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  • Angiosperms  (306)
  • Springer  (306)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • 1985-1989  (306)
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  • Springer  (306)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taxonomic and functional implications of stigma morphology in species ofCassia, Chamaecrista, andSenna (Leguminosae:Caesalpinioideae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 93-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae (Fabaceae) ; Caesalpinioideae (Caesalpiniaceae) ; Cassia ; Chamaecrista ; Senna ; Stigma morphology ; taxonomy ; floral ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two stigma forms occur inChamaecrista andSenna, but only one inCassia. In the common chambered form, a stigma pore is positioned on the reflexed style tip and is the entrance to a tapering chamber. The pore rim is fringed by hairs which vary in number, size, distribution and shape. In the alternative form the stigma is situated at the apex of the curved style and is crateriform. The crater rim is fringed by hairs of variable number and shape. The stigmatic hairs are predominantly unicellular and cutinized. Stigma and hair differences aid in the taxonomy of the genera. Their functions in pollination biology are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936157
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interspecific relationship of ten European orchid species as revealed by enzyme electrophoresis (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Orchis ; Dactylorhiza ; Gymnadenia ; Taxonomy ; interspecific relationship ; enzyme electrophoresis ; computer evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten species of orchid plants belonging to the generaOrchis (7),Dactylorhiza (2), andGymnadenia (1) were analyzed by enzyme electrophoresis. Each species can be identified by a combination of enzyme bands different from those of all other species examined. The electrophoretic data were used for the construction of phenetic and phylogenetic trees with the help of computer programs. The trees were almost identical regardless which method was used. Our results differ considerably from a classification based on morphological evidence. The electrophoretic data indicate that the genusOrchis is not a monophyletic group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936158
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new species ofJusticia sect.Ansellia (Acanthaceae) from Tanzania (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 121-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Acanthaceae ; Justicia sect.Ansellia ; J. brevipedunculata ; spec. nova ; Flora of Tropical East Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Justicia brevipedunculata, a new species ofJ. sect.Ansellia endemic to Tanzania, is described and illustrated. Detailed palynological information is given, and relationships to other species of the section are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936159
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chromosomes ofGrahamia (Portulacaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 127-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Portulacaceae ; Grahamia bracteata ; Chromosome number ; karyotype ; base number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The somatic and gametic chromosomes of the monotypical genusGrahamia (G. bracteata) have been studied for the first time: 2n = 18, n = 9. The karyotype is symmetrical; of the nine m pairs one has microsatellites. The basic chromosome number x = 9 is considered to be primitive within the family.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936508
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Esterase isozyme variation in theEragrostis curvula complex (Poaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Eragrostis curvula ; Lovegrasses ; Esterase isozymes ; disc electrophoresis ; biosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biosystematic relationships of the apomictic complexEragrostis curvula s. lato, is investigated by disc electrophoresis of seed extracts to obtain esterase patterns of 23 accessions representing the morphological variants of this complex: curvula, conferta, robusta, chloromelas and lehmanniana. The zymograms thus obtained were classified into four groups on the basis of the presence of certain bands taken as characteristic and constant markers. Within each group variations were found in strict accordance with the morphological and cytogenetic data available on the complex. Cluster analysis showed similarity levels between the strains studied, representing different genomic groups. The esterase pattern proved useful as an additional criterion for identifying the individual taxa making up the complex and for evaluating their reciprocal relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935947
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Operculum development in theEudesmieae B eucalypts andEucalyptus caesia (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 227-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Eucalyptus ; Eudesmieae ; Floral morphology ; calyx ; corolla ; operculum ; growth ; allometry ; convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In theEudesmieae B eucalypts and inEucalyptus caesia, the perianth of the mature flower consists of a single, anatomically continuous, opercular structure that is crowned by the tips of the original free and separate calycine and corolline whorls. Ontogenetic and comparative evidence supports the hypothesis that this operculum is mostly corolline in composition, and that the calycine parts have been elevated distally onto the dorsal surface. In theEudesmieae B eucalypts this condition appears to be due to precocious initiation of the corolline primordia, followed by expansion and continuity of their growth centres which incorporates the areas at or below the base of the still differentiating calycine whorl. InEucalyptus caesia the corolline primordia are not precocious, but a similar situation is effected by a seemingly retarded increase in receptacle diameter relative to lateral expansion of the corolline growth centre(s). In these two examples the same final perianth form apparently derives from two different sets of growth processes which, nonetheless, result in the same allometric relationships within the developing flower. Although identical at maturity, the operculum form in these two taxa is best described in terms of convergence, rather than homology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936004
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    A serological contribution to the systematics of the genusLupinus (Fabaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 265-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Fabaceae ; Genisteae ; Sophoreae ; Thermopsideae ; Lupinus ; Serological systematics ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The immunological comparison of the seed reserve proteins suggests thatLupinus is a natural genus, the American and the Euro-African species belonging to the same stock. Among the Lupines of the Old World, the smooth-seeded and the rough-seeded species from two natural segregates. The genusLupinus is serologically related to the rest of theGenisteae and to the AsiaticSophoreae rather than to AmericanSophoreae andThermopsideae. The data suggest thatLupinus may have originated with the remainder of theGenisteae from primitiveSophoreae of temperate-subtropical Asia. America and the Mediterranean-African region are regarded as secondary centres of speciation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00935955
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Predictivity in taxonomy and the probability of a tree (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Chenopodium ; Taxonomic trees ; phenograms ; cladograms ; natural classifications ; predictivity ; information content ; probability of trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The contribution ofJ. S. L. Gilmour to numerical taxonomy is reviewed. His important concept of natural classification, as being general-purpose classifications with high predictivity, led to the development of ideas of information content, unit characters and equal character-weighting. The concept of predicitivity is extended to taxonomic trees (phenograms or cladograms). Under certain assumption of random sampling of characters it is shown that the probability of recovering the correct tree topology or tree-form may be small if characters are few. There may be very many topologies or tree-forms, every one of which has individually a low probability. It is, however, possible to estimate the aggregate probability of trees which have more than some specified resemblance to the “correct” tree. The practical prospects of estimating the distribution of tree probabilities are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936546
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Chromosomal evolution withinPiperaceae (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 105-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Piperaceae ; Piper ; Pothomorphe ; Peperomia ; Chromosome numbers ; karyomorphology ; banding patterns ; polyploidy ; evolution and systematics in tropical plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers for 26 different species of the generaPiper, Peperomia andPothomorphe (Piperaceae) are reported. The basic chromosome numbers are 2n = 26, x = 13 (Piper, Pothomorphe) and 2n = 22, x = 11 (Peperomia), polyploid series are characteristic forPiper andPeperomia. Piper has the smallest chromosomes and prochromosomal interphase nuclei,Peperomia the largest ones and mostly reticulate to euchromatic nuclei.Pothomorphe is intermediate in both characters. The karyomorphological differences betweenPothomorphe andPiper underline their generic separation. Interspecific size variation of chromosomes occurs inPiper andPeperomia. Infraspecific polyploidy was observed inPiper betle. C-banding reveals different patterns of heterochromatin (hc) distribution between the genera investigated. The genome evolution is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937879
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Flower and fruit development in the Macaronesian endemicCeballosia fruticosa (syn.Messerschmidia fruticosa, Boraginaceae, Heliotropioideae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 119-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Heliotropioideae ; Ceballosia ; Messerschmidia ; Fruit morphology ; anatomy ; systematics ; Flora of Macaronesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ontogeny of the flower and the fruit of the Macaronesian endemicCeballosia were investigated morphologically and anatomically by SEM and LM. The fruit does not break into four mericarps, but splits into two two-seeded carpids. Exo- and mesocarp wither after fruit-ripening and the endocarp constitutes the remaining outer wall. Within the stony endocarp tubular parenchymatic isles develop which are linked with the mesocarp. Subsequent disintegration pretends additional locules in the mature fruit. Similar pericarp formations are also found in someHeliotropium species but result from a different ontogeny. Therefore, although a close relationship ofCeballosia toHeliotropium is obvious, the taxon should be treated as a separate genus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937880
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    The evolution of self-fertility inCrepis tectorum (Asteraceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 227-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Crepis tectorum ; Alvar habitats ; autogamy ; floral display ; evolution ; genetic differentiation ; weediness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The extent of self-fertility was examined in 16 populations ofCrepis tectorum. A hypothesis that a weedy habit favours autogamy was only partly supported. Low levels of self-fertility characterized non-weedy populations from calcareous grasslands (“alvars”) on the Baltic island in Öland. By contrast, plants in nearly all weed populations studied were more or less self-fertile. However, the trend towards autogamy may have occurred independently of the trend towards a weedy habit, as shown by moderately to high levels of self-fertility in alvar populations from two other Baltic islands. In the weed group, there was a tendency for plants from two field populations to be more autogamous than plants from more “ruderal” habitats. There was an association between self-fertility and small, inconspicious heads in the alvar group but the association was weaker when weed populations were also considered. The relatively wide heads characterizing the ruderal weed populations may, at least partly, be an indirect effect of increases in overall plant size and/or in the size of the fruit associated with each flower.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936101
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  • 12
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    A comparative study of the ontogenetic development of the cupules inCastanea andLithocarpus (Fagaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 7-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Castanea ; Lithocarpus ; Comparative morphology ; cupule ; ontogenetic development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two contradicting theories have been proposed for the morphological nature of fagaceous cupules; the intercalary growth theory and the higher order dichasial branch theory. All the previous ontogenetic studies insist on the latter one, but the genera investigated have been rather restricted and have not covered all the cupule types. A comparative study of the ontogenetic development of cupules inCastanea crenata andLithocarpus edulis, which are representatives of fundamentally different cupule types, revealed that both the theories are incomplete. InL. edulis, the higher order dichasial branches contribute to cupule formation along the anterior portions of the lateral flowers. However, along the adaxial portion of the central flower, the cupule develops as an intercalary growth, represented by rapid increase of tangentially oblong epidermal cells. InCastanea, intercalary growth is not clearly observable, for presumably, the flowers are surrounded by a well-developed partial inflorescence mound from the beginning of development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936103
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  • 13
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    Sex allocation and mating systems in pigeonpea,Cajanus cajan (Fabaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 59-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; pigeonpea ; Cajanus cajan ; Sex allocation ; mating systems ; fruit and seed set
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sex allocation theory predicts that: (1) resources allocated to androecium should decrease with an increase in selfing, (2) a decrease in androecium biomass should be accompanied by an increase in the biomass of pistils, and (3) a decrease in androecium biomass should be coupled with a decrease in flower size, specifically corolla biomass. Another predicted change in reproductive traits associated with variation in selfing concerns seed to ovule ratios, but does not directly stem from sex allocation theory. It has been postulated that seed to ovule ratios should be positively correlated with the amount of selfing. These predictions were tested for six accessions of pigeonpea,Cajanus cajan L., that differed in selfing rates. The results were remarkably in accordance with the predictions. We conclude that sex allocation theory provides a powerful tool to understand the evolution of many reproductive traits in plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936107
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  • 14
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    MOBCENTR: A nonhierarchical classification algorithm for exploratory data analysis (EDA) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Apiaceae ; Pimpinella major ; P. saxifraga ; P. alpina ; Asteraceae ; Solidago virgaurea ; S. canadensis ; S. gigantea ; Exploratory data analysis (EDA) ; classification algorithm ; MOBCENTR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract MOBCENTR is a classification algorithm combining features of classification about mobile centres, Ward algorithm and of the Hard-Isodata method. The results of this new algorithm and of Ward algorithm are compared by morphological characters of species ofSolidago andPimpinella.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936090
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  • 15
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    Notes onDiphucephala affinis (Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae) associated with flowers ofHibbertia andAcacia in Western Australia (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Dilleniaceae ; Hibbertia hypericoides ; Mimosaceae ; Acacia ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Diphucephala ; Beetle/plant associations ; non-pollinator ofHibbertia ; potentialAcacia pollinator ; Flora of Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Notes are provided on the association of the beetleDiphucephala affinis (Scarabaeidae) with yellow flowers ofHibbertia hypericoides, H. huegelii (Dilleniaceae),Acacia pulchella, andA. stenoptera (Mimosaceae). Observations were undertaken during September 9–19, 1979 at S. Perth, Western Australia. They indicated thatD. affinis is not a pollinator ofHibbertia as suggested in the literature, but may play a small role in the pollination of someAcacia species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936102
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  • 16
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    Paleogeography and historical phytogeography (paleochorology) in the Neophyticum (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 5-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Nypa ; Ctenolophon ; Bombacaceae ; Olacaceae ; Symplocos ; Alangium ; Nepenthes ; Pachysandra andSarcococca ; Restionaceae ; Chloranthaceae ; Austrobaileyaceae ; Paleogeography ; paleochorology ; chorology ; Neophyticum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract After presenting the methodological bases of historical phytogeography (paleochorology; Fig. 1), a new paleographic map series is introduced (Fig. 2). They serve for ten examples of paleochorological analyses, in which the major phases of the development of a group in space and time are documented. In addition to purely tropical taxa (Nypa, Ctenolophon), others which originated in the warm and humid N. Tethyan belt (Bombacaceae p.p.,Olacaceae p.p.,Symplocos, Alangium, Nepenthes) or which presently occur as eastern N. American/E. Asian disjuncts (Sarcococca andPachysandra) are discussed (Figs. 3–14). Finally, analyses of two very old angiosperm groups with complicated paleochorological patterns (Restionaceae andAscarina, Chloranthaceae p.p.; Figs. 15–16) are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936909
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  • 17
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    Evolution of the Australian flora through the Tertiary (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 63-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtaceae ; Proteaceae ; Casuarinaceae ; Lauraceae ; Nothofagus ; etc. ; Tertiary floras of Australia ; evolution of the Australian flora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution of the Australian flora through the Tertiary has not been reviewed by a megafossil palaeobotanist for almost a century. Based on material available and published studies, the Australian Tertiary can be considered in three units: Eocene, Oligo-Miocene, and Pliocene. Key taxa in the Eocene includeCasuarinaceae, Proteaceae, Fagaceae, Podocarpaceae, andLauraceae. Many known Eocene deposits are interpreted as warm, humid rainforests. Oligo-Miocene floras reflect a climatic deterioration, with greater occurrence of sclerophylly and xerophylly. A reduction of tropical taxa is seen with an increase ofMyrtaceae and earliest records ofMimosaceae, Chenopodiaceae, andPoaceae. These trends continue into the Pliocene, which is not well represented in Australia. Problems needing to be addressed include the discrepancy between the pollen and megafossil records ofNothofagus, the origins of Australia's wet tropical taxa, and the role of fire in the early evolution of the Australian flora.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936910
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  • 18
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    Paleobotanical evidence on the early radiation of nonmagnoliid dicotyledons (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 165-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chloranthaceae ; Platanaceae ; Trochodendrales ; Fagaceae ; Cercidiphyllum ; Paleobotany ; phylogeny ; floral structure ; leaf architecture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paleobotanical studies indicate that several isolated and systematically depauperate groups of extant woody dicotyledons originated in the Mid Cretaceous. TheChloranthaceae had probably differentiated into insect-pollinated (Chloranthus andSarcandra) and wind-pollinated (Ascarina andHedyosmum) forms by the end of the Albian, and leaves referable to theTrochodendrales are known from the Albian and Cenomanian. In the latest Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, extinct representatives of theTrochodendrales includedNordenskioldia and theJoffrea-Nyssidium complex. ThePlatanaceae also differentiated before the end of the Albian and initially had insect-pollinated, unisexual flowers with five carpels or stamens. Some of these features persisted in the platanoid lineage until the Early Tertiary, and during the Paleocene and Eocene thePlatanaceae included forms with elliptical, palmate and pinnate foliage. The history of thePlatanaceae suggests that several features of the reproductive morphology of extant taxa may have arisen in association with a trend toward wind pollination. In the Mid Cretaceous, platanoid foliage partially intergrades with pinnateSapindopsis and pedateDebeya-Dewalquea leaves suggesting a close relationship betweenPlatanaceae andRosidae andFagaceae respectively. TheChloranthaceae, Trochodendrales, andPlatanaceae all occupy a somewhat intermediate position between theMagnoliidae andHamamelidae and are of considerable interest with respect to their role in the initial radiation of nonmagnoliid (“higher”) dicotyledons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936916
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  • 19
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    Aspects of evolutionary differentiation of theHamamelidaceae and the LowerHamamelididae (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 193-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Hamamelididae ; Trochodendrales ; Hamamelidales ; Hamamelidaceae ; Hamamelideae ; fossilHamamelidaceae ; Floral structure ; fruit ; seed ; valvate anther dehiscence ; Floral evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract New investigations on the flower and fruit structure of extantHamamelidaceae and other LowerHamamelididae together with new finds of fossil flowers and seeds from the Upper and Lower Cretaceous provide the outline of an increasingly more differentiated picture of the early evolution of the subclass. Three patterns of valvate anther dehiscence are recognized in the subfamilyHamamelidoideae (and the subclassHamamelididae). The basic (plesiomorphic) type within theHamamelididae has 2 valves per theca. The type with 1 valve but 2 pollen sacs per theca is both consistent and exclusive for the 5 southern genera of theHamamelidaceae. They seem to be the remnants of a homogeneous group that originated before the Upper Cretaceous. This is supported by fossil hamamelidaceous flowers from the Upper Cretaceous that have thecae with 1 valve. Since several-seededHamamelidaceae predate one-seeded forms in the fossil seed record (in Europe) and the systematic structure of the one-seeded group is relatively more homogeneous, several-seeded groups are considered to be more ancient. Several parallel evolutionary trends are recognized within theHamamelidaceae as well as within the LowerHamamelididae: anther dehiscence with 2 valves per theca → 1 slit or 1 valve; pollen sacs per theca 2 → 1; pollen tricolpate → polyforate; exine coarsely reticulate → finely reticulate; loss of perianth (tepals or petals and sepals) and concomitant loss of fixed number of floral organs; differentiation of exposed nectaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936917
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  • 20
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    Biosystematic studies in European species ofGladiolus (Iridaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 189-198 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Gladiolus ; G. atroviolaceus ; G. communis ; G. illyricus ; G. imbricatus ; G. italicus ; Geography ; morphology ; multivariate analysis ; chromosome numbers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Representative specimens of the EuropeanGladiolus species (excl.G. palustris) were used to study variability and relationships. 25 characters were measured for cluster, principal component and Wells hybrid analyses (Figs. 1–3). Three (with PCA) respective five (cluster analysis) main groups are revealed. Bulb characteristics appear to be very useful for indentification. The subspecific status ofG. communis subsp.byzantinus is confirmed. Hybrids of four different parental combinations were detected in our collection. Most species include polyploid series. Partly 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 12x and aneuploid cytotypes but no diploids were found. Polyploids as pioneers and hybridization of sympatric species are apparently linked to migrations during the glacial periods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936001
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    Biosystematics of two sympatric species ofEucharis (Amaryllidaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 11-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; monocotyledons ; Amaryllidaceae ; Eucharis ; Phenetics ; chromosome morphology ; isozyme electrophoresis ; speciation ; sibling species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eucharis candida andE. formosa are two often sympatric species of bulbous geophytes restricted to neotropical rain forest understory. The species are most common in eastern Ecuador, and are the only two east Ecuadorean species of the genus found north of the Pastaza valley. Data from phenetic, karyotypic, and preliminary isozyme electrophoretic analyses of both species are represented. The species are distinguishable phenetically and karyologically, but isozyme-based relationships are more complex. Phenetic resolution of the isozyme phenotypes supports recognition of two species in Ecuador. A Peruvian isolate ofE. formosa, though not morphologically distinct, shows both allozyme and chromosomal divergence from Ecuadorean populations. Cladistic relationships based on overall allozyme data do not support species distinction, but a novel electrophoretic phenotype for glutathione reductase is shared only by individuals ofE. candida. An apparent geographic component within the monophyletic groups resolved in the cladogram suggests that some degree of gene flow between these two species has been maintained without the complete loss of morpholgoical species identity. This may have been mediated either by artificial population structures due to a probable long history of cultivation, or via Pleistocene refugia effects. Both species may have originated in eastern Ecuador from a common ancestral population which has since radiated outward, perhaps several times.
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    Antheseabhängige UV-Muster in Blütenständen von Asteraceen (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 91-94 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Heliopsis scabra ; Rudbeckia vulgaris ; Flowers ; UV patterns during anthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pseudanthia ofHeliopsis scabra andRudbeckia vulgaris (Asteraceae) were examined during the anthesis for differences in their UV patterns. Distinct changes in the reflectance and absorbance properties could be observed. The results suggest a close correlation between different stages of floral development and pollinator attraction.
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    Corolla and androecium development in someEudesmia eucalypts (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 239-254 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus ; Eudesmia ; Floral morphology ; corolla ; operculum ; androecium ; staminophore ; growth centres ; continuity ; heterotopy ; epipetaly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the early stages of ontogeny, the corolline parts of theEudesmia eucalypts develop as compound structures directly comparable to the early stages of the petals ofAngophora and the bloodwood eucalypts, but with the onset of androecial formation a marked difference takes place. Rather than forming on the floral apex, the stamen primordia arise on the basal adaxial components of the young corolline parts; this basal component develops into the staminophore of the mature flower. The operculum consists only of the dorsal components of the corolline parts, the homologues of the “dorsal keels” of theAngophora petals. If the corolline parts remain more or less free in their early developmental stages, corresponding groups of stamens are produced. Early corolline continuity leads to a continuous ring of stamens. The staminophore is not an organ sui generis, but a derivative of the corolla. The bundles of stamens in some species are best referred to as epipetalous groups, not antepetalous fascicles.
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    Karyotype analyses in three Patagonian and S. Andean endemic genera ofNicotianeae (Solanaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 31-39 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Nicotianeae ; Benthamiella pycnophylloides ; Combera paradoxa ; Pantacantha ameghinoi ; Somatic chromosome numbers ; karyotype analyses ; taxonomic and phylogenetic significance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The somatic chromosomes and karyotypes of threeNicotianeae have been studied for the first time. All of them have 2n = 2x = 22 and symmetrical karyotypes.Benthamiella pycnophylloides has 9 m pairs + 1 sm pair + 1 st pair; pairs 2, 4, 5, and 11 bear microsatellites.Combera paradoxa andPantacantha ameghinoi have 9 m pairs + 2 sm pairs; pair 11 ofC. paradoxa is satellited, while pair 9 ofP. ameghinoi bears microsatellites and shows a pericentric inversion in heterozygous state in 20% of the seedlings. Results are compared with previous chromosome reports for the tribe. The cytological data support their present position in the family system. Besides,Benthamiella, Combera andPantacantha appear to be primitive genera ofNicotianeae, a comparatively advanced tribe within the family.
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    A biometrical analysis of the South AmericanElymus glaucescens complex (Poaceae: Triticeae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 91-104 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Agropyron ; Elymus ; Biometrics ; Wells' distance diagram ; morphological variation ; Flora of S. America ; Patagonia ; Tierra del Fuego ; Falkland Islands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Based on a simple multivariate analysis of the morphology of theAgropyron pubiflorum complex—A. patagonicum, A. antarcticum, A. fuegianum, andA. magellanicum—the variation pattern is shown to be clinal, and all taxa are included in a single, variable species. Currently the majority of species ofAgropyron is included inElymus and the correct name of this species isE. glaucescens.
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    Multivariate morphometric and allozymic analysis of theConospermum taxifolium (Proteaceae) species complex (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 141-158 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Proteaceae ; Conospermum taxifolium ; C. longifolium ; Biosystematics ; numerical taxonomy ; morphology ; allozymes ; electrophoresis ; Flora of Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A morphometric analysis of 18 attributes of 110 plants of theConospermum taxifolium complex suggests that it consists of three polythetically distinct taxa, corresponding to the traditional concepts ofC. taxifolium Smith s. str.,C. ericifolium Smith andC. ellipticum Smith. Discrimination is possible on the basis of leaf but not flower attributes. Analysis of allozymic variation indicates that the taxa are also genotypically differentiated.C. ericifolium andC. ellipticum are geographically isolated from each other but not fromC. taxifolium, andC. taxifolium is usually ecologically segregated from the other two taxa. Where this ecological segregation breaks down, morphological intermediates sometimes occur as the result of hybridization.
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    Operculum development inEucalyptus clöeziana andEucalyptus informal subg.Monocalyptus (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 183-196 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus ; E. clöeziana ; Monocalyptus ; Floral morphology ; operculum ; androecium ; staminophore ; phyllotaxy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flowers ofEucalyptus clöeziana have two clearly distinct perianth whorls. The small free parts of the outer (calycine) whorl cease growth early and are lost from the flower; the parts of the inner (corolline) whorl become continuous laterally by confluence of growth centres and form an operculum in the mature flower. The stamens are inserted on a circumfloral buttress (staminophore) that is homologous to the adaxial corolline component inAngophora and the bloodwood andEudesmia eucalypts. Flowers ofMonocalyptus have only one perianth whorl, which is opercular. The stamens are similarly inserted on a circumfloral buttress. Developmental study does not provide conclusive evidence for either a calycine or corolline determination of theMonocalyptus operculum, but comparison with other eucalypt groups, includingE. clöeziana (the sister taxon), predicts an essentially corolline composition.
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    Differentiation of fourHordeum sect.Stenostachys spp. (Poaceae: Triticeae) using multivariate morphometrics (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 211-223 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Hordeum brachyantherum ; H. californicum ; H. capense ; H. secalinum ; Morphometrics ; cluster analysis ; classificatory discriminant analysis ; canonical analysis ; sheared principal component analysis ; bootstrap validation ; identification key
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field collections and 296 herbarium sheets were examined for 27 morphometric variables. A priori species identifcation was based on geographical distribution except forH. californicum, a diploid species primarily occurring in California and differing from the much more widespread tetraploidH. brachyantherum that thrives in N. America and N.E. Asia;H. capense grows in S. Africa andH. secalinum mainly in Europe. Various cluster analyses were used followed by cluster recovery verification. Classificatory discriminant analysis and validation by the bootstrap yielded 85–90% overall total correct classification of the four species. Canonical analysis revealed thatH. californicum occupies an intermediate phenetic position among the other three distinct species. Factors of shape differences were unravelled and portrayed by shearing. A revised key to species was drawn up.
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    Cyclamen (Primulaceae) in tropical Africa (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 249-252 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Primulaceae ; Cyclamen ; C. somalense ; Taxonomy ; phytogeography ; Mediterranean floristic element ; Flora of Somalia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclamen somalense Thulin & Warfa, spec. nova, the first member of the genus known from tropical Africa, is described from the Al Miskat Mts in NE. Somalia. The new species is closely related to the E. MediterraneanC. persicum Mill. The disjunct Mediterranean element in the mountain flora of northern Somalia, to whichC. somalense belongs, is believed to be largely a relict of Tertiary origin.
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    The chromosomes ofAzima tetracantha (Salvadoraceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 83-86 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Salvadoraceae ; Azima ; Chromosome number ; C-banding ; fluorochrome staining ; karyotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Azima tetracantha has an asymmetrical karyotype with large chromosomes and a large amount of heterochromatin. The haploid number (n = 11) may represent the base number of the family. However, a possible secondary origin of this base number is also considered.
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    Cladistic analyses of some net-veinedLiliiflorae (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 123-141 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliiflorae ; Liliales ; Dioscoreales ; Asparagales ; Cladistics ; relationships ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparisons between previous intuitive or phenetic classifications of the netveinedLiliiflorae was used to determine a suitable group of taxa for cladistic analyses. The resultant 48 genera and generic groupings comprising 19 families from within theAsparagales, Liliales andDioscoreales were then analysed. The cladistics largely supported previous treatments, with theLiliales, Dioscoreales andAsparagales all monophyletic.
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    Diaspore diversity in the anemochorousGouanieae (Rhamnaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 149-158 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rhamnaceae ; Gouanieae ; Gouania ; Crumenaria ; Reissekia ; Alvimiantha ; Anemochory ; seed dispersal ; fruit morphology ; plant anatomy ; Neotropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fruits and seeds of four anemochorous taxa ofRhamnaceae-Gouanieae were studied by SEM. Flight performance of diaspores of three genera was analyzed. Diverging postfloral morphogeneses lead to different fruit and diaspore types: (1) a solid schizocarp dehiscing into three 2-winged mericarps (Gouania, Crumenaria), (2) an inflated schizocarp dehiscing into three inflated mericarps (Reissekia), and (3) a “hollow” septicide capsule which releases three winged hemimericarps (Alvimiantha). The latter convey significantly heavier seeds thanGouania andReissekia at comparable fall rates. The generic status ofAlvimiantha is confirmed. The Neotropics are pointed out as being a site of strong adaptive radiation for the tribeGouanieae.
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    The annual species ofAdonis (Ranunculaceae)—a polyploid complex (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 181-193 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Adonis ; Taxonomy ; distribution ; cytology ; chromosome numbers ; meiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The five annual species ofAdonis L., sect.Adonis, growing in Israel, form a series of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species. Their somatic chromosome numbers are 2n = 16 inA. annua L.,A. dentata Del. andA. palaestina Boiss., 2n = 32 inA. microcarpa DC., 2n = 48 inA. aestivalis L.; counts forA. dentata, A. palaestina andA. microcarpa are new records. There are indications that alloploidization may have been involved in the process of speciation in sect.Adonis. A taxonomic survey of the 8 species of the section reveals that a higher ploidy level is usually combined with a larger distribution area.
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    Rapid cytofluorimetric determination of leaf nuclear DNA content in the polyploid seriesRanunculus marsicus (R. auricomus agg.,Ranunculaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 219-226 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Ranunculus auricomus agg. ; Ranunculus marsicus ; Cytofluorimetry ; polyploidy ; agamic complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cytofluorimetric method for DNA amount determination on nuclei released from fixed leaves has been successfully tested on samples belonging to the polyploid series ofRanunculus marsicus Guss & Ten. (sect.Auricomus). The procedure was devised to screen rapidly for different ploidy levels within topodemes and progenies.
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    Cytogenetical changes of offsprings from the induced tetraploid hybrid betweenRanunculus silerifolius (2n = 16) andR. chinensis (2n = 16) (Ranunculaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 129-136 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Ranunculus cantoniensis ; R. chinensis ; R. silerifolius ; Amphidiploid ; aneuploid induction ; cytotaxonomy ; fertility ; habitat segregation ; hybrid ; multivalent ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Cytogenetical studies were carried out on the successive generations of offsprings from the induced tetraploid hybrid (2n = 32) betweenRanunculus silerifolius (2n = 16) andR. chinensis (2n = 16). Aneuploids, 2n = 30 to 35, frequently occurred. In latter subsequent generations the deviation of aneuploids increased, but the proportion of euploids decreased, accompanied by the reduction of fertility of pollen grains and seed sets. F2 and F4 PMCs constantly exhibited meiotic abnormality, i.e. formation of quadrivalents and univalents. The speciation process ofR. cantoniensis (2n = 32), which was presumed to arise from tetraploid hybrids between the above two species, is discussed on the basis of the above evidences.
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    The cytological basis of the plastid inheritance in angiosperms (1989)
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    Protoplasma 152 (1989), S. 57-64 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Plastid inheritance, uniparental ; Plastid inheritance, biparental ; Plastid distribution ; Plastid transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Paleobotanical studies inFagaceae of the European Tertiary (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 213-229 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Cuticles ; Recent ; Tertiary ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A systematic reassessment of megafossil records ofFagaceae in Central Europe has been undertaken on the basis of leaf cuticular characters. The oldest representatives date back to the Eocene:Quercus subhercynica spec. nova,Dryophyllum furcinerve (Rossm.)Schmalh.,Trigonobalanopsis rhamnoides (Rossm.) gen. & comb. nov. In the Oligocene other members of extant genera appear:Quercus rhenana (Weyl. & Kilpp.)Knobloch & Kvaček,Fagus attenuata Goepp.,Lithocarpus saxonicus spec. nova. In the Neogene these ancient taxa (except inFagus lineage), are gradually replaced by deciduous species ofQuercus andCastanea. Trigonobalanus andCastanopsis are recorded by fruits (or wood) only.
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    Aspects of the fossil record and phylogeny of the familyRutaceae (Zanthoxyleae, Toddalioideae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 251-265 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Phylogeny ; fructifications ; morphology ; anatomy ; paleogeography ; Cretaceous ; Tertiary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A comparative analysis of the seed morphology and anatomy of fossil and extantRutaceae (mainlyZanthoxyleae andToddalioideae) is presented. This allows to place the most important fossil taxa in a time-table and on paleogeographical maps. A phylogenetic scheme demonstrates the postulated historical relationships ofEvodia, Zanthoxylum, Fagara, Rutaspermum, Acronychia, Toddalia, Fagaropsis, andPhellodendron.
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    Early history of theJuglandaceae (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 231-250 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Juglandaceae ; Paleobotany ; pollen ; fruits ; evolution ; Cretaceous ; Tertiary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major radiation of theJuglandaceae occurred during the early Tertiary as recorded by the proliferation of juglandaceous pollen and the appearance of fruits representing extinct and extant genera of the family. Juglandaceous pollen types of the Paleocene were predominantly triporate and exhibited a greater diversity in patterns of exinous thinning than occurs in the family today. Analyses of in situ pollen from early Tertiary juglandaceous inflorescences confirms the taxonomic value of certain patterns of exinous thinning. Data from co-occurring fruits and pollen indicate that relatively unspecialized, isopolar triporate pollen of the type presently confined to the tribeEngelhardieae also occurred in other tribes of the family during the Paleocene. Pollination has been mostly anemophilous throughout the Tertiary. Both wind and animal fruit-dispersal syndromes were established early in the radiation of the family but a greater diversity of wind-dispersed genera has prevailed.
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    Plastid transformation in greening scales of the onion bulb (Allium cepa, Alliaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 85-89 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Alliaceae ; Allium cepa ; Leucoplast ; chloroplast ; plastids ; plastid metamorphosis (transformation)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The greening of the upper part of the outerAllium cepa L. bulb scales, in particular along the vascular regions, is limited to the hypodermal cells in which typical leucoplasts are transformed to normal and functional chloroplasts. This process is light dependent and cannot afterwards be reversed or modified by darkness. The changes in fine structure are described and briefly discussed.
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    Didymocarpus geitleri, a remarkable new species ofGesneriaceae with deceptive pollen flowers (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 95-100 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gesneriaceae ; Didymocarpus ; Morphology ; floral ecology ; Flora of Malaysia ; SE. Asia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Didymocarpus geitleri spec. nov. is described from Sungai Pandan, Kuantan distr., Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Distinctive features include: leaden-grey leaves with long, erect hairs on the upper side and whitish, campanulate flowers with a long exserted, bright yellow style. The colouring of the latter is caused by densely arranged glands. Together with two yellow blotches in front of the filament insertion, the style apparently acts as an anther (pollen) dummy.
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    Patterns of genetic variation of the genusCapsicum (Solanaceae) in Mexico (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 159-188 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Capsicum ; Isozymes ; genetic distance ; geographic differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary relationships of 186 accessions ofCapsicum from Mexico were studied through enzyme electrophoresis. A total of 76 alleles representing 20 genetic loci coding for nine enzyme systems were observed and the allelic variations of enzymes were studied for geographical distribution. Allele frequencies were used to estimate the apportionment of gene diversity within and between populations and to construct a dendrogram based on a similarity matrix containingNei genetic distances. — The gene diversity estimates suggest that the structure ofCapsicum populations in Mexico consists of predominantly homozygous genotypes presumably due to a self-pollinated breeding system and population bottlenecks. Significant genetic differentiation was found mainly between populations of differing geographical regions.—Based on the results of this study, three species of domesticatedCapsicum can be identified in Mexico,C. annuum var.annuum, C. chinense, andC. pubescens. Semidomesticated and wild forms include two species,C. frutescens andC. annuum var.glabriusculum. A sharp geographical division results between the latter species;C. frutescens was collected exclusively in the southeastern states of Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Tabasco; whereas wild and semidomesticated forms from the rest of the country areC. annuum. Based upon the similarity of enzyme genotypes of semidomesticated and wild forms, the primary center of domestication of cultivatedC. annuum was estimated to be the region comprising the states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, and Hidalgo in eastern Mexico. A possible second center of domestication is suggested to be localized in the state of Nayarit, western Mexico.
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    The perennial taxa ofCrucianella (Rubiaceae) in SW. Asia and their eco-geographical differentiation (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 101-136 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Rubieae ; Crucianella sect.Roseae ; C. platyphylla (spec. nova) ; C. gilanica (with subspp. and stat. nov.) ; C. suaveolens andC. sintenisii ; Systematic revision ; eco-geographical analysis ; Flora Iranica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The perennial taxa ofCrucianella in Asia form a coherent group, apparently diploid (x = 11) and outbreeding throughout, and should be placed into sect.Roseae. This Irano-Turanian group has its centre of diversity in the mountain systems south of the Caspian Sea and reaches with outposts NE. and E. Anatolia, NE. Iraq, S. Iran and C. Asia. Four species and 13 subspecies (within the polymorphicC. gilanica) are recognized, described (partly as new), and illustrated (Figs. 1–6). Conspectus, keys and distribution maps (Figs. 7 and 8) as well as plesio- and apomorphic character states and data on size of areas are provided (Table 1). There is an obvious correlation between more plesiomorphic taxa with smaller areas in the distribution centre of the group, and more apomorphic taxa with larger areas towards its periphery (Fig. 9). These findings are linked to a working hypothesis on the evolution of the group.
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    Embryology and systematic position ofLiparis (Orchidaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Epidendreae ; Liparidinae ; Liparis paradoxa ; Liparis rostrata ; Embryology ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The embryology ofLiparis paradoxa andL. rostrata has been studied. The young anther wall consists of an epidermis, endothecium, three middle layers and secretory tapetum with uninucleate cells. In the mature anther, two or three sub-epidermal layers develop fibrous thickenings. The anther wall development corresponds to the massive type. Simultaneous cytokinesis results in decussate, isobilateral, linear, T-shaped and tetrahedral pollen tetrads. The pollinia are compact and at anthesis the pollen grains are 2-celled. Ovules are anatropous, bitegmic and tenuinucellate. Both the integuments are dermal in origin and 2-layered. Development of female gametophyte is of the monosporic, 8-nucleate type. Double fertilization occurs. The primary endosperm nucleus degenerates. The mature embryo is organized from the derivatives of tiers 1, 1′, m, and n. Its development conforms to a variation of the Onagrad type. The seed coat is formed entirely by the outer layer of the outer integument. There are three sterile and three fertile valves in the ovary. In the prefertilization stages valves consist of parenchymatous cells. After fertilization, the sterile valves become sclerenchymatous whereas the fertile valves remain parenchymatous. The embryological characters support the disputed systematic position ofLiparis within subtribeLiparidinae ofEpidendreae.
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    On some pollen types withinArum (Araceae) (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 41-44 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae ; Arum spp. ; Pollen types ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a second paper onArum pollen seven further taxa are investigated. Most of them have spinose pollen, only inA. korolkowii the pollen is scabrose. The possible relation between pollen sculpturing and the actual pollination mode is discussed.
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    Effects of pollen donors on seed formation inEspeletia schultzii (Compositae) populations at different altitudes (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 45-67 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Espeletia ; Diallel cross ; pollen donors ; parental effects ; outcrossing distance ; inbreeding ; seed abortion ; incompatibility ; pollen tube growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of different pollen donors on seed formation was investigated in three populations ofEspeletia schultzii that differ in environmental conditions and life history characteristics. Self pollen and pollen from different donors (〈 15m apart) within each population was used in a diallel design in order to test the genetic base of seed set variation. Three measures of seed formation were used: (1) achene number; (2) proportion of filled achenes (fruits) that distinguishes between achenes with seeds and empty achenes; (3) proportion of aborted seeds that distinguishes between viable and aborted seeds. Self-pollinations resulted in empty achenes. Achene number did not vary between the different pollen donors. A bimodal pattern of filled achenes was found in two populations in two consecutive years. On the other hand, a unimodal pattern was found in crosses between more distant donors (〉 30m). These patterns seems to be the results of a sporophytic incompatibility system. Seed abortion was highest at the higher elevations and seems to be correlated with elevation rather than with any genetic effect.
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    Genome analysis, phylogeny, and classification (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 159-171 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Biosystematics ; genome analysis ; chromosome homology ; phylogenetic reconstruction ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The implications of genome analysis for evolutionary theory and systematics are treated. The precise relationship between the theoretical and operational definitions of chromosome homology is shown to be uncertain. It is pointed out that genera defined by genome analysis may be either monophyletic or non-monophyletic, and that the genus is not a basic unit of evolution. Characters obtained by genome analysis may be useful in a phylogenetic context, provided they are treated as all other characters.
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    DNA characterization in host-specificViscum album subspecies (Viscaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 243-248 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Viscaceae ; Viscum ; Nuclear DNA content ; DNA denaturation ; DNA reassociation ; host-specific DNA organization ; subspecific genome differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nuclear DNA content and composition with respect to base composition and the proportion of repetitive DNA was studied in the host-specific mistletoe subspecies,Viscum album subsp.album, V. a. subsp.abietis andV. a. subsp.laxum, using DNA ofLoranthus europaeus as a standard. Small but not significant differences were found between the 2C DNA contents and the base composition but significant differences were detected in the patterns of sequence organization. This infraspecific variation is briefly discussed in the light of differences known to occur in the patterns of lectins and viscotoxins, immunostimulating and cancerostatic effects.
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    Habit differentiation and chromosome evolution inPleione (Orchidaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 253-264 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; orchids ; Pleione ; P. bulbocodioides ; P. formosana ; P. yunnanensis ; P. humilis ; P. forrestii ; Chromosome banding ; Feulgen staining ; karyotype analysis ; epiphytic ; semi-terrestrial ; terrestrial habitats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Karyotypic and heterochromatin studies suggest a basic division of the orchid genusPleione into two groups, one represented by the clearly epiphytic species and the other including both species with terrestrial trends as well as those that are truly terrestrial. The epiphytic group possesses only (sub) metacentric chromosomes and is characterised by a considerable amount of terminal heterochromatin while the terrestrial group has some subtelocentric chromosomes and only small amounts of centromeric heterochromatin. It is concluded that a major phyletic split in the mode of chromosome change occurred during the transition from the epiphytic to the terrestrial habitat.
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    The unique pollination ofLeporella fimbriata (Orchidaceae): Pollination by pseudocopulating male ants (Myrmecia urens, Formicidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 137-148 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Leporella ; Formicidae ; Myrmecia ; Ant pollination pseudocopulation ; floral morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leporella fimbriata is a self compatible orchid of southern Australia. It is dependant across its range on unique pollination by sexually attracted male winged antsMyrmecia urens, which pseudocopulate with the flower. Typical pollination sequences began with an initial circling then zig-zag flight to the flower. Vectors usually alighted on the inflorescence stem and quickly crawled to the flower where they adopted a copulatory position sideways along the wide labellum, pseudocopulatory probing immediately followed. In this position pollen carried on the thorax was deposited on the stigma. Departure from the labellum usually resulted in pollinium removal. Pollinator movements were restricted and the distribution leptokurtic with a mean of 3.141 ± 4.59 m. Pollination was widespread but variable from site to site and season to season with a maximum of 70% of all flowers being pollinated. Pollinator limitation is indicated. Traits essential for this pollination interaction include the coincidence of orchid and ant geographic distributions and the coincidence of flowering with the flight period of the ant. The production of pheromonelike substances and the distinctive floral morphology are also essential for attraction and manipulation of male ants. The ant mating system which the orchid can exploit is also important.
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    Comments on flower evolution and beetle pollination in the generaAnnona andRollinia (Annonaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 189-194 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliidae ; Annonaceae ; Annona ; Rollinia ; Beetle pollination ; flower evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dynastid scarab beetle pollination appears basic within the genusAnnona. Those species ofAnnona which are more morphologically derived, as well as allRollinia spp. possess reduced floral chambers and attract small beetles likeNitidulidae orStaphylinidae. Pollination of the primitive species ofAnnona byDynastinae would imply that the genus had not evolved before the Tertiary. The fossil record is in congruence with this hypothesis. Once again it is stressed that the cantharophilous syndrome, as it is found in theAnnonaceae, Magnoliaceae, Eupomatiaceae andCalycanthaceae, with beetles being exclusive pollinators, is a secondary and derived condition and obviously different from the expected basic entomophily of the original angiosperms.
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    Hybridization studies in the genusSilene sectt.Siphonomorpha andAuriculatae (Caryophyllaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 143-148 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene sect.Siphonomorpha ; sect.Auriculatae ; Crossing experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten species in the genusSilene sectt.Siphonomorpha andAuriculatae were crossed artificially involving 612 crosses to test inter- and infraspecific, intervarietal and intersectional crossability. In sect.Siphonomorpha all interspecific crosses (between diploids) failed due to cross- or seed-incompatibility; however, intervarietal crosses betweenS. gigantea var.gigantea andS. gigantea var.incana produced hybrids. In sect.Auriculatae hybrids were produced betweenS. vallesia andS. boryi, both tetraploids, but crosses between these and the diploid species were unsuccessful. The delimitation and status of the species in both sections was supported by the crossing results.
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    Fragrance analyses, an aid to taxonomic relationships of the genusCoryanthes (Orchidaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 159-165 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Coryanthes ; Fragrance analyses ; 2-N-methylaminobenzaldehyde ; taxonomic studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract All members of the investigated genusCoryanthes (subtribeStanhopeinae) are pollinated by male euglossine bees. The different fragrance profiles are the primary reproductive isolating mechanisms, because the flowers are interfertile. The fragrance patterns of 17 species ofCoryanthes were analyzed by gas chromatography as a means to improve the classification of this genus. A first amine (2-N-methylaminobenzaldehyde) was found to be the main fragrance compound of an as yet unclassifiedCoryanthes species.
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    Bat pollination ofEncholirium glaziovii, a terrestrial bromeliad (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 167-179 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Bromeliaceae ; Pitcairnioideae ; Encholirium ; Phyllostomidae ; Lonchophylla ; Chiropterophily ; Flora of southeastern Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The many-flowered, brush-like spikes ofEncholirium glaziovii, a ground-dwelling pitcairnioid bromeliad of the “campo rupestre” formation of southeastern Brazil, was observed being pollinated by the glossophagine bat,Lonchophylla bokermanni, in the Serra do Cipó (Minas Gerais). Nectar feeding was while hovering, and the pollen was preferentially transferred by the bat's snout. The floral pattern is chiropterophilous; unlike known tillandsioid bat flowers, stamens and style are protrusive beyond a small, persistent perigon, and anthesis, apparently protogynous, extends over several nights, with gradual onset and cease. Although various other flower-visitingChiroptera are known to occur in the area and are not mechanically precluded from exploitingEncholirium glaziovii, no one seems to compete withLonchophylla bokermanni. This species, a trap-liner, habitually forages in open habitats, a possible reason for its exclusiveness.—Flower details of two other species ofEncholirium from the same locality including one with the bat pollination syndrome, are given.
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    The genusBuxus (Buxaceae): Aspects of its differentiation in space and time (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 267-283 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Buxaceae ; Buxus ; Pollen morphology ; leaf venation ; fossil records ; systematics ; evolution ; chorogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Trends of pollen grain aperture evolution and exine characters as well as characters of leaf venation, petiole and axial vascularization are briefly described and related to geographical distribution and classification ofBuxus. A review of fossil records is given. Three major taxonomic groups can be delimitated within the genus, and aspects of their relationships and chorogenesis are presented. The level of differentiation, the pattern of distribution and the fossil record speak in favour of an ancient origin of the genus.
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    Ecogeographical differentiation of the Submediterranean deciduous forest flora (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 315-329 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aceraceae ; Betulaceae ; Celastraceae ; Fagaceae ; Juglandaceae ; Oleaceae ; Rosaceae ; Staphyleaceae ; Summer-green woody plants ; submediterranean ; distribution types ; climatic conditions ; post-Pleistocene dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The deciduous wood flora of southern Europe is characterized as a special “nemoral-Submediterranean element”. The distribution patterns of some representatives (total ranges and local areas in Roumania) are described and explained by recent climatic conditions. The northern limits of Submediterranean and Submediterranean-middle European deciduous forest taxa exhibit a continuous gradation, but only a few species with a wide ecological amplitude extend into the temperate zone.
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    A Giemsa C-banding and DNA content study inScilla cilicica andS. morrisii, two little known sibling species of theS. siberica alliance (Hyacinthaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 71-83 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Hyacinthaceae ; Scilla cilicica ; S. morrisii ; Karyotype evolution ; C-banding ; genome size ; Endemism ; flora of Cyprus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract S. cilicica Siehe andS. morrisii Meikle are two little known sibling species of theScilla siberica alliance with previously difficult taxonomy, especially with regard to specific delimitation and geographic distribution. Quantitative C-band karyotyping and DNA content determinations were performed in four provenances, including the type localities. Both species (2n = 12) differ strikingly in their banding patterns despite of similar DNA content. Karyotype diversification involved changes in eu- and heterochromatin quantities and resulted in some changes of chromosome form. Despite this, actual phylogenetic relatedness is indicated by a chromosomal marker (NOR-position) of rare occurrence in the alliance. Karyological results and circumstantial evidence from the literature suggest thatS. morrisii is an endemic, exclusive to Cyprus as a member of theS. siberica alliance.S. cilicica seems to be restricted to continental S. Anatolia opposite to Cyprus. Its occurrence on Cyprus is questionable.
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    Karyotypic and chloroplast genomic diversity inMedicago sect.Lupularia (Leguminosae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 69-78 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Medicago lupulina ; M. secundiflora ; Chromosomes ; karyotypes ; chloroplast DNA evolution ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were made on the chromosome complements and chloroplast genomes ofMedicago lupulina andM. secundiflora, which comprise sectionLupularia ofMedicago. Both types of analyses indicated more substantial differences between these species than suggested by external morphology.Medicago lupulina has a relatively asymmetrical karyotype in terms of centromeric position and relative length. The karyotype ofM. secundiflora is comparatively more asymmetrical in centromeric position and reduced in absolute size but exhibits greater symmetry in relative length. The restriction endonuclease fragmentation patterns of the chloropiast DNA of these two species (with Bam HI, Eco RI, Bgl II, and Xho I) show little similarity, with only 17% of the fragments matching in size. The lack of interspecific congruence among data of morphology, karyology and cpDNA inLupularia is contrary to consistency exhibited among these data inMedicago subsect.Intertextae.
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    Chromosome evolution within theOrnithogalum tenuifolium complex (Hyacinthaceae), with special emphasis on the evolution of bimodal karyotypes (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 79-89 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Hyacinthaceae ; Ornithogalum tenuifolium ; Evolution of karyotypes ; bimodal karyotypes ; DNA content ; Feulgen densitometry ; hybrids ; meiotic chromosome pairing ; fitness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hypotheses on the evolution of the karyotypes of 8 chromosome races (2n = 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16-two forms, 26) within theOrnithogalum tenuifolium complex are discussed. Four of the karyotypes are strictly bimodal: 2n = 8 (6 long and two short chromosomes), 2n = 10 (6 long and 4 short chromosomes), 2n = 12 (6 long and 6 short chromosomes) and 2n = 16 (12 long and 4 short chromosomes). The hypotheses are tested by means of measurements of nuclear DNA content, studies of meiosis and pollen fertility of hybrids, and comparisons of karyotype morphology. The results indicate that the E. African 2n = 12 chromosome race is the most primitive and has given rise to the other chromosome races. The 2n = 6 race is found to have a significantly higher fitness than the 2n = 12 race.
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    Isozymes as molecular markers for diploid and tetraploid individuals ofNajas marina (Najadaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 131-139 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Najadaceae ; Najas marina ; Isozymes ; polyploidy ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic variability of five natural populations ofNajas marina L., i.e. one diploid of subsp.marina (Europe), two of subsp.intermedia (Europe) and both a diploid (C. Africa) and a tetraploid (Middle East) of subsp.armata, has been estimated by means of electrophoretic studies. These populations differ in their morphology and karyotype. Emphasis is placed on the characteristics and status of a tetraploid cytotype from Merkaz Sappir (Israel). Almost all the variation observed is expressed in seed alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The differences are in a unique allele of theAdh-2 locus and in the formation of novel heteromeric isozymes.Adh genes in seeds can be used as a marker for the autotetraploid character. The other enzyme systems tested failed in this respect. The genetic variability based on 23 loci is rather low. Nevertheless, the autotetraploid population has a higher or equal ratio of polymorphic loci than the related diploids. Cluster analysis illustrated not only thatNajas marina subsp.marina has diverged much from subsp.intermedia and subsp.armata, but also showed the difference between the latter two taxa, as well as the intermediate position of the autotetraploid population.
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    Variation in self-fertility and floral characters ofGeranium caespitosum (Geraniaceae) along an elevational gradient (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 225-241 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Geranium caespitosum ; Breeding system ; ecotype ; gynodioecy ; pollen sterility ; self-fertility ; selfing ; inbreeding depression ; stigma receptivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Characters that have the potential to alter the breeding system ofGeranium caespitosum were investigated. The characters differ mechanistically, functioning either endogenously and independent of pollen transfer, or exogenously by influencing pollen transfer. Little variation in self-fertility (endogenous mechanism) was measured among populations from different elevations grown in a common garden. Variation in floral morphology (exogenous mechanism) was limited and unlikely to create a change in the breeding system. Macroscopic variation (exogenous mechanism), including gynodioecy, sexual specialization, and pollen sterility, was observed in extreme elevation populations and probably has a sizeable effect on the breeding system.
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    Chemotaxonomy of theSymphytum officinale agg. (Boraginaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 113-127 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Symphytum ; S. officinale agg. ; Chemotaxonomy ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; isobauerenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a chemotaxonomic study of the genusSymphytum pyrrolizidine alkaloids and triterpenes were used as chemotaxonomical markers. A micro-extraction methods was developed for screening compounds of very small pieces of herbarium material. The occurrence of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids symphytine and (acetyl-)lycopsamine is very general forSymphytum taxa. Echimidine is present in someS. officinale L. plants and inS. tanaicense Steven. The triterpene isobauerenol is present inS. officinale, S. bohemicum Schmidt,S. tanaicense and inS. officinale var.lanceolatum Weinm. The chemotaxonomic hypothesis, proposed byGadella and collaborators, based on the presence of the triterpene isobauerenol inS. officinale and its absence inS. asperum Lepech. and the presence of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid echimidine inS. asperum and its absence inS. officinale, can no longer be applied absolutely to theS. officinale species complex. The pyrrolizidine alkaloid and triterpene pattern ofS. officinale (2n = 24) andS. bohemicum (2n = 24) is identical.S. bohemicum is morphologically, cytologically and phytochemically very similar toS. officinale. Furthermore, it readily crosses with the white flowered W. European diploids ofS. officinale. Therefore it seems likely that these two taxa are conspecific.S. tanaicense shows a pyrrolizidine alkaloid and triterpene pattern similar toS. officinale (2n = 40). Also on morphological and cytological grounds they are very similar. It seems highly probable thatS. tanaicense is conspecific withS. officinale (2n = 40) and represents an intraspecific variant only.S. officinale var.lanceolatum contained no pyrrolizidine alkaloids but did contain isobauerenol. This feature points to an origin fromS. officinale.
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    Intraspecific hybridization and its bearing on chromosome evolution inVicia narbonensis (Fabaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 201-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Vicia narbonensis ; Intraspecific crosses ; interchange homozygote ; karyotype ; meiotic pairing ; chromosome differentiation ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nine accessions ofVicia narbonensis, considered to be the wild progenitor of faba bean (Vicia faba), were investigated to ascertain the nature and extent of intraspecific karyotypic polymorphism. The chromosome complements resolved into four distinct types (A, B, C, D), and the meiotic data of F1 hybrids (A × B, B × C, A × C) revealed that alteration in chromosome morphology is the result of segmental interchanges. The interchange complexes indicate that the parents differ from each other by 1 to 2 interchanges. It is also evident that karyotype B, and not A as previously reported, is the normal karyotype of the species, and A and C are single homozygotes for unequal interchange. The comparative karyomorphology of the parents and the hybrids, and of two interchange heterozygotes of four chromosomes each in F1 hybrids of A × C shows that the chromosomes involved in the single interchange homozygotes (A, C) are not common and the breaks in both interchanges occurred in short and long arms of the involved chromosomes. Identification of the interchanged chromosomes in the complements and the frequency of ring and chain quadrivalents in the heterozygotes enabled location of the breakpoints. The present results provide probably the first example indicating that interchange homozygosity (A) is not only firmly established but also has enabled the species to spread further by adapting to a wide range of habitats. — The genetic relationships between A and D are very different. All seven chromosome pairs in D could be distinguished from A, and for that matter, B and C as well. From the meiotic pairing properties it is also amply clear that genome D is well differentiated from A and possibly B, and C, and deserves special status.
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    Phenotypic plasticity inCrepis tectorum (Asteraceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 19-38 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Crepis tectorum ; Phenotypic plasticity ; morphometry ; norm of reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were carried out using two different approaches to compare populations ofCrepis tectorum (Asteraceae). One was based on a comparison of means of various vegetative and reproductive characters and another was based on a comparison of response patterns of the same characters in a series of environments. Population divergence within two earlier recognized form series, one from weed habitats and one from alvar habitats on Baltic islands, resulted in a partially overlapping pattern in cluster analyses based on character means. However, the pattern revealed by a comparison of the direction and amount of plastic response suggested that populations within the two form series had more similar response patterns than other combinations of populations. It was concluded that patterns of plasticity may provide useful additional information on the overall similarity among taxa. An hypothesis that plants in weed populations should exhibit a greater phenotypic response to the environments than plants in alvar populations was rejected.
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    Karyological studies in someHypochoeris spp. (Compositae) from Sicily (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Hypochoeris ; Karyotype ; karyogram ; idiogram ; basic chromosome number ; symmetry of karyotype ; asymmetrical index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract FiveHypochoeris spp. from Sicily have been investigated:H. glabra L. (2n=10),H. radicata L. (2n=8),H. cretensis L. (2n=6),H. laevigata L. (2n=12),H. robertia Fiori (2n=8). Basic chromosome numbers are very variable, x = 3, 4, 5, 6. The karyotype of each species is presented. Geographical origin (S. America or Mediterranean region) of the genusHypochoeris and the taxonomic position ofH. robertia are discussed.
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    Ontogeny of intruding non-periplasmodial tapetum in the wild chicory,Cichorium intybus (Compositae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 149-164 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Cichorium intybus ; Tapetum ; pollen ; exine ; pollenkitt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tapetal development ofCichorium intybus L. is investigated using LM and TEM and discussed in relation to the development in other species. During the second meiotic division the tapetal cells become binucleate and lose their cell walls. They intrude the loculus at the time of microspore release from the meiotic callose walls, which means that a locular cavity is never present in this species. During pollen development they tightly junct the exine, especially near the tips of the spines. During the two-celled pollen grain stage they degenerate and most of their content turns into pollenkitt. Until anther dehiscence they keep their individuality, which means that these intruding tapetal cells never fuse to form a periplasmodium. The ultrastructural cytoplasmatic changes during this development are discussed in relation to possible functions.
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    Embryology ofCrocus thomasii (Iridaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 39-47 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Crocus thomasii ; Embryology ; intrageneric relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The embryology ofCrocus thomasii is described. Male meiosis is of simultaneous type, and gives rise to starchy microspores which develop into lipoid pollen grains; these are two-celled and show a spinulate acolpate, abaculate exine lacking apertures. The tapetum is glandular and its cells become bi- or sometimes multinucleate. The ovule is anatropous and bitegmic; the inner integument forms the micropyle. Megasporogenesis is heteropolar with starch accumulation in the functional chalazal megaspore. Embryo sac development conforms to thePolygonum type. The endosperm development is nuclear. The embryo develops according to the Caryophyllad type. In the ripe seed it is differentiated and enveloped by a starchy cellular endosperm. The embryological characters observed strongly favour a close relation betweenC. thomasii andC. sativus.
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    Pothos crassipedunculatus, a new species ofPothos sect.Allopothos (Araceae) from India (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; monocotyledons ; Araceae ; Pothos sect.Allopothos ; Pothos crassipedunculatus ; spec. nova ; Taxonomy ; systematics ; Flora of India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pothos crassipedunculatus Sivadasan & Mohanan (Araceae), a new species closely related to the SW. Indian endemic and little known speciesP. thomsonianus Schott is described. It is characterized by the the non-ligulate, shortly vaginate petiole, thickly peduncled inflorescence, broadly ovate spathe and a sessile spadix. It is included in ser.Brevivaginati Engler of sect.Allopothos Schott.
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    Ultrastructure of nuclear inclusions and the separation ofVerbenaceae andOleaceae (incl.Nyctanthes) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteridae ; Verbenaceae ; Oleaceae ; Nyctanthes ; Intranuclear inclusions ; mesophyll cells ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TEM observations were carried out on 40 taxa of the familyVerbenaceae and 35 taxa of the familyOleaceae, in order to ascertain distribution, ultrastructure and morphology of the intranuclear proteinic inclusions in the mesophyll parenchymatic cells. The investigated genera amount to some 25% and 60% respectively of the genera of the two families. Inside theVerbenaceae, lamellar inclusions (L-type) occur in 6 out of 23 investigated genera: they are mostly present inside the tribesCitharexyleae andVerbeneae (both belonging toVerbenoideae), while they are absent in other subfamilies. All of the investigatedOleaceae genera show intranuclear crystalline inclusions (C 1-type) of three different shapes. Among theAsteridae this is a character peculiar toOleaceae. They appear to be a well defined natural group, including the controversial genusNyctanthes.
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    Aegilops cylindrica var.kastorianum (Poaceae): A new variety from Greece (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 13-20 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Aegilops cylindrica var.kastorianum ; New variety ; karyotype analysis ; protein and esterase patterns ; isoelectric focusing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A native population ofAegilops cylindrica was encountered for the first time in Greece in 1980 (near Kastoria, NW. Greece), completely isolated and at a great distance from its main distribution area. There are morphological and chromosomal, but no protein and esterase pattern differences from otherAe. cylindrica populations. This justifies the recognition of a new variety: var.kastorianum. Our comparative and karyotypic observations support the view thatAe. caudata var.polyathera and not var.caudata (typica) is the possible donor of genome C of the new variety.
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    A new species ofAristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) from India with co-evolutionary notes onA. indica and papilionid butterflies (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 31-34 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aristolochiaceae ; Aristolochia krisagathra spec. nova ; A. indica ; Ornithoptera ; Taxonomy ; butterflies ; host plants ; Flora of India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aristolochia krisagathra, a new species from the Western Ghats of Peninsular India is described, illustrated and included into a key to the four Indian species of the genus. Notes on the host-relationships of these species are also provided, paticularly ofA. indica to papilionid butterflies.
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    Floral biological observations onHeliamphora tatei (Sarraceniaceae) and other plants from Cerro de la Neblina in Venezuela (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 21-29 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Sarraceniaceae ; Melastomataceae ; Rapateaceae ; Gentianaceae ; Loranthaceae ; Malpighiaceae ; Ericaceae ; Orchidaceae ; Campylopterus duidae ; Diglossa duidae ; Anoura geoffroyi ; africanized honey bee ; Pollination by bees ; buzz pollination ; Flora of Neblina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During 20 days in 1985, floral biological observations were made at 1 850–2 100m elevation on Cerro de la Neblina in Venezuela.Heliamphora tatei var.neblinae (Sarraceniaceae) is nectarless and has poricidal anthers.Heliamphora tatei, Graffenrieda fruticosa, G. polymera, G. reticulata, Tocca pachystachya, T. tepuiensis (Melastomataceae),Saxofridericia compressa, andStegolepsis neblinensis (Rapateaceae), are buzz-pollinated by ten species ofBombus, Eulaema, Melipona, Centris, Xylocopa, Dialictus, andNeocorynura. Additional observations of floral visits on tepui species ofGentianaceae, Loranthaceae, Malpighiaceae, Ericaceae, Orchidaceae, andAsteraceae are reported. Visitors include the hummingbirdCampylopterus duidae, the flower-piercerDiglossa duidae, the nectarivorous batAnoura geoffroyi, and various species ofCentris andBombus bees. Scent baits for euglossine bees attracted very few bees.Apis mellifera adansonii-scutellata, the africanized honey bee, was caught at 1 850m elevation.
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    Preferential infestation of fruits within theMedicago truncatula — M. littoralis (Leguminosae) complex by the bean weevilBruchidius bimaculatus (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 35-41 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Medicago truncatula ; Medicago littoralis ; Bruchidius bimaculatus ; Bruchid infestation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bean weevilBruchidius bimaculatus was found in fruits of 68 of 217 populations of theMedicago truncatula — M. littoralis complex of Israel, Greece, Italy and Spain. Infestation was higher in fruits of somewhat larger than mean size, and in the more pubescent and tightly coiled fruits. Bean weevil size proved to be independent of fruit size, so that the “preference” for larger fruits does not seem due to adaptation to a larger food source or a larger domicile. Fruit size has been used to delimit the host “species”M. truncatula andM. littoralis, but the character proved to be unimodal, and it is apparent that the taxonomy of the plant complex requires further clarification. Of the 11 472 fruits examined, less than 4% were infested. Given that the plants have evolved indehiscent legumes in which typically only one of the approximately six seeds survives to reproduce, and that very few seeds of a fruit are destroyed, the bruchid's infestation appears to be non-harmful, and indeed the association may be mutualistic.
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    A survey of C-band patterns in chromosomes ofLilium (Liliaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 53-69 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Lilium ; C-banding ; heterochromatin ; karyosystematics ; karyotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C-band patterns are described for 20Lilium spp. distributed across six sections. All species have a similar basic karyotype (n = 12) but C-bands differ markedly between them. The patterns are characterized by a dispersed scattering of thin intercalary bands as well as centric and NOR bands. Only one species,L. canadense, shows a clear equilocal pattern with intercalary C-bands occurring proximally in all of the longer chromosome arms. Comparing species, similar patterns are revealed forL. regale andL. sulphureum, forL. formosanum andL. longiflorum (all in sect.Leucolirion) and to a lesser extent forL. hansonii, L. martagon, andL. tsingtauense (sect.Martagon). The pattern forL. henryi (previously classed in sect.Sinomartagon) matches those ofL. regale andL. sulphureum quite well and its transfer to sect.Leucolirion is proposed. This is consistent with results from interspecies hybrids betweenL. henryi andL. regale (and related species) which are reportedly fertile. No other clear similarities in C-band patterns were seen across species. It seems that C-band patterns change rapidly inLilium and hence their usefulness in classification will be restricted to identifying closely related species.
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    Epicuticular wax alkanes ofEricaceae andEmpetrum from alpine and sub-alpine heaths in Austria (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 71-79 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ericaceae ; Arctostaphylos ; Arctous ; Calluna Erica ; Loiseleuria ; Rhododendron ; Rhodothamnus ; Oxycoccus ; Vaccinium ; Empetraceae ; Empetrum ; n-Alkanes ; epicuticular waxes ; chemotaxonomy ; environmental effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alkane distribution patterns were determined in the epicuticular wax of the leaves of 13 species and a hybrid fromEricaceae and one species ofEmpetrum (Empetraceae). As chemotaxonomic indicators, the results are of limited use only. The most uniform genus wasRhododendron, the most heterogeneousVaccinium. The dominant effect of genetic over environmental factors was apparent in most cases.
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    Chloroplast DNA variation inAnemone s. lato (Ranunculaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Anemone ; Pulsatilla ; Hepatica ; Chloroplast DNA ; restriction endonuclease analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chloroplast DNA of seven species belonging toAnemone (sectt.Omalocarpus, Anemonidium, andAnemonanthea),Hepatica, andPulsatilla have been analyzed by restriction enzymes. According to the dendrogram constructed, the sections ofAnemone and the generaHepatica andPulsatilla seem to be evolutionary approximately equidistant to each others. This supports the concept that these groups should be treated on a similar taxonomic level, either as genera or subgenera.
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    Nucleolar activity of B-chromosomes inAllium cernuum (Alliaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 87-92 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Alliaceae ; Allium ; B-chromosomes ; nucleolar activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nucleolar activity was analyzed in two samples of plants of the wild onion speciesAllium cernuum, one from Canada (2n=14) and one from the United States of America (2n=14+3B), using phase contrast analysis and C- and Ag-NOR-banding. Three chromosome pairs of the standard A-chromosome complement show small telomeric satellites, which corresponds to the maximum number of Ag-NOR-bands at metaphase and to the telomeric C-heterochromatin. However, the maximum number of nucleoli observed at interphase was eight, indicating that another chromosome pair possesses nucleolar activity. Corresponding results were obtained for the A-chromosome complement of plants from the United States of America, however, these plants further possess three small metacentric supernumerary chromosomes, which show telomeric satellites on both arms, corresponding to two telomeric Ag-NOR-bands observed after silver staining. The presented data clearly indicate that the B-chromosomes ofAllium cernuum possess rDNA gene clusters which show strong nucleolar activity.
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    A new look at the acetolysis method (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 147-152 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Beilschmiedia ; Calluna ; Polyalthia ; Strelitzia ; Acetolysis ; palynology ; sporoderm ; exine ; intine ; pollen characters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acetolysis method intreduced byGunnar Erdtman is still a very welcome and highly successful technique in palynology. However, acetolysis destroys all pollen material with the exception of sporopollenin that forms the outer pollen wall, the exine. Modern palynology in its application to plant systematics and phylogeny must consider all sporoderm characters, not only those of the exine. The neglect of the intine may distort some principal palynological aspects. This is illustrated by cases of total breakdown or gross modification of thin exine structures (e.g. inBeilschmiedia, Strelitzia) and by the clarification of apertures (e.g.,Polyalthia, Fissistigma, Calluna). In our view the investigation of both acetolysed and non-acetolysed pollen is obligatory for a well balanced view of pollen structure and function.
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    Meiotic analyses ofCucumis hybrids and an evolutionary evaluation of the genusCucumis (Cucurbitaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 133-146 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cucurbitaceae ; Cucumis ; C. sativus ; C. melo ; C. metuliferus ; C. anguria ; C. zeyheri ; C. myriocarpus subsp.leptodermis ; comb. nov. ; Crossing experiments ; meiosis of hybrids ; polyploidy ; isozymes ; DNA analysis ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Meiosis in seven interspecificCucumis hybrids has been analysed i.a. inC. metuliferus ×C. zeyheri, where the parents belong to different sections. In the triploid hybrids a remarkably high number of trivalents has been found. Additional data from literature on geographical distribution, cucurbitacins, flavonoid patterns, isozymes, C-banding, genome size, DNA amount and chloroplast DNA are used to discuss species relationships and evolution. The African cross-compatible group is divided into theMyriocarpus subgroup with the diploid speciesC. africanus, C. myriocarpus subsp.leptodermis and subsp.myriocarpus, and theAnguria subgroup withC. anguria, C. dipsaceus, C. ficifolius, C. prophetarum, C. zeyheri and all polyploids (exceptC. heptadactylus). It is argued that the Asian subg.Melo with x = 7 is derived from the African subg.Cucumis with x = 12; the latter contains all the polyploid species and has the most common basic chromosome number of theCucurbitaceae. This phylogenetic advance is interpreted with concepts of the quantum model of evolution.
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    A comparison of within-plant karyological heterogeneity between agamospermous and sexualTaraxacum (Compositae) as assessed by the nucleolar organiser chromosome (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 177-185 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Taraxacum ; Agamospermy ; NOR-chromosome ; chromosomal rearrangement ; transposable genetic elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological variation for the NOR chromosome was studied for four half-siblings of a sexual outbreedingTaraxacum, for three siblings of the obligate agamospermT. pseudohamatum, and for two individuals of the agamospermT. brachyglossum. No rearrangement was detected for the 113 chromosomes of sexuals, or for 41 chromosomes of two agamospermous individuals. In the other three agamospermous individuals, 3/16, 5/50, and 5/20 chromosomes showed evidence of chromosomal rearrangement. The majority of rearrangement events (10/13) occurred to the satellite rather than to the body of the NOR-chromosome. It is considered that such high levels of somatic chromosomal rearrangement in agamospermousTaraxacum may be the result of activity by transposable genetic elements. This recombination may be of selective advantage to asexual plants which cannot generate genetic variability through the sexual process.
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    Notes on the pollination mechanisms ofMoraea inclinata andM. brevistyla (Iridaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 201-209 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Moraea inclinata ; M. brevistyla ; Bees ; Anthophoridae ; Halictidae ; Pollination mechanism ; flower morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual flowers ofMoraea inclinata are nectariferous and last about six hours. They appear to be pollinated largely by bees in the familyHalictidae (Lasioglossum spp.,Nomia spp.,Zonalictus) and to a lesser extent by bees in the familyAnthophoridae (Amegilla). The mechanism of bee-pollination inM. inclinata is the “Iris type”; i.e., each flower consists of three pollination units (an outer tepal, a partly exserted anther, and the opposed style branch which terminates in a pair of petal-like crests). Bees rarely visit more than one pollination unit per flower. Transferral of pollen to the bee is passive and nototribic although all bees collected on the flowers were female and 55% of the bees carried pollen loads with 2–5 pollen taxa in their scopae.Moraea brevistyla flowers are nectariferous but lack scent and last two days. They are visited infrequently by bees and only one femaleLasioglossum spec. carried the pollen ofM. brevistyla. Unlike flowers ofM. inclinata those ofM. brevistyla deposit pollen only on the head and thorax. Bee-mediated autogamy in both species is avoided due to the erratic foraging patterns of the bees and the flexibility of each stigma lobe as the bee backs out of the flower. Approximately 2–4 flowers in the inflorescences of both species (6–8 flowers/infloresence) develop into capsules.
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    Structure of the inflorescence and flower ofPetalonyx linearis (Loasaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 211-226 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Loasaceae ; Petalonyx ; Inflorescence ; floral ontogeny ; vascular pattern ; androecium ; gynoecium ; nectary ; symmetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inflorescence and floral structure ofPetalonyx linearis are described to assist in understanding homologies among the diverse flowers ofLoasaceae. The inflorescence consists of racemose axes, along which each individual flower is recaulescent with its subtending leaf. Both floral vascularization and appendage initiations show a set of variations. The pseudomonomerous gynoecium may be derived from a triplacental condition. Nectary position, on a collar on which the perianth and androecium are inserted, appears homologous to the ovarian dome position of the nectary among otherLoasaceae.
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    Probleme der Infloreszenztypologie vonW. Troll (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Marantaceae ; Inflorescence morphology ; monotely and polytely ; homogenization ; racemization ; truncation ; pseudoflorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast toW. Troll's typology of inflorescences which aims at more or less rigid, well defined types, this investigation accentuates the processes that constitute the evolutionary transformations leading from one typical form to another.Troll divided the inflorescences into the two types of monotelic and polytelic synflorescences, the first with a terminal flower on the main axis, the latter with a homogeneous florescence on the indeterminate axis. Both forms are enriched by proximal branches which repeat the structure of the main axis (paracladia). The evolutionary processes leading from the more primitive monotelic type to the advanced polytelic type are truncation (loss of the terminal flower) and homogenization of the distal branches, which thus form a homogeneous florescence. A closer survey of the polytelic groups reveals the fact that, usingTroll's criteria, the same distinction can be found within these groups themselves. Loss of the terminal florescence (truncation of 2nd and higher degree) as well as homogenization of the distal paracladia may lead to florescence-like units of higher complexity. Examples can be found inAsteraceae (Figs. 1 and 2),Fabaceae (Fig. 3 a),Mimosaceae (Fig. 3 b),Acanthaceae, and also in Monocots, as exemplified by theMarantaceae (Figs. 4 and 5). The so-called racemization (inversion of efflorescences from basipetalous to acropetalous) may be mentioned as a third element of transformation, emphasizing the unity of the florescences.—In consequence, there are more organizational levels than reflected in the twoTroll types. The polytelic type comprises several degrees of truncation and homogenization, the basis for a reasonable organizational analysis should therefore be the degree of ramification of flowering branches rather than the mere question of a terminal flower on the main shoot axis (Fig. 6). On the other hand the three processes of truncation, homogenization and racemization are evolutionary transformations that may occur independently from one another, thus giving rise to a large number of variations, which can not be satisfactorily interpreted by exactly defined types. On the basis of these considerations the question of homologous parts in inflorescences is reviewed. The homology of partial florescences and paracladia is accentuated contrary toTroll's interpretation (Fig. 7). Homogenization as an evolutionary trend may transform paracladia of different degree of ramification, leading to one-flowered units on the one side and to highly complex structures as in theMarantaceae on the other.
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    Taxonomic and morphological studies inHypecoum sect.Hypecoum (Papaveraceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 227-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Papaveraceae ; Hypecoum ; Taxonomy ; morphological variation ; mating system ; autogamy ; UV-reflection ; pollen morphology ; chromosome numbers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hypecoum sect.Hypecoum comprises 8 species, one with 2 additional subspecies, in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East. Five of these are recognized for the first time, viz.Hypecoum procumbens L. subsp.fragrantissimum Å. E. Dahl,H. procumbens L. subsp.atropunctatum Å. E. Dahl,H. trullatum Å. E. Dahl,H. angustilobum Å. E. Dahl andH. torulosum Å. E. Dahl. H. dimidiatum Delile andH. pseudograndiflorum Petr., which have generally been included inH. imberbe Sm., are reestablished as distinct species. Morphology and variation patterns are described and discussed with special reference to mating systems. Self-incompatibility is dominating butH. procumbens subsp.procumbens andH. torulosum are self-compatible. The broad variation ranges of the former taxon in traits presumably related to mating system (petal, anther and stigma sizes as well as pollenovule ratios) indicate varying rates of outcrossing. SEM micrographs are given of petal and stigma surfaces and of pollen grains. Chromosome counts are presented for seven taxa. All are diploid with 2n = 16.
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    SC-formation in someAllium species, and a discussion of the significance of SC-associated structures and of the mechanisms for presynaptic alignment (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 158 (1988), S. 117-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Allium montanum ; A. oleraceum ; A. sphaerocephalon ; Meiosis ; chromosome pairing ; synaptonemal complex ; homologous alignment ; pairing initiation ; telosynapsis ; axial thickenings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Earlier observations on synaptonemal complex (SC) formation inAllium are supplemented by data from diploidA. sphaerocephalon, pentaploidA. oleraceum and allotetraploidA. senescens. Accumulating information about structures like lateral element thickenings and -doublings allows to draw conclusions about their nature. The occurrence of discrete intercalary and terminal homologous associations prior to synapsis is confirmed for a range ofAllium species and it is argued that they are a general phenomenon. Several hypotheses on homologous recognition and/or attraction are discussed in the light of the observations on homologous alignment inAllium.
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    Karyological stability and microevolution of a cell suspension culture ofBrachycome dichromosomatica (Asteraceae) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 158 (1988), S. 133-139 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Brachycome dichromosomatica ; Suspension cultures ; karyotype stability and mutation ; chromatin ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A long-term suspension culture ofBrachycome dichromosomatica (2n = 4) was induced from a cotyledon-derived callus. Subcultures were obtained every week up to three years. The bulk of the cultures displayed a stable diploid karyotype, while one cell line evolved with 2n = 5 chromosomes in the 86th reinoculation. No further chromosomal change occurred also in that cell line. It is assumed that the fifth chromosome is the expression of a trisomy 2. The chromatin ultrastructure was of the species-specific chromomeric type in the wild-type line, while the trisomic line displayed more condensed chromatin, what probably indicates a rather inactive state of the extra-chromosome.Brachycome dichromosomatica is suggested to represent an ideal species to follow-up karyotype stability and/or variation in cell culture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936339
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    The position and growth of lateral roots on cultured root axes of tomato,Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 158 (1988), S. 141-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Lateral root ; root primordium ; roots in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Root axes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were cultured in vitro in three different concentrations of sucrose in order to vary their growth rate. Lateral root growth and the initiation of lateral root primordia were studied on each group of axes. Various aspects of primordium initiation, positioning, and emergence were quantified with a view to discovering variable and constant features of these processes. Variable parameters were the rate and frequency of root primordium emergence. Constant parameters, at least under the prevailing conditions, were the spacing between successive laterals and primordia, and the position of the primordia in relation to the vascular system. A model of primordium initiation is presented which combines controls determined by the divisional history of the potential primordium cell and by the vascular pattern.
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    Karyology and systematics of the genusAmbavia and otherAnnonaceae from Madagascar (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 158 (1988), S. 155-160 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliales ; Annonaceae ; Ambavia ; Polyalthia ; Xylopia ; Chromosome numbers ; karyomorphology ; systematics and evolution in tropical woody plants ; Flora of Madagascar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract New chromosome counts and nuclei structures are reported forAnnonaceae species from Madagascar:Ambavia (2n = 14),Xylopia (2n = 16) andPolyalthia (2n = 18). This first generic count ofAmbavia and its nucleotypic parameters underline its long term isolation from the African continent and it should be regarded as an extremely distinct member of the basic stock of AfricanAnnonaceae. Some karyological similarities are found with the African generaCleistopholis (2n = 14) andUvariopsis (2n = 16) and the AmericanTetrameranthus (2n = 14, 28). The karyology ofXylopia is completely in line with previous results from the Palaeo- and Neotropics.Polyalthia has 2n = 18, and x = 9, probably the only base number within the whole genus. Fluorochrome and Giemsa-C-band patterns are identical with different congeneric species.
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    Chromosome numbers in AustralianEuphrasia (Scrophulariaceae) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 158 (1988), S. 161-164 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Euphrasia ; Chromosome numbers ; Flora of Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers for six Australian taxa ofEuphrasia have been determined. Improved staining techniques have shown that numbers for four of the taxa published previously by the first author were incorrect. The investigated taxa show high ploidy levels with an apparent base number of x = 11, the same as for the genus outside Australia.
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    C-banding patterns in the AustralianBulbine (Liliaceae): The annual group,B. semibarbata s. lato (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 159 (1988), S. 1-17 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Asphodelaceae ; Bulbine semibarbata ; B. alata ; Heterochromatin ; C-banding patterns ; polyploids ; karyotype evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome C-band patterns have been studied in 34 populations of the Australian annualBulbine group, which comprises 4x (2n = 26, 28), 8x (2n = 52, 54) and 12x (2n = 78) populations. The 2n = 26B. semibarbata populations have a simple, low heterochromatin pattern with very minor polytypic variation. The 2n = 28 populations, corresponding morphologically to a group given separate status asB. alata, are similar in pattern but exhibit pronounced enhancement of telomeric and, more particularly, centromeric dot bands. NOR heterochromatin and satellites are difficult to identify inB. alata but appear to occur in different positions from the 26-chromosome karyotype. Eastern Australian 8 x patterns are consistent with a proposed hybrid ancestry,B. semibarbata ×B. alata. Annual and perennial C-band profiles in the AustralianBulbine are discussed briefly in relation to the “additive” and “transformation” models of heterochromatin evolution and to the possible adaptive significance of variation in heterochromatin content.
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    Floral evolution and phylogeny in the tribeThelymitreae (Orchidaceae: Neottioideae) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 159 (1988), S. 19-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Neottioideae ; Thelymitreae ; Calochilus ; Epiblema ; Thelymitra ; Pollination ; floral mimicry ; deception ; evolution of orchids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Australian orchid tribeThelymitreae, composed ofCalochilus, Epiblema, andThelymitra, is unique in theOrchidaceae because of the presence of a mitra or staminodal complex. Evidence from floral structure suggests thatEpiblema andThelymitra are sister genera and thatCalochilus is derived from aThelymitra ancestor. A “Gene Pool Vortex” model and a hypothetical phylogeny illustrate that introgressive hybridization, allopatry, and long distance dispersal have played a major role in the evolution of the tribe. Pollination and hybridization in the tribe are discussed with major emphasis on floral mimicry.
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    Distyly and incompatibility inVillarsia congestiflora (Menyanthaceae), with comparative remarks onV. capitata (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 159 (1988), S. 81-83 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Menyanthaceae ; Villarsia ; Distyly ; incompatibility ; seed set
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Western Australian annual of restricted distribution,Villarsia congestiflora, has distylous flowers and pollen-size heteromorphism. Results of a crossing program indicate that this species is strongly self-incompatible, that crosses among individuals of the same morph produce little or no seed, and that intermorph crosses produce copious seed. The species shares a number of morphological and ecological traits withV. capitata, another distylous, self-incompatible annual species of Western Australia with a greater area of distribution. Artificial hybrids between the two, however, showed reduced pollen stainability. Both species combine a number of specialized morphological features with a breeding system that is primitive for the familyMenyanthaceae.
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    Ribosomal RNA sequences for inferring phylogeny within the grass family (Poaceae) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 29-37 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Evolution ; phylogenetic trees ; 18 S rRNA ; 26 S rRNA ; direct rRNA sequencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated RNA from nine different grass species and fromPsilotum, a modern representative of a primitive land plant lineage. By direct RNA sequencing with reverse transcriptase, we have determined the nucleotide sequence for five regions of the 18 S rRNA molecule and three regions of the 26 S rRNA molecule. Over 1 600 positions have been elucidated for each plant species. These sequences were aligned by computer and the variable positions were identified by inspection. The data from the variable positions were input into phylogenetic inference computer programs to generate an evolutionary relationship among the grass species. This evolutionary tree based on nucleotide sequence data was compared to a recent classification of thePoaceae based on morphological data.
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    Evolution and systematic relationships in theTriticeae (Poaceae) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 1-28 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Systematics ; phylogeny ; cladistic ; phytogeography ; isozyme analyses ; chromosome pairing ; DNA analyses ; relationships ; molecular evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution and taxonomic relationships in theTriticeae are discussed with the view to highlight aspects of this agronomically important group of plants, which may be of interest to molecular biology. Some of these aspects are addressed in more detail in adjoining papers in which specific genomic loci have been examined at the DNA sequence or isozyme level. Aspects discussed include the systematics and geographic distribution of theTriticeae species, isozyme and chromosome pairing studies on some of the species as well as more recent developments in DNA analyses. A survey of the systematics of theTriticeae indicated that the genomic system ofLöve is probably the most useful starting point for interpreting molecular data even though the system has many problems from a taxonomic point of view. The geographical distribution ofTriticeae species, using both published and unpublished data, suggested that information of this type taken together with the theory of continental drift provides a broad time-span for considering data from DNA sequence studies. The significance, and modes of analyses, of isozyme studies were assessed because they often provide valuable characters in determining relationships between species. The main character underlyingLöve's andDewey's analyses of theTriticeae, namely chromosome pairing, is discussed with particular reference to isozyme studies to show that in some cases, such as species ofHordeum sensu lato, consistent relationships are obtained. Finally, new developments in understanding chromosome structure are considered in relation to the above variables in the taxonomy and evolution of theTriticeae.
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    Fractionation of alcohol dehydrogenase and α-amylase alleles from wheat in actinomycin-D/CsCl gradients (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 61-64 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum ; Fractionation of alcohol dehydrogenase and α-amylase ; actinomycin-D/CsCl gradient ; cloning of alleles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat alcohol dehydrogenase and α-amylase genes were fractionated and enriched in an actinomycin-D/CsCl gradient. The experiments illustrated may be of importance for cloning of DNA alleles in crop science.
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    Amplification and dispersion of repeated DNA sequences in theTriticeae (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 39-59 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Evolution ; dispersed repeated sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four representatives of a family of dispersed repetitive sequences which were prominent and dispersed in the E genome ofThinopyrum elongatum but poorly represented in wheat, were studied in detail. The 1.4kb sequences were present both as part of tandem and more complex arrays and appeared to have resulted from repeated amplification of the sequence and their dispersion throughout the genome. Subcloning of sections of the 1.4 kb sequences resulted in probes which improved the resolution of the E genome from the genomes in wheat and enabled identification of single E genome chromosomes introduced into wheat. The generality of these types of sequences in the tribeTriticeae was confirmed by isolating analogous sequences from the R (rye,Secale cereale), V (Dasypyrum villosum), and N (Psathyrostachys juncea) genomes. — The cloned repetitive sequences from the R, V, and N genomes each showed characteristic fluctuations in amount within the grasses examined in addition to being virtually absent from wheat. It is thus possible that these sequences may provide useful taxonomic indicators for establishing relationships within theTriticeae, as well as valuable probes for tracing alien chromatin introduced into wheat.
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    Occurrence of rye (Secale cereale) 350-family DNA sequences inAgropyron and otherTriticeae (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 65-76 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Secale cereale ; Agropyron cristatum ; 350-family DNA sequences ; R and P genome ; in situ hybridization ; Nor-loci ; 5 S-DNA loci ; relationship ; chromosome pairing ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence is presented that in the R and P genomes (Secale cereale andAgropyron cristatum, respectively) of theTriticeae there exist closely related 350-family DNA sequences in the terminal heterochromatin. This observation is compared to the relationships between these two genomes derived from a comparison of theNor and5 S DNA loci as well as the available data on morphological characters, chromosome pairing, and isozyme studies. It is concluded that the R and P genomes are not closely related and that the common presence of very similar 350-family DNA sequences reflects the parallel amplification of this family of DNA sequences.
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    DNA sequence analyses of the ribosomal spacer regions in theTriticeae (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 91-104 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Ribosomal DNA spacer regions ; phenetic and molecular relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two regions of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were sequenced from a range of species from the tribeTriticeae. One region, the central spacer, was found to be more divergent in sequence than the other, the 18 S-spacer junction. Both regions contained sequences 20–30 bp long which were more highly conserved than the remainder of the region and their possible significance in rDNA expression is discussed. Phenetic relationships based on the sequence data were generally consistent with the relationships based on other criteria. Species possessing the S, E, J1J2, D, and B genomes clustered together, with the H genome species being the most distinct of those examined. The R, P, and V genome species occupy an intermediate position in the overall pattern of relationships. Some relationships differed in detail from those established by other parameters, for example the position of the N genome species, and explanations for discrepancies of this type are discussed.
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    Relationships betweenNor-loci from differentTriticeae species (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 77-89 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Triticum aestivum ; T. timopheevi ; T. monococcum ; Dasypyrum villosum ; B, G, S, A, V genomes ; Nor-loci ; DNA-DNA hybridization ; spacer rDNA sequences ; molecular evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheNor-loci of polyploid wheats and their putative diploid progenitor species were assayed by probing isolated nuclear DNA with ribosomal DNA spacer sequences (spacer rDNA sequences, isolated by cloning), from theNor-loci of genomes B (Triticum aestivum), G (T. timopheevi), B (syn. S,T. speltoides), A (T. monococcum) and V (Dasypyrum villosum). DNA samples for analysis were digested with the restriction endonuclease Taq 1 and assayed by DNA-DNA hybridization under standard (37°C) and high stringency (64°C) conditions. The assay procedure emphasized differences between the divergent spacer sequences of the polyploid species and allowed relative homologies to the respective sequences in diploid species to be established. — The studies indicated thatT. timopheevi andT. speltoides contain different sets of spacer rDNA sequences which were readily distinguishable and, in the case ofT. timopheevi, assigned toNor-loci on different chromosomes. This contrast with the spacer rDNA sequences of the majorNor-loci on chromosomes 1 B and 6 B inT. aestivum, which were difficult to distinguish and were deduced to contain very similar sequences. Among the diploid progenitor species only the spacer rDNA fromT. speltoides shared close homology with polyploid wheat species. OneNor-locus inT. timopheevi (on chromosome 6 G) did not show close homology with any of the rDNA spacer probes available. — The data suggestsT. speltoides was the origin of someNor-loci for both theT. timopheevi andT. turgidum lines of tetraploid wheats. The possibility that the 6GNor-locus inT. timopheevi may have derived from an unknown diploid species by introgressive hybridization is discussed. The spacer rDNA sequence probe fromT. monococcum shared good homology with some accessions ofD. villosum and a line ofT. dicoccoides; the implications of this finding for evolution of present-day wheats are discussed.
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    Frequent duplication and deletion events in the 5S RNA genes and the associated spacer regions of theTriticeae (1988)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 105-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; 5 S DNA sequence analyses ; duplication and deletion events ; phenetic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 5 S DNA units from 15 grasses in theTriticeae were analysed at the DNA sequence level. Four units carried duplications near the 3′-end of the 5 S RNA gene with 3 of the duplications centred on the same base pairs as a duplication previously reported byGerlach & Dyer. The fourth duplication was located 3′ downstream from the gene, in the spacer region. Apparent deletions were very frequent when units of the different grasses were compared and it was clear that these deletions did not extend into a 75 bp spacer region upstream from the 5 S RNA gene. This 75 bp region also tended to be more conserved between the grasses as compared to the high level of sequence change in the rest of the spacer region. — Phenetic relationships were established between the grasses using the sequence data. The relationships were generally consistent with the data from other parameters and, in addition, showed that two Australian grasses were closely related to the other Northern hemisphere genera examined. The data concerning the Australian grasses is discussed in relation to the isolated nature of Australia.
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