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  • Wiley-Blackwell
  • American Meteorological Society (AMS)
  • 2005-2009  (46)
  • 1950-1954  (9,876)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-06-22
    Description: In this work, we analyse continuous measurements of microseisms to assess the reliability of the fundamental resonance frequency estimated by means of the horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratio within the 0.1–1 Hz frequency range, using short-period sensors (natural period of 1 s). We apply the H/V technique to recordings of stations installed in two alluvial basins with different sedimentary cover thicknesses—the Lower Rhine Embayment (Germany) and the Gubbio Plain (Central Italy). The spectral ratios are estimated over the time–frequency domain, and we discuss the reliability of the results considering both the variability of the microseism activity and the amplitude of the instrumental noise. We show that microseisms measured by short period sensors allow the retrieval of fundamental resonance frequencies greater than about 0.1–0.2 Hz, with this lower frequency bound depending on the relative amplitude of themicroseism signal and the self-noise of the instruments. In particular,we show an examplewhere the considered short-period sensor is connected to instruments characterized by an instrumental noise level which allows detecting only fundamental frequencies greater than about 0.4 Hz. Since the frequency at which the peak of the H/V spectral ratio is biased depends upon the seismic signal-to-instrument noise ratio, the power spectral amplitude of instrumental self-noise should be always considered when interpreting the frequency of the peak as the fundamental resonance frequency of the investigated site.
    Description: Published
    Description: 175-184
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: site effects ; fourier analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Geochemical investigations have shown that there is a considerable inflow of gas into both crater lakes of Monticchio, Southern Italy. These lakes are located in two maars that formed 140 000 years ago during Mt. Vulture volcano s last eruptive activity. Isotopic analyses suggest that CO2 and helium are of magmatic origin; the latter displays 3He ⁄ 4He isotope ratios similar to those measured in olivines of the maar ejecta. In spite of the fact that the amount of dissolved gases in the water is less than that found in Lake Nyos (Cameroon), both the results obtained and the historical reports studied indicate that these crater lakes could be highly hazardous sites, even though they are located in a region currently considered inactive. This could be of special significance in very popular tourist areas such as the Monticchio lakes, which are visited by about 30 000 people throughout the summer, for the most part on Sundays.
    Description: Published
    Description: 83-87
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: volcanic gases ; gas hazard ; crater lakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On 2009 April 6, the Central Apennines were hit by an Mw = 6.3 earthquake. The region had been shaken since 2008 October by seismic activity that culminated in two foreshocks with Mw 〉 4, 1 week and a few hours before the main shock. We computed seismic moment tensors for 26 events with Mw between 3.9 and 6.3, using the Regional Centroid Moment Tensor (RCMT) scheme. Most of these source parameters have been computed within 1 hr after the earthquake and rapidly revised successively. The focal mechanisms are all extensional, with a variable and sometimes significant strike-slip component. This geometry agrees with the NE–SW extensional deformation of the Apennines, known from previous seismic and geodetic observations. Events group into three clusters. Those located in the southern area have larger centroid depths and a wider distribution of T-axis directions. These differences suggest that towards south a different fault systemwas activated with respect to the SW-dipping normal faults beneath L’Aquila and more to the north.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.1. TTC - Monitoraggio sismico del territorio nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: moment tensor ; seismotectonics ; L'Aquila ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The strong motion data of 2009 April 6 L’Aquila (Central Italy) earthquake (Mw = 6.3) and of 12 aftershocks (4.1 ≤ Mw ≤ 5.6) recorded by 56 stations of the Italian strong motion network are spectrally analysed to estimate the source parameters, the seismic attenuation, and the site amplification effects. The obtained source spectra for S wave have stress drop values ranging from 2.4 to 16.8 MPa, being the stress drop of the main shock equal to 9.2 MPa. The spectral curves describing the attenuation with distance show the presence of shoulders and bumps, mainly around 50 and 150 km, as consequence of significant reflected and refracted arrivals from crustal interfaces. The attenuation in the first 50 km is well described by a quality factor equal to Q( f ) = 59 f 0.56 obtained by fixing the geometrical spreading exponent to 1. Finally, the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio provides unreliable estimates of local site effects for those stations showing large amplifications over the vertical component of motion.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1573–1579
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Generalized inversion ; strong-motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 179 (3). pp. 291-295.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The cartilaginous tubercles of the mantle of the squid Cranchia scabra have been examined with the scanning electron microscope. Some tubercles are small, simple nodules whereas others are large with a complex Maltese cross form. The varying shapes and sizes probably represent a developmental sequence. The possible role of the tubercles is discussed.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 25 (5). pp. 633-650.
    Publication Date: 2017-12-19
    Description: Two cores were recovered in the southeastern part of Lake Shkodra (Montenegro and Albania) and sampled for identification of tephra layers. The first core (SK13, 7.8 m long) was recovered from a water depth of 7 m, while the second core (SK19, 5.8 m long) was recovered close to the present-day shoreline (water depth of 2 m). Magnetic susceptibility investigations show generally low values with some peaks that in some cases are related to tephra layers. Naked-eye inspection of the cores allowed the identification of four tephra layers in core SK13 and five tephra layers in core SK19. Major element analyses on glass shards and mineral phases allowed correlation of the tephra layers between the two cores, and their attribution to six different Holocene explosive eruptions of southern Italy volcanoes. Two tephra layers have under-saturated composition of glass shards (foiditic and phonolitic) and were correlated to the AD 472 and the Avellino (ca. 3.9 cal. ka BP) eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius. One tephra layer has benmoreitic composition and was correlated to the FL eruption of Mount Etna (ca. 3.4 cal. ka BP). The other three tephra layers have trachytic composition and were correlated to Astroni (ca. 4.2 cal. ka BP), Agnano Monte Spina (ca. 4.5 cal. ka BP) and Agnano Pomici Principali (ca. 12.3 cal. ka BP) eruptions of Campi Flegrei. The ages of tephra layers are in broad agreement with eight 14C accelerator mass spectrometric measurements carried out on plant remains and charcoal from the lake sediments at different depths along the two cores. The recognition of distal tephra layers from Italian volcanoes allowed the physical link of the Holocene archive of Lake Shkodra to other archives located in the central Mediterranean area and the Balkans (i.e. Lake Ohrid). Five of the recognised tephra layers were recognised for the first time in the Balkans area, and this has relevance for volcanic hazard assessment and for ash dispersal forecasting in case of renewed explosive activity from some of the southern Italy volcanoes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 7
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 24 (5). pp. 437-449.
    Publication Date: 2018-05-15
    Description: This paper presents a temperature reconstruction of the past 1000 years for Central Europe, based on chronological records. The advantages and limitations of this hermeneutic, text-based approach are discussed and the statistic methodology is introduced. Historical documents represent direct observation of weather and atmospheric conditions with highest temporal resolution available and precise dating. A major advantage of these extensive data is that they allow the reconstruction of large numbers of variables such as winter temperature, precipitation, pressure patterns or climate extremes as well as floods or storms. Within this hermeneutic climatological research approach, even human impacts and social dimensions of climate development can be examined. In order to quantify the historical information, statistical methods are applied, based on an index approach.
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  • 8
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 170 (4). pp. 451-462.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The dry weight and the crest length of the upper and lower beak, the length of the radula ribbon, the average width of the base of the six proximal and distal rachidian teeth as well as the total number of these teeth have all been related to the live body weight of octopuses between 1.1 and 4440 g. From any one of these parameters it is possible to estimate the size and approximate age of the animal.
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  • 9
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 181 (4). pp. 527-559.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Features of the brain of this oceanic squid have been investigated and related, as far as possible, to its habits and mode of life. The body and arms are much vacuolated for buoyancy and the animal probably lives with the head upwards. The very long whip-like tentacles are not vacuolated and perhaps hang downwards. They are covered by numerous minute pedunculated suckers, perhaps providing a sticky surface. A special nerve running outside the brain carries signals from the arms and tentacles to the magnocellular lobe, which is very large and of complex structure. However, there are no giant cells and the mantle is weak. Propulsion is mainly by the large fins, which are controlled from the magnocellular lobe, presumably using the information from the arms and tentacles.
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  • 10
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 158 (4). pp. 475-483.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: An automatic food dispenser was designed for use with Octopus vulgaris Lamarck. One live crab was delivered each time the octopus pulled a white shape attached to the dispenser. The apparatus provided a continuous record of the time and frequency of feeding over periods of up to 15 days.
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  • 11
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 188 (1). pp. 53-67.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The movements of the isolated buccal mass of Octopus vulgaris have been investigated. The beaks undergo rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of applied stimulation and after electrical stimulation of the inter-buccal connective. Initial opening, closing, retraction and re-opening phases of movement are described. This cycle of movements is taken to resemble those in the intact animal. Anatomical and electrical evidence identifies the superior mandibular muscle as being partly responsible for the closing and retraction phases of movement. The inferior buccal ganglion determines the sequence of these buccal movements, but modification by sensory feed-back from the musculature is also implied. The preparation will allow a closer comparison of the control of movement in cephalopods and gastropods.
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  • 12
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 179 (1). pp. 19-83.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Taonius megalops is a neutrally buoyant oceanic squid, very different in form when young and old. The young, has a round, sac-like mantle and relatively long tentacles, while the adult has an elongated cone-like mantle and relatively short tentacles. The transition in shape and form is gradual and has been followed in animals of between 3 and 180 mm dorsal mantle length. Statistical tests on various parameters investigated, both external and internal, revealed good correlation with the dorsal mantle length and confirmed the descriptions of the development of the chromatophores and subocular light organs with growth. It was concluded that these animals, captured in the Atlantic Ocean, all belonged to the species T. megalops Prosch 1849. This study has permitted us to suggest a tentative outline of the life cycle, although no adults were present in the material available.
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  • 13
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 202 (3). pp. 441-447.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: A crab which has been captured and paralysed by an octopus but retrieved 1 1/2 min later cannot at first be pulled apart by the experimenter: 27 min later it can be dismembered easily. This demonstrates that there is external digestion when Octopus vulgaris feeds upon crabs. However, it is strictly limited at this stage to the arthrodial membrane and the musculo-skeletal attachment mechanisms as the exoskeleton separates at the joints allowing the muscles to be drawn out of the appendages. And yet, two hours after capture, pieces of crab meat are still recognizable in the octopus's stomach. The process of paralysing and cleaning a crab was noticeably slowed after the surgical removal of the radula, salivary papilla or the lateral buccal palps.
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  • 14
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 150 (1). pp. 1-9.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The changes in body weight of 12 octopuses, fed on fish or crabs, were followed under laboratory conditions for periods of 1 to 7 1/2 months. The food intake was estimated and compared with the changes in body weight of the octopuses; 25 to 55% of the total intake of food appeared to be incorporated. The range of the average increase in weight over the whole observation period of each of the animals was 1.9 to 7.7g per day (1 to 7 1/2 months); the mean value was 4.8g per day. The effect of changing the diet of small octopuses (fish or crab)was followed for four weeks but there was no evidence that alteration of the diet affected the rate of changes in body weight of animals of more than 47g initial body weight.
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  • 15
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 186 (1). pp. 95-108.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Reproductive mechanisms in the seven species of the thecosomatous pteropod genus Limacina are described and compared. All species are protandrous hermaphrodites. Five species–L. bulimoides, L. helicina, L. lesueuri, L. retroversa and L. trochiformis–have a similar reproductive anatomy in which the gonoduct leading from the gonad to the common genital pore functions as a seminal vesicle in the male and is elaborated into mucous and albumen glands in the female. The male system consists of a prostate gland and penis connected to the common genital pore by an external ciliary tract. All five species have a free-swimming veliger stage which hatches from free-floating egg masses. Limacina helicoides has the same reproductive anatomy but is ovoviviparous, with embryos retained in capsules in the mucous gland until they are juveniles of 50 mm in shell diameter. Limacina inflata lacks mucous and albumen glands and a penis; a spermatophore formed by the prostate gland is used in aphallic sperm transfer. This species exhibits brood protection with un-encapsulated embryos retained in the mantle cavity until they are released as veligers measuring 0067 mm in diameter. L. inflata is the most abundant of the seven species despite lowered fecundity; reasons for its ecological success are discussed.
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  • 16
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  In: Biofouling. , ed. by Dürr, S. and Thomason, J. Wiley-Blackwell, Weinheim, pp. 73-86. ISBN 978-1-4051-6926-4
    Publication Date: 2012-02-23
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2020-07-27
    Description: Understanding the influence of growth temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) on seed quality in terms of seed composition, subsequent seedling emergence and early seedling vigour is important under present and future climates. The objective of this study was to determine the combined effects of elevated temperature and CO2 during seed-filling of parent plants on seed composition, subsequent seedling emergence and seedling vigour of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Plants of cultivar ‘Montcalm’, were grown at daytime maximum/nighttime minimum sinusoidal temperature regimes of 28/18 and 34/24 °C at ambient CO2 (350 μmol mol−1) and at elevated CO2 (700 μmol mol−1) from emergence to maturity. Seed size and seed composition at maturity and subsequent per cent emergence, early seedling vigour (rate of development) and seedling dry matter production were measured. Elevated CO2 did not influence seed composition, emergence, or seedling vigour of seeds produced either at 28/18 or 34/24 °C. Seed produced at 34/24 °C had smaller seed size, decreased glucose concentration, but significantly increased concentrations of sucrose and raffinose compared to 28/18 °C. Elevated growth temperatures during seed production decreased the subsequent per cent emergence and seedling vigour of the seeds and seedling dry matter production of seed produced either at ambient or elevated CO2.
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  • 18
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Fish Biology, 75 (5). pp. 960-996.
    Publication Date: 2015-09-14
    Description: Absolute barriers to dispersal are not common in marine systems, and the prevalence of planktonic larvae in marine taxa provides potential for gene flow across large geographic distances. These observations raise the fundamental question in marine evolutionary biology as to whether geographic and oceanographic barriers alone can account for the high levels of species diversity observed in marine environments such as coral reefs, or whether marine speciation also operates in the presence of gene flow between diverging populations. In this respect, the ecological hypothesis of speciation, in which reproductive isolation results from divergent or disruptive natural selection, is of particular interest because it may operate in the presence of gene flow. Although important insights into the process of ecological speciation in aquatic environments have been provided by the study of freshwater fishes, comparatively little is known about the possibility of ecological speciation in marine teleosts. In this study, the evidence consistent with different aspects of the ecological hypothesis of speciation is evaluated in marine fishes. Molecular approaches have played a critical role in the development of speciation hypotheses in marine fishes, with a role of ecology suggested by the occurrence of sister clades separated by ecological factors, rapid cladogenesis or the persistence of genetically and ecologically differentiated species in the presence of gene flow. Yet, ecological speciation research in marine fishes is still largely at an exploratory stage. Cases where the major ingredients of ecological speciation, namely a source of natural divergent or disruptive selection, a mechanism of reproductive isolation and a link between the two have been explicitly documented are few. Even in these cases, specific predictions of the ecological hypothesis of speciation remain largely untested. Recent developments in the study of freshwater fishes illustrate the potential for molecular approaches to address specific questions related to the ecological hypothesis of speciation such as the nature of the genes underlying key ecological traits, the magnitude of their effect on phenotype and the mechanisms underlying their differential expression in different ecological contexts. The potential provided by molecular studies is fully realized when they are complemented with alternative (e.g. ecological, theoretical) approaches.
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  • 19
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  In: Biofouling. , ed. by Dürr, S. and Thomason, J. Wiley-Blackwell, Weinheim, pp. 100-108. ISBN 978-1-4051-6926-4
    Publication Date: 2012-02-23
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2016-06-29
    Description: Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of the 〈2mm sediment fraction was carried out on 1257 samples (from the seafloor and 16 cores) from the Iceland shelf west of 188 W. All but one core (B997-347PC) were from transects along troughs on theNW to N-central shelf, an area that in modern and historic times has been affected by drift ice. The paper focuses on the non-clay mineralogy of the sediments (excluding calcite and volcanic glass). Quartz and potassium feldspars occupy similar positions in an R-mode principal component analysis, and oligoclase feldspar tracks quartz; these minerals are used as a proxy for ice-rafted detritus (IRD). Accordingly, the sum of these largely foreign minerals (Q&K) (to Icelandic bedrock) is used as a proxy for drift ice. A stacked, equi-spaced 100 a record is developed which shows both low-frequency trends and higher-frequency events. The detrended stacked record compares well with the flux of quartz (mg cm-2 a-1) at MD99-2269 off N Iceland. The multi-taper method indicated that there are three significant frequencies at the 95% confidence level with periods of ca. 2500, 445 and 304 a. Regime shift analysis pinpoints intervals when there was a statistically significant shift in the average Q&K weight %, and identifies four IRDrich events separated by intervals with lower inputs. There is some association between peaks of IRD input, less dense surface waters (from d18O data on planktonic foraminifera) and intervals of moraine building.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2017-09-14
    Description: An experimental study was performed to disentangle parental and environmental effects on the growth of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua larvae and juveniles. Eggs were collected during the spawning season from spawning pairs (families) kept separately in specially designed spawning compartments. Newly hatched larvae were released simultaneously into two mesocosms of 2500 and 4400 m3. Larval growth was monitored by sampling over a 10 week period, after which juveniles were transferred to on-growing tanks, where they were tagged and kept for up to 2 years. Maternal origin was determined by individual microsatellite genotyping of the larvae (n = 3949, 24 families) and juveniles (n = 600). The results showed significant positive correlations between egg size and larval size during the whole mesocosm period. Correlations, however, weakened with time and were no longer significant at the first tank-rearing sampling at an age of 9 months. Significant family-specific differences in growth were observed. The coefficient of variation (c.v.) was calculated in order to examine variation in standard length of larvae during the mesocosm period. Inter-family c.v. was on average 69% of intra-family c.v. Differences in zooplankton densities between the two mesocosms were reflected in larval growth, condition factor and c.v. Low food abundance appeared to reduce c.v. and favour growth of larvae that showed relatively slow growth at high food abundance. It is suggested that genetically determined variation in growth potential is maintained by environmental variability.
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  • 22
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  International Journal of Climatology, 29 (12). pp. 1731-1744.
    Publication Date: 2020-03-19
    Description: The annual cycle of extreme 1-day precipitation events across the UK is investigated by developing a statistical model and fitting it to data from 689 rain gauges. A generalized extreme-value distribution (GEV) is fit to the time series of monthly maxima, across all months of the year simultaneously, by approximating the annual cycles of the location and scale parameters by harmonic functions, while keeping the shape parameter constant throughout the year. We average the shape parameter of neighbouring rain gauges to decrease parameter uncertainties, and also interpolate values of all model parameters to give complete coverage of the UK. The model reveals distinct spatial patterns for the estimated parameters. The annual mean of the location and scale parameter is highly correlated with orography. The annual cycle of the location parameter is strong in the northwest UK (peaking in late autumn or winter) and in East Anglia (where it peaks in late summer), and low in the Midlands. The annual cycle of the scale parameter exhibits a similar pattern with strongest amplitudes in East Anglia. The spatial patterns of the annual cycle phase suggest that they are linked to the dominance of frontal precipitation for generating extreme precipitation in the west and convective precipitation in the southeast of the UK. The shape parameter shows a gradient from positive values in the east to negative values in some areas of the west. We also estimate 10-year and 100-year return levels at each rain gauge, and interpolated across the UK.
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  • 23
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 210 (1). pp. 137-147.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Epipelagic pterotracheid heteropods and young cranchiid squids rely primarily on transparency for concealment; yet they have opaque structures, the eyes and visceral organs that compose the visceral nuclei, which can only be camouflaged in other ways. These two groups have achieved convergent solutions to this problem. The visceral nucleus has a narrow and conical shape and a covering layer of iridophores that lies parallel to the surface of the organ. The eyes also have iridophore layers and tapered shapes. A minimal ventral silhouette results when the long axes of the visceral nucleus and eyes are oriented vertically, with the narrowest ends directed downward. In pterotracheids, this is actively achieved by tilting the nucleus and eyes and flexing the body and proboscis. In cranchiids, tilting of the organs alone suffices and adjustments are accomplished much more rapidly than in the pterotracheids.
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2016-07-28
    Description: Coccoliths were studied from the ODP Hole 1002C and core PL07-39PC in the Cariaco Basin. Increases in Emiliania huxleyi are synchronous with decreases of Gephyrocapsa oceanica and vice versa. A new index (GEX) based on the relative abundances of these two taxa is proposed, and correlates with various other proxies. It is shown that GEX can serve as upwelling proxy. This confirms that the Intertropical Convergence Zone shifted north during the Bølling/Allerød, south during the Younger Dryas and back north during the Preboreal. The upwelling proxy shows few discrepancies with the terrigenous record.
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  • 25
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 207 (4). pp. 511-519.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: A study of the diet of Sepia officinalis and S. elegans in the Ria de Vigo has shown that crustaceans are the most abundant prey in both species, followed by fish. Changes in the food composition of both species occur with growth. The type of prey eaten by the two sexes of these species is very similar. The possibility of trophic competition between juveniles of S. qficinalis and S. elegans is discussed.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2019-09-11
    Description: To investigate and disentangle the role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐based ‘good genes' and ‘compatible genes' in mate choice, three‐spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus with specific MHC IIB genotypes were allowed to reproduce in an outdoor enclosure system. Here, fish were protected from predators but encountered their natural parasites. Mate choice for an intermediate genetic distance between parental MHC genotypes was observed, which would result in intermediate diversity in the offspring, but no mate choice based on good genes was found under the current semi‐natural conditions. Investigation of immunological variables revealed that the less‐specific innate immune system was more active in individuals with a genetically more divergent MHC allele repertoire. This suggests the need to compensate for an MHC‐diminished T‐cell repertoire and potentially explains the observed mate choice for intermediate MHC genetic distance. The present findings support a general pattern of mate choice for intermediate MHC diversity (i.e. compatible genes). In addition, the potentially dynamic role of MHC good genes in mate choice under different parasite pressures is discussed in the light of present and previous results.
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  • 27
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Fish Biology, 75 . pp. 290-294.
    Publication Date: 2017-09-14
    Description: Individual behaviour of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in the presence of hypoxic water was measured in situ in the vertically stratified Bornholm Basin of the Baltic Sea. Considering all recaptured individuals, the use of hypoxic habitat was comparable to data derived by traditional survey data, but some G. morhua had migrated towards the centre of the c.100 m deep basin and spent about a third of their time at oxygen saturation 〈50%, possibly to forage on zoobenthos. Maximal residence time per visit in such hypoxic water was limited to a few hours, allowing for the digestion of consumed prey items in waters with sufficient dissolved oxygen.
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2020-03-20
    Description: Speciation and the maintenance of recently diverged species has been subject of intense research in evolutionary biology for decades. Although the concept of ecological speciation has been accepted, its mechanisms and genetic bases are still under investigation. Here, we present a mechanism for speciation that is orchestrated and strengthened by parasite communities acting on polymorphic genes of the immune system. In vertebrates, these genes have a pleiotropic role with regard to parasite resistance and mate choice. In contrasting niches, parasite communities differ and thus the pools of alleles of the adapted major histocompatibility complex (MHC) also differ between niches. Mate choice for the best‐adapted MHC genotype will favour local adaptations and will accelerate separation of both populations: thus immune genes act as pleiotropic speciation genes –‘magic traits’. This mechanism should operate not only in sympatric populations but also under allopatry or parapatry. Each individual has a small subset of the many MHC alleles present in the population. If all individuals could have all MHC alleles from the pool, MHC‐based adaptation is neither necessary nor possible. However, the typically small optimal individual number of MHC loci thus enables MHC‐based speciation. Furthermore, we propose a new mechanism selecting against species hybrids. Hybrids are expected to have super‐optimal individual MHC diversity and should therefore suffer more from parasites in all habitats.
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  • 29
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    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 23 (1). pp. 3-20.
    Publication Date: 2017-04-06
    Description: Investigations indicate that the Iceland Ice Sheet was reduced in size during MIS 3 but readvanced to the shelf break at the LGM. Retreat occurred very rapidly around 15 k–16 k cal. yr BP. By contrast, the margin of the ice sheet on the East Greenland shelf, north of the Denmark Strait, was at or close to the shelf break during MIS 3 and 2 and retreat starting ∼17 k cal. yr BP. Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of the 〈2 mm sediment fraction was undertaken on 161 samples from Iceland and East Greenland diamictons, and from cores on the slopes and margins of the Denmark Strait. Weight% mineralogical data are used in a principal component analysis to differentiate sediments derived from the two margins. The first two PC axes explain 52% of the variance. These associations are used to characterise sediments as being affiliated with (a) Iceland, (b) East Greenland or (c) mixed. The contribution from Iceland becomes prominent during MIS 2. The extensive outcrop of early Tertiary basalts on East Greenland between 68° and 71° N is an alternative source for basaltic clasts and North Atlantic sediments with εNd(0) values close to ±0.
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: Myrionecta rubra, a ubiquitous planktonic ciliate, has received much attention due to its wide distribution, occurrence as a red tide organism, and unusual cryptophyte endosymbiont. Although well studied in coastal waters, M. rubra is poorly examined in the open ocean. In the Irminger Basin, North Atlantic, the abundance of M. rubra was 0–5 cells/ml, which is low compared with that found in coastal areas. Distinct patchiness (100 km) was revealed by geostatistical analysis. Multiple regression indicated there was little relationship between M. rubra abundance and a number of environmental factors, with the exception of temperature and phytoplankton biomass, which influenced abundance in the spring. We also improve on studies that indicate distinct size classes of M. rubra; we statistically recognise four significantly distinct width classes (5–16, 12–23, 18–27, 21–33 μm), which decrease in abundance with increasing size. A multinomial logistic regression revealed the main variable correlated with this size distribution was ambient nitrate concentration. Finally, we propose a hypothesis for the distribution of sizes, involving nutrients, feeding, and dividing of the endosymbiont.
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2017-01-31
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A visible tephra horizon in the NGRIP ice core has been identified by geochemical analysis as the Fugloyarbanki Tephra, a widespread marker horizon in marine cores from the Faroe Islands area and the northern North Atlantic. An age of 26 740 ± 390 yr b2k (1s uncertainty) is derived for this tephra according to the new Greenland Ice Core Chronology (GICC05) based on multiparameter counting of annual layers. Detection of this tephra for the first time within the NGRIP ice core provides a key tie-point between marine and ice-core records during the transition between MIS 3 and 2. Identification of this volcanic event within the Greenland records demonstrates the future potential of using tephrochronology to precisely correlate palaeoarchives in widely separated localities that span the last glacial period, as well as providing a potential method for examining the extent of the radiocarbon marine reservoir effect at this time.
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  • 33
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    In:  In: Microbial Ecology of the Oceans. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, pp. 383-441. 2. Edition ISBN 978-0-470-04344-8
    Publication Date: 2019-12-06
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  • 34
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    In:  Fish and Fisheries, 9 (4). pp. 450-461.
    Publication Date: 2016-12-13
    Description: Archived scales and otoliths constitute a unique source of DNA that potentially enables extension of the temporal scale of genetic studies of fish populations by decades and even centuries. We review recent insights into fish population and conservation genetics obtained using analysis of DNA from archived samples. This involves both new knowledge about demographic parameters and population structure in wild populations and insights into consequences of anthropogenic pressure resulting from over-harvesting, habitat degradation and stocking. We show that the latter category of studies have led to significant changes of management practices. Ongoing improvement of genetic methods will undoubtedly further expand the ability to utilize historical DNA samples. We envisage that temporal comparisons of large numbers of coding genes will lead to novel insights into selective responses of fish populations to anthropogenic challenges, particularly fisheries-induced selection and global warming. However, both acquisition and storage of historical DNA samples can be hurdles to temporal genetic analyses, while degradation and low copy number in historical DNA samples render genetic data from such sources prone to technical artefacts. We summarize recommendations for storage of samples and DNA extraction and provide checklists for validation of genotyping results. Finally, we stress that validation procedures also involve documentation of the time and population of origin of historical samples, and the inferences drawn should account for the technical and statistical uncertainties associated with historical DNA analysis.
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  • 35
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    In:  Oikos, 117 (5). pp. 754-762.
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
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  • 36
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    In:  Marine Ecology, 28 (1). pp. 152-159.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-14
    Description: Meiobenthos densities and higher taxon composition were studied in an active gas seepage area at depths from 182 to 252 m in the submarine Dnieper Canyon located in the northwestern part of the Black Sea. The meiobenthos was represented by Ciliata, Foraminifera, Nematoda, Polychaeta, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Amphipoda, and Acarina. Also present in the sediment samples were juvenile stages of Copepoda and Cladocera which may be of planktonic origin. Nematoda and Foraminifera were the dominant groups. The abundance of the meiobenthos varied between 2397 and 52,593 ind.·m−2. Maximum densities of Nematoda and Foraminifera were recorded in the upper sediment layer of a permanent H2S zone at depths from 220 to 250 m. This dense concentration of meiobenthos was found in an area where intense methane seeps were covered by methane-oxidizing microbial mats. Results suggest that methane and its microbial oxidation products are the factors responsible for the presence of a highly sulfidic and biologically productive zone characterized by specially adapted benthic groups. At the same time, an inverse correlation was found between meiofauna densities and methane concentrations in the uppermost sediment layers. The hypothesis is that the concentration of Nematoda and Foraminifera within the areas enriched with methane is an ecological compromise between the food requirements of these organisms and their adaptations to the toxic H2S.
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  • 37
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    In:  Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, 45 (12). pp. 1072-1075.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-15
    Description: Diosmetin, 5,7,3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone shows chemopreventive, antimutagenic, and antiallergic effects. On the other hand, chrysoeriol, 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone induced nodABC-lacZ in Rhizobium meliloti. Both of them belong to hydroxymethoxy- flavones. One major difference between diosmetin and chrysoeriol is the substituted position of hydroxyl and methoxyl groups. In order to elucidate the relationships between their structures and activity, one of the first things to be done is the determination of their structures. However, most flavones occur widely in nature, and thus it is difficult to obtain in sufficient amounts from natural sources to identify their structures. Assignments of NMR data of several hydroxymethoxyflavones may help us to identify novel flavonoid compounds isolated from natural sources based on their NMR experiments. Therefore, we report here the complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR data of 13 hydroxymethoxyflavones.
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2015-09-01
    Description: Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a high spatial resolution analytical method which has been applied to the analysis of silicic tephras. With current instrumentation, around 30 trace elements can be determined from single glass shards as small as ∼ 40 µm, separated from tephra deposits. As a result of element fractionation during the ablation process using a 266 nm laser, a relatively complex calibration strategy is required. Nonetheless, such a strategy gives analyses which are accurate (typically within ±5%) and have an analytical precision which varies from ∼ ±2% at 100 ppm, to ∼ ±15% at 1 ppm. Detection limits for elements used in correlation and discrimination studies are well below 1 ppm. Examples of the application of trace element analysis by LA-ICP-MS in tephra studies are presented from the USA, New Zealand and the Mediterranean. Improvements in instrumental sensitivity in recent years have the potential to lower detection limits and improve analytical precision, thus allowing the analysis of smaller glass shards from more distal tephras. Laser systems operating at shorter wavelengths (e.g. 193 nm) are now more widely available, and produce a much more controllable ablation in glasses than 266 nm lasers. Crater sizes of 〈10 µm are easily achieved, and at 193 nm many of the elemental fractionation issues which mar longer wavelengths are overcome. By coupling a short wavelength laser to a modern ICP-MS it should be possible to determine the trace element composition of glass shards as small as 20 µm and, providing sample preparation issues can be overcome, the determination of the more abundant trace elements in glass shards as small as 10 µm is within instrumental capabilities. This will make it possible to chemically fingerprint tephra deposits which are far from their sources, and will greatly extend the range over which geochemical correlation of tephras can be undertaken.
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2020-04-28
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2017-10-05
    Description: Natural communities are constantly changing due to a variety of interacting external processes and the temporal occurrence and intensity of these processes can have important implications for the diversity and structure of marine sessile assemblages. In this study, we investigated the effects of temporal variation in a disturbance regime, as well as the specific timing of events within different regimes, on the composition and diversity of marine subtidal fouling assemblages. We did this in a multi-factorial experiment using artificial settlement tiles deployed at two sites on the North East coast of England. We found that although there were significant effects of disturbances on the composition of assemblages, there were no effects of either the variation in the disturbance regime or the specific timing of events on the diversity or assemblage composition at either site. In contrast to recent implications we conclude that in marine fouling assemblages, the variability in disturbance regimes (as a driving force) is unimportant, while disturbance itself is an important force for structuring robust ecosystems.
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2017-12-19
    Description: This paper presents an event stratigraphy based on data documenting the history of vegetation cover, lake-level changes and fire frequency, as well as volcanic eruptions, over the Last Glacial–early Holocene transition from a terrestrial sediment sequence recovered at Lake Accesa in Tuscany (north-central Italy). On the basis of an age–depth model inferred from 13 radiocarbon dates and six tephra horizons, the Oldest Dryas–Bølling warming event was dated to ca. 14 560 cal. yr BP and the Younger Dryas event to ca. 12 700–11 650 cal. yr BP. Four sub-millennial scale cooling phases were recognised from pollen data at ca. 14 300–14 200, 13 900–13 700, 13 400–13 100 and 11 350–11 150 cal. yr BP. The last three may be Mediterranean equivalents to the Older Dryas (GI-1d), Intra-Allerød (GI-1b) and Preboreal Oscillation (PBO) cooling events defined from the GRIP ice-core and indicate strong climatic linkages between the North Atlantic and Mediterranean areas during the last Termination. The first may correspond to Intra-Bølling cold oscillations registered by various palaeoclimatic records in the North Atlantic region. The lake-level record shows that the sub-millennial scale climatic oscillations which punctuated the last deglaciation were associated in central Italy with different successive patterns of hydrological changes from the Bølling warming to the 8.2 ka cold reversal. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 42
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    In:  Geofluids, 6 . pp. 241-250. Date online first: 2006
    Publication Date: 2017-08-02
    Description: Groundwater seeps are known to occur in Eckernförde Bay, Baltic Sea. Their discharge rate and dispersion were investigated with a new schlieren technique application, which is able to visualize heterogeneous water parcels with density anomalies down to Drt ¼ 0.049 on the scale of millimeters. With the use of an inverted funnel, discharged fluids can be captured and the outflow velocity can be determined. Overall, 46 stations could be categorized by three different cases: active vent sites, seep-influenced sites, and non-seep sites. New seep locations were discovered, even at shallow near-shore sites, lacking prominent sediment depression, which indicate submarine springs. The detection of numerous seeps was possible and the groundwater-influenced area was defined to be approximately 6.3 km2. Flow rates of between 0.05 and 0.71 l m)2 min)1 were measured. A single focused fluid plume, which was not disturbed by the funnel was recorded and revealed a flux of 59.6 ± 20 ml cm)2 min)1 and it was calculated that this single focused plume would be strong enough to produce a flow rate through the funnel of 1.32 ± 0.44 l m)2 min)1. The effect of different seep-meter funnel sizes is discussed.
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  • 43
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    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 21 (6). pp. 645-675.
    Publication Date: 2018-10-22
    Description: Intra‐plate volcanism in western Europe shows statistically significant episodicity during the Quaternary period. By comparing the known ages for eruptions in France and Germany, which are compiled here, with a composite oxygen isotope record, we have investigated the link between this episodic volcanism and the climate record over the last two million years. We show that increased volcanism between 415–400 ka and 17–5 ka correlates with warming phases at the end of the last Weichselian (Devensian) and earlier Elsterian (Anglian) glacial stages. The three significant caldera explosions in the eastern Eifel, Germany, are all associated with warming phases at the onset of interglacials. The growth and decay of nearby ice sheets suggest that surface changes in continental mass distribution during glacial Milankovich cycles could provide a mechanism for this correlation by means of the distal effects of flexural loading on the lithosphere.
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  • 44
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    In:  Journal of Fish Biology, 67 . pp. 1585-1602.
    Publication Date: 2017-09-14
    Description: The seasonal growth trajectories of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar juveniles by age group within the Margaree River, Canada, are described. Circuli counts from scales were used to infer growth rates at different ages and these were used to predict the proportions of age 2‐ and 3‐year old smolts from different portions of the watershed. In the wild Atlantic salmon juveniles from the Margaree River, there was no bimodality in fork length frequencies and no 1 year old smolts were produced. Water temperature differences during the growing season were insufficient to explain the differences in growth rates and size at age among the sites sampled. There was a positive association between the growth rate in the first year and the subsequent age at smoltification. In the Margaree River, differences in tributary specific growth rates and size at age were expected to produce important differences in the relative ages at smoltification.
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2017-09-14
    Description: An analysis of mass (M) and standard length (LS) data for larval, juvenile and adult sprat (Sprattus sprattus; Clupeidae) revealed marked changes in the allometric scaling factor (b in inline image). For sprat 〈44 mm LS, b was 5·0, whereas in larger juveniles and adults, b was c. 3·4 indicating a relatively protracted metamorphic period for this species.
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2017-01-31
    Description: Human activities have differentially altered biogeochemical cycling at local, regional and global scales. We propose that a stoichiometric approach, examining the fluxes of multiple elements and the ratio between them, may be a useful tool for better understanding human effects on ecosystem processes and services. The different scale of impacts of the elements carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus and the different nature of their biogeochemical cycles, imply a large variation of their stoichiometric ratios in space and time and thus divergent impacts on biota. In this paper, we examine the effects of anthropogenic perturbations on nutrient ratios in ecosystems in two examples and one case study. Altered stoichiometry in agricultural systems (example 1) can affect not only crop yield and quality but also the interactions between plants and their pollinators, pests and pathogens. Human activities have also altered stoichiometry in coastal ecosystems (example 2). Increased N loading has especially lead to increased N:P and reduced Si:N ratios, with detrimental effects on ecosystem services derived from coastal pelagic food webs, such as fish yield and water quality. The terrestrial–aquatic linkage in stoichiometric alterations is illustrated with a case study, the Mississippi River watershed, where anthropogenic activities have caused stoichiometric changes that have propagated through the watershed into the northern Gulf of Mexico. Coupled with altered stoichiometric nutrient inputs are the inherent differences in variation and sensitivity of different ecosystems to anthropogenic disturbance. Furthermore, the connections among the components of a watershed may result in downstream cascades of disrupted functioning. Applying a multiple element perspective to understanding and addressing societal needs is a new direction for both ecological stoichiometry and sustainability.
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 40-40 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 48
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 17-19 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 49
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 19-20 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 50
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 28-29 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 51
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 72-74 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 52
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 30-37 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 53
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. I 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 54
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Theory of Chemical Polarisation during Solution, Separation and Overstressing of MetalsIt was shown that the appearance of surface layers is an essential factor in the chemical polarisation which occurs during the solution, separation, overstressing, inhibitory action, polishing and passivity of metals. The surface layers exercise a restraining effect on the adjustment of the equilibrium of association. These layers are to be found on practically all metals and even in solutions which are capable of dissolving the material of which the layers are composed. They are created by a slowing down in the speed of the diffusion of the ions necessary for the dissolving of the metal in relation to the more rapid formation of layers on the surface of the metal. Such surface layers differ from the usual macromolecular surface layers, such as oxides or scale, rust, salts, etc., in their solubility. Their formation continues at a very high reproductive rate, even though the top layers are removed, and they form an indication of the behaviour of the metal in solutions after it has been subjected to suitable preliminary treatment. In contra-distinction to the irreversible macro-molecular surface layers, the afore-mentioned layers can be regarded as being reversible micro-molecular coverings.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß das Auftreten von Deckschichten ein wesentlicher Faktor bei der chemischen Polarisation, bei der Auflösung oder Abscheidung von Metallen, bei der Überspannung, Inhibitorwirkung, Glanzwirkung und Passivität ist. Die Deckschichten bewirken eine Hemmung der Gleichgewichtseinstellung. Sie sind auf praktisch allen Metallen und selbst in solchen Lösungen vorhanden, die an sich befähigt wären, die Deckschichtsubstanz aufzulösen. Sie entstehen durch eine geringere Geschwindigkeit des Diffusionsvorgangs, der für die Metallauflösung erforderlichen Ionen im Vergleich zur schnelleren Deckschichtenbildung unmittelbar auf der Metalloberfläche. Derartige Deckschichten unterscheiden sich wesentlich von den bekannten makromolekularen Deckschichten wie Oxyd- oder Zunderschichten, Rost, Salzschichten usw. durch ihre verschiedene Löslichkeit. Sie bilden sich selbst nach ihrer Entfernung immer wieder und zwar sehr gut reproduzierbar nach und sind ein Kennzeichen für das Metall hinsichtlich seines Verhaltens bei einer bestimmten Vorbehandlung in einer bestimmten Lösung. Sie können im Gegensatz zu den irreversiblen makromolekularen Deckschichten als reversible, mikromolekulare Bedeckungen angesehen werden.
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  • 55
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 56
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 114-114 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 58
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 121-123 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Dissolution of Various Metals when in Contact with Rotating Platinum ElectrodesThe influence of the cathode surface on the rate of corrosion was investigated in a unit furnished with a rotating Platinum electrode and stationary anodes of various metals, such as Lead, Zinc, Iron, etc.In the case of Platinum there is an almost linear relationship between surfaces up to 10m2, for surfaces of 10m2 to 20m2 and the current potential during a constant period f time. When extended, the lines cut at points i=O, p=O, or at i=O, p〉O in various electrolytes.These results indicate a definite distribution of the cathodic and anodic spots. The addition of H2O2 causes the electrolyte to revert to its former corrosive chemical state.
    Notes: In einem Element mit einer rotierenden Platin-Kathode und verschiedenen Metallen, wie Zn, Pb und Fe als stationäre Anode, wurde der Einfluß der Kathodenoberfläche auf die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit dieser Metalle untersucht. Für Pt besteht für Oberflächen bis zu 10 mm2 bzw. für solche von 10 bis 20 mm2 und der Stromstärke des Elementes für eine konstante Versuchszeit eine nahezu lineare Abhängigkeit. Die Verlängerungen dieser linearen Strecken schneiden sich entweder bei i=O, p=O oder bei i=O, p 〉 O in verschiedenen Elektrolyten. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen für eine gewisse Verteilung der kathodischen und anodischen Stellen. durch Zusatz von H2O2 wird der Elektrolyt wieder in seinen früheren korrosionschemischen Zustand versetzt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 137-138 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cerium-Cerium Alloys and Cerro alloysThe article opens with a brief historical survey of the production of cerium and cerium alloys, particular attention being paid to the manufacture of gas mantles and flints for lighters. A 99,92-99,93% pure metal is obtained by electrolysis or by the treatment of Cerium Cloride or Cerium Fluoride with Sodium or Lithium. Cerium plays an important part in the production and working of spheroidal cast iron, as a protective agent and as a catalyst. It si of particular value in various smelting processes, since it has a pronounced deoxydizing effect. The second part of the article is devoted tot he various cerium alloys, several of which are noteworthy for their very low melting point (47,2°C).
    Notes: Zunächst wird ein kurzer geschichtlicher Überblick über die Herstellung von Cer und Cerlegierungen gegeben, wobei besonders die Gasglühlichtindustrie und die Fabrikation von Zündmetall für Feuerzeuge berücksichtigt wird. Durch Schmelzflußelektrolyse oder durch Umsetzung von Cerchlorid bzw. Cerfluorid mit Natrium oder Lithium wird ein Metall in 99,92-99,93%iger Reinheit erzeugt. Cer spielt u. a. bei der Herstellung und Verarbeitung von Sphäroid-Gußeisen, zum Schutz von Werkstücken, also Katalysator, eine beachtliche Rolle. Für die Schmelztechnik ist es von besonderem Wert, da es sehr stark desoxydierend wirkt. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit ist den verschiedenen Cerrolegierungen gewidmet, von denen sich einige durch einen sehr niedrigen Schmelzpunkt (47,2°C) auszeichnen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 139-140 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Protective Lead Coating by PaintThe number of metallic pigments capable of being used as a rust preventative is small. Ultra-finely pulverised lead has proved to be far superior to all other metals. However, the addition of a binder in all respects suitable to the pigment is an absolute necessity when lead is used. Chlorinated rubber has been proved to be of particular value in this respect. The use of “Plumbol” paint also applies a coating of lead on the surface of iron, one coat of which has the same protective value as three or four coats of oil-bound paints. Weathering tests have also substantiated the protective value of lead coating paints as compared with the usual oil-bound paints. A maximum of protection is obtained against the action of certain chemical agents (soda lye, potash lye, sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid, acetic acid and other cold dilute acids), but no protection against the effect of nitrose (a solution of nitrosyl sulphuric acid in sulphuric acid, formed in the lead-chamber process) fumes and nitric acid results. Generally speaking, a coating of „Plumbol“ paint affords the same protection as a coating of metallic lead the same thickness.
    Notes: Die Zahl der verwendungsfähigen metallischen Pigmente in Rostschutzfarben ist gering. Feinstgepulvertes Blei zeigt sich allen übrigen Metallen überlegen. Erforderlich ist bei Bleiverwendung ein dem Pigment vollkommen angepaßter Bindemittelzusatz. Chlorkautschuk hat sich hier besonders bewährt. Man erzielt durch den „Plumbol“-Pinselaufstrich gleichsam eine „Verbleiung„ des Eisens. Im Effekt ist ein einmaliger Aufstrich einer 3-4 - fachen Ölfarbauflage ebenbürtig.  -  Bewitterungsversuche zeigen vergleichsweise die wesentlich bessere Schutzwirkung der „Pinselverbleiung“ gegenüber den üblichen Ölanstrichen. Der Schutz erweist sich gegen chemische Agentien (Natronlauge, Kalilauge, schweflige Säure, Schwefelsäure, Essigsäure und andere verdünnte kalte Säure, Schwefelsäure, Essigsäure und andere verdünnte kalte Säure, Essigsäure und andere verdünnte kalte Säuren) als äußerst widerstandsfähig. Nicht jedoch gegen nitrose Gase und Salpetersäure.  -  eine „Plumbol“- Anstrich-Folie bietet im im allgemeinen den gleichen Schutz wie eine Schicht von metallischem Blei gleicher Dicke.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 223-224 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 230-233 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 235-236 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 212-216 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Factors in the Porosity and Gas Diffusion of Iron-Ill-Oxides and Iron-Ill-Mixed OxidesThe first part of the article is devoted to a demonstration, by means of emanations of radio-active noble gases, that the entry of gas atoms from the ambient atmosphere into iron and iron-III-oxides is possible. Unless the oxide layers are heated, this diffusion takes place through atom sized pores. This diffusion is lessened when the lattice structure changes to the clear-cut Alpha Fe2O3 lattice, and can, therefore, be prevented by heating the oxide. Another form of diffusion is possible at temperatures above about 570°C. The mean amplitude of the oscillations of the lattice of the iron-III oxide then attains a value at which foreign atoms, such as emanations of the noble gases or atmospheric oxygen, can “dissolve” and diffuse in the spaces between the lattices. Tests made with samples of metallic iron showed a form of diffusion of a magnitude that only occurs when a temperature of about 800°C is attained.The influence of temperature and humidity on the structure, and, hence, on the porosity of pure iron-III-oxide was then examined. The ingredients of alloys, such as additions of aluminium and silicon, also have a definite influence thereon. It was shown that the diffusion of emanations in iron-aluminium oxides is influenced by the amount of aluminium present, in a manner similar to its influence on the resistance to corrosion or the formation of scale. Relations, of a very complex nature, between the diffusion of atmospheric emanations and the behaviour when subject to corrosive action were also obtained for the ironsilicon system.
    Notes: In einem ersten Teil wurde mit Hilfe des radioaktiven Edelgases Emanation nachgewiesen, daß beim Eisen und bei Eisen-III-Oxyden das Eindringen von Gasatomen aus der umgebenden Atmosphäre möglich ist. Diese Fremddiffusion erfolgt in den Oxydschichten, sofern diese nicht vorher erhitzt wurden, durch Poren atomarer Größe. Sie nimmt mit dem Übergang in das saubere Alpha-Fe2—O3-Gitter ab und kann deshalb durch Erhitzen des Oxydes beseitigt werden. Etwa ab 570°C wird eine andere Art der Diffusion möglich. Die mittlere Amplitude der Gitterschwingung des Eisen-III-Oxyds wird dann so groß, daß sich nun Fremdatome, wie das Edelgas Emanation oder auch Luft-Sauerstoff im Zwischengitterraum gleichsam „lösen“ und diffundieren können. Versuche an metallischen Eisenproben zeigten, daß dort eine entsprechend starke Fremddiffusion erst bei etwa 800°C erreicht wird.Es wurde nun untersucht, welchen Einfluß Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit auf die Struktur reiner Eisen-III-Oxyde und damit auf die Porosität und Fremddiffusion haben. Wesentlichen Einfluß haben aber auch Legierungsbestandteile wie z. B. Zusätze von Aluminium oder Silizium. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Diffusion von Emanation in Eisen-Aluminium-Oxyden in ähnlicher Weise von der Menge des zugesetzten Aluminiums beeinflußt wird wie die Korrosion bzw. die Zunderfestigkeit. Auch für das System-Eisen-Silizium ergaben sich Beziehungen, allerdings sehr verwickelter Art, zwischen der Diffusion von Luft-Emanation und dem Verhalten bei der Korrosion.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Titration of Polyvalent Acids and BasesGenerally applicable formulae for the titration of polyvalent acids and bases are laid down. The pH values for the end points of acids or bases can be obtained from these formulae without further consideration of permissable errors, etc., being necessary. The only pre-requisite is that the Constants of Dissociation of the compounds are known. Alternatively, the Constant of Dissociation can be determined from the titration curve. This applies particularly to the Constants of Dissociation at higher gradations when the Constant is already known for lower gradations.It was further demonstrated that it is not necessary that the acid or base to be titrated be converted to a definite, known compound, but that it is possible to discontinue titration at any pH value. The determination of the „Factor of Equivalence“ for such a case was laid down.The theoretical explanation of the fact that these “Factors of Equivalence” are whole number when titrating to a definite known compound is given.
    Notes: Für die Titration mehrwertiger Basen und Säuren werden allgemein gültige Formeln abgeleitet. Aus ihnen kann entnommen werden, bei welchen pH-Zahlen die Äquivalenzpunkte der Säuren, bzw. Basen liegen, ohne daß weitere Überlegungen über erlaubte Vernachlässigungen und dgl. notwendig sind. Die einzige Voraussetzung ist, daß die Dissoziationskonstanten der Verbindungen bekannt sind. Umgekehrt können aus der Titrationskurve die Dissoziationskonstanten abgeleitet werden. Dieses gilt insbesondere für die Dissoziationskonstanten höherer Stufe, falls die Konstanten niederer Stufe bekannt sind.Es wird gezeigt, daß man die zu titrierende Säure oder Base nicht in eine definierte Verbindung überzuführen braucht, daß man vielmehr die Titration bei irgendeiner pH-Zahl abbrechen kann. Die Berechnung der „Äquivalenzfaktoren“ für einen solchen Fall wird abgeleitet.Für die Ganzzahligkeit dieser „Äquivalenzfaktoren“ beim Titrieren bis zu einer definierten Verbindung wird die theoretische Deutung gegeben.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 178-182 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 182-184 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 224-230 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 197-197 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 441-451 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Protection of Steel Constructional Work from CorrosionDependence of the formation of rust on climate, presence of electrolytes and the type of steel used  -  Mill scale diminishes the life of protective coatings and should therefore be removed  -  Chipping and other manual methods of scale removal are usually insufficient and should not be used on new constructional work  -  Sand blasting with coarse sand leaves points on the surface of the metal which facilitate the formation of rust, hence, only relatively fine sand should be used for this purpose  -  Flame descaling with a primer applied to the warm surface is advantageous  -  Removal or conversion of rust by chemical means has not proved successful in the case of steel constructional work  -  Wash primer and spray galvanizing  -  Effect of moisture and the chemical action of the ambient atmosphere on the application of protective coatings  -  Importance of the thickness of the film of the coating  -  Summary of the more important binders for use with anti-corrosive paints (oil binders, linseed varnish, hot linseed oil, wood oil)  -  Action and effect of pigments  -  Red lead and lead  -  cyanamide primary colours  -  Alkyd resin paints and oil-alkyd paints  -  Chlorinated rubber paints, chlorinated rubber-oil combinations and chlorinated rubber-alkyd combinations  -  Bituminous anti-corrosive paints on primers of asphalt, bituminous and coal tar pitch  -  Tar pitch emulsions - Suggestions for the choice of suitable anti-corrosive paints.
    Notes: Abhängigkeit der Rostbildung vom Klima, der Anwesenheit von Elektrolyten und der Art des Eisens  -  Walzzunder verringert die Haltbarkeit von Schutzanstrichen und sollte entfernt werden  -  Handentrostung ist meist unzureichend und sollte bei Neukonstruktionen nicht angewandt werden.  -  Grobe Sandstrahlung hinterlässt Spitzen, welche Ansatz zur Rostbildung geben, deshalb relativ fein strahlen  -  Flammentrostung in Verbindung mit Grundanstrich auf noch warme Eisen ist vorteilhaft  -  Chemische Entrostung und Rostumwandlung bei Stahlbauten nicht bewährt  -  Washprimer und Spritzverzinkung  -  Wirkung der Feuchtigkeit und aggressiver Atmosphäre bei der Ausführung von Anstrichen  -  Bedeutung der Filmdicke  -  Schema der wichtigsten Bindemittel für Rostschutzfarben  -  Die Ölbindemittel, Leinöfirnis, Standöl, Holzöl  -  Art und Wirkung der Pigmente  -  Bleimennige und Bleicyanamidgrundfarben  -  Alkydharzfarben und Öl-Alkyd-Kombindationsfarben  -  Chlorkautschukfarben, Chlorkautschuk-Öl-Kombinationen und Chlorkautschuk-Alkyd-Kombinationen  -  Bituminöse Rostschutzfarben auf der Grundlage von Asphalt  -  Bitumen und Steinkohlenteerpech  -  Teerpech-Emulsionen  -  Vorschläge fü die Wahl der je nach Anwendungsgebiet geeigneten Rostschutzfarben.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 515-518 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 534-534 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 358-358 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 11-17 
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    Description / Table of Contents: On the Passivity of Thallium in Perchloric Acid, Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulphide SolutionsWhilst only a single rapid drop in potential could be observed in the case of solutions of perchloric acid and sodium sulphate, two successive drops in current potential were observed with electrolytes containing chlorine ions. This proves that two different phases occur in passivity. The Muller-Machu Time Law of Covering Passivity was found to hold good for both drops in potential, which points to a mechanical passivity of Thallium caused by covering layers.Measurements of the current potential showed that the anodic behavior of Thallium is characterised by two values, Tl+ and Tl3+. It was found that, in all the electrolytes examined, the Thallium is the first to be converted to Tl+ in solution. This action is independent of current potential. This action may have a duration of only a few seconds (e.g., in the case of 0,48 n HClO4) or several minutes (as in the case of solutions containing chlorine ions). The duration of this action depends on the current potential and the particular electrolyte used. During the primary phase of the passivating action the passivating surface layer also consists of a Thallium-1-compound. The continued passage of current causes a transformation of the metal at the passive anode, which then once again dissolves to the accompaniment of an emission of Tl3+ -Ions. At this stage a second mechanical passivation by a covering layer of a Thallium-III-salt occurs. It therefore follows that all types of passivity only depend upon the formation of covering layers.
    Notes: Während in Perchlorsäurelösungen und Natriumsulfatlösungen nur ein einziger schneller Abfall der Stromstärke beobachtet werden konnte, wurden in den Chlorionen enthaltenden Elektrolyten zwei aufeinander folgende Stromstärkeabfälle festgestellt. Dies beweist, daß zwei verschiedene Stadien der Passivität auftreten. Das Zeitgesetz der Bedeckungspassivität von Müller-Machu wurde für beide Stromstärkeabfälle als streng gültig gefunden, was auf eine mechanische Passivität des Thalliums durch Deckschichten hinweist.Durch Potentialmessungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß das anodische Verhalten des Thalliums durch sein Auftreten in zwei Wertigkeitsstifen, nämlich Tl+ und Tl3+ gekennzeichnet ist. In allen untersuchten Elektrolyten geht das Thallium zunächst und unabhängig von der angewandten Stromdichte als Tl+ in Lösung. Dieser Vorgang kann, je nach der angewandten Stromdichte und dem benutzten Elektrolyten, nur einige Sekunden (z. B. in 0,48 n HClO4) oder bis mehrere Minuten (in Chlorionen enthaltenden Lösungen) dauern. Auch die passivierende Deckschicht besteht in der ersten Stufe des Passivierungsvorganges aus einer Thallium-I-Verbindung. Bei weiterem Stromdurchgang tritt an der passiven Anode eine Umwandlung des Metalles ein, wobei es nunmehr wieder unter Aussendung von Tl3+-Ionen in Lösung geht. In dieser Verbindungsform erfolgt dann eine zweite mechanische Passivierung durch eine Deckschicht, die aus einem Thallium-III-salz besteht.Es beruhen somit alle Arten von Passivität nur auf der Ausbildung von Deckschichten.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 26-28 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 37-37 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 38-38 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 38-38 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 41-43 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Progress in the Manufacture of Acidresistant StonewareOne of the distinguishing features of stoneware is its resistance to chemical action and its outstanding mechanical properties. These qualities permitted the development of stoneware to keep pace with that of the chemical industry.The article describes further progress in the field of acid-resistant stoneware. Particular emphasis is laid on the development of special mixtures having great powers of resistance to temperature changes, at the same time retaining their excellent heat-conducting properties. Improvements in the mechanical working of stoneware are also discussed.The mechanical working of stoneware by grinding, polishing and threading has been brought to the point where the accuracy and finish of the work is equivalent to that obtaining in metal working practice. A new field of application of stoneware was thereby opened. The production of air and dust locks for use in installation working with ultrafine abrasive dust particles is an example. Stoneware rollers having precision ground surfaces are used in various industries. Ground, polished and threaded stoneware components enable many improvements and simplifications to be made in the design of machinery and equipment for the chemical industry.
    Notes: Kennzeichnend für den Werkstoff Steinzeug sind seine Beständigkeit gegenüber chemischer Korrosion und seine ausgezeichneten mechanischen Eigenschaften. Beides waren die Voraussetzungen, um mit der Entwicklung der chemischen Großindustrie Schritt halten zu können.In der Abhandlung werden weitere Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet des säurefesten Steinzeug besprochen. Diese werden besonders deutlich durch Entwicklung von temperaturwechselbeständigen und wärmeleitfähigen Spezialmassen und durch Verbesserung der Nachbearbeitungsmethoden.Die mechanische Bearbeitung von Steinzeug durch Schleifen, Polieren und Gewindeschneiden wurde so weit entwickelt, daß eine Vergütung und Maßgenauigkeit möglich ist, wie in der Metallindustrie. Dadurch wurden dem Steinzeug neue Anwendungsmöglichkeiten erschlossen. Beispielsweise werden Staubschleusen zur Förderung von feinsten aggressiven Staubteilchen hergestellt. Steinzeugwalzen mit präzisem Schliff der Oberfläche finden in verschiedenen Industriezweigen Verwendung. Geschliffene, polierte und mit Gewinde versehene Steinzeugteile brachten Vereinfachungen und Verbesserungen im Steinzeugmaschinen- und Apparatebau.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 56-56 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 29-30 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 76-78 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 38-38 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 49-54 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Anodic Behaviour of Aluminium and Al—Mg Alloys in Sulphuric Acid and Sodium Sulphate SolutionsAttempts were made to remove the film of oxide from aluminium and Al— Mg alloys, so that a pure aluminium surface could be obtained. Dilute sulphuric Acid and Sodium sulphate solutions of various concentrations were used as electrolytes. Only one cathodic polarisation had a slight effect on the loosening of the oxide film. However, a very rapid passivation always followed this activation (caused by the chemical action of the aqueous solutions). Hydrochloric acid and NaOH solutions in high concentrations did dissolve the oxide film, but did not permit of any anodic passivation in these solutions. It was possible to obtain activation in sulphuric acid containing chlorine ions, but, even in this solution passivation commenced as soon as the current was switched off. This passivation was caused by the chemical action of the electrolytes the porosity of the natural oxide film was reduced to 10-5 sq. cm./sq. cm. by activation, and a maximum value of 10-2 sq. cm./sq. cm. was obtained. As a result of the strong chemical affinity of aluminium, it is only possible to obtain a clean metallic surface for fractions of seconds.
    Notes: Es wurde versucht, den Oxydfilm von Aluminium und Al—Mg—Legierungen zu entferne, um reine Aluminiumoberflächen zu erhalten. Hierbei wurden verdünnte Schwefelsäure und Natriumsulfatlösungen verschiedener Konzentration als Elektrolyte benützt. Nur eine kathodische Polarisation hatte einen geringen, die natürliche Oxydschicht auflockernden aktivierenden Einfluß. Nach der Aktivierung trat jedoch immer wieder eine sehr schnelle Passivierung nur durch chemische Einwirkung der wäßrigen Lösung wieder ein. Salzsäuren und NaOH—Lösungen stärkerer Konzentration lösten wohl die Oxydschichten auf, gestatteten aber keine anodische Passivierung in diesen Lösungen. Eine Aktivierung konnte wohl in einer chlorionenhaltigen Schwefelsäure erzielt werden, aber auch in dieser Lösung trat augenblicklich nach Abschaltung des Stromes wieder Passivierung durch chemische Einwirkung des Elektrolyten ein. Die Porosität der natürlichen Oxydschicht wurde zu 10-4 bis 10-5 cm2/cm2 ermittelt, die maximal auf 10-2 cm2/cm2 durch Aktivierung gebracht werden konnte. Auf Grund der starken chemischen Affinität des Aluminiums ist die Erzielung einer freien, unbedeckten Metalloberfläche nur für Bruchteile von Sekunden möglich.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 104-106 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 76-76 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 79-80 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 98-104 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 92-94 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Basic Causes of “Short” Fractures in MetalsThis article forms a report on various lectures delivered at a Meeting which was held to determine the present extent of knowledge of “short” fractures. The lectures were published in Nos. 415 (1953) of the “Raeder Rundschau”, and dealt exhaustively with the phenomena of “short” fractures of various metals in use in industry, as well as of welded and non-welded components. The lectures also included a survey of the causes of “short” fractures as far as present-day knowledge and the various theories on fractures permitted. In addition, various important questions regarding the various methods of testing metals for their liability to short fracture “are discussed”.
    Notes: Referat über Vorträge anläßlich einer Tagung über den heutigen Stand des Sprödbruchproblems.  -  Die in Heft 4/5 (1953) der „Radex-Rundschau“ veröffentlichten Vorträge behandelten das grundsätzliche Erscheinungsbild des spröden Bruches bei verschiedenen metallischen Werkstoffen, ungeschweißten und geschweißten Konstruktionsteilen und gaben eine Uebersicht über die Entstehung von spröden Brüchen, soweit sie nach unseren heutigen Kenntnissen und Anschauungen über den Aufbau der metallischen Werkstoffe und auf Grund der Bruchtheorien abgeleitet werden könne. Ferner wurde auch eingehend die technisch wichtige Frage der Prüfverfahren zur Feststellung der Sprödbruchempfindlichkeit eines Werkstoffes erörtert.
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