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  • Articles  (186,108)
  • 1995-1999  (186,108)
  • Geosciences  (186,108)
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  • Books  (119)
  • Articles  (186,108)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Damage to coastal villages due to the 1992 Flores Island earthquake tsunami (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 481-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Coastal damage due to tsunamis ; coeismic crustal motion ; aftershock area ; secondary tsunamis by induced landslides ; short arrival time of tsunami ; liquefaction ; sand blow ; relationship between tsunami height and ratio of mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A field survey of the 1992 Flores Island earthquake tsunami was conducted during December 29, 1992 to January 5, 1993 along the north coast of the eastern part of Flores Island. We visited over 40 villages, measured tsunami heights, and interviewed the inhabitants. It was clarified that the first wave attacked the coast within five minutes at most of the surveyed villages. The crust was uplifted west of the Cape of Batumanuk, and subsided east of it. In the residential area of Wuring, which is located on a sand spit with ground height of 2 meters, most wooden houses built on stilts collapsed and 87 people were killed even though the tsunami height reached only 3.2 meters. In the two villages on Babi Island, the tsunami swept away all wooden houses and killed 263 of 1,093 inhabitants. Tsunami height at Riang-Kroko village on the northeastern end of Flores Island reached 26.2 meters and 137 of the 406 inhabitants were killed by the tsumani. Evidence of landslides was detected at a few points on the coast of Hading Bay, and the huge tsunami was probably formed by earthquake-induced landslides. The relationship between tsunami height and mortality was checked for seven villages. The efficiencies of trees arranged in front of coastal villages, and coral reefs in dissipating the tsunami energy are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874380
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laboratory experiments of tsunami runup on a circular island (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 569-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Tsunamis ; tsunami runup ; laboratory experiments ; physical models ; three-dimensional models ; tsunami simulation ; solitary waves ; wavemakers ; tsunami evolution ; instrumentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments of a 7.2-m-diameter conical island were conducted to study three-dimensional tsunami runup. The 62.5-cm tall island had 1 on 4 side slopes and was positioned in the center of a 30-m-wide by 25-m-long flat-bottom basin. Solitary waves with height-to-depth ratios ranging from 0.05 to 0.20 and “source” lengths ranging from 0.30 to 7.14 island diameters were tested in water depths of 32 and 42 cm. Twenty-seven capacitance wave gages were used to measure surface wave elevations at incident and four radial transects on the island slope. Maximum vertical runup measurements were made at 20 locations around the perimeter of the island using rod and transit. A new runup gage was located on the back or lee side of the island to record runup time series.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874384
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field survey of the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki earthquake tsunami (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 649-663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Tsunami ; runup ; arrival time ; edge wave ; Japan Sea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Runup data in Hokkaido and in three prefectures in the Tohoku District are described with a few witnessed arrival times and with comments of tide records. The highest runup of 31.7 m was found at the bottom of a narrow valley on the west coast of Okushiri Island. In order to explain high runups of 20 m at Hamatsumae in the sheltered area, roles of edge waves, refraction of the Okushiri Spur and tsunami generation by causes other than the major fault motion should be understood. An early arrival of the tsunami on the west coast of Hokkaido suggests another tsunami generation mechanism in addition to the major fault motion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874388
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scaling relations for seismic events induced by mining (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 191-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Induced seismicity ; scaling relations ; self-similar behavior ; P- andS-wave corner frequencies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The values of seismic moment andS-wave corner frequency from 1575 seismic events induced in South African, Canadian, Polish, and German underground mines were collected to study their scaling relations. The values ofP-wave corner frequency from 649 events were also available. Seismic moments of these events range from 5*103 to 2*1015 N·m (moment magnitude is from −3.6 to 4.1), theS-wave corner frequency ranges from 0.7 to 4438 Hz, and theP-wave corner frequency is between 5 and 4010 Hz. The slope of a regression line between the logarithm ofS- andP-wave corner frequencies is equal to one, and the corner frequencies ofP waves are higher than those ofS waves on the average by about 25 percent. In studies of large and moderate earthquakes it has been found that stress drop is approximately independent of the seismic moment, which means that seismic moment is inversely proportional to the third power of corner frequency. Such a behavior was confirmed for most of the data considered here. A breakdown in the similarity betwen large and small events seems to occur for the events with moment magnitude below −2.5. The average values of seismic moment referred to the same range of corner frequency, however, are vastly different in various mining areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878631
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of rupture length vs. moment for synthetic earthquakes (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 211-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Mass-spring model ; seismic moment ; earthquake moment ; rupture length ; fractal ; velocity-dependent friction law
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract From the events synthesized from the one-dimensional dynamical mass-spring model proposed byBurridge andKnopoff (1967), the relation between rupture length Δ and earthquake momentM is studied for various model parameters. The earthquake moment is defined to be the total displacement of a connected set of mass elements which slide during an event. A parameter stiffness ratios is defined as the ratio of the spring constant between the two mass elements to that between one mass element and the moving plate. The velocity-dependent friction law (including weakening and hardening processes) is taken to control the sliding of a mass element. The distribution of the breaking strengths over the system is considered to be a fractal function. The cases for severals values and different velocity-dependent friction laws with different decreasing ratesr w of the frictional force with sliding velocity are studied numerically. The weakening process of the frictional force from the static one to the dynamic one obviously affects theM−Δ relation. Meanwhile, a rapid weakening process rather than a slow weakening process can result in aM−Δ relation, which is comparable to the observed one. Although an increase in thes value can yield an increase in the upper bound of the Δ value and the number of events with largeM and Δ values, the scaling of theM−Δ relation is not affected by the change of thes value. For the cases in this study, the theoretical Δ−M relations for small events withM〈1 are almost in the form: Δ∼M 1/2, while those for large events withM〉1 have a scaling exponent less than but close to 1. In addition, the fractal dimension, the friction drop ratio and the roughness of the distribution of the breaking strengths over the fault surface are the minor parameters influencing the Δ−M relation. A comparison between the theoreticalM−Δ relation and the observed one for strike-slip earthquakes shows that for large events the theoreticalM−Δ relation is quite consistent with the observed one, while for small events there is a one-order difference in the two relations. For the one-dimensional model, the decreasing rate of the dynamic frictional force with velocity is the main factor in affecting the characteristic value of the earthquake moment, at which the scaling of theM−Δ relation changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878632
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bayesian probabilities of earthquake occurrences in Greece and surrounding areas (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 307-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Greece ; hazard ; Bayesian probabilities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Bayesian extreme-value distribution of earthquake occurrences has been adopted to estimate the seismic hazard in some seismogenic zones in Greece and surrounding regions. Seismic moment, slip rate, earthquake recurrence rate and magnitude were considered as basic parameters for computing the prior estimates of the seismicity. These estimates are then updated in terms of Bayes' theorem and historical estimates of seismicity associated with each zone. High probabilities for earthquakes withM≥6.0 have been obtained for the northwestern part of Greece as well as for the southwestern part of the Hellenic arc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878637
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical, radiative, and dynamical processes within a nighttime marine stratus cloud (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 321-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Marine stratus ; aircraft observations ; IR cooling ; dynamical and physical processes ; moisture and heat fluxes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations taken by aircraft and conventional platforms are used to investigate dynamical, physical, and radiative processes within a marine stratus cloud during the Canadian Atlantic Storms Program (CASP) II field project which took place over the east coast of Canada. Stratus which formed over the ocean on February 6, 1992 during the nighttime, is studied to analyze cloud top and base processes. The cloud was supercooled during the study period. Fluctuations and fluxes are calculated along constant flight altitude legs approximately 100 km long in space. The scales of structures larger than 5 km are removed from the analysis using a running average technique. Droplet spectra obtained by a forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) were used in a 1-D radiative transfer model to calculate infrared (IR) fluxes and radiative heating rates. A heat conservation equation was used to estimate vertical air velocity (w a ) within the cloud. The results showed that, because of a warmer ocean surface, significant moisture and heat were transferred from the ocean surface to the boundary layer. The cloud base was at about 400 m height and the top was at about 1.4 km.w a at the cloud base was estimated about 5 cm s−1. Strong IR cooling rate at the cloud top was calculated to be 75°C day−1 for a 100 m thick layer. Negative skewness inw a , suggesting narrow downdrafts, was likely due to radiative cooling at the cloud top. The entrainment velocity was found to be about 1.5 cm s−1 at cloud top. Mean moisture and heat fluxes within the cloud were estimated to be comparable to those from the ocean surface. Vertical air velocity at the cloud top due to radiative cooling was found to be about −40 cm s−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878638
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 351-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878639
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis and automatic processing in near-field of eight 1992–1994 tsunamigenic earthquakes: Improvements towards real-time tsunami warning (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 381-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Tsunami ; tsunami earthquakes ; seismic moment ; mantle magnitude
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study eight tsunamigenic earthquakes of 1992–1994 with data from single near-field 3-component long-period stations. The analysis is made from the standpoint of tsunami warning by an automatic process which estimates the epicentral location and the seismic moment through the variable-period mantle magnitudeM m . Simulations of early warning based on the real-time computation of the seismic moment are also tested with this system, which would give a justified warning in each region of tsunami potentiality. By exploiting the dependence of moment rate release with frequency, the system has the capability of recognizing both “tsunami earthquakes” such as the 1992 Nicaragua and 1994 Java events, as well as instances of the opposite case of low-frequency deficiency, interpreted as indicating a deeper than normal source (1993 Guam event). We report both the results of delayed-time processing of the near-field stations, and the actual real-time warnings at PPT, which confirm the former.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874374
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Source parameters of mining-induced seismic events: An evaluation of homogeneous and inhomogeneous faulting models for assessing damage potential (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 145 (1995), S. 3-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Mining-induced seismicity ; faulting models ; peak ground parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Source parameter estimates based on the homogeneous and inhomogeneous source models have been examined for an anomalous sequence of seven mine-induced events located between 640 and 825 m depth at Strathcona mine, Ontario, and having magnitudes ranging betweenm N 0.8 and 2.7. The derived Brune static stress drops were found to be similar to those observed for natural earthquakes (∼30 bars), whereas dynamic stress drops were found to range up to 250–300 bars. Source radii derived from Madariaga's model better fit documented evidence of underground damage. These values of source radii were similar to those observed for the inhomogeneous model. The displacement at the source, based on the observed attenuation relationship, was about 60 mm for three magnitude 2.7 events. This is in agreement with slip values calculated using peak velocities and assuming the asperity as a Brune source within itself (72 mm). By using Madariaga's model for the asperity, the slip was over 3 times larger than observed. Peak velocity and acceleration scaling relations with magnitude were investigated by incorporating available South African data, appropriately reduced to Canadian geophysical conditions. The dynamic stress drop scaled as the square root of the seismic moment, similar to reported results in the literature for crustal earthquakes. This behavior suggests that the size of the asperities responsible for the peak ground motion, with respect to the overall source size, follow distributions that may be similar over a wide range of magnitudes. Measurements of source rupture complexity (ranging from 2 to 4) were found to agree with estimates of overall source to asperity radii, suggesting, together with the observed low rupture velocities (0.3 β to 0.6 β), that the sources were somewhat complex. Validation of source model appropriateness was achieved by direct comparison of the predicted ground motion level to observed underground damage in Creighton mine, located within the same regional stress and geological regime as Strathcona mine. Close to the source (〈100 m), corresponding to relatively higher damage levels, a good agreement was found between the predicted peak particle velocities for the inhomogeneous model and velocities derived based on established geomechanical relationships. The similarity between asperity radii and the regions of the highest observed damage provided additional support for the use of the inhomogeneous source model in the assessment of damage potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879480
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