately represented by the equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \pi = RT\left[ {\left( {{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {M_2 }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {M_2 }}} \right) + A_2 c^2 + A_3 c^3 } \right] $$\end{document} The virial coefficients have been evaluated and it is shown in agreement with theory that A2αM-ε where ε = 0.15 or 0.33 according to method of derivation of A2. The results are compared, and shown to be in general agreement with other reported measurements. The heat of dilution of polystyrene in toluene and methyl ethyl ketone was determined from measurements of the temperature coefficient of the osmotic pressure. In the concentration range 3 to 9 × 10-3 g./cc. ΔH/φ22 where φ2 is the volume fraction of polymer was approximately zero in toluene and -20 ± 5 cal./mole in methyl ethyl ketone. In part III vapor pressure measurement of polystyrene fractions in acetone, chloroform, and propyl acetate solutions are summarized and the heat of dilution in these solvents derived. The results are discussed in relation to existing theories of the free energy and entropy of dilution of polymers and it is shown that the results cannot be explained in terms of theories based on the lattice model of solutions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The molecular weight, the size, and the second virial coefficient have been determined for a series of styrene polymers prepared under high pressure (0 to 4000 atmospheres) using light scattering techniques. The intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship, the size-molecular weight relationship, and the magnitude of the second virial coefficient reveal no significant differences when compared to similar data of regular polystyrene. Structural differences due to the method of polymerization do not exist to the extent that they can be revealed by such measurements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 159-184 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: This paper reviews some aspects of the present state of research in the field of polyelectrolyte solutions. It deals mainly with synthetic polyelectrolytes with special attention to their electrostatic potentials, the colligative properties of their solutions and molecular shape changes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 209-219 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The sedimentation constants and diffusion coefficients of sodium polymethacrylate and of polymethacrylic acid have been determined at various concentrations of polymer and of added electrolyte and the nature of the charge effects is considered. A ratio y = (molarity of added electrolyte)/(grundmolarity of polymer) is used to obtain S20 at y = ∞ when the polyelectrolyte is assumed to be uncharged. The variation of the effective radius with y is considered not to be due to asymmetry but to the open network nature of the polyelectrolyte coil.The sedimentation constant of unionized polymethacrylic acid is determined and also the variation of sedimentation constant with degree of ionization.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 12 (1954), S. 237-252 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The salts of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) are used in large quantities to improve the dirt-suspending power of synthetic detergents and soaps. Hardly any attention has been given to the question as to which properties they should have to obtain the greatest suspending power. They exert their specific influence because they are adsorbed by cellulose fibers from their solutions in water. Theoretical considerations are given, showing that: (1) The degree of substitution (DS) should probably be about 0.5. (2) The substitution should be as uniform as possible. (3) The cellulose chains should be neither too short nor too long. Normally only the average degree of substitution, DS, is determined. The fiber contents, FC, i.e., the percentage of insoluble and partly swollen fibers in 1/20 N NaOH can be taken as a measure of the uniformity of the substitution. Technical products differ greatly in pH and salt contents; therefore the viscosity of solutions of the technical products containing 1% of the cellulose ether, to which 2.5% Na2CO3 and 2.5% NaHCO3 have been added, is taken as a measure of the length of the cellulose chains. The easiest way to obtain uniformly substituted products is by dispersing cellulose and reagents in a suspending liquid, e.g., an alcohol or a hydrocarbon. FC's smaller than 2 to 4% are obtained. Then the dirt-suspending power was greatest with a DS between 0.48 and 0.53; and a viscosity measured as above with a Hoeppler standard viscometer between 11 and 29 c.p.s. The substitution in general is much less uniform when CMC is prepared according to the customary method by mixing cellulose, NaOH, and ClCH2COONa or ClCH2COOH and a little water. Then the results were best with an average DS between 0.51 and 0.60, and an FC between 6 and 16%, said viscosity being 20 to 30 c.p.s.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 57-68 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Six amphoteric copolymers of different composition of 2-vinylpyridine and methacrylic acid were investigated. The specific viscosities of the copolymer solutions exhibit a pronounced minimum at the isoelectric point and the spectrometric titration of the pyridinium groups shows a pronounced jump in pH at the isoelectric degree of ionization. A theory of the polyampholyte behavior, based on the shape changes of the macromolecules and the field energy of the ionized groups, is developed and compares satisfactorily with the experimental results. The theory permits inter alia the evaluation of the intrinsic dissociation constants of the monomeric units and the determination of the isoelectric points from copolymer composition.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 13 (1954), S. 93-111 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A new theory of strong polyelectrolyte solutions based upon the Poisson-Boltzmann equation is presented. Assuming that the ratio of the effective charge of the macro ion to its original charge is very small, the Poisson-Boltzmann equation is solved without adopting the Debye-Hückel approximation. As a result of the calculation, the effective charge of the actual coiled macro ion with the strongly dissociative groups was found small enough to justify this assumption for the solutions of varying concentration over wide range. Moreover, the free energy, and consequently the chemical potential of the components, of the polyelectrolyte solution with or without simple salt are calculated. The idea of “ion fixation” is theoretically introduced as convenient for representing the state of the polyelectrolyte solution. The theoretical results obtained above are quantitatively compared with experimental data with very good agreement.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
Schließen ⊗
Diese Webseite nutzt Cookies und das Analyse-Tool Matomo. Weitere Informationen finden Sie hier...