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  • Pyrophosphate
  • Springer  (8)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 1990-1994  (4)
  • 1965-1969  (4)
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  • Springer  (8)
  • MDPI Publishing
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glycolysis ; Phloem ; Pyrophosphate ; Ricinus ; Sucrose synthase ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Metabolites and enzyme activities were measured in the phloem sap exuding from a cut hypocotyl of germinating castor-bean (Ricinus communis L.) seedlings. The sap contained considerable quantities of adenine nucleotides, uridine nucleotides, uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPGlc), all the major phosphorylated metabolites required for glycolysis, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate and pyrophosphate. Supplying 200 mM glucose instead of sucrose to the cotyledons resulted in high concentrations of glucose in the sap, but did not modify the metabolite levels. In contrast, when 200 mM fructose was supplied we found only a low level of fructose but a raised sucrose concentration in the sap, which was accompanied by a three-to fourfold decrease of UDPGlc, and an increase of pyrophosphate, UDP and UTP. The measured levels of metabolites are used to estimate the molar mass action ratios and in-vivo free-energy change associated with the various reactions of sucrose breakdown and glycolysis in the phloem. It is concluded that the reactions catalysed by ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase are removed from equilibrium in the phloem, whereas the reactions catalysed by sucrose synthase, UDPGlc-pyrophosphorylase, phosphoglucose mutase, phosphoglucose isomerase, aldolase, triose-phosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate mutase and enolase are close to equilibrium within the conducting elements of the phloem. Since the exuded sap contained negligible or undetectable activities of the enzymes, it is concluded, that the responsible proteins are bound, or sequesterd behind plasmodesmata, possibly in the companion cells. It is argued that sucrose mobilisation via a reversible reaction catalysed by sucrose synthase is particularily well suited to allow the rate of sucrose breakdown in the phloem to respond to changes in the metabolic requirement for ATP, and for UDPGlc during callose production. It is also calculated that the transport of nucleotides in the phloem sap implies that there must be a very considerable uptake or de-novo biosynthesis of these cofactors in the phloem.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 124 (1993), S. 381-389 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Co2(P2O7)·2H2O ; Co2(As2O7)·2H2O ; Pyrophosphate ; Pyroarsenate ; Co(II)O6 octahedron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kristalle von Co2(X 2O7)·2H2O,X=P/As wurden unter Hydrothermalbedingungen synthetisiert. Ihre Kristallstrukturen wurden mittels Röntgenbeugung an Einkristallen bestimmt:a=6.334(1)/6.531(2),b=13.997(2)/14.206(4),c=7.637(1)/7.615(2) Å, β=94.77(2)/97.74(2)°, Raumgruppe P21/n,R=0.032/0.046,R w=0.028/0.034 für 2423/2042 Reflexe und 131/119 Variable. In den beiden über eine gemeinsame Ecke zuX 2O7-Gruppen verknüpftenXO4-Tetraedern sind die mittleren 〈P-O〉-Abstände ungefähr gleich (1.540 und 1.543 Å), hingegen differiert 〈As-O〉 signifikant (1.685 und 1.696 Å). Ein Vergleich mit den isotypen Mn- und Mg-Pyrophosphaten zeigt eine Korrelation zwischen dem Quotienten 〈Me-O〉/〈X-O〉 und dem WinkelX-O-X.
    Notes: Summary Crystals of Co2(X 2O7)·2H2O,X=P/As were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Their crystal structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction:a=6.334(1)/6.531(2),b=13.997(2)/14.206(4),c=7.637(1)/7.615(2)Å, β=94.77(2)/94.74(2)°, space group P21/n,R=0.032/0.046,R w=0.028/0.034 for 2423/2042 reflections and 131/119 variables. Within the twoXO4 tetrahedra connected via a common corner to anX 2O7 group the average 〈P-O〉 bond lengths are approximately equal (1.540 and 1.543 Å), but 〈As-O〉 differs significantly (1.685 and 1.696 Å). A comparison with the isotypic Mn and Mg pyrophosphates shows a correlation between the ratio 〈Me-O〉/〈X-O〉 and the angle O-X-O.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Transphosphorylation ; Pyrophosphate ; Precipitated magnesium phosphate ; Phospho(enol)pyruvate ; Phosphorolysis ; Chemical evolution ; Inorganic enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The enzyme-like kinetic properties of precipitated magnesium phosphate as a catalyst for formation of pyrophosphate (PPi) from phospho (enol)pyruvate (PEP) are described. This synthesis occurs at a low temperature (37°C) and represents a model that may help us understand the relevance to chemical evolution of minerals as ancient catalysts whose functions could have been taken over by contemporary enzymes. An insoluble Pi.Mg matrix was formed in a medium with 80% of the water replaced by dimethyl sulfoxide as a way of simulating conditions in a drying pond. Phospho(enol)pyruvate adsorbs onto the Pi.Mg surface according to a Langmuir isotherm, and the PEP concentration dependence of PPi formation follows a Michaelian-like function. A yield of 33% for transformation of the initially adsorbed PEP into PPi was attained after 4 days of incubation with equimolecular concentrations of Pi, MgCl2, and PEP. The magnesium concentration dependence for Pi and Mg precipitation, for adsorption of PEP onto solid Pi.Mg, and for PPi formation showed complex cooperative behavior. These results taken as a whole lead to the conclusion that the Pi.Mg surface not only provides a reactant for PPi formation but also catalyzes the reaction.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carbohydrate turnover ; Cell culture (triose phosphate recycling) ; Chenopodium ; Pyrophosphate ; fructose-6-phosphate phosphotransferase ; Triose phosphate cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were carried out to determine whether pyrophosphate: fructose-6-phosphate phosphotransferase (PFP) catalyses the rapid recycling of triose phosphates that is found in the cytosol of heterotrophic cell cultures of Chenopodium rubrum L. (W.-D. Hatzfeld, M. Stitt, 1990, Planta, 180, 198–204). Oxygen uptake, carbohydrate turnover, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru2,6bisP), glycolytic intermediates, adenine and uridine nucleotides, pyrophosphate and the activity of PFP and glycolytic enzymes were monitored for 48 h after subculturing carbohydrate-depleted cells onto glucose. Immediately after transfer there was an increase in the amount of Fru2,6bisP, and of the hexose phosphate. The triose phosphates, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and inorganic pyrophosphate increased gradually over the next 24 h. This was accompanied by a tripling in the extractable activity of PFP, but not of phosphofructokinase. The activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was 20–50fold lower than that of PFP. It is calculated that the activity of PFP is high enough to catalyse the observed rate of cycling between the triose phosphates and the hexose phosphates, based on the measured Vmax capacity of the enzyme, the known kinetic properties, and the measured levels of its reactants and Fru2,6bisP. The changes in the levels of Fru2,6bisP were not correlated with the rate of respiration. Instead, the rate of O2 uptake was inversely related to the phosphoenolpyruvate level, showing that pyruvate kinase or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase are regulating the use of glucose for respiration. There was also no relation between Fru2,6bisP, and partitioning to sucrose or starch. It is proposed that the main function of the cycle in these cells is to maintain high levels of inorganic pyrophosphate and triose phosphates, which are necessary for the remobilisation of sucrose and for biosynthesis in the plastid, and that ‘coarse’ and ‘fine’ control of PFP play an important role in regulating this cycle.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 231-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Pyrophosphate ; Inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les propriétés d'induction de calcification des liquides biologiques peuvent être mesurées, in vitro et in vivo, par leur possibilité de redurcir des blocs d'émail décalcifié. Cette propriété est exprimée par les concentrations de calcium (et de phosphate) de solutions synthétiques inductrices de calcification, de concentrations et d'activité connues. Un plasma humain typique a une activité inductrice correspondant à celle d'une solution contenant du calcium, 0,70 mM, Ca/P, 1,67 et fluorure, 0,05 mM. L'activité relativement peu élevée des sérums et des plasmas s'explique par la présence d'inhibiteurs ioniques. L'ion phosphate est l'un d'eux, mais ne peut rendre compte de l'inhibition totale. Des anions et des cations sont responsables de l'inhibition, avec un rôle majeur pour les cations. Les ions suivants, en concentration physiologique, jouent un rôle inhibiteur: P7O 7 4− , HCO 3 − , SiO 4 2− , CrO 4 2− , Mg2+, Zn2+. Un mélange de ces ions provoque une inhibition totale identique à celle du plasma.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß biologischer Flüssigkeiten auf den Verkalkungsvorgang kann in vitro und in vivo anhand ihrer Fähigkeit, enthärtete Blöcke von Zahnschmelz wieder zu härten, gemessen werden. Diese Aktivität wird ausgedrückt als Konzentration des Calciums (und Phosphates) synthetischer calcifizierender Lösungen mit bekannter Konzentration und Aktivität. Die Aktivität eines charakteristischen menschlichen Plasmas entsprach derjenigen einer Lösung folgender Zusammensetzung: Calcium 0,70 mM; Ca/P=1,67 und Fluorid 0,05 mM. Die relativ niedrige Aktivität von Serum und Plasma ist bedingt durch das Vorhandensein einer Anzahl ionischer Inhibitoren. Das Pyrophosphation ist ein solcher; er kann aber nicht für die gesamte Inhibition verantwortlich gemacht werden. Sowohl anionische als auch kationische Inhibitoren sind vorhanden, wobei die Kationen den Hauptanteil ausmachen. Folgende Ionen erwiesen sich in einer physiologischen Konzentration als Inhibitoren synthetischer Systeme: P7O 7 3− , HCO 3 − , SiO 4 1− , CrO 4 2− , Mg2+, Zn2+. Zusammengenommen verursachten diese Ionen eine Gesamtinhibition ähnlich derjenigen des Plasmas.
    Notes: Abstract The calcifying activities of biological fluids can be measured,in vitro andin vivo, by their ability to reharden softened blocks of tooth enamel. The activity is expressed in terms of the calcium (and phosphate) concentrations of synthetic calcifying solutions of known concentration and activity. A typical human plasma had an activity corresponding to that of a solution of the following concentration: calcium, 0.70 mM; Ca/P, 1.67 and fluoride, 0.05 mM. The relatively low activity of serums and plasmas was shown to arise from the presence of a number of ionic inhibitors. Pyrophosphate ion is one such inhibitor but cannot account for the major inhibition. Both anionic and cationic inhibitors were shown to be present, with the cations respresenting the major portion. The following ions at their reported physiological concentration were shown to be inhibitors in synthetic systems: P7O 7 4− , HCO 3 − , SiO 4 2− , CrO 4 2− , Mg2+, Zn2+. In combination, these ions caused a total inhibition similar to those for plasmas.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 284-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Pyrophosphate ; Nucleotides ; Adenosine triphosphate ; Transphosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La base de la transphosphorilation entre les nucléotides et l'hydroxyapatite (HA) est explorée. Utilisant un recent modèle de la surface de HA et de la structure de polyphosphates de 2 et 3 parties, une raisonnable explication atomique peut être montrée pour cette réaction. La transphosphorilation a produit un pyrophosphate sur HA qui est différent du pyrophosphate absorbé sur HA de la solution. Les modèles suggèrent que la distinction est dûe à une orientation différente du pyrophosphate sur la surface de HA dépendant de l'origine du pyrophosphate.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Grundlage für die Transphosphorylierung zwischen Nukleotiden und Hydroxy-Apatit (HA) untersucht. Eine plausible atomare Darstellung dieser Reaktion ist möglich, wenn man kürzlich vorgeschlagene Modelle der Oberfläche von HA und der Struktur von zwei- und dreigliedrigen Polyphosphaten benutzt. Man findet dann, daß Transphosphorylierung zu einem Pyrophosphat des HA führt, welches von dem Pyrophosphat, welches HA aus der Lösung absorbiert, unterschieden werden kann. Auf Grund der Modelle kann man annehmen, daß dieser Unterschied auf einer unterschiedlichen Orientierung des Pyrophosphats auf der Oberfläche des HA beruht, welche wiederum von der Herkunft des Pyrophosphats abhängt.
    Notes: Abstract The basis for transphosphorylation between nucleotides and hydroxyapatite (HA) has been explored. Using a recently-proposed model for the surface of HA and the structure of 2- and 3-membered polyphosphates, a reasonable atomic explanation can be shown for this reaction. Transphosphorylation has been found to result in a pyrophosphate on HA which is distinctive from pyrophosphate absorbed onto HA from solution. The models suggest that this distinction is due to a different orientation of the pyrophosphate on the surface of the HA depending on the origin of the pyrophosphate.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 318-326 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteogenesis Imperfecta ; Pyrophosphate ; Magnesium ; Pyrophosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du collagène osseux provenant de fragments d'ostéogenèse imparfaite est un puissant inhibiteur de la calcificationin vitro. Cet effet inhibiteur peut être supprimé par traitement du collagène à la pyrophosphatase en présence d'ions de magnésium. Des concentrations élevées de pyrophosphates inorganiques sérique et urinaire ont été observées chez 28 malades atteints d'ostéogenèse imparfaite. L'administration buccale d'oxyde de magnésium ou de sulfate de magnésium à quatre de ces malades diminue de façon significative la quantité des pyrophosphates sérique et urinaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Knochenkollagen von Osteogenesis imperfecta-Kranken ist ein mächtiger Hemmstoff für die Verkalkung in vitro. Die Inhibition wird durch Behandlung des Kollagens mit Pyrophosphatase in Anwesenheit von Magnesiumionen aufgehoben. Erhöhte Spiegel von anorganischem Pyrophosphat wurden im Urin und im Serum von 28 Kranken mit Osteogenesis imperfecta gefunden. Wurden 4 Patienten mit peroralen Gaben von Magnesiumoxyd oder Magnesiumsulfat behandelt, so verminderte sich der Pyrophosphatspiegel im Serum und im Urin signifikant.
    Notes: Abstract The bone collagen of human osteogenesis imperfecta is a potent inhibitor ofin vitro calcification. The inhibition was removed by treatment of the collagen with pyrophosphate in the presence of magnesium ions. Elevated levels of serum and urinary inorganic pyrophosphate were found in 28 patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. Oral administration of magnesium oxide or magnesium sulfate to four of these patients significantly reduced their serum and urinary levels of pyrophosphate.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Pyrophosphate ; Calcium Phosphate ; Phosphatase ; Crystallization ; Pyrophosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La transformation du phosphate calcique de la forme amorphe en forme cristalline a été étudiéein vitro dans différentes conditions. On a suivi cette transformation en étudiant la variation des paramètres suivants: le pH de la solution et sa teneur en calcium et en phosphate, ainsi que le rapport Ca/P et la courbe de diffraction aux rayons X de la phase solide. Le pyrophosphate inorganique augmente sensiblement le temps nécessaire à cette transformation dans les différentes conditions choisies. Cet effet s'annule lorsqu'on ajoute en plus du pyrophosphate de la phosphatase alcaline intestinale. Les auteurs suggèrent que le pyrophosphate pourrait être l'un des facteurs qui permettent à une partie du minéral de l'os de demeurer dans un état non-cristallin. La phosphatase alcaline de l'os, grâce à son activité pyrophosphatasique, serait capable d'accélérer cette transormationin vivo.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Umwandlung von amorphem in kristallines Calciumphosphat wurdein vitro unter verschiedenen Bedingungen studiert. Diese Umwandlung wurde folgendermaßen verfolgt: einerseits in der Lösung durch Änderung des pH's und des Calcium- und Phosphatgehaltes, andererseits in der soliden Phase durch Änderung des Ca/P-Verhältnisses, sowie des Röntgenstrahlendiffraktionsbildes. Es konnte festgestellt werden, daß unter den verschiedenen Versuchsbedingungen die Anwesenheit von anorganischem Pyrophosphat die zur Umwandlung benötigte Zeit wesentlich verlängert. Wird noch intestinale alkalische Phosphatase zugesetzt, so wird die durch das Pyrophosphat verlängerte Umwandlungszeit aufgehoben. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß Pyrophosphat einer der Faktoren sein kann, der Teile des Knochenminerals in einem nicht kristallinen Zustand verbleiben läßt. Die alkalische Knochen-phosphatase könnte, dank ihrer Pyrophosphataseaktivität, eine Beschleunigung des Umwandlungsprozessesin vivo ermöglichen.
    Notes: Abstract The transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate into its crystalline form has been studiedin vitro under various conditions. The transformation was followed by changes in the pH and in the calcium and phosphate content of the solution and by changes in the Ca/P ratio and x-ray diffraction patterns of the solid phase. It was found that inorganic pyrophosphate markedly increased the time required for the transformation under the various conditions used. The addition of intestinal alkaline phosphatase abolished this retarding effect of pyrophosphate on the transformation. It is proposed that pyrophosphate may be one of the factors that allows part of the bone mineral to persist in a non-crystalline state. The alkaline phosphatase of bone, by virtue of its pyrophosphatase activity, might be able to accelerate the transformation processin vivo.
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