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  • 1
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    The forcings of the Mediterranean Sea and the physical properties of its water masses (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: This chapter aims at introducing the reader to general concepts about the main forcings of the Mediterranean Sea, in terms of exchanges through the Strait of Gibraltar, and air-sea exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum. These forcings are also responsible for the peculiar characteristics of Mediterranean water masses. Therefore, the chapter continues with giving a general explanation on water mass analysis, and then it describes the properties and vertical and horizontal distributions of the main Mediterranean water masses. To conclude, the reader is introduced to the use of other (biogeochemical, and chemical) tracers of water masses, with a focus on the Mediterranean Sea.
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Seasonal Differences in the Attenuation of Polar Trace Organics in the Hyporheic Zone of an Urban Stream (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: Attenuation of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) in a river occurs to a large extent in its hyporheic zone. A major part of the attenuation of polar TrOCs is of microbial origin. As microbial activity depends on temperature and redox conditions, seasonal differences in TrOC attenuation are likely. We investigated TrOC attenuation at a river influenced by treated wastewater during two sampling campaigns, one in summer and one in winter. In addition to redox conditions and temperature, we also determined residence times of porewater in sediment using three methods: (a) non‐parametric deconvolution of electrical conductivity time series, (b) the model VFLUX 2.0 based on temperature time series (only summer), and (c) applying Darcy's law to differences in hydraulic heads (only summer). Contrary to our expectations, we found higher attenuation for 12 out of 18 TrOCs in winter, while three TrOCs were better attenuated in summer. Sediment conditions varied between seasons as more of the top sandy layer with a higher hydraulic permeability accumulated on the river bed in summer. As a result, residence times in the sediment were shorter in summer. In winter, longer residence times, lower temperatures, and a steeper oxygen gradient in sediment coincided with higher TrOC attenuation. Further research is needed to understand our unexpected findings and underlying mechanisms.
    Description: Key Points: The attenuation of 12 out of 18 trace organic compounds (TrOCs) in the hyporheic zone was higher in winter while three TrOCs were attenuated better in summer. Residence times in sediment were longer and more diverse in winter. The extent of the oxic sediment was similar between seasons but the gradient from the oxic to anoxic zone was steeper in winter.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: EC | H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 Marie Skłodowska‐Curie Actions (MSCA) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010665
    Description: University of Western Australia ‐ University Postgraduate Award
    Description: Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://doi.org/10.18728/igb-fred-578.0
    Keywords: ddc:628.162
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Iron Exports From Catchments Are Constrained by Redox Status and Topography (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: Fe(III) hydroxides stabilize organic carbon (OC) and P in soils. Observations of rising stream Fe concentrations are controversially posited to result from a flushing of iron‐rich deeper soil layers or a decrease of competing electron acceptors inhibiting Fe reduction (NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ and SO42− $\mathrm{S}{{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}^{2-}$). Here, we argue that catchment topography constrains the release of Fe, OC, and P to streams. We therefore incubated organic topsoil and mineral subsoil and modified the availability of NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$. We found that Fe leaching was highest in topsoil. Fe, OC, and P released at quantities proportional to their ratios in the source soil. Supply of NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ reduced Fe leaching to 18% and increased pore water OC:Fe and P:Fe ratios. Subsoil, however, was an insignificant Fe source (〈0.5%). Here, the leached quantities of Fe, OC and P were highly disproportionate to the soil source with an excess of released OC and P. We tested if experimental findings scale up using data from 88 German catchments representing gradients in NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ concentration and topography. Average stream Fe concentrations increased with decreasing NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ and were high in catchments with shallow topography where high groundwater levels support reductive processes and topsoils are hydrologically connected to streams; but Fe concentrations were low in catchments with steep topography where flow occurs primarily through subsoils. OC:Fe and P:Fe ratios in the streams similarly varied by NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ and topography. This corroborates the findings from the laboratory experiment and suggests that catchment topography and competing electron acceptors constrain the formation of Fe‐reducing conditions and control the release of Fe, OC, and P to streams.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Iron is the second most abundant metal in the crust; its cycle is tightly connected to those of carbon, oxygen, and sulfur. The oxidized form (FeIII) is almost insoluble, but Fe can be mobilized by complexation or microbial Fe reduction. Both processes depend on availability of organic C. We found that Fe concentrations in streams were constrained by the topography of catchments and NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ abundance. Shallower catchments are characterized by higher groundwater tables connecting the organic topsoils efficiently to streams. NO3− $\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-}$ suppresses Fe reduction as a competing electron acceptor to Fe. We conclude that trends in soil wetness or atmospheric N deposition can change the stability of Fe and thus the release of PO43− $\mathrm{P}{{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}^{3-}$ and harmful metals to surface waters.
    Description: Key Points: Organic topsoils leach substantial amounts of Fe when incubated in the absence of NO3, a competing electron acceptor that inhibits Fe reduction. Shallow catchments with fluvially coupled topsoils and low NO3 availability release 200 fold more Fe than steep ones with high NO3 abundance. Catchment topography and NO3 availability explain 62%–64% of the variability of Fe concentration and OC:Fe and P:Fe ratios across 88 streams.
    Description: EFRE‐Europe
    Description: https://doi.org/10.4211/hs.43601618877945c5a46b715aa98db729
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Feasibility of pXRF to evaluate chosen heavy metals in soil highly influenced by municipal waste disposal—A monitoring study of a former sewage farm (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: Sewage disposal onto agricultural land may result in the high accumulation of organic wastes, which questions the applicability of typical elemental analysis used for the soil components. To monitor the contamination status of agricultural soils at a former sedimentation basin, after the long‐term cessation of wastewater irrigation, 110 locations (15–20 cm depth) and 4 boreholes (up to 100 cm depth) were sampled to determine pH, loss on ignition, and concentration of Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cr. Additionally, the applicability of portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) for the soil samples highly influenced by the organic wastes was evaluated. The study revealed the presence of a relatively homogenous sewage waste layer (depth of 20 cm), characterized by slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.3–7.5), high organic matter (OM) accumulation (up to 49%), and elevated concentration (mg kg −1) ranges between: Pb (5–321), Cu (31–2828), Ni (10–193), Cr (14–966), and Zn (76–6639). The pXRF analysis revealed metal concentration increase in mineral samples (up to 50%). The regression models and correction factors demonstrated high correlation and significance of pXRF measurement with response to increasing OM content, with the lowest r 2 = 0.86 obtained for Ni. Correlation of pXRF and AES measurement illustrated element‐dependent response for soils high in organics. Zn, Cu, and Cr pXRF analysis led to a slight underestimation in lower values, but overall good correlations (0.87; 0.89; and 0.88 respectively). Pb and Ni pXRF measurement revealed higher deviation from the reference in both lower and higher concentrations (0.74 and 0.70, respectively).
    Description: German Federation of Industrial Research Associations http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002723
    Description: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006360
    Keywords: ddc:577.14
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    The Goldilocks Zone in Cooling Demand: What Can We Do Better? (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: The higher frequency and intensity of sustained heat events have increased the demand for cooling energy across the globe. Current estimates of summer‐time energy demand are primarily based on Cooling Degree Days (CDD), representing the number of degrees a day's average temperature exceeds a predetermined comfort zone temperature. Through a comprehensive analysis of the historical energy demand data across the USA, we show that the commonly used CDD estimates fall significantly short (±25%) of capturing regional thermal comfort levels. Moreover, given the increasingly compelling evidence that air temperature alone is not sufficient for characterizing human thermal comfort, we extend the widely used CDD calculation to heat index, which accounts for both air temperature and humidity. Our results indicate significant mis‐estimation of regional thermal comfort when humidity is ignored. Our findings have significant implications for the security, sustainability, and resilience of the grid under climate change.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Hotter summer days and more frequent and intense heatwaves are causing a sharp rise in demand for air conditioning across the globe. Accurate estimation of demand for space cooling is an integral component of resilient planning, operation, and management of the grid. One widely used metric for characterizing this demand is the Cooling Degree Days (CDD), which is calculated by measuring the difference between the mean daily temperature and a pre‐defined base temperature that represents a “comfort zone.” In this study, we analyze historical data on climate and energy demand and find that the most frequently used base temperature of 65°F in CDD calculations leads to mis‐characterizing comfort zones across different geographic areas in the United States. This can cause significant under‐ or over‐estimations of cooling energy demand. Moreover, we extend the temperature‐based CDD calculations to also account for the role of humidity and demonstrate the cost of ignoring humidity in CDD calculations under present and future climate conditions.
    Description: Key Points: Analysis of electricity demand shows that the widely used Cooling Degree Days (CDD) estimates fall short of capturing regional thermal comfort zones. Estimates of air conditioning penetration and affordability based on traditional calculation of CDD can lead to significant misestimation. Extending CDD calculations to include humidity improves the characterization of climate‐demand nexus under present and future climate.
    Description: National Science Foundation (NSF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
    Keywords: ddc:333.79
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Vertically Divergent Responses of SOC Decomposition to Soil Moisture in a Changing Climate (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: The role of soil moisture for organic matter decomposition rates remains poorly understood and underrepresented in Earth System Models (ESMs). We apply the Dual Arrhenius Michaelis‐Menten (DAMM) model to a selection of ESM soil temperature and moisture outputs to investigate their effects on decomposition rates, at different soil depths, for a historical period and a future climate period. Our key finding is that the inclusion of soil moisture controls has diverging effects on both the speed and direction of projected decomposition rates (up to ±20%), compared to a temperature‐only approach. In the top soil, the majority of these changes is driven by substrate availability. In deeper soil layers, oxygen availability plays a relatively stronger role. Owing to these different moisture controls along the soil depth, our study highlights the need for depth‐resolved inclusion of soil moisture effects on decomposition rates within ESMs. This is particularly important for C‐rich soils in regions which may be subject to strong future warming and vertically opposing moisture changes, such as the peat soils at northern high latitudes.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Soils contain a lot of carbon (C). Earth System Models (ESMs) predict that the amount of C released from soils into the atmosphere as CO2 will increase in response to increased warming and microbial activity. Soil moisture also controls microbial C decomposition, but most ESMs do not yet describe this process very well. In this study we apply a simple equation to different ESMs, to see how both temperature and soil moisture change microbial decomposition under future climate. First, we show that the speed of C released into the atmosphere changes when we include soil moisture changes, compared to what is expected due to warming alone. Second, we found that the future speed at which carbon that can be decomposed in the topsoil mainly depends on how much carbon microbes have access to, but that in the deeper soil this process becomes much more affected by the absence/presence of oxygen. Including these soil moisture interactions in ESMs for different soil depths is important to predict whether soils will store more or less C in the future. Our findings are particularly relevant for high latitude soils which store large amounts of C, will warm fast, and experience frequent (re)wetting and drying.
    Description: Key Points: Considering soil moisture effects can change modeled decomposition rates by up to ±20% compared to considering only temperature effects. The majority of these changes are driven by substrate availability, in particular in the top soil. In the subsoil, oxygen availability becomes an increasingly important factor.
    Description: Norwegian Research Council
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5654554
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Uncertainty in Aerosol Optical Depth From Modern Aerosol‐Climate Models, Reanalyses, and Satellite Products (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: Despite the implication of aerosols for the radiation budget, there are persistent differences in data for the aerosol optical depth (τ) for 1998–2019. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the large‐scale spatio‐temporal patterns of mid‐visible τ from modern data sets. In total, we assessed 94 different global data sets from eight satellite retrievals, four aerosol‐climate model ensembles, one operational ensemble product, two reanalyses, one climatology and one merged satellite product. We include the new satellite data SLSTR and aerosol‐climate simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models Phase 3 (AeroCom‐III). Our intercomparison highlights model differences and observational uncertainty. Spatial mean τ for 60°N – 60°S ranges from 0.124 to 0.164 for individual satellites, with a mean of 0.14. Averaged τ from aerosol‐climate model ensembles fall within this satellite range, but individual models do not. Our assessment suggests no systematic improvement compared to CMIP5 and AeroCom‐I. Although some regional biases have been reduced, τ from both CMIP6 and AeroCom‐III are for instance substantially larger along extra‐tropical storm tracks compared to the satellite products. The considerable uncertainty in observed τ implies that a model evaluation based on a single satellite product might draw biased conclusions. This underlines the need for continued efforts to improve both model and satellite estimates of τ, for example, through measurement campaigns in areas of particularly uncertain satellite estimates identified in this study, to facilitate a better understanding of aerosol effects in the Earth system.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Aerosols are known to affect atmospheric processes. For instance, particles emitted during dust storms, biomass burning and anthropogenic activities affect air quality and influence the climate through effects on solar radiation and clouds. Although many studies address such aerosol effects, there is a persistent difference in current estimates of the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere across observations and complex climate models. This study documents the data differences for aerosol amounts, including new estimates from climate‐model simulations and satellite products. We quantify considerable differences across aerosol amount estimates as well as regional and seasonal variations of extended and new data. Further, this study addresses the question to what extent complex climate models have improved over the past decades in light of observational uncertainty.
    Description: Key Points: Present‐day patterns in aerosol optical depth differ substantially between 94 modern global data sets. The range in spatial means from individual satellites is −11% to +17% of the multi‐satellite mean. Spatial means from climate model intercomparison projects fall within the satellite range but strong regional differences are identified.
    Description: Hans‐Ertel‐Center for Weather Research
    Description: Collaborative Research Centre 1211
    Description: Max‐Planck‐Institute for Meteorology
    Keywords: ddc:551.5
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Assessing Volcanic Controls on Miocene Climate Change (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-25
    Description: The Miocene period saw substantially warmer Earth surface temperatures than today, particularly during a period of global warming called the Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO; ∼17–15 Ma). However, the long‐term drivers of Miocene climate remain poorly understood. By using a new continuous climate‐biogeochemical model (SCION), we can investigate the interaction between volcanism, climate and biogeochemical cycles through the Miocene. We identify high tectonic CO2 degassing rates and further emissions associated with the emplacement of the Columbia River Basalt Group as the primary driver of the background warmth and the MMCO respectively. We also find that enhanced weathering of the basaltic terrane and input of explosive volcanic ash to the oceans are not sufficient to drive the immediate cooling following the MMCO and suggest that another mechanism, perhaps the change in ocean chemistry due to massive evaporite deposition, was responsible.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The Miocene period was much warmer than today, with the Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO, roughly 17–15 million years ago) especially warm. Due to the high surface temperatures, comparisons to projected climatic conditions as a result of anthropogenic climate change have been drawn. However, the drivers of climate during the Miocene are not well understood. By using a new type of climate model, we investigate the impact volcanic eruptions had on the period, and link the extreme warmth of the MMCO with greenhouse gas release from the eruption of the Columbia River Basalts Group (CRBG). We find weathering of the CRBG does not explain the cooling at the end of the MMCO, and so discuss other potential explanations such as evaporite deposition.
    Description: Key Points: A new climate‐biogeochemical model allows investigation of drivers of climate change in the Miocene. Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) degassing is sufficient to have caused the Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO). Weathering of CRBG insufficient to drive cooling after the MMCO. This may be linked to evaporite deposition and changes to marine chemistry.
    Description: UK Natural Environment Research Council
    Description: French Research Agency (ANR)
    Keywords: ddc:551
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    An Image Segmentation Approach for the Detection of Small-scale Magnetic Anomalies (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-25
    Description: Due to the still enormous burden of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in the subsurface worldwide, the safe recovery of a wide variety of buried weapons and ammunition requires efficient and reliable detection methods. Using a deep learning approach applied to magnetic field data distributed areal along the surface, we aim to achieve a more accurate localization of UXO and small magnetically effective objects in general by detecting the specific signature of their magnetic anomaly. To investigate the applicability of this approach, we developed a deep convolutional neural network that performs image segmentation in different potential measurement scenarios. In this process, the sought small-scale target signals should be distinguished from different background fields containing, e.g., several types of noise. For this purpose, extensive synthetic data sets were generated first using numerical simulations of the magnetic dipole fields of multiple objects. The resulting multi-dipole scenarios and corresponding masks are then passed to the network, which is trained on a test and validation set to produce a representative model for the trained simulation examples. At the end of the training process, this model is supposed to be able to predict yet unknown examples from an evaluation set. Subsequently, the prediction quality of the resulting model needs to be analyzed to fine-tune the parameters of the assumed network architecture or even the architecture itself. The poster we present deals with the generation and preprocessing of appropriate training data, the applied network architecture, and preliminary results of the first evaluation stages.
    Description: poster
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 10
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    Faulting and Magmatic Accretion Across the Overlapping Spreading Center Between Vance Segment and Axial South Rift, Juan de Fuca Ridge (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-24
    Description: Plate divergence along mid‐ocean ridges is accommodated through faulting and magmatic accretion, and, at overlapping spreading centers (OSC), is distributed across two curvilinear overlapping ridge axes. One‐meter resolution bathymetry acquired by autonomous underwater vehicles, combined with distribution and ages of lava flows, is used to: (a) analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of flows, faults, and fissures in the OSC between the distal south rift zone of Axial Seamount and the Vance Segment, (b) locate spreading axes, (c) calculate extension, and (d) determine the proportion of extension accommodated at the surface by faults and fissures versus volcanic extrusion over a period of ∼1300–1450 years. Our study reveals that in the recent history of the ridges, extension over a distance of 14 km across the Axial/Vance OSC was asymmetric in proportion and style: faults and fissures across 1–2 km of the Vance axial valley accommodated ∼3/4 of the spreading, whereas dike‐fed eruptions contributed ∼1/4 of the extension and occurred across 4 km of the south rift of Axial Seamount.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Along mid‐ocean ridges, oceanic plates separate through the formation and growth of faults and the emplacement of dikes supplying lava flows. Where segments overlap in a zone of separation, these processes are distributed along two spreading axes separated by 2–30 km kilometers. We combine 1‐m resolution bathymetry collected by autonomous underwater vehicles and the age of large lava flows to (a) analyze the distribution of faults and lava flows where Axial Seamount overlaps with the Vance Segment, (b) define the current plate boundary, (c) calculate the speed of plate separation, and (d) determine the proportion and locations of fault extension versus flow emplacement. Our study shows that during the last ∼1300–1450 years, fault formation and growth along the Vance Segment are the main contributor to plate separation. In contrast, the emplacement of dikes and lava flows along Axial Seamount account only for ∼1/4 of the plate separation.
    Description: Key Points: Autonomous underwater vehicle mapping of an overlapping spreading center reveals the proportion of faulting and eruptions that occurred during the last ∼1300–1450 years. Faulting at the Vance Segment accommodates ∼3/4 of the spreading and magmatic accretion along Axial Seamount south rift accounts for ∼1/4. The spreading axis is 〈250 m wide along the Vance Segment but ∼4 km wide along the south rift of Axial Seamount.
    Description: David and Lucile Packard Foundation (PF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000008
    Keywords: ddc:551.8 ; ddc:551.13
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Rock Glacier Characteristics Under Semiarid Climate Conditions in the Western Nyainqêntanglha Range, Tibetan Plateau (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-24
    Description: Rock glaciers are receiving increased attention as a potential source of water and indicator of climate change in periglacial landscapes. They consist of an ice‐debris mixture, which creeps downslope. Although rock glaciers are a wide‐spread feature on the Tibetan Plateau, characteristics such as its ice fraction are unknown as a superficial debris layer inhibits remote assessments. We investigate one rock glacier in the semiarid western Nyainqêntanglha range (WNR) with a multi‐method approach, which combines geophysical, geological and geomorphological field investigations with remote sensing techniques. Long‐term kinematics of the rock glacier are detected by 4‐year InSAR time series analysis. The ice content and the active layer are examined by electrical resistivity tomography, ground penetrating radar, and environmental seismology. Short‐term activity (11‐days) is captured by a seismic network. Clast analysis shows a sorting of the rock glacier's debris. The rock glacier has three zones, which are defined by the following characteristics: (a) Two predominant lithology types are preserved separately in the superficial debris patterns, (b) heterogeneous kinematics and seismic activity, and (c) distinct ice fractions. Conceptually, the studied rock glacier is discussed as an endmember of the glacier—debris‐covered glacier—rock glacier continuum. This, in turn, can be linked to its location on the semiarid lee‐side of the mountain range against the Indian summer monsoon. Geologically preconditioned and glacially overprinted, the studied rock glacier is suggested to be a recurring example for similar rock glaciers in the WNR. This study highlights how geology, topography and climate influence rock glacier characteristics and development.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Climate change has begun to impact all regions of our planet. In cold regions, such as high‐mountain areas, rising temperatures lead to massive melting of glaciers. Besides this evident loss of ice, permafrost, a long‐term ice resource hidden in the subsurface, has started to thaw. Rock glaciers as visible permafrost‐related landforms consist of an ice‐debris mixture, which makes them creep downslope. Due to this movement and their recognizable shape, rock glaciers are permafrost indicators in high‐mountain areas. We investigate one rock glacier in the western Nyaingêntanglha Range (Tibetan Plateau) using field and remote sensing methods to understand its development and to know the current state of its ice core. Our main outcome is, that the heterogeneous creeping behavior, the properties of the debris cover as well as the internal distribution of ice are the results of a continuous development from a glacier into today's rock glacier. In particular, the high ice content in particular sections points to such a glacial precondition. The debris layer covering the internal ice attenuates the effect of climate warming. This makes the rock glacier and similar rock glaciers found in the northern part of the mountain range important future water resources for the semiarid region.
    Description: Key Points: Geophysical and remote sensing methods in concert reveal the morphostructure, ice fraction, and kinematics of the studied rock glacier. Rock glacier characteristics are controlled by geology, topography and climate on the Tibetan Plateau. The studied rock glacier is conceptually interpreted as the endmember of a glacier—debris‐covered glacier—rock glacier continuum.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:551.31 ; ddc:555
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Effects of CO2 and Ocean Mixing on Miocene and Pliocene Temperature Gradients (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-28
    Description: Cenozoic climate changes have been linked to tectonic activity and variations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here, we present Miocene and Pliocene sensitivity experiments performed with the climate model COSMOS. The experiments contain changes with respect to paleogeography, ocean gateway configuration, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, as well as a range of vertical mixing coefficients in the ocean. For the mid‐Miocene, we show that the impact of ocean mixing on surface temperature is comparable to the effect of the possible range in reconstructed CO2 concentrations. In combination with stronger vertical mixing, relatively moderate CO2 concentrations of 450 ppmv enable global‐mean surface, deep‐water, and meridional temperature characteristics representative of mid‐Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO) reconstructions. The Miocene climate shows a reduced meridional temperature gradient and reduced seasonality. In the case of enhanced mixing, surface and deep ocean temperatures show significant warming of up to 5–10°C and an Arctic temperature anomaly of 〉12°C. In the Pliocene simulations, the impact of vertical mixing and CO2 is less important for the deep ocean, which we interpret as a different sensitivity dependence on the background state and mixed layer dynamics. We find a significant reduction in surface albedo and effective emissivity for either a high level of atmospheric CO2 or increased vertical mixing. Our mixing sensitivity experiments provide a warm deep ocean via ocean heat uptake. We propose that the mixing hypothesis can be tested by reconstructions of the thermocline and seasonal paleoclimate data indicating a lower seasonality relative to today.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Cenozoic climate changes have been associated with tectonic changes and altered atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here, we present Miocene and Pliocene computer simulations where we changed paleogeography, ocean gateways, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations as well as vertical mixing in the ocean. We show that the effect of ocean mixing on temperature is comparable to the respective effect of a possible range of CO2 concentrations. In combination with stronger vertical mixing, relatively moderate CO2 concentrations of 450 ppmv allow surface and deep‐water temperatures representative for reconstructions of the climate optimum of the mid‐Miocene. In the Pliocene simulations, the influence of vertical mixing and CO2 is less important than in the Miocene. We provide a possible mechanism of ocean heat absorption, albedo, and emissivity changes including a deeper oceanic mixing layer and a lower seasonality in the Miocene compared to today.
    Description: Key Points: Miocene experiment with standard mixing and atmospheric CO2 of 600 ppm captures large‐scale temperature characteristics of the mid‐Miocene. With enhanced ocean mixing the temperature characteristics and meridional temperature gradient can be reproduced with a CO2 level of 450 ppm. Miocene shows a strong warming at polar latitudes and reduced seasonality, vertical mixing, and CO2 are less important for the Pliocene.
    Description: Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003207
    Description: Helmholtz Association (亥姆霍兹联合会致力) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318
    Description: Helmholtz Climate Initiative RE‐KLIM
    Keywords: ddc:550.78
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Zur nachhaltigen Nutzung von Hochmooren als Tiefumbruchkultur (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-19
    Description: Die Nutzung landwirtschaftliche Nutzung der Hochmoore führt zu hohen Freisetzungsraten an Treibhausgasen. Gegenüber der Deutschen Hochmoorkultur (Grünland auf Hochmoor) lassen sich die Freisetzungsraten durch Tiefumbruch verringern. Ein Torfverlust von 1 cm entspricht bei den hier durchgeführten Berechnungen einer Freisetzung von ca. 25 t CO2/ha/a. Die geringsten Freisetzungsraten von 2,5 t CO2/ha/a werden bei als Grünland genutzten Sandmischkulturen, besandeten Hochmooren (ohne Einp ügen von Torfen) und bei Baggerkuhlungen erwartet. Die hohen Torfverluste in den ersten Jahren bei der Anlage einer Sandmischkultur lieÿen sich vermeiden, wenn anfangs nur geringere Torfanteile in die Krume gelangen (6-8%), wie bei der Tiefp ugsanddeckkultur, die bisher für Niedermoore getestet wurde. Durch Messungen der aktuellen Freisetzung von Treibhausgasen auf Tiefumbruch ächen sind diese Berechnungen zu überprüfen. Liegen Torfe im Unterboden ganzjährig im Wasser, dann sind Torfverluste auszuschlieÿen. Eine langfristige landwirtschaftliche Nutzung ist mit der Anlage von Tiefumbruchkulturen möglich. Ein vollständiger Erhalt der Torfe ist nur durch eine Wiedervernässung zu erzielen, entweder Nutzungsaufgabe und Herrichtung als Naturschutz äche oder Paludikultur, beide sicherlich nur auf geringeren Flächenanteilen.
    Description: report
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 14
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    Blaubeuren, Cloppenburg, and Machtenstein—Three recently recognized H‐group chondrite finds in Germany with distinct terrestrial ages and weathering effects (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-29
    Description: In the last 7 years, three meteorites (Blaubeuren, Cloppenburg, and Machtenstein) found in Germany were identified as chondrites. Two of these rocks had been recovered from the impact sites decades ago but were not considered to be meteorites. The aim of this study is to fully characterize these three meteorites. Based on the compositional data on the silicates, namely olivine and low‐Ca pyroxene, these meteorites fit nicely within the H‐group ordinary chondrites. The brecciated texture of Blaubeuren and Cloppenburg (both H4‐5) is perfectly visible, whereas that of Machtenstein, officially classified as an H5 chondrite, is less obvious but was detected and described in this study. Considering chondrites in general, brecciated rocks are very common rather than an exception. The bulk rock degree of shock is S2 for Blaubeuren and Machtenstein and S3 for Cloppenburg. All samples show significant features of weathering. They have lost their original fusion crust and more than half (W3) or about half (W2‐3) of their original metal abundances. The oxygen isotope compositions of the three chondrites are consistent with those of other H chondrites; however, the Cloppenburg values are heavily disturbed and influenced by terrestrial weathering. This is supported by the occurrence of the very rare hydrated iron phosphate mineral vivianite (Fe2+Fe2+2[PO4]2·8H2O), which indicates that the chondrite was weathered in a very wet environment. The terrestrial ages of Blaubeuren (~9.2 ka), Cloppenburg (~5.4 ka), and Machtenstein (~1.8 ka) show that these chondrites are very similar in their degree of alteration and terrestrial age compared to meteorite finds from relatively wet terrestrial environments. They still contain abundant metal, although, as noted, the oxygen isotope data indicate substantial weathering of Cloppenburg. The bulk compositions of the three meteorites are typical for H chondrites, although terrestrial alteration has slightly modified the concentrations, leading in general to a loss of Fe, Co, and Ni due to preferential alteration of metals and sulfides. As exceptions, Co and Ni concentrations in Machtenstein, which has the shortest terrestrial age, are typical for H chondrites. The chemical data show no enrichments in Ba and Sr, as is often observed in different meteorite groups of desert finds.
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:549.112
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Investigating the Basal Shear Zone of the Submarine Tuaheni Landslide Complex, New Zealand: A Core‐Log‐Seismic Integration Study (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-29
    Description: Although submarine landslides have been studied for decades, a persistent challenge is the integration of diverse geoscientific datasets to characterize failure processes. We present a core‐log‐seismic integration study of the Tuaheni Landslide Complex to investigate intact sediments beneath the undeformed seafloor as well as post‐failure landslide deposits. Beneath the undeformed seafloor are coherent reflections underlain by a weakly‐reflective and chaotic seismic unit. This chaotic unit is characterized by variable shear strength that correlates with density fluctuations. The basal shear zone of the Tuaheni landslide likely exploited one (or more) of the low shear strength intervals. Within the landslide deposits is a widespread “Intra‐debris Reflector”, previously interpreted as the landslide's basal shear zone. This reflector is a subtle impedance drop around the boundary between upper and lower landslide units. However, there is no pronounced shear strength change across this horizon. Rather, there is a pronounced reduction in shear strength ∼10–15 m above the Intra‐debris Reflector that presumably represents an induced weak layer that developed during failure. Free gas accumulates beneath some regions of the landslide and is widespread deeper in the sedimentary sequence, suggesting that free gas may have played a role in pre‐conditioning the slope to failure. Additional pre‐conditioning or failure triggers could have been seismic shaking and associated transient fluid pressure. Our study underscores the importance of detailed core‐log‐seismic integration approaches for investigating basal shear zone development in submarine landslides.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Submarine landslides move enormous amounts of sediment across the seafloor and have the potential to generate damaging tsunamis. To understand how submarine landslides develop, we need to be able to image and sample beneath the seafloor in regions where landslides have occurred. To image beneath the seafloor we generate sound waves in the ocean and record reflections from those waves, enabling us to produce “seismic images” of sediment layers and structures beneath the seafloor. We then use scientific drilling to sample the sediment layers and measure physical properties. In this study, we combine seismic images and drilling results to investigate a submarine landslide east of New Zealand's North Island. Drilling next to the landslide revealed a ∼25 m‐thick layer of sediment (from ∼75–95 m below the seafloor) that has strong variations in sediment strength and density. We infer that intervals of relatively low strength within this layer developed into the main sliding surface of the landslide. Additionally, results from within the landslide suggest that the process of landslide emplacement has induced a zone of weak sediments closer to the seafloor. Our study demonstrates how combining seismic images and drilling data helps to understand submarine landslide processes.
    Description: Key Points: We integrate scientific drilling data with seismic reflection data to investigate the submarine Tuaheni Landslide Complex. Basal shear zone of the landslide likely exploited a relatively low shear strength interval within an older (buried) mass transport deposit. Landslide emplacement seems to have induced an additional weak zone that is shallower than the interpreted base of the landslide deposit.
    Description: Marsden Fund (Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009193
    Description: European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling
    Description: International Ocean Drilling Program, Science Support Program
    Description: New Zealand Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.928073
    Keywords: ddc:622.15 ; ddc:551
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Seismische Methoden in der Lagerstättenforschung (2022)
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 4 Z NAT 2176:16
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Description: Der Beitrag gibt eine Einführung zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Explorationsseismik.
    Description: report
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 622.1592 ; Geophysikalische Verfahren {Lagerstättenkunde} ; Geophysikalische Verfahren {Kohlenwasserstofflagerstätten} ; Explorationsseismik ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 17
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    Die Bedeutung der Stoff-Konstanten natürlicher Gesteine für Bauwesen, Geologie und Bergbau (2022)
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 MIN I,1230:24
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Description: Unter Heranziehen eigener Forschungsergebnisse und zahlreicher Einzelarbeiten aus den Gebieten Bauwesen, Geologie und Bergbau, wird auseinandergesetzt, wie sich aus der einfachen Werkstoffprüfung an Naturstein eine Arbeitsrichtung unter Zusammenfassung physikalischer, mechanischer, mineralogischer und geologischer Arbeitsmethoden entwickelt hat, die man als „Gesteinstechnik“ bezeichnen könnte. Wie für eine Baukonstruktion die Statik nicht ohne Kenntnis der Materialkonstanten ausgearbeitet werden kann, so sind andererseits unter Zuhilfenahme der Statik und der markscheiderischen Meßverfahren die Probleme des Gebirgsdruckes nur zu lösen, wenn — unter Beachtung der Stoffkonstanten der das Gebirge aufbauenden Schichten — die Gesetze der technischen Mechanik richtig angewendet werden. Der Modellversuch kann uns erst dann vorwärts bringen, wenn wir durch Kenntnis der Stoffkonstanten des Gebirges das Modell so aufbauen können, daß die einzelnen Teile im Maßstab wohl kleiner, aber im Verhältnis der Festigkeits- und Verformungseigenschaften wirklichkeitstreu sind. Bei sinnvoller Zusammenarbeit der naturwissenschaftlichen und technischen Richtungen, deren Gebiete hier angeschnitten wurden, können die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse aus der Gesteinstechnik, angewandt auf praktische Fragen des Bauwesens, der Geologie und des Bergbaues, manches Problem der Lösung näherbringen.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 552.06 ; Technische Gesteinskunde ; Ingenieurgeologische Bewertung von Gesteinen und Sedimenten als Baugrund und Baustoff ; Geomechanik ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 18
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    Festschrift Max Bauer zum siebzigsten Geburtstage gewidmet (2022)
    Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 MIN I, 1220:Beilage-Bd 39
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Description: Die Festschrift zum siebzigsten Geburtstage des Mineralogen Max Bauer (1844-1917), langjähriger, unermüdlicher und unparteiischer Redakteur des Neuen Jahrbuchs und des Centralblatts für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, enthält 22 Beiträge zur Mineralogie und Petrologie von seinen Mitarbeitern, Freunden und Schülern.
    Description: commemorativepublication
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 549 ; Festschriften {Mineralogie} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 568
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  • 19
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    Neue geologische Beobachtungen bei Stadtilm (2022)
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 Z NAT 2662:8
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Description: Feinstratigraphische, tektonische und allgemein-geologische Beobachtungen werden mitgeteilt. Im Röt lassen sich noch nicht alle charakteristischen Horizonte von Ostthüringen nachweisen. Im unteren Muschelkalk wurde eine Anzahl der von Jena bekannten Horizonte neu ermittelt, u. a. die Bänke d2, d3, fi, f4, die Schichten mit Myo. incurvata, die untere und obere Querplattungszone. Für andere, wie den konglomeratischen Wellenkalk, die Oolithbank ß und f3 werden neue Fundstellen angegeben. Die Oolithbank a läßt sich nicht klar festlegen. Die Terebratelzone ist in der Gesamtmächtigkeit nicht konstant, die Schaumkalkbänke wechseln in Stärke und teilweise auch Ausbildung. Der untere Muschelkalk von Stadtilm entspricht der Ostthüringer Ausbildung weitgehend, doch machen sich Abweichungen in der Mächtigkeit einzelner Stufen geltend. Im mittleren Muschelkalk fallen örtlich Zellenkalke und -dolomite auf. In mm ist auch der Gips in den oberflächennahen Gebieten meist ausgelaugt, was sich morphologisch auswirkt. Ein Profil des Überganges nach mo1 wird beschrieben. In mo2 mangelt es an besseren Aufschlüssen. Der untere Keuper nimmt größere Gebiete als bisher bekannt ein und zeigt typische Gesteinsausbildungen, u. a. den Guthmannshäuser Kalk. Diluviale Ablagerungen der Ilm sind stellenweise ziemlich mächtig - Alluvialer Kalktuff ist verbreitet bei Kl.-Hettstedt. Einige tektonische Bilder aus der Eichenberg— Saalfelder Störungszone werden beschrieben. Die südliche Remdaer Störungszone reicht bis zum Ilmtal, die nördliche findet möglicherweise ihre Fortsetzung weit nach NW hin. Auch rheinisch verlaufende Störungen sind wahrscheinlich. Ursache für „Abgänge“ an Muschelkalkhängen ist die Gleitbewegung auf den liegenden wasserstauenden Schichten. Strudeltaschen sind im Muschelkalk recht häufig. Als Füllung solcher Taschen und anderer Spalten spielen u. a. Kalkspatausscheidungen eine Rolle, die lokal auch oberflächlich in auffallenden Resten erhalten sind.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 554.3 ; Thüringen {Geologie} ; Stadtilm ; Geologie ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
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  • 20
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    Ergebnisse geologischer Forschungen in Minas Geraes (Brasilien) (2022)
    Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 MIN I, 1220:SondBd 2
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Description: Minas Geraes gehört seit alten Zeiten zu den Gegenden der Erde, die wegen ihres Mineralreichtums allgemein berühmt waren. Weitaus die größte Zahl der Veröffentlichungen über dieses Land beschäftigt sich mit den Bodenschätzen, mit einzelnen Lagerstätten, mit besonders interessanten Mineralien, während nur sehr wenige Autoren sich mit dem geologischen Bau einzelner Landesteile befaßt haben. Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert die geologischen Ergebnisse von Forschungsreisen durch die Region in den 1920-ziger Jahren mit dem Ziel, eine Übersicht über die großen Zusammenhänge zu gewinnen und einen Rahmen zu schaffen, in den sich ältere und künftige Spezialuntersuchungen einfügen lassen.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 558 ; Brasilien und Uruguay {Geologie} ; Minas Geraes ; Geologie ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 403, XXVII
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  • 21
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    Festband Reinhard Brauns (2022)
    Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 MIN I, 1220:Beilage-Bd 64
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Description: Der Festband zum siebzigsten Geburtstag des Mineralogen Reinhard Brauns (1861-1937) enthält 44 Beiträge zur Kristallographie, Mineralogie, Petrographie, Geochemie und Lagerstättenkunde von seinen Freunden und Schülern sowie dem Verlag.
    Description: commemorativepublication
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 549 ; 548 ; 552 ; 553 ; Festschriften {Mineralogie} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 850
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  • 22
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    Versteinerungen des Oberen Muschelkalks bei Ohrdruf als aufschlußreiche Dokumente für die Geschichte des deutschen Muschelkalkmeeres (2022)
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 MIN II, 2650:5
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Description: Der Beitrag umfasst ein Referat über einige Versteinerungen des Oberen Muschelkalks bei Ohrdruf und soll ein Hinweis darauf sein, daß bestimmte Fossilien und gewisse Gesteinsformen in mo besonders aufschlußreiche Dokumente für die Geschichte des deutschen Muschelkalkmeeres sein können.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 560 ; Thüringen {Paläontologie} ; Trias {Stratigraphische Paläontologie} ; Oberer Muschelkalk ; Fossil ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
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  • 23
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    Ist eine Ausbeutung der fast vergessenen sächsischen Vorkommen von Topas und Achat heute wirtschaftlich möglich? (2022)
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 MIN I,1230:22
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Description: Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über eine wirtschaftliche Verwertbarkeit von sächsischen Schmucksteinvormkommen.
    Description: report
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.8 ; Regionale Vorkommen von Edelsteinen ; Sachsen ; Topas ; Achat ; Lagerstätte ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
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  • 24
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    Scheinbare Großkolonien von Graptolithen (2022)
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 Z NAT 2662:8
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Description: Der Beitrag liefert eine Betrachtung von 3 verschiedenen Graptolithenfunden.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 563 ; Stomochorda {Paläozoologie} ; Graptolithen ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
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  • 25
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    Untersuchungen zur Bruchtektonik in der Zentralägäis (2022)
    Reimer, Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen Beitrag zur Erfassung und Analyse der postalpinen Bruchtektonik des zentralägäischen Raumes liefern. Das Arbeitsgebiet umfaßt Teile aller drei Stockwerke der alpidischen Helleniden, insbesondere der West- und Zentralhellenischen Decken. Das Bruchmuster mußte in zwei grundsätzlich verschiedenen Bereichen erfaßt werden - auf dem Festland und im Meer. Die seit einigen Jahren zur Verfügung stehenden Satellitenbilder ermöglichten eine flachendeckende Interpretation der Landgebiete des Untersuchungsareals. In wichtigen Teilgebieten wurden sie Luftbild-Auswertungen gegenübergestellt sowie durch Geländekontrollen überprüft. Dieser dreistufige Vergleich wurde für den Westteil des Untersuchungsgebietes, in der südöstlichen Argolis und der Lakonischen Halbinsel, im Zentrum auf der Insel Naxos und im Osten auf den Inseln Samos und Ikaria durchgefuhrt. Unter Berücksichtigung der Eigenheiten der verschiedenen Auswertungsmethoden konnten in der Satellitenbild-Auswertung eine große Anzahl der Lineationen bewertet und Bruchzonen von regionaler Bedeutung herausgefiltert werden. Für die vom Meer bedeckten Gebiete mußte das Bruchmuster aus der Morphologie des Meeresbodens, die sich in Isobathenkarten wiederspiegelt, gewonnen werden. Von großmaßstäbigen Seekarten ausgehend, konnten insbesondere der Schelfbereich und über diesen hinaus große Teile des Meeresbodens im Bereich der zentralägäischen Inselbrücke relativ detailliert dargestellt werden, über eine daraus entwickelte Hangneigungskarte wurden die sich auf dem Meeresboden abzeichnenden Bruchspuren erfaßt. Die Interpretationsergebnisse der verschiedenen Auswertungsmethoden werden für alle Teilgebiete der Region getrennt vorgestellt und verknüpft betrachtet. Danach zeigt das Bruchmuster im Einzelnen ein recht differenziertes Bild, doch lassen sich übergreifende Trends erkennen: Im Westen dominieren zwischen dem Ost-Peloponnes und dem Westrand des Kykladen-Plateaus Bruchzonen in der NNU/SSE-Richtung. östlich davon herrschen dagegen bis zur kleinasiatischen Küste Bruchzonen vor, die ENE/WSW bis NE/SW verlaufen. Im nordöstlichen Peloponnes und auf der Landbrücke von Korinth sowie im Bereich der Menderes-Gräben und auf Samos sind überwiegend E/W streichende Bruchzonen vertreten. Im Gegensatz zu bisher veröffentlichten neotektonischen Ergebnissen enthält das Bruchmuster auch innerhalb des südägäischen Bogens Blattverschiebungen… Ein relativ ausgeglichenes Spannungsfeld im Bereich des ägäischen Bogens legt neben Subduktion und back-arc basin eine weitere Beeinflussung der Kruste dieses Raumes nahe, die in der Westdrift der Arabischen Platte denkbar wäre.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 554.95 ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Randmeere Atlantischer Ozean {Geologie} ; Ägäis ; Bruchtektonik ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 144
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  • 26
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    Karte der Zentral- und Südägäis - Bruchtektonik (2022)
    Berlin, Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: Die Bearbeitung der tektonischen Übersichtskarte der Zentral- und Südägäis beginnt mit der Klärung des Kartenzwecks, des Benutzerkreises und des Benutzungsvorganges. Aus der Feststellung, daß sich die Karte besonders an Geologen wendet, die der Darstellung sowohl Einzelinformationen entnehmen, als auch einen zusammenfassenden überblick über den tektonischen Bau der Region erhalten wollen, ergibt sich die Forderung nach einer detaillierten und trotzdem übersichtlich gestalteten Darstellung der tektonischen Baueinheiten und der Bruchstrukturen in Verbindung mit dem Relief. Es wird ein Gegenstandskatalog aufgestellt, der in der Karte möglichst zur Darstellung kommen soll. Die Inhaltselemente werden bezüglich ihrer Strukturformen im Grundriß, ihrer Sach- und Lagebeziehungen untereinander und zu den topographischen Elementen hin untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung lassen eine systematische Umsetzung der Inhaltselemente in die graphische Zeichensprache zu, wobei Objekt- und Zeichengesetzmäßigkeiten beachtet werden. So wird der optische Eindruck der Karte von den Land- und Meeresfarben gesteuert. Die gegensätzliche Wirkung der warmen und kalten Farben läßt eine Grobgliederung des Kartenbildes zu. Während dieser Gegensatz von Land und Meer und die Bruchstrukturen in Abhängigkeit von morphologischer Gestalt und Untergrund in der obersten Wahrnehmungsebene stehen, rücken die Einzelinformationen über absolute und relative Höhen- oder Tiefenlagen und über die differenzierte Gliederung der tektonischen Einheiten in den Hintergrund. Diese in Wahrnehmungsebenen gestufte Darstellung erleichtert dem Kartenbenutzer das Lesen der Karte. Wesentliches ist hervorgehoben, Unwesentliches zurückgedrängt. Die Herstellung der Karte wird durch den chronologischen Arbeitsablauf dargestellt.
    Description: report
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 526 ; Karten zur Tektonik ; Kartenentwurf {Kartographie} ; Ägäis-Gebiet ; Bruchtektonik ; Kartenentwurf ; Kartenherstellung ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
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  • 27
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    Korngrößenverteilung und Schwermineralführung in den Flußsanden der Ziller (Tirol/Österreich) (2022)
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-14
    Description: Die Mineralgesellschaft eines Sandes wird in ihrem qualitativen Bestand vom Ausgangsmaterial im Liefergebiet bestimmt, die quantitative Zusammensetzung hängt dagegen weitgehend vom Transportmechanismus und der Länge des Transportweges ab. Die besondere Lage des untersuchten Gebietes in den kristallinen Schiefern der Tauernschieferhülle ermöglicht es, die Bindung der dort entstandenen Schwermineralgesellschaften an das Ausgangsgestein zu untersuchen. So wurden die rezenten Abtragungsprodukte im Einzugsgebiet der Ziller quantitativ und qualitativ auf den Mineralbestand hin untersucht. Alle Untersuchungen wurden mit Hilfe von mechanischen, optischen sowie röntgenographischen Methoden durchgeführt. Dabei wurde die konventionelle Methode der Schwermineraltrennung dahingehend verbessert, daß die Proben zentrifugiert und der Bodensatz eingefroren wurde...
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: Schwerminerale {Mineralogie} ; Granulometrie {Sedimentologie} ; Fluviatile Sedimentation {Geologie} ; Nördliche Ostalpen {Geologie} ; Schwerminaralanalyse ; Ziller ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 58
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  • 28
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    Die tertiäre Teleosteer-Fauna Neuseelands, rekonstruiert anhand von Otolithen (2022)
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-14
    Description: Diese Monographie behandelt die tertiäre neuseeländische Otolithen-Fauna vom Unter-Eozän bis ins Pliozän. 160 Arten werden beschrieben. Damit umfaßt die jetzt bekannte Otolithen-Fauna Neuseelands insgesamt 164 Arten. Anhand des Typus-Materials werden die in vorangegangenen Arbeiten aufgestellten Arten revidiert (FROST 1924, 1928, 1933 und STINTON 1957). 27 ihrer 31 validen Arten konnten wiedergefunden werden. 80 Arten werden als Neue beschrieben, 40 in offener Nomenklatur und 13 als konspezifisch mit rezenten Arten dieser Region. 9 neue Gattungen werden aufgestellt. Zum Vergleich werden mehr als 200 Otolithen rezenter Arten aus australisch-neuseeländischen Gewässern und der Tiefsee abgebildet. In vielen Fällen wird die Systematik der behandelten rezenten und fossilen Fische erörtert. Die hier beschriebene fossile Fauna kann bei weitem noch nicht als vollständig angesehen werden. Im Anschluß an den systematischen Teil der Monographie wird eine biologische Rekonstruktion der Fauna versucht. Erste biostratigraphische Auswertungen, basierend auf der Otolithen-Fauna dieser Region, werden erörtert; desgleichen palökologische und paläobiogeographische (Faunenwanderungen von und nach Neuseeland; Verlandung der Indischen Meeresstraße; Öffnung der Antarktisch-Australischen Meeresstraße) Schlußfolgerungen.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 567 ; Neuseeland {Paläontologie} ; Osteichthyes {Paläozoologie} ; Tertiär {Stratigraphische Paläontologie} ; Tertiär ; Knochenfische ; Otolith ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 211
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  • 29
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    Geologische und petrographische Untersuchungen am Ostrand des Akapol-Batholithen im Zentral-Alborz/Iran mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der radioaktiven Minerale (2022)
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-14
    Description: Der Akapol-Batholith des zentralen Alborz-Gebirges zeichnet sich an der östlichen Seite mit seinen gangförmigen Differentiationsprodukten durch eine Reihe von radioaktiven Anomalien (bis 9ooo cps) im Mejel-Tal aus. Dieses Gebiet wurde geologisch kartiert sowie petrographisch, radiometrisch und geochemisch untersucht. Das Massiv ist von seinem Gesteinsrahmen im Mejel-Tal durch eine konkordante kontaktmetamorphe Marmorzone scharf abgegrenzt. Darauffolgende, konkordante, paläozoische, quarzitische Sandstein-/Marmor-Wechselfolgen, die von einer schwachen Regionalmetamorphose überprägt sind, werden infolge der flachgründigen Unterlagerung des Akapol-Batholithen im Guret-Tal von einer Kontaktmetamorphose erfaßt und sind dort in Kalksilikatfels und Andalusit-Hornfelsschiefer umgewandelt. Über den obengenannten sandigen, kalkigen bis tonigen Gesteinen lagern konkordant jungpaläozoische, organogene Kalkgesteine. Petrologisch wird der Akapol-Batholith im Mejel-Tal in folgende drei Intrusionsphasen aufgeteilt: — die Intrusion des Batholith-Körpers, bestehend aus Monzodiorit und Monzonit, — die Intrusion der Randzone, bestehend aus Syenit und Alkalifeldspatsyenit, — die Intrusion der Gänge. Hier sind folgende Abfolgen vertreten: Ägirinalkaligranit, Granitaplit, Alkalifeldspataplit, Alkalifeldspatquarzsyenit, Monzonitporphyr und Lamprophyr. Geologisch, petrographisch und petrochemisch wurden die magmatischen Zusammenhänge zwischen den drei Intrusionsphasen untersucht. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß alle drei Intrusionen als Differentiationsfolge alkalischer Magmen aufzufassen sind, die vom Körper zum Rand des Batholithen und weiter in den Gängen sich durch Kristallisations-Differentiation von basisch-intermediären Gliedern zu sauren Differentiaten entwickeln. Die SEE-Vertei1ung in den magmatischen Gesteinen und in ihren gesteinsbildenden Mineralien unterstützt die Aussage über die obengenannte magmatische Spezialisierung. Die Verteilung von Uran und Thorium spiegelt sich ebenfalls in dieser Differentiationsabfolge wider. Der Th-Gehalt nimmt vom Körper des Batholithen (9 ppm) zu der Randzone hin (42 ppm) zu. Bei zunehmender Differentiation in den Ganggesteinen erreichen Uran und Thorium ihre höchste Konzentration. Als Hauptträger der Radioaktivität im Mejel-Tal treten die Ägirinalkaligranite mit durchschnittlich 211 ppm U und 2452 ppm Th in Erscheinung. Neben den submikroskopischen Akzessorien mit ihrem hohen Anteil an U und Th in den gesteinsbildenden Mineralien wurden als Träger des Urans Uranpyrochlor mit einem Gehalt von durchschnittlich 15,67 UO2 Gew.-% und des Thoriums Thorit mit einem Gehalt von 44,31 ThO2 Gew.-% in den Ägirinalkaligranitgängen identifiziert. Aufgrund der Flußsediment-Untersuchungen wurde festgestellt, daß die akzessorischen Mineralien wie Zirkon, Monazit, Apatit etc. keine nennenswerten Gehalte an U und Th aufweisen. Die Untersuchungen in den magmatischen Gesteinen, ihren Verwitterungsprodukten und in Oberflächengewässern deuten auf eine schwache bzw. beginnende Verwitterung der radioaktiven Minerale im Mejel-Tal hin. Volumenmäßig spielen die in Gängen auftretenden, sauren Differentiate keine größere Rolle. Deshalb muß das Vorkommen von Lagerstätten des Urans oder des Thoriums als sehr unwahrscheinlich angesehen werden.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 555 ; Iran {Geologie} ; Plutonismus {Geologie} ; Granitische Gesteine {Petrologie} ; Radioaktive Minerale ; Batholith ; Uranmineralien ; Thoriummineralien ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 71
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  • 30
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    Spurenanalyse als Hilfsmittel bei der geochemischen Untersuchung der Genese bolivianischer Sn-Lagerstätten (2022)
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-15
    Description: Die Diskussion der Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Funkenquellenmassenspektrometrie und Neutronenaktivierungsspektrometrie bei der Analyse von Kassiterit-(Sn02)-Proben hat gezeigt, daß mit Hilfe dieser beiden Methoden routinemäßig 23 Elemente quantitativ bestimmt werden können. Aus dem Verhalten der Elemente W, Ta, Hf, Nb, Zr, Ga, Fe und Sc in Proben der einzelnen Lagerstätten ist zu erkennen, daß diese Elemente zu einer Deutung der Genese der Vorkommen herangezogen werden können. Ta, Hf, Nb und Zr zeigen die höchsten Gehalte in Kassiteriten pegmatitischen Ursprungs. Zinnsteine aus den hydrothermalen subvulkanischen Lagerstätten im Süden Boliviens sind dagegen im allgemeinen arm an diesen Elementen. W, Ga, Fe und Sc zeigen ein antagonistisches Verhalten. Kassiterite aus Pegmatiten, Sn-Graniten und deren Seifen zeigen Hf/Zr-Verhältnisse, die im Mittel etwa um den Faktor 10 größer sind als die aus anderen Vorkommen. Im Zuge der Remobilisation scheinen diese Zinnsteine Hf und Zr zu verlieren, wobei die Abnahme von Hf schneller erfolgt als die von Zr. Damit verbunden ist eine Abnahme des Hf/Zr-Verhältnisses. Daneben können diese beiden Elemente durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen hydrothermalen Lösungen und dem Nebengestein in den Lösungen angereichert werden, wobei keine Veränderung im Hf/Zr-Verhältnis zu beobachten ist. Der Einbau von W in das Kassiteritgitter scheint begrenzt zu werden. Aus dem Verhalten von Zinnsteinen aus verschiedenen Sn-Provinzen in W/Sn-W/Ta-Variationsdiagrammen lassen sich vom Lagerstättentyp abhängige Sättigungsgrenzen für den W-Gehalt in Kassiterit ablesen. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, daß der Einbau von W nicht allein durch kristallchemische Parameter kontrolliert wird. Es wird vermutet, daß die W-Grenzgehalte hauptsächlich durch die unterschiedliche Löslichkeit von Wolframit in der jeweiligen erzbringenden fluiden Phase gekennzeichnet sind. Aus dem Verhalten aller untersuchten bolivianischen Lagerstätten kann geschlossen werden, daß die physikalisch-chemischen Prozesse, die unabhängig vom geologischen Alter zur Erzbildung geführt haben, entscheidende Bedeutung für die Spureneiementverteilung haben. Aufgrund der geochemischen Beobachtungen lassen sich diese Lagerstätten in zwei Gruppen unterteilen, die sich grundlegend in der Art der erzbringenden fluiden Phase unterscheiden.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551.9 ; Zinnerze {Lagerstättenkunde} ; Bolivien und Paraguay {Rohstoffgeologie} ; Untersuchungsverfahren und Ergebnisse {Mineralogie: Erzminerale} ; Spektroskopische Verfahren {Geochemie} ; Bolivien ; Zinnlagerstätte ; Zinnstein ; Spurenanalyse ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 79
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    Konzeption des geplanten Berliner Sonderforschungsbereiches "Geowissenschaftliche Probleme arider Gebiete" (2022)
    Berlin, Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-19
    Description: Die geowissenschaftliche Problematik der Trockengebiete beruht vor allem auf dem Konflikt, der sich aus der lebensfeindlichen Klimasituation und dem geowissenschaftlichen Gesamtpotential dieser Gebiete ergibt: Große, weitgehend ungenutzte Flächen, ein normalerweise nur randlich bekanntes Rohstoffpotential und begrenzte Grundwasservorräte kennzeichnen eine spezifische Problematik, deren wissenschaftliche Erforschung von großer praktischer Bedeutung für die ständig anwachsende Erdbevölkerung bei gleichzeitiger Verknappung von Rohstoffen und Nahrungsmitteln sein wird. Aridität ist Folge spezifischer klimatischer Situationen. Das Klima war während der Erdgeschichte einem ständigen Wandel unterworfen. Es kennzeichnet lediglich eine augenblickliche Situation und deren geowissenschaftliche Prozesse. Erst vor dem Hintergrund der geologischen Gesamtentwicklung des jeweiligen Gebietes wird der eingangs skizzierte Konflikt jedoch deutlich, der beispielsweise in konkurrierenden Nutzungsansprüchen von Landwirtschaft und Bergbau in bezug auf begrenzte Wasserresourcen bestehen kann. Die geowissenschaftliche Erforschung heute arider Gebiete muß die jüngere Klimageschichte erfassen, die wesentlich ist für die augenblickliche Grundwassersituation sowie für überprägende Vorgänge der Landschaftsentwicklung und der Bodenbildung. Daneben muß sie ein klares Bild von der geologischen Gesamtentwicklung des jeweiligen Gebietes erbringen, um so Vorstellungen zum Potential an Rohstoffen, Grundwasser und Böden zu ermöglichen. Das Nebeneinander großer ungenutzter Flächen, nur teilweise bekannter Rohstoffvorräte und endlicher Grundwasservorkommen ist in den ariden Gebieten der Erde vor allem realisiert im Bereich der großen kratonalen Becken des nördlichen Afrika und Arabiens sowie des südlichen Afrika und Australiens. Unsere als exemplarisch zu verstehenden Untersuchungen sollten ihre Muster demzufolge in diesen Gebieten suchen, wobei sich zunächst Nordafrika aus naheliegenden Gründen anbietet. Da intramontane Becken der ariden Gebiete Innerasiens und Amerikas eine teilweise ähnliche Problematik erwarten lassen, sollten im Rahmen gezielter vergleichender Fragestellungen auch vergleichende Untersuchungen möglich sein. Ebenso sollten Vergleiche möglich sein, die die Deutung fossiler Umlagerungsprozesse im kontinentalen Bereich am rezenten Beispiel erlauben und zwar unabhängig vom derzeitigen Klima. In bezug auf die zunächst angestrebte Bearbeitung von Becken Nordafrikas schließlich empfiehlt es sich, eine tektonische Bearbeitung des Nordrandes der Saharatafel einzubeziehen, weil ein Teil des Rohstoffpotentials der saharischen Becken abhängig ist von Bewegungsvorgängen am Tafelrand. Die Untersuchungen sollen dazu dienen, aus geowissenschaftlicher Sicht die Nutzungsmöglichkeiten und die Nutzungsgrenzen heute arider Gebiete an geeigneten Beispielen aufzuzeichnen. Darüber hinaus werden die für dieses Ziel zu erarbeitenden Forschungsergebnisse wesentliche Beiträge zur Klärung diverser geowissenschaftlicher Fragen in den Untersuchungsgebieten erbringen.
    Description: report
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 550 ; Wissenschaftsorganisation und -pflege {Geologische Wissenschaften} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
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    Petrographische und geochemische Untersuchungen an drei Graniten im Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald (2022)
    Berlin, Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar | Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-19
    Description: Im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtungen steht ein im Östlichen Teil des Nationalparks Bayerischer Wald auftretender Granitkomplex, der sich aus drei Granittypen zusammensetzt, die im Verlauf der varistischen Orogenese intrudierten: Älterer Finsterauer Kristallgranit, Jüngerer Finsterauer Kristallgranit, Fein- bis mittel körniger Zweiglimmergranit. Anhand von petrographisch und geochemisch ermittelten Analysendaten wird der folgende Fragenkomplex dargestellt und belegt: 1. Eine Charakterisierung der drei Granitvarietäten hinsichtlich ihres Minera!bestandes und ihrer chemischen Zusammensetzung zur Ermittlung von Kriterien für die Diagnose der Granitgenese. 2. Die genetischen Beziehungen zueinander, insbesondere die der beiden Kristallgranite. 3. Der Verwandtschaftsgrad (Gleichsetzung) des Intrusionszyklus des Jüngeren Finsterauer Kristallgranits mit dem des Eisgarner Granits der österreichischen Gliederung. Neben den qualitativen mikroskopischen Untersuchungen werden von 54 Proben mittels Point-Counter die Modalbestände belegt. Aus 42 Proben (die sich z, T. mit den mikroskopisch untersuchten Proben überlappen) wird röntgenfluoreszenzanalytisch der chemische Bestand folgender Elementkonzentrationen ermittelt: Si, Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, P, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba. Mit Hilfe der kartographisch dargestellten Verteilungspläne der Elementkonzentrationen Si, Fe, K, Ca, Zr und Ba (sowie der Korrelations-Diagramme) wird versucht, genetisch abgrenzbare Konzentrationsbereiche zu charakterisieren, die genetische Hinweise auf einzelne Intrusionsphasen darlegen können. Dies trifft insbesondere auf den Jüngeren Finsterauer Kristallgranit zu.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 552.1 ; Granitische Gesteine {Petrologie} ; Bayern {Geologie} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 70
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  • 33
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    Eine Hexactinelliden-Faunula aus dem "Chalk" (Maastricht?, Paläozän) Südwest-Ägyptens (2022)
    Reimer, Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-19
    Description: Aus dem oberpaläozänen "Chalk" Südwest-Ägyptens wird eine Schwammfaunula untersucht. Es wurden 7 Gattungen und 9 Arten nachgewiesen. Die Diagnosen der lychniskiden V e n t r i c u l i t i d a e - Gattungen Schizorhabdus ZITTEL und Rhizopoterion ZITTEL wurden ergänzt bzw. revidiert. Alle weiteren H e x a c ­ t i n o s a werden erstmalig beschrieben. Die ägyptischen H e x a c t i n o s a lehnen sich eng an oberkretazische Gattungen an, zeigen aber zum Teil durch ihre spezialisierte Bauweise eine Organisationshöhe, die sie als eigenständige tertiäre Gattungen ausweisen. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Gattungen Eutactostomium gen. nov. und Diphyllospira gen. nov.. Die Gattung Leptophragma ZITTEL wird erstmalig mit L, pentataxis sp. nov. für das Tertiär nachgewiesen. Die Gattung Plecteurete gen. nov. ist mit zwei Arten vertreten. Sie füllen die im Ter­tiär bestehenden Kenntnislücken, da die E u r e t i n a e s.s. REID mit der Gattung Eurete SEMPER s.l. (siehe REID 1963) bereits aus der Oberkreide und rezent bekannt war. Als einzige der bearbeiteten H e x a c t i n o s a - Gattungen war Aphrocallistes GRAY mit Sicherheit aus dem Tertiär (Miozän) bekannt. A. polycolpos ist der erste Nachweis der Gat­tung Aphrocallistes GRAY im Alt-Tertiär. A. tetraplax steht auf Grund seiner spezialisier­ten Bauweise isoliert unter den A p h r o c a l 1 i s t i d a e .
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 563.4 ; Porifera {Paläozoologie} ; Paläogen {Stratigraphische Paläontologie} ; Ägypten {Paläontologie} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 38
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  • 34
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    Der Einfluß unterschiedlicher Umweltfaktoren auf Größenwachstum und Schalenbau bei Ostracoden (2022)
    Berlin, Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-19
    Description: Bei Züchtungsversuchen mit Ostracoden der Brackwasserart» C y p v i n o t u s s a l i n u s , wurde der Einfluß verschiedener Umweltfaktoren auf die Population untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß eine nicht ausreichende Belichtung einer Verminderung des Längenwachstums um 1/3 und ein Absinken der Populationsdichte um über die Hälfte zur Folge hat. In diesem Fall ist auch der Sauerstoffgehalt des Wassers ein limitierender Faktor, der bei normalen Lichtverhältnissen in ausreichender Menge vorhanden ist. Der Salzgehalt des Wassers führt ebenfalls zu starken Größen und Abundanzschwankungen. Das Minimum für beide Werte lag bei 5%0 , deutlich niedriger als bei den Populationen bei 0%0 und 20%0 . Da auf Grund der verschiedenen Umweltfaktoren Größenunterschiede innerhalb einer Art von 200-300% zu erwarten sind, ist eine Arteneinteilung nach der Größe nicht zu rechtfertigen. Mit steigender Salinität nimmt die Skulptierung der ursprünglich glatten Schale zu. Die Sattelbildung der Schalen wird mit der Muskelkontraktion erklärt. Am stärksten ist die Verformung, wenn die Schalenstabilität verringert wird wie beim verstärkten Einbau von Strontium in die Schale. Die Schalenzusammensetzung ändert sich bei natürlichen Umweltbedingungen fast nicht. Schwankende Magnesiumgehalte sind temperaturabhängig. Mit steigender Strontiumkonzentration im Wasser kommt es zum verstärkten Einbau des Elements in die Schale, so daß sich die ursprüngliche Calcitstruktur in Strontianit und Aragonit umwandelt. Der Einbau von Fremdionen in die Schale wird mit einem kinetisch-thermodynamischen Modell erklärt, was in guter Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen steht. Mit diesem Modell kann auch die starke Temperaturabhangigkeit des Magnesiumeinbaus gedeutet werden. Daneben wurde noch der Einfluß der verschiedenen Umweltfaktoren auf das Verhalten der Ostracoden untersucht. Für die Trennung der Ostracoden vom Sand wird ein neues Ausleseverfahren beschrieben.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 565.3 ; Arthropoda {Paläozoologie} ; Paläoökologie ; Ostracoda ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 47
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  • 35
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    Zur Geologie des Großen Walsertales bei Buchboden (2022)
    Berlin, Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-19
    Description: Aufgrund einer Neukartierung im Maßstab 1 : 10.000 im oberostalpinen Bereich des Großen Walsertales östlich Buchboden und Spezi al Untersuchungen konnte eine Schichfolge, die vom Hauptdolomit bis zur Kreideschiefer-Serie hinaufreicht, ermittelt werden. Hierbei wurden die Kössener-Schichten in Untere- und Obere Kössener-Schichten ausgeschieden. Zusätzlich seien 1 - 2m Radiolarite nahe der Basis der Kreideschiefer-Serie als vermutliches Äquivalent der sogenannten jüngeren Radiolarite (TRAUTH 1948) erwähnt. Zur tektonischen Gliederung lassen sich folgende Aussagen machen: I. Die Buchbodener-Muldenzone, die als relativ breites Jura-Kreide- Gebiet zwischen dem Hauptdolomit des Zitterklapfen-und dem der Walsertal-Schuppe vermittelt, ist keinesfalls eine einfach gebaute Mulde, sondern ein z.T. hochgradig eingeengter, bereichsweise extrem verschuppter Faltenwurf jüngerer Gesteine innerhalb der Allgäu-Schichten*. Mit der zunehmenden Einengung nach Osten hin steigern sich in der Buchbodener-Mulde intensive Verfaltung und Verschuppung, wobei die Mächtigkeit der einzelnen Schichten sprunghaft abnehmen. Die sehr stark tektonische Durchbewegung bedingte einen ständigen Wechsel der geologischen Verhältnisse, die in einigen Abschnitten sogar auf Strecken bis zu 30m voneinander völlig abweichen; eine Korrelation der Schichten ist in der Buchbodener-Mulde sehr schwer, stellenweise auch unmöglich. II. Die im Arbeitsgebiet von der Zitterklapfen-Schuppe abgespaltene Walsertal-Schuppe ist erst östlich Buchboden deutlich abgeschert und tritt über eine kurze Strecke auf, wobei der Normal-Schenkel mit Hauptdolomit einwandfrei auf die Allgäu-Schichten der Oberlut-Mulde überschoben ist. III. Zwischen dem Hauptdolomit der Wandfluh-Schuppe und den Oberen Kössener-Schichten der Walsertal-Schuppe ist im südwestlichen Abschnitt des Gebietes ein Vorkommen der Arosa-Zone eingeschuppt.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 554.3 ; Nördliche Ostalpen {Geologie} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 16
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    Qualitative und quantitative petrographische Untersuchungen der Kohlen aus den flözführenden Schichten der Antioquia-Formation/Kolumbien (2022)
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-13
    Description: Es wurde eine geologische Obersicht der Amaga-Mulde aufgestellt, wobei die kohlenführende Antioquia-Formation besonders behandelt wurde. Die Ergebnisse wurden in einer geologischen und einer tektonischen Karte sowie in Profilen im Maßstab 1 : 50 000 dargestellt. Aus der Amaga-Mulde wurden acht Flözprofiläulen kohlenpetrographisch analysiert. Die makropetrographischen Analysen nach Lithotypen ergaben, daß die Flöze arm an Verwachsungen von Kohle mit Nebengesteinen sind, daß der Lithotyp Fusain fehlt und daß die Kohlen vorwiegend feinstreifig aufgebaut sind. Die qualitativen mikroskopischen Untersuchungen zeigten, daß die Macerale und die Mineralführung wie auch die Vergesellschaftung der Macerale untereinander ähnlich sind. Durch die Kombinationsanalysen wurde die Zusammensetzung der Lithotypen nach Maceralen, Maceralgruppen, Mikrolithotypen und die Zusammensetzung der Mikrolithotypen nach Maceralen ermittelt. Die Maceralgruppenuntersuchungen ergaben, daß die Flöze überwiegend aus Vitriniten aufgebaut und ungewöhnlich arm an Inertiniten sind. Durch die Untersuchungen der einzelnen Lithotypen konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß zwischen den makroskopisch unterschiedenen Lithotypen Durain und Clarain kein eindeutiger Unterschied besteht. Beide Lithotypen sind mehr oder weniger nur aus Vergesellschaftungen von Vitriniten und Exiniten aufgebaut. Insgesamt sind die Schwankungen in der petrographischen Zusammensetzung der Lithotypen aller Flöze so klein, daß, ausgehend von dem makroskopischen Flözschnitt, Rückschlüsse auf die Zusammensetzung der Kohle möglich sind. Es wurden Schlitzproben der Amaga-Mulde untersucht und die Ergebnisse mit den Untersuchungsbefunden der Schlitzproben der Titiribi-Bolombolo-Senke verglichen. Bis auf wenige Ausnahmen sind die Flöze der Titiribi-Bolombolo-Senke höher inkohlt als die der Amaga-Mulde; bei einigen Flözen wird der Inkohlungsgrad von Magerkohlen und Anthraziten erreicht. Diese Kohlen liegen in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft von vulkanischen Extrusionen. Der hohe Inkohlungsgrad ist auf eine Kontaktmetamorphose zurückzuführen.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.24 ; Kolumbien {Geologie} ; Südamerika {Fossile Energieträger} ; Prospektion {Kohlelagerstätten} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 110
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  • 37
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    Verteilung und Genese von Fluorit im Hauptdolomit Norddeutschlands (2022)
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-13
    Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit basiert auf dem Kenntnisstand über die Deutung der Genese von Fluoriten mit Hilfe charakteristischer Gehalte an Seltenerdelementen (SEE). Bisher sind Fluorite aus dem „sedimentären" Bildungsbereich relativ selten untersucht worden. Da Fluoritmineralisationen in Zechsteinkarbonaten bekannt sind, wurden Proben (Bohrungen und Tagesaufschlüsse) aus dem Hauptdolomit Norddeutschlands zur Untersuchung herangezogen. In elf von 14 Bohrungen sowie in drei übertägigen Aufschlüssen wurde Flußspat nachgewiesen. Die Proben wurden analysenfein gemahlen, der Karbonatanteil (93-98 %) mit Salpetersäure herausgelöst und der Probenrückstand röntgenographisch bestimmt. Dieser bestand in der Regel aus Quarz, Fluorit, Anhydrit, Coelestin und Tonmineralen. Für die Analyse des Fluorits auf SEE war es notwendig, eine Abtrennung der Sulfate vorzunehmen, was durch selektives Herauslösen mit Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure (EDTA) gelang. Die Bestimmung der Seltenerdelemente wurde neutronenaktivierungsanalytisch am Hahn-Meitner-Institut für Kernforschung, Berlin, durchgeführt. Der Einfluß von Tonmineralen, die ebenfalls SEE enthalten, auf das Analysenergebnis konnte durch ein Extrapolationsverfahren eliminiert werden. Bedingt durch diese Methode ergab sich aus mehreren Einzelproben einer Bohrung jeweils nur ein Wert für jedes Element der Reihe Lanthan - Lutetium. Auf Einzelinformationen konnte verzichtet werden, da die ermittelten Daten in Form von sogenannten Mischwerten ebenfalls zur genetischen Deutung geeignet sind. Unter Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse der Dünnschliffuntersuchung kann für die Bohrungen Verden Z1, Hoya Z1, Horstedt Z1 und Hohes Moor Z1 aufgrund der SEE-Gehalte eine marin-sedimentäre Primärgenese des Fluorits abgeleitet werden. Unterschiedlich starke Mobilisationen des Fluorits haben dabei zu Veränderungen der Ausbildungsformen geführt. Die Fluoritgenese in ehemals küstennah abgelagerten Zechsteinsedimenten wird bei Eschwege durch Verdrängung von Karbonaten gedeutet. Aufgrund der Beobachtungen, daß feindisperser Fluorit nur in dolomitischen Gesteinen auftritt und daß Fluorit in Anhydritschichten sowie in Karbonaten mit erhöhten Anhydritgehalten fehlt, wird ein geochemisch - genetisches Modell einer marin-sedimentären Fluoritbildung abgeleitet. Das Modell erklärt die Bildung von Fluorit aus dem Meerwasser basierend auf Vorgängen während der Dolomitisation von kalkigen Sedimenten. Es ermöglicht sowohl die Erklärung der Herkunft der Komponenten Fluor und Calcium als auch die Erklärung der Fluoritbildung selbst. Die petrologische Auswertung des Dünnschliffmaterials unterstreicht die syndolomitische Primärgenese in dolomitischem Trägergestein sowie Mobilisationsvorgänge in dolomitische oder calcitische Horizonte.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 549 ; Halogenide {Mineralogie} ; Ober-Perm ; Flussspat ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 85
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    Die Bedeutung einheimischer Braunkohlevorräte für die Energiebedarfsdeckung ausgewählter Entwicklungsländer (Indien und Thailand) (2022)
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-13
    Description: Mit dem Ende des billigen Rohöls setzten weltweit Überlegungen ein, auf welche Weise die Volkswirtschaften derjenigen Staaten, die Mineralöl importieren müssen, mit Energieträgern zu vertretbaren Preisen versorgt werden können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird dargestellt, in welchem Maße Entwicklungsländer, die über nennenswerte Vorräte an Braunkohlen verfügen, von einer verstärkten Hinzuziehung dieses Rohstoffs zur Energiebedarfsdeckung profitieren können. Als exemplarische Beispiele dieses Typs von Staaten wurden Indien und Thailand ausgewählt. Indien besitzt Braunkohlenreserven in Hohe von 3,652 Mrd t, als zur Zeit ökonomisch gewinnbar gelten 1,571 Mrd t. Mehr als 90% aller Vorräte befinden sich im südlichen Unionsstaat Tamil Nadu, andere Regionen des Subkontinents, in denen Braunkohle in nennenswertem Umfang festgestellt wurde, sind Gujarat und Rajasthan. Bei einer Steigerung der jährlichen Förderrate von 3,7 Mio t im Jahre 1977 auf 11 Mio t würde die Vorratsdauer bis zur Entkohlung der gewinnbaren Vorräte 142 Jahre betragen. Werden davon 80% als Rohstoffinput in Wärmekraftwerke gegeben, können in diesem Zeitraum jährlich Kraftwerkskapazitäten von 1320 MW betrieben werden. Die thailändischen Braunkohlevorräte betragen über 600 Mio t, davon sind z.Z. 130 Mio t ökonomisch ausbringbar. über 80% der Reserven sind auf N-Thailand konzentriert (Provinzen Lampang und Lampoon), der Rest liegt in der Provinz Krabi (S-Thailand). Würde die momentane Förderungsmenge von ca. 1 Mio t Braunkohle pro Jahr beibehalten, wird der als ökonomisch gewinnbar angesehene Vorrat mehr als 100 Jahre zur Verfügung stehen. Der beträchtliche Ausbau der mit Braunkohle betriebenen Kraftwerkskapazitäten bis 1984 wird diesen Zeitraum auf ca. 30 Jahre verkürzen. Eine Vergrößerung der als wirtschaftlich gewinnbar geltenden Vorräte sowohl in Indien als auch in Thailand erscheint aus verschiedenen Gründen wahrscheinlich...
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 622.1824 ; 553.22 ; Südasien {Fossile Energieträger} ; Kohlenlagerstätten ; Braunkohle ; Braunkohle ; Energieversorgung ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 104
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  • 39
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    Festschrift Max Richter - zum 80. Geburtstag (2022)
    Reimer, Berlin
    In:  Heraugeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-12
    Description: Mit dieser Festschrift soll das wissenschaftliche und akademische Wirken von MAX RICHTER geehrt werden. Anläßlich seines 65. Geburtstages widmeten ihm seine Schüler bereits eine Festschrift, doch setzte der Jubilar seine Lehre und Forschung bis zum heutigen 80. Geburtstag in körperlicher und geistiger Frische fort. Entsprechend der vorrangigen Forschungstätigkeit von MAX RICHTER erhielt die Festschrift als Rahmenthema "Geologie junger Orogene". Über 50 Jahre geologisches Arbeiten in den Alpen, aber auch im gesamten Mittelmeerraum und in Nordamerika erbrachten eine Fülle von Publikationen des Jubilars mit richtungsweisenden Erkenntnissen.
    Description: commemorativepublication
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551 ; Orogene als festländische Erdkrustentypen {Tektonik} ; Festschriften {Geologische Wissenschaften} ; Junges Faltengebirge ; Geologie ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 40
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    Geochemische und sedimentpetrographische Untersuchungen zur Gliederung paläozoischer und mesozoischer Sedimente aus der zentralen Sahara (2022)
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-12
    Description: Sedimentpetrograpbische und geochemische Untersuchungen an klastischen Sedimenten von zwei paläozoischen und fünf mesozoischen Profilen aus der libyschen Sahara führten zu folgenden Ergebnissen und Schlußfolgerungen: 1. Die Schwermineralzuammensetzung ergibt 80 - 100 % für die stabilen Schwerminerale Zirkon, Turmalin und Rutil sowie geringe Gehalte an Granat, Staurolith u.a.. 2. Die Tonmineralzusammensetzung zeigt eine Kaolinitvormacht mit hohen Illitgehalten in den kambrischen Tonen, die zu den jüngeren Sedimenten hin abnehmen. 3. Die Leichtmineraluntersuchungen erbrachten einen Quarzsandstein mit 95 - 100 % Quarz. 4. Die sedimentpetrographischen Untersuchungen weisen die Ablagerungen als wiederaufgearbeitete Sedimente aus, die im Paläozoikum unter abwechselnd marinen und kontinentalen und im Mesozoikum unter rein kontinentalen Bedingungen abgelagert wurden; ein erhöhter Anteil an Granat und Staurolith im Schwermineral Spektrum an der Wende Devon/Karbon zeigt einen Wechsel im Liefergebiet an, bedingt durch tektonische Bewegungen. Die Ablagerung erfolgte in einem Gebiet mit geringen Reliefunterschieden, in dem überwiegend tropisch­humides Klima herrschte. 5. Cluster- und Faktoren-Analyse der geochemischen Daten ergaben fünf Gruppen sich geochemisch ähnlich verhaltender Elemente: Ca, Sr: An Carbonate gebundene Elemente. Ti, Zr: An Schwerminerale gebundene Elemente. Fe, Mn: Als hydratisierte Oxide ausgefällte Elemente. V, Cr, Ni : Adsorptiv an Eisenhydroxide gebundene Elemente, in geringerem Maße an Tone gebunden. Cu, Zn, Pb: Adsorptiv an Tonminerale gebundene Elemente, in geringerem Maße an Mangan- und Eisenhydroxide. 6. Die Formationen der paläozoischen Profile zeigen eine charakteristische Verteilung der fünf verschiedenen Elementgruppen und können daher an Hand ihrer Elementgehalte geochemisch unterschieden werden. Die mesozoischen Profile können in fünf verschiedene Folgen untergliedert und miteinander parallelisiert werden; jede Folge zeichnet sich durch eine charakteristische Konzentrationsverteilung der fünf verschiedenen Elementgruppen aus. Die Untersuchung zeigt, daß die Schwerminerale Aussagen über die Herkunft der Sedimente liefern und die Spurenelemente als Gliederungskriterium geeignet sind.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 556 ; Sahara im Allgemeinen {Geologie} ; Paläozoikum ; Mesozoikum ; Mesozoikum ; Paläozoikum ; Sediment ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 96
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  • 41
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    Moore und Torfe in der Bodenkunde: neuere Aspekte (2022)
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-08
    Description: Im Hinblick auf die Moore und ihre bodenkundliche Kartierung sind in der letzten (3.) Auflage der Bodenkundlichen Kartieranleitung noch nicht alle bodensystematischen und Ansprache-Probleme zufriedenstellend gelöst. Einer erneuten Diskussion bedürfen (1.) die Berücksichtigung pedogener Profildifferenzierungen in unentwässerten und vor allem in entwässerten (bis degradierten) Mooren sowie (2.) die Frage der Aufgliederung von Mooren bzw. Torfen nach ihrer Azidität (und/oder Trophie), dieses nicht zuletzt hinsichtlich der Praktikabilität ihrer Ansprache bei Kartierungen. An Hand eigener Erfahrungen und neuerer Literatur wird zu diesen Problemkreisen Stellung genommen, und es wird die Richtung angedeutet, in der die Lösungen gesucht werden müssen. Die im Beitrag erörterten Tatsachen und Gesichtspunkte – z.T. schon vor längerer Zeit zusammengestellt – haben Ausgangspunkte für Diskussionen geliefert, die im Hinblick auf eine Neufassung der Moorkapitel der Bodenkundlichen Kartieranleitung sowie der zugrunde liegenden Bodensystematik seit 1988 stattgefunden haben und deren Ergebnisse demnächst veröffentlicht werden sollen.
    Description: In the third edition of the German Soil Survey Manual (Bodenkundliche Kartieranleitung, 1982) some problems concerning peatlands and peatland mapping have not been resolved sufficiently. This applies to peat type identi-fication and to several aspects of general peatland and peat classification. There are two main problems which need new discussions: (1) the variety in profiles, caused by extremely differing pedogenous processes, of virgin and especially of drained mires, (2) the classification of mires or peats in respect to their acidity or trophic conditions considering above all the possibilities to identify the types under field conditions in soil mappings. These problems are reviewed on the basis of recent literature and in the light of the author’s own experience, and directions of possible solutions are suggested. The quoted facts, most of which were presented some time ago, yielded the starting point for discussions in the DGMT (German Peat Science Society) on a revised text of the mire and peat sections of the Soil Survey Manual and their basic soil classification, the results of which will be published in the near future.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.21 ; e-docs::Geologische Wissenschaften ; Moor ; Ökologie ; Torf ; peat ; peatland ; bog ; vegetation ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 42
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    Zur Gliederung und Ansprache mitteleuropäischer Torfe (Vorschläge für die 4. Auflage der Bodenkundlichen Kartieranleitung) (2022)
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-08
    Description: Für den Abschnitt "Torfe" der Bodenkundlichen Kartieranleitung, deren 4. Auflage zur Zeit vorbereitet wird, wurde ein neuer Textvorschlag erarbeitet, der hiermit vorgelegt wird. Behandelt werden darin 1) die unterschiedlichen Klassifikationsmöglichkeiten der Torfe auf "botanischer" Grundlage (in den Torfen vertretene Pflanzenreste) sowie im Hinblick auf (primäre) bodenkundlich-chemische Eigenschaften (Basen- und pH-Verhältnisse), 2) die wichtigsten im Gelände ansprechbaren Pflanzenreste und ihre Merkmale, 3) die Zuordnung von verbreiteten botanisch charakterisierten Torfarten (oder "Torfarteneinheiten") zu den bodenkundlichen "Torfartengruppen" Hoch-, Übergangs- und Niedermoortorf an Hand einer Tabelle. Das entscheidende Kriterium für die Zuordnung zum Hochmoortorf ist das ausschließliche Vorkommen der Reste von Hochmoorpflanzen (diese werden im einzelnen aufgeführt). Übergangsmoortorfe sind durch die Reste von Pflanzenarten ausgezeichnet, die an basen- und nährstoffärmere Standorte außerhalb von Hochmooren gebunden sind (neben ihnen können aber auch Hochmoorpflanzen-Reste vertreten sein). Niedermoortorfe sind charakterisiert durch Reste basen- und nährstoffanspruchsvoller Arten (neben denen auch Reste anspruchsloserer Arten vertreten sein können).
    Description: Proposals are given for a new text of the section "Peat" of the German Soil Mapping Instruction, the 4th edition of which is now under preparation. The topics dealt with are as follows: 1. The different possibilities of classification of peat: on "botanical" basis (their contents of plant remains) and with respect to (primary) chemico-pedological characteristics (base and pH conditions). 2. The characteristics of the most common plant remains identifiable in the field. 3. The assignment of widespread botanical peat types to the three pedological peat groups: raised-bog peat, transitional-mire peat, and fen peat (shown by a table). The criterion decisive on the assignment of a given peat to raised-bog peat is the exclusive occurrence of remains of raised-bog plants (these are quoted in detail). Transitional-mire peats are distinguished by remains of plant species, which are restricted to sites poor in bases and nutrients (beyond the raised bogs, however), besides of them also raised-bog plant remains may be present. Fen peats are characterized by remains of base and nutrient demanding species (besides of them also remains of plants of poorer sites, but not of raised bogs may be present).
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.21 ; e-docs::Geologische Wissenschaften::Stratigraphie ; Moor ; Torf ; vegetation ; peat ; peatland ; bog ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 43
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    Einige allgemeine Ergebnisse von Torf-Großrestuntersuchungen (2022)
    In:  SUB Göttingen | ZA 34278
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-08
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Ökologie ; Torf ; vegetation ; peat ; peatland ; bog ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 44
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    Moore und Moor-Naturschutzgebiete in Deutschland ‒ eine Bestandsaufnahme (2022)
    In:  SUB Göttingen | ZA 34278
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-08
    Description: Im vorliegenden Artikel wird über deutsche Naturschutzgebiete berichtet, die wenigstens teilweise Moorflächen enthalten; "Moor" wird hier im geologisch-bodenkundlichen Sinn als Gebiet mit einer Torfdecke von mindestens 30 cm verstanden. Die Zahlen solcher Moor-Naturschutzgebiete der einzelnen Bundesländer sind in Tabelle 2 zusammengestellt. Dabei wurden Naturschutzgebiete, die Hochmoorflächen ‒ gleich, welcher Größe ‒ enthalten, und Gebiete mit ausschließlich Niedermoorvorkommen (vielfach neben Mineralbodenflächen) getrennt erfaßt. Außer Zahlen für die Gegenwart (1992 bis 1996‚ je nach dem Jahr der in den einzelnen Ländern zugrundeliegenden Erhebungen) wurden die entsprechenden Daten auch für 1970 und 1945 wiedergegeben, und es wurde versucht, einige allgemeine Züge hinsichtlich der regionalen Verteilung sowie der Zeitpunkte der Ausweisungen herauszuarbeiten. Ergänzend werden einige neue Zahlen über die Gesamt-Moorflächen der einzelnen Bundesländer genannt (Kapitel 2) sowie einige Tatsachen über die Anfänge und die weitere Entwicklung des Moor-Naturschutzes in Deutschland seit der Jahrhundertwende wiedergegeben (Kapitel 3.2). Ein Anhang (Kapitel 5) enthält Details über die Moor-Naturschutzgebiete, teilweise auch über die Gesamt-Moorflächen der einzelnen Bundesländer.
    Description: The paper deals with German nature-reserves containing peatland areas in at least some proportion. Peatland is meant here in the sense of areas with a peat cover of more than 30 cm thickness. The numbers and total areas of these "peatland nature-reserves” of the different German Federal States are listed in table 2. Here a distinction is made between nature-reserves containing larger or smaller proportions of ombrotrophic mires (bogs) and others which only comprise minerotrophic mires (fens), both of them in many cases amongst the mire areas with mineral soils too. The numbers and areas are given not only for present days (i.e. the years between 1992 and 1996, varying in the single States) but also for 1970 and 1945. It is tried to work out some general features with regard to the regional distribution of the peatland nature-reserves as well as to the times of their establishment. In addition, some new data on the total peatland areas of the single German Federal States are quoted (chapter 2) and some facts are compiled on the beginnings and development of mire conservation activities in Germany since the turn of our century (chapter 3.2). In an appendix (chapter 5) details on peatland nature-reserves, in part also on peatland areas of the different German Federal States are given.
    Description: report
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.21 ; e-docs::Geologische Wissenschaften::Regionale Geologie::Mitteleuropa nach Politischen Ländern {Geologie} ; Moor ; Torf ; Naturschutz ; peat ; peatland ; bog ; fen ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 45
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    Probleme der Kartierung und Systematik der Moorböden ‒ Eine Diskussion in Lingen und was bislang daraus geworden ist (2022)
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-08
    Description: Es wird über eine 1993 durchgeführte Diskussionsveranstaltung zum Thema einer bundeseinheitlichen Ansprache und Kartierung von Mooren berichtet. Ein wichtiges Ziel der Diskussionen (sowie einiger im Anschluß an die Veranstaltung verfaßter schriftlicher Exposes) war die Suche nach Möglichkeiten einer Einpassung wesentlicher Teile des Moorkartierungs-Standards TGL 24300/04 der früheren DDR in die zur Zeit vorbereitete 4. Auflage der Bodenkundlichen Kartieranleitung der Geologischen Landesämter. Eine inhaltliche Übernahme war für eine Reihe von Punkten recht gut möglich: andere jedoch erwiesen sich als weitgehend inkompatibel mit den derzeitigen Konzepten für die Neuauflage der Kartieranleitung, die nunmehr sehr bald herausgebracht werden soll. Hierbei handelt es sich insbesondere um die bodensystematische Einstufung der durch entwässerungs- und nutzungsbedingte Einflüsse pedologisch besonders stark veränderten Niedermoorböden sowie um die Gliederung und Terminologie subfossiler mineralischer bis ± organischer limnischer Sedimente. Über die hiermit zusammenhängenden Probleme und einige in Frage kommende Lösungsmöglichkeiten wird ausführlich berichtet. Es ist zu hoffen, daß durch Fortsetzung der Diskussion bald eine einhellige Auffassung der deutschen Moor- und Torfspezialisten erarbeitet werden kann.
    Description: Report is given on a discussion meeting held in 1993 on German standards for peatland mapping and matters connected with them. One of the significant aims of the discussion (and of papers put forward later on, too) was to look for possibilities to fit several essential parts of the peatland standard TGL 24300/04 of the former German Democratic Republic into the next (4th) edition of the German Soil Mapping Instruction being in preparation now. This proved to be fairly well possible for some of the topics of the TGL-standard; others, however, tourned out to be largely incompatible with the present concepts of the new edition of the Soil Mapping Instruction, the completion of which is planned to be finished in near future. The main points in question so far were the pedological classification of peat soils heavily degraded by drainage and agricultural utilization, and the classification and terminology of mineral to i organic subfossil lacustrine sediments. Problems related to that and possibilities of solution are reported. The author is hoping that the German peat experts, in continuating the discussion of these problems, achieve unanimous solutions in near future.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.21 ; e-docs::Geologische Wissenschaften::Angewandte Geowissenschaften::Geologische Kartographie::Geologisches Kartieren ; Moor ; Torf ; peat ; peatland ; bog ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 46
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    Über pflanzliche Makrofossilien mitteleuropäischer Torfe (2022)
    In:  SUB Göttingen | ZA 34278
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-08
    Description: Von den in Torfen vorkommenden pflanzlichen Makrofossilien werden im vorliegenden ersten Teil der Arbeit die Gewebereste krautiger Pflanzen nach ihren makroskopischen und mikroskopischen Merkmalen an Hand von zahlreichen Fotos beschrieben; die Einzelbeschreibungen werden durch Gegenüberstellungen der diagnostisch wichtigsten Merkmale ‒ in Form von Bestimmungsschlüsseln ‒ ergänzt. Der später folgende zweite Teil der Arbeit wird weitere Pflanzenreste (insbesondere Früchte und Samen sowie Moose) behandeln, Angaben über die Untersuchungsmethoden machen und das Literaturverzeichnis nachtragen.
    Description: Title: On plant macrofossils of central European peats. I. Tissue remains of herbaceous plants and their characteristics. In this paper descriptions of the macroscopic and microscopic characters of herbaceous plant remains are given together with numerous photos. The individual descriptions are supplemented by presentations of the most important distinctive characters in identification keys. A following paper will describe some further remains (mosses, fruits and seeds etc.) and methods of investigation, it will contain, too, the whole bibliography.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Ökologie ; Torf ; peat ; peatland ; vegetation ; bog ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 47
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    Über pflanzliche Makrofossilien mitteleuropäischer Torfe (2022)
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Von den in Torfen vorkommenden pflanzlichen Makrofossilien werden im vorliegenden ersten Teil der Arbeit die Gewebereste krautiger Pflanzen nach ihren makroskopischen und mikroskopischen Merkmalen an Hand von zahlreichen Fotos beschrieben; die Einzelbeschreibungen werden durch Gegenüberstellungen der diagnostisch wichtigsten Merkmale ‒ in Form von Bestimmungsschlüsseln ‒ ergänzt. Der später folgende zweite Teil der Arbeit wird weitere Pflanzenreste (insbesondere Früchte und Samen sowie Moose) behandeln, Angaben über die Untersuchungsmethoden machen und das Literaturverzeichnis nachtragen.
    Description: Title: On plant macrofossils of central European peats. I. Tissue remains of herbaceous plants and their characteristics. In this paper descriptions of the macroscopic and microscopic characters of herbaceous plant remains are given together with numerous photos. The individual descriptions are supplemented by presentations of the most important distinctive characters in identification keys. A following paper will describe some further remains (mosses, fruits and seeds etc.) and methods of investigation, it will contain, too, the whole bibliography.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Umweltwissenschaften ; Ökologie ; Torf ; peat ; peatland ; bog ; fen ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 48
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    Bericht über die gemeinsame Fachtagung der Sektionen I und V, DGMT, und der Sächsischen Akademie für Natur und Umwelt vom 30. September bis zum 4. Oktober 1998 in Niederlauterstein/ Erzgebirge über „Moore in ihrer Beziehung zu Gehölzbeständen“ (2022)
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-11
    Description: Eine Veranstaltung der Sektionen I (Geowissenschaften) und V (Naturschutz und Raumordnung) fand – drei Jahre nach der Tagung in Greifswald – wiederum im östlichen Teil Deutschlands statt, dieses Mal im mittleren Erzgebirge, und zwar in Niederlauterstein, einem kleinen, nordöstlich der Stadt Marienberg gelegenen Ort. Sie wurde gemeinsam mit der Sächsischen Akademie für Natur und Umwelt durchgeführt; die Sächsische Landesstiftung Natur und Umwelt, zu der die Akademie gehört, hatte dankenswerterweise beträchtliche Mittel dafür zur Verfügung gestellt. Sachsen gehört mit knapp 100 km2 Moor-boden)-fläche zu den recht moorarmen Bundesländern; im Erzgebirge gibt es jedoch, vor allem in den Kammlagen, sehr zahlreiche Moore. Im deutschen Teil des Gebirges nehmen bereits die als Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesenen Hochmoore gegen 10 km2 ein, die Hochmoor-Gesamtfläche dürfte hier jedoch noch um einiges größer sein; die Moorfläche im tschechischen Teil des Erzgebirges beläuft sich auf etwa 40 km2.
    Description: excursionguide
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Torf ; peat ; peatland ; bog ; fen ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
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    Bericht über die gemeinsame Arbeitstagung von Sektion I (Geowissenschaften) und Sektion V (Naturschutz und Raumordnung) der DGMT vom 30. August bis zum 2. September 1995 in Mecklenburg-Vorpommem (Greifswald) (2022)
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-11
    Description: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, mit ca.350000 ha Mooren (= 17 % der Landesfläche) nach Brandenburg (14 % Moore) moorreichstes unter den neuen Bundesländern, fordert mit der Vielfalt seiner Niedermoore immer wieder zum Vergleich mit anderen mitteleuropäischen Moorlandschaften heraus. Bei dieser Vielfalt geht es nicht nur um die ursprünglichen, durch die verschiedensten landschaftsökologischen Gegebenheiten bedingten Moortypen, sondern auch um die schwerwiegenden Veränderungen, die in den Mooren während der letzten Jahrzehnte infolge tiefgreifender "Meliorationen" und landwirtschaftlicher Intensivnutzung vor sich gegangen sind und die zu einer Vielzahl von negativen Ökologischen (und auch Ökonomischen) Auswirkungen geführt haben.
    Description: excursionguide
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Torf ; peat ; peatland ; bog ; fen ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
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    Probability Distributions of Radiocarbon in Open Linear Compartmental Systems at Steady‐State (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: Radiocarbon (14C) is commonly used as a tracer of the carbon cycle to determine how fast carbon moves between different reservoirs such as plants, soils, rivers, or oceans. However such studies mostly emphasize the mean value (as Δ14C) of an unknown probability distribution. We introduce a novel algorithm to compute Δ14C distributions from knowledge of the age distribution of carbon in linear compartmental systems at steady‐state. Our results demonstrate that the shape of the distributions might differ according to the speed of cycling of ecosystem compartments and their connectivity within the system, and might contain multiple peaks and long tails. The distributions are also sensitive to the variations of Δ14C in the atmosphere over time, as influenced by the counteracting anthropogenic effects of fossil‐fuel emissions (14C‐free) and nuclear weapons testing (excess 14C). Lastly, we discuss insights that such distributions can offer for sampling and design of experiments aiming to capture the precise variance of Δ14C values present in the multi‐compartmental ecosystems.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Radiocarbon (14C) is a radioactive isotope of carbon prominent in environmental sciences for tracing the dynamics of ecosystems, especially as recent changes in atmospheric radiocarbon allow tracking excess 14C created by nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere on timescales shorter than what can be determined using radioactive decay. For climate change mitigation, a crucial uncertainty is the time carbon captured through photosynthesis spends in ecosystems before being released. For this purpose, radiocarbon can be valuable as a biological tracer; however, it is necessary to accurately link the real age of carbon and its radiocarbon age, as they usually differ. Forests and soils are open systems, connecting components with intrinsically different cycling timescales, so that the mean age comes from an age distribution that is usually unknown. Here, we developed an algorithm to compute the 14C contents for models consisting of multiple interconnected carbon pools. Our approach offers more accurate estimations of the mean 14C content of the system and computations of the distribution of 14C within the system at different points in time. Results obtained from this method can provide additional insights on the dynamics of the carbon cycle in multiple compartments, and can help to better interpret observations.
    Description: Key Points: Probability distributions of radiocarbon in ecosystem compartments can be derived from carbon age distributions. The shape of these distributions vary according to the speed of carbon cycling and the year of observation. Probability distributions of radiocarbon provide insights to study carbon dynamics and to interpret radiocarbon data.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft (MPG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004189
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6373329
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    A Combined Cosmogenic Nuclides Approach for Determining the Temperature‐Dependence of Erosion (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: Physical weathering in cold, steep bedrock hillslopes occurs at rates that are thought to depend on temperature, but our ability to quantify the temperature‐dependence of erosion remains limited when integrating over geomorphic timescales. Here, we present results from a 1D numerical model of in‐situ cosmogenic 10Be, 14C, and 3He concentrations that evolve as a function of erosion rate, erosion style, and ground surface temperature. We used the model to explore the suitability of these nuclides for quantifying erosion rates in areas undergoing non‐steady state erosion, as well as the relationship between bedrock temperature, erosion rate, and erosional stochasticity. Our results suggest that even in stochastically eroding settings, 10Be‐derived erosion rates of amalgamated samples can be used to estimate long‐term erosion rates, but infrequent large events can lead to bias. The ratio of 14C to 10Be can be used to evaluate erosional stochasticity, and to determine the offset between an apparent 10Be‐derived erosion rate and the long‐term rate. Finally, the concentration of 3He relative to that of 10Be, and the paleothermometric interpretations derived from it, are unaffected by erosional stochasticity. These findings, discussed in the context of bedrock hillslopes in mountainous regions, indicate that the 10Be‐14C‐3He system in quartz offers a method to evaluate the temperature‐sensitivity of bedrock erosion rates in cold, high‐alpine environments.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: All mountains erode, but not all mountains erode in the same way and at the same rate. In cold mountainous landscapes, temperature is thought to be an important control on erosion. Previous research suggests that rocks fracture by frost most effectively at temperatures between −3°C and −8°C, and that the warming and thawing of permanently frozen ground (permafrost) destabilizes hillslopes and leads to more and larger rockfalls. However, our ability to test these hypotheses is limited, due to difficulties in measuring or estimating erosion rates and linking them with the temperatures that rocks experience. In this paper we present the results of a computer modeling study that tests the suitability of geochemical tools as measures of erosion rate, erosion style, and long‐term bedrock temperature. We find that these geochemical tracers, called cosmogenic nuclides, can be used to determine erosion rates, even in places that are prone to rare rockfalls, together with the long‐term bedrock temperature. They are therefore uniquely suitable for evaluating the link between temperatures and erosion rates in cold bedrock hillslopes over long timescales.
    Description: Key Points: Cosmogenic 10Be, 14C, and 3He is used to determine erosion rates, erosion styles, and bedrock temperatures in cold regions. 14C/10Be ratios of surface samples reflect the depth at which material was previously eroded, allowing for determination of erosion style. 14C/10Be ratios combined with 10Be‐derived erosion rates improve erosion rate estimates in stochastically eroding environments.
    Description: European Research Council Horizon 2020
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.3.3.2022.001
    Keywords: ddc:551
    Language: English
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    An Adaptive Hybrid Vertical Equilibrium/Full‐Dimensional Model for Compositional Multiphase Flow (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: Efficient compositional models are required to simulate underground gas storage in porous formations where, for example, gas quality (such as purity) and loss of gas due to dissolution are of interest. We first extend the concept of vertical equilibrium (VE) to compositional flow, and derive a compositional VE model by vertical integration. Second, we present a hybrid model that couples the efficient compositional VE model to a compositional full‐dimensional model. Subdomains, where the compositional VE model is valid, are identified during simulation based on a VE criterion that compares the vertical profiles of relative permeability at equilibrium to the ones simulated by the full‐dimensional model. We demonstrate the applicability of the hybrid model by simulating hydrogen storage in a radially symmetric, heterogeneous porous aquifer. The hybrid model shows excellent adaptivity over space and time for different permeability values in the heterogeneous region, and compares well to the full‐dimensional model while being computationally efficient, resulting in a runtime of roughly one‐third of the full‐dimensional model. Based on the results, we assume that for larger simulation scales, the efficiency of this new model will increase even more.
    Description: Key Points: A compositional vertical equilibrium model is coupled to its full‐dimensional counterpart. A criterion is developed to adaptively identify and assign regions where the vertical equilibrium model is applicable during simulation. A test case of hydrogen storage in a heterogeneous porous aquifer demonstrates efficiency and accuracy of the hybrid model.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://git.iws.uni-stuttgart.de/dumux-pub/Becker2021b.git
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; ddc:550
    Language: English
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    On Timescales and Reversibility of the Ocean's Response to Enhanced Greenland Ice Sheet Melting in Comprehensive Climate Models (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: Warming of the North Atlantic region in climate history often was associated with massive melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet. To identify the meltwater's impacts and isolate these from internal variability and other global warming factors, we run single‐forcing simulations including small ensembles using three complex climate models differing only in their ocean components. In 200‐year‐long preindustrial climate simulations, we identify robust consequences of abruptly increasing Greenland runoff by 0.05 Sv: sea level rise of 44 ± 10 cm, subpolar North Atlantic surface cooling of 0.7°C, and a moderate AMOC decline of 1.1–2.0 Sv. The latter two emerge in under three decades—and reverse on the same timescale after the perturbation ends in year 100. The ocean translates the step‐change perturbation into a multidecadal‐to‐centennial signature in the deep overturning circulation. In all simulations, internal variability creates notable uncertainty in estimating trends, time of emergence, and duration of the response.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Enhanced melting of Greenland's glaciers is considered to be a major player in past rapid climate transitions and anticipated to soon impact ocean circulation under current global warming. Global warming triggers complex processes and feedbacks, of which greater amounts of meltwater slowing the large‐scale ocean circulation is only one. To better understand the sensitivity of the real but also the model ocean to just this meltwater, we run idealized experiments with up‐to‐date climate models, which use the same atmosphere and land but different ocean components. We find that sea level rise, cooling of the North Atlantic region, and slowing of the ocean circulation are responses common to all models while regional magnitudes of these responses differ considerably. Once we stop adding freshwater, all three models show that surface temperature and ocean circulation recover as quickly (or slowly) as they changed at the beginning of the experiment. Sea level rise is a lasting impact though.
    Description: Key Points: Sudden increase in Greenland freshwater release is turned into century scale change by deep ocean dynamics. Upper ocean responses to moderately enhanced freshwater release from Greenland reverse on the same timescale once release ceases. Ocean model formulation affects regional expressions but basin‐scale responses are robust, so is the timing on decadal to centennial scales.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.6
    Language: English
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    Attribution of Observed Recent Decrease in Low Clouds Over the Northeastern Pacific to Cloud‐Controlling Factors (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: Marine low clouds cool the Earth's climate, with their coverage (LCC) being controlled by their environment. Here, an observed significant decrease of LCC in the northeastern Pacific over the past two decades is linked quantitatively to changes in cloud‐controlling factors. In a comparison of different statistical and machine learning methods, a decrease in the inversion strength and near‐surface winds, and an increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are unanimously shown to be the main causes of the LCC decrease. While the decreased inversion strength leads to more entrainment of dry free‐tropospheric air, the increasing SSTs are shown to lead to an increased vertical moisture gradient that enhances evaporation when entrainment takes place. While the LCC trend is likely driven by natural variability, the trend‐attribution framework developed here can be used with any method in future analyses. We find the choice of predictors is more important than the method.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Marine low clouds efficiently cool the Earth's climate, and their prevalence is controlled by environmental factors. Here, a decrease of the cover of marine low clouds in the northeastern Pacific over the past 20 years is analyzed to attribute the trend to changes in environmental factors known to be important for low clouds. A decrease in the strength of the temperature inversion and an increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are shown to be the main causes of the low‐cloud trend. The decreased inversion strength leads to more mixing in of dry air from above the clouds, leading to cloud evaporation. The increasing SSTs increase the atmospheric moisture levels near the surface more than above the cloud, enhancing evaporation when the mixing takes place. While the trend in low clouds is likely driven by natural variability rather than climate change, the analytical framework developed here can be deployed to attribute causes for trends with any statistical or machine learning method in the future. The analysis shows that the choice of environmental factors used for the analysis has a larger impact on the results than the method.
    Description: Key Points: Significant decrease of low cloud cover in northeastern Pacific in last two decades. Increased vertical moisture gradient, decreased inversion strength, and winds drive low cloud trend. Good agreement between statistical and machine‐learning methods, predictor choice more important.
    Description: Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
    Description: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.f17050d7
    Description: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.6860a573
    Description: https://dx.doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD08_M3.061
    Description: http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD08_M3.061
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5067/TERRA-AQUA/CERES/EBAF-TOA_L3B004.1
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5747221
    Keywords: ddc:551.5
    Language: English
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    Evolution of Rift Systems and Their Fault Networks in Response to Surface Processes (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: Continental rifting is responsible for the generation of major sedimentary basins, both during rift inception and during the formation of rifted continental margins. Geophysical and field studies revealed that rifts feature complex networks of normal faults but the factors controlling fault network properties and their evolution are still matter of debate. Here, we employ high‐resolution 2D geodynamic models (ASPECT) including two‐way coupling to a surface processes (SP) code (FastScape) to conduct 12 models of major rift types that are exposed to various degrees of erosion and sedimentation. We further present a novel quantitative fault analysis toolbox (Fatbox), which allows us to isolate fault growth patterns, the number of faults, and their length and displacement throughout rift history. Our analysis reveals that rift fault networks may evolve through five major phases: (a) distributed deformation and coalescence, (b) fault system growth, (c) fault system decline and basinward localization, (d) rift migration, and (e) breakup. These phases can be correlated to distinct rifted margin domains. Models of asymmetric rifting suggest rift migration is facilitated through both ductile and brittle deformation within a weak exhumation channel that rotates subhorizontally and remains active at low angles. In sedimentation‐starved settings, this channel satisfies the conditions for serpentinization. We find that SP are not only able to enhance strain localization and to increase fault longevity but that they also reduce the total length of the fault system, prolong rift phases and delay continental breakup.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Continental rifting is responsible for breaking apart continents and forming new oceans. Rifts generally evolve according to three types: wide rift, symmetric rift, and asymmetric rifts, which also shape the final geometry of the continental rifted margin. Geophysical data shows that the evolution of rifts depends on a multitude of factors including the complex interactions between fault networks that accommodate extension and the processes of erosion and sediment deposition. Here we run 2D computer simulations to investigate fault network evolution during active rifting that include changes to the surface through erosion and sedimentation. By using a new python tool box, we extract the fault network from the simulation and determine individual fault properties like the number of faults, displacement, age, and length through time. We find that regardless of the rift type, rifts evolve according to five phases that can be assessed through the evolution of the fault network properties. Additionally, we find that greater erosion and sedimentation can prolong rift phases and delay the breakup of continents.
    Description: Key Points: We apply a new fault analysis toolbox to coupled numerical models of tectonics and surface processes. Fault network evolution of the major symmetric, asymmetric, narrow, and wide rift types can be described in five distinct phases. Surface processes reduce fault network complexity and delay breakup by enhancing strain localization and increasing fault longevity.
    Description: Helmholtz Young Investigators
    Description: National Science Foundation
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5753144
    Keywords: ddc:551.8
    Language: English
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    Investigation of subsurface connectivity and subsurface stormflow in low mountain ranges—Findings from the two research catchments Obere Brachtpe and Bohlmicke (Germany) (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-26
    Description: The two small research catchments Obere Brachtpe (2.6 km2; 50.989986, 7.752013) and Bohlmicke (1 km2, 51.079319, 7.892988) are located in the Rhenish Massif, a low mountain range in Germany. Land use in both catchments is dominated by pasture land, spruce stands and mixed forests. Mean annual temperature is 9.1°C, and mean annual total precipitation is 1250 mm, with 15%–20% of the annual precipitation falling as snow. The geology is characterized by sandy silty clay shale from the Lower and Middle Devonian. Loamy Cambisols derived from periglacial slope deposits, complemented by Leptosols and Stagnosols, are the most prominent soils in the catchments. Long‐term hydrological datasets of precipitation, throughfall, discharge, groundwater levels and soil moisture (at different soil depths) in a high temporal and spatial resolution are available for further scientific analysis. Both catchments were monitored within the time period 1999 and 2009, in order to understand how the antecedent soil moisture, stratified soils (periglacial cover beds) and topography (slope form) impacted the subsurface connectivity, and the subsurface stormflow generation ‐ a dominant runoff generation process in humid mountainous catchments. Detailed physically based investigations on runoff processes were carried out, and the obtained results helped to better understand subsurface stormflow generation and subsurface connectivity dynamics. The process knowledge gained, which was presented at several conferences, as well as publications, was the basis for the discussion of open questions within the scientific network ‘Subsurface Stormflow ‐ A well‐recognized, but still challenging process in Catchment Hydrology’ (2016–2021), and the research unit ‘Fast and invisible: conquering subsurface stormflow through an interdisciplinary multisite approach’ (2022–2025), both financed by the German Research Foundation (DFG).
    Description: Long‐term hydrological datasets of precipitation, throughfall, discharge, groundwater levels and soil moisture (at different soil depths) in a high temporal and spatial resolution are available of the two small catchments Obere Brachtpe (2.6 km²) and Bohlmicke (1 km²) (Germany). Both catchments have been monitored in order to understand how the antecedent soil moisture, stratified soils (periglacial cover beds) and topography (slope form) impacted the subsurface connectivity and the subsurface stormflow generation in humid mountainous catchments.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:551.48
    Language: English
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    Bergordnung für Glashütte 1490 (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-15
    Description: Bergordnung für die Bergwerke in Glashütte vom 22. Dezember 1490. Erstellt und in Glashütte verlesen wurde sie auf Anordnung von Herzog Georg von Sachsen. In 13 Paragraphen werden die Rechtsgrundlagen beim Betrieb der Bergwerke festgelegt. Als Ort der Verwaltung wird Dippoldiswalde bestimmt.
    Description: source
    Keywords: ddc:622 ; ddc:343.077
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book , updatedVersion
    Format: 5
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    Multi‐Band Raman Analysis of Radiation Damage in Zircon for Thermochronology: Partial Annealing and Mixed Signals (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: Four zircon Raman bands were previously calibrated to give consistent estimates of the accumulated self‐irradiation α‐dose in unannealed volcanic samples. Partial annealing of radiation damage produces inconsistent values because of differences in the relative annealing sensitivities. The damage estimates based on the external rotation band (DER) at ∼356 cm−1 and that based on the ν2(SiO4) band (D2) at ∼438 cm−1 are the most and least sensitive to damage annealing. The D2/DER‐ratio thus provides a numerical estimate of the extent of geologic annealing that a zircon sample has experienced. This ratio characterizes the thermal history of a zircon sample but also its state of radiation damage during the course of its geologic history, and thus the manner in which this state influences other thermochronologic methods. Meaningful interpretation of the zircon Raman age requires that the spectra are free of measurement artifacts. The major artifacts result from micrometer‐scale gradients of the damage densities within a zircon grain due to uranium and thorium zoning. The micrometer‐sized sampled volume may span different densities, producing overlapping spectra, causing apparent peak broadening, overestimated damage densities, and zircon Raman ages. The D3/D2‐ratio of the damage densities calculated from the ν3(SiO4) and ν2(SiO4) bands, most and least affected by overlap, is an efficient indicator of a meaningless signal. It reveals overlap in annealed and unannealed samples, because the used bands have similar responses to annealing. Multi‐band Raman maps can be converted to damage‐ratio maps for screening zircon mounts, and selecting spots for thermochronologic investigations.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Radioactive processes cause damage to the lattice of zircon crystals. This damage can be measured with a Raman instrument. Such measurements are important for methods determining the ages and thermal histories of zircon grains in rocks. Thus, the Raman measurements must be reliable and meaningful. This work proposes tools for detecting effects that hinder the interpretation of zircon Raman data. These effects are mixed signals and loss of damage due to exposure to elevated temperatures in the geologic environment. Zircon Raman spectra have different bands that respond differently to mixed signals and temperature. The ratio of the damage estimates from the least and most temperature‐sensitive bands thus indicates partial annealing. Raman spectra of zoned zircons often straddle areas with different lattice damage. Their overlapping signals cause artificial band broadening, and a damage overestimation. The ratio of the damage estimated from the least and the most affected bands identifies mixed signals and allows to reject unsuitable samples. The damage ratios can also be plotted in maps for damage screening and for selecting optimal spots for measurements.
    Description: Key Points: Annealing and inhomogeneous damage are two main factors hindering radiation‐damage estimation for zircon Raman dating. Comparison of internal and external Raman bandwidths allows to detect partial annealing of radiation damage in zircon. Comparison of internal Raman bandwidths allows to detect artifactual broadening in zoned zircon.
    Description: Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes (Studienstiftung) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004350
    Description: http://dx.doi.org/10.25532/OPARA-155
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    The Subducting Slab as a Chromatographic Column: Regimes of Sub‐Solidus Mass Transport as a Function of Lithospheric Hydration State, With Special Reference to the Fate of Carbonate (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: We investigate the chemical budget of subduction zones at sub‐solidus conditions using a thermodynamic‐numerical simulation in which all major rock components are treated as soluble and potentially mobile in aqueous fluids. This new strategy significantly improves the accuracy of predicted fluid‐rock equilibrium compositions in open petrological systems. We show that all slabs release volatiles and nonvolatiles to the mantle wedge, contributing to its refertilization. But some mobile constituents, such as alkali and alumina, may be trapped along layer boundaries or traverse without interaction depending on chemical contrasts between adjacent lithologies. The accumulation of igneous alumina and silica in the limestones of the central‐eastern Pacific slabs drives their decarbonation and is marked by metasomatic garnet growth. Those slabs are also predicted to lose much of their alkalis before sub‐arc depth. Even when they are produced in the altered mafic and ultramafic layers, fluids reach the slab/mantle wedge interface with distinct compositional signatures that are typical of the sedimentary cover. We distinguished supply and transport limited regimes of element subduction by testing the sensitivity of our mass balance to changes in slab hydration state (HS). Transport limited slabs sensitive to HS include notably a hotspot of carbon release to the mantle wedge (e.g., Costa Rica). Finally, we show that the quantitative budgets do depend on the geometry of fluid flows, and on assuming that slabs are mechanically continuous structures, which is questionable. Taken together, these insights will help better constrain the long‐term chemical evolution of the shallow planetary interior, and the thermomechanical behavior of the subduction interface.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Subduction zones return chemical elements from the surface to the deep Earth. But quantifying this transfer has been challenging. Here, we present a model where all major elements are partly mobile in the fluid phase, enabling us to compile a chemical budget for subduction zones in which only fluids mediate mass transport. We identify transport and supply regimes of element subduction as a function of lithospheric hydration state, rock compositions, and slab temperature. We show that the transport of many rock‐forming elements such as SiO2, CaO, and Al2O3, within and out of the slab, modifies rock composition and contributes to the efficiency of slab decarbonation. Our model of subduction fluid and rock compositions has important implications to understand the role of slab‐derived metasomatic fluid in modifying the composition of the mantle wedge over time, the mechanical properties of deeply subducted rocks, and it will inform future investigations for the high‐pressure petrology of rocky planets in general.
    Description: Key Points. Inter dependence of element transfers in subduction zones. Thermodynamics of intra‐slab metasomatism of major elements. Transport‐ and supply limited regimes of carbonate subduction.
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung (Humboldt‐Stiftung) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: Branco Weiss Fellowship—Society in Science
    Description: Swiss National Science Foundation
    Description: https://osf.io/y84d2/
    Keywords: ddc:551
    Language: English
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    Sub‐micrometer focusing setup for high‐pressure crystallography at the Extreme Conditions beamline at PETRA III (2022)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-24
    Description: Scientific tasks aimed at decoding and characterizing complex systems and processes at high pressures set new challenges for modern X‐ray diffraction instrumentation in terms of X‐ray flux, focal spot size and sample positioning. Presented here are new developments at the Extreme Conditions beamline (P02.2, PETRA III, DESY, Germany) that enable considerable improvements in data collection at very high pressures and small scattering volumes. In particular, the focusing of the X‐ray beam to the sub‐micrometer level is described, and control of the aberrations of the focusing compound refractive lenses is made possible with the implementation of a correcting phase plate. This device provides a significant enhancement of the signal‐to‐noise ratio by conditioning the beam shape profile at the focal spot. A new sample alignment system with a small sphere of confusion enables single‐crystal data collection from grains of micrometer to sub‐micrometer dimensions subjected to pressures as high as 200 GPa. The combination of the technical development of the optical path and the sample alignment system contributes to research and gives benefits on various levels, including rapid and accurate diffraction mapping of samples with sub‐micrometer resolution at multimegabar pressures.
    Description: Facing the challenges of X‐ray diffraction from tiny samples subjected to multimegabar pressures, instrumentation developments are presented that enable, among other studies, single‐crystal data collection from micrometer‐ to sub‐micrometer‐sized grains. The developments are based on a sub‐micrometer beam capability employing compound refractive lenses operating with a phase correcting plate and a precise motorization solution.
    Keywords: ddc:548
    Language: English
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    The Vertical Structure and Entrainment of Subglacial Melt Water Plumes (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: Basal melting of marine‐terminating glaciers, through its impact on the forces that control the flow of the glaciers, is one of the major factors determining sea level rise in a world of global warming. Detailed quantitative understanding of dynamic and thermodynamic processes in melt‐water plumes underneath the ice‐ocean interface is essential for calculating the subglacial melt rate. The aim of this study is therefore to develop a numerical model of high spatial and process resolution to consistently reproduce the transports of heat and salt from the ambient water across the plume into the glacial ice. Based on boundary layer relations for momentum and tracers, stationary analytical solutions for the vertical structure of subglacial non‐rotational plumes are derived, including entrainment at the plume base. These solutions are used to develop and test convergent numerical formulations for the momentum and tracer fluxes across the ice‐ocean interface. After implementation of these formulations into a water‐column model coupled to a second‐moment turbulence closure model, simulations of a transient rotational subglacial plume are performed. The simulated entrainment rate of ambient water entering the plume at its base is compared to existing entrainment parameterizations based on bulk properties of the plume. A sensitivity study with variations of interfacial slope, interfacial roughness and ambient water temperature reveals substantial performance differences between these bulk formulations. An existing entrainment parameterization based on the Froude number and the Ekman number proves to have the highest predictive skill. Recalibration to subglacial plumes using a variable drag coefficient further improves its performance.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: In a world of global warming, the melting of glaciers terminating as floating ice tongues into the oceans of Arctic and Antarctic regions allows those glaciers to flow faster and hence to make a considerable contribution to global mean sea‐level rise. Underneath the ice‐ocean interface, turbulent currents of the order of 10 m thickness (so‐called plumes) develop that transport the melt water from the grounding line where the glacier enters the ocean toward the calving front that marks the seaward end of the glacier. At its base, ambient relatively warm and salty ocean water is mixed into the plumes and is vertically transported toward the ice‐ocean interface, where the melting is increased due to the additional heat supply. Understanding these processes is essential for their incorporation into computer models for the prediction of such melt processes. In this study, an accurate simulation model for the water column is constructed that is able to consistently reproduce these processes. The algorithms developed here are proven to provide reliable results also for models with only a few grid points across the plume and can therefore be implemented into climate models with surface‐following coordinates to more accurately simulate future scenarios of sea level rise.
    Description: Key Points: A vertically resolving model with second‐moment turbulence closure has been constructed for subglacial plumes. Convergent numerical formulations for the ocean‐to‐ice fluxes of momentum, freshwater and heat have been derived from an analytical model. Model results are consistent with bulk parameterizations for the entrainment of ambient water.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6203838
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: English
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    Electrochemical Properties of Peat Particulate Organic Matter on a Global Scale: Relation to Peat Chemistry and Degree of Decomposition (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: Methane production in peatlands is controlled by the availability of electron acceptors for microbial respiration, including peat dissolved organic matter (DOM) and particulate organic matter (POM). Despite the much larger mass of POM in peat, knowledge on the ranges of its electron transfer capacities—electron accepting capacity (EAC), and electron donating capacity (EDC)—is scarce in comparison to DOM and humic and fulvic acids. Moreover, it is unclear how peat POM chemistry and decomposition relate to its EAC and EDC. To address these knowledge gaps, we compiled peat samples with varying carbon contents from mid to high latitude peatlands and analyzed their EACPOM and EDCPOM, element ratios, decomposition indicators, and relative amounts of molecular structures as derived from mid infrared spectra. Peat EACPOM and EDCPOM are smaller (per gram carbon) than EAC and EDC of DOM and terrestrial and aquatic humic and fulvic acids and are highly variable within and between sites. Both are small in highly decomposed peat, unless it has larger amounts of quinones and phenols. Element ratio‐based models failed to predict EACPOM and EDCPOM, while mid infrared spectra‐based models can predict peat EACPOM to a large extent, but not EDCPOM. We suggest a conceptual model that describes how vegetation chemistry and decomposition control polymeric phenol and quinone contents as drivers of peat EDCPOM and EACPOM. The conceptual model implies that we need mechanistic models or spatially resolved measurements to understand the variability in peat EDCPOM and EACPOM and thus its role in controlling methane formation.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Peatlands accumulated large amounts of carbon via photosynthesis and slow decomposition of senesced plant material. Microorganisms within the peat form methane. For this reason, peatlands are important global sources of the greenhouse gas methane and therefore can contribute to climate change. In order to produce methane, the microorganisms have to transfer electrons between compounds in respiration processes. Only recently, it has been found that the peat itself can reversibly transfer electrons and that its capacities to reversibly accept electron accepting capacity (EAC) and reversibly donate electron donating capacity (EDC) electrons are large. We investigated which conditions favor large or small EAC and EDC of peat so that we can better explain methane formation. We argue that vegetation and decomposition control the amount of phenols and quinones—molecules in the peat that presumably are responsible for most of the peat's EAC and EDC. The EAC and EDC probably are largest for peat formed from vegetation rich in quinones and phenols, such as shrubs, and smaller for other vegetation types, for example, certain mosses. Intense decomposition may reduce both the EAC and EDC.
    Description: Key Points: Peat particulate organic matter electron accepting and donating capacities per grams of carbon are smaller than for humic and fulvic acids. Both capacities are small in highly decomposed peat, unless it has larger amounts of quinones and phenols. We explain these patterns with parent vegetation chemistry and conditions during decomposition.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: CAS | Youth Innovation Promotion Association (YIPA) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100012492
    Description: https://github.com/henningte/redoxpeat
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    Impact of Spreading Rate and Age‐Offset on Oceanic Transform Fault Morphology (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: Oceanic transform faults (OTFs) are an inherent part of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics, whereas the process controlling their morphology remains enigmatic. Here, we systematically quantify variations in transform morphology and their dependence on spreading rate and age‐offset, based on a compilation of shipborne bathymetric data from 94 OTFs at ultraslow‐ to intermediate‐spreading ridges. In general, the length, width and depth of OTFs scale systematically better with age‐offset rather than spreading rate. This observation supports recent geodynamic models proposing that cross‐transform extension scaling with age‐offset, is a key process of transform dynamics. On the global scale, OTFs with larger age‐offsets tend to have longer, wider, and deeper valleys. However, at small age‐offsets (〈5 Myr), scatters in the depth and width of OTFs increase, indicating that small age‐offset OTFs with weak lithospheric strength are easily affected by secondary tectonic processes.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: In the past 5 decades, studies on oceanic transform faults (OTFs) have revealed significant complexity in their morphology, which calls for detailed quantitative analysis to study the processes controlling the morphology of OTFs. Using the most complete and advanced compilation of bathymetric data from ultraslow‐ to intermediate‐spreading ridges, we parameterized the morphological characteristics of OTFs and extracted length, width and depth for each transform fault from the compiled bathymetric data. Moreover, correlations between these morphological parameters and related tectonic factors (e.g., spreading rate, age‐offset) were investigated in this study. We find that correlations between morphological features and spreading rate are rather weak. Comparison of correlations suggests that age‐offset scales better with the morphological parameters, along with scatters mostly at small age‐offsets, indicating small‐age‐offset OTFs are unstable due to their weak lithospheric strength. Our observation evidences extensional tectonics at OTFs.
    Description: Key Points: We compiled multibeam bathymetric data of 94 oceanic transform faults (OTFs) to quantify their morphological characteristics. Morphology of OTFs is dominated by age‐offset rather than spreading rate. Transform valleys get systematically deeper and wider with increasing age‐offset, implying extensional tectonics at OTFs.
    Description: China Scholarship Council
    Description: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4774185
    Keywords: ddc:551
    Language: English
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    Rupture Heterogeneity and Directivity Effects in Back‐Projection Analysis (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: The back projection method is a tremendously powerful technique for investigating the time dependent earthquake source, but its physical interpretation is elusive. We investigate how earthquake rupture heterogeneity and directivity can affect back‐projection results (imaged location and beam power) using synthetic earthquake models. Rather than attempting to model the dynamics of any specific real earthquake, we use idealized kinematic rupture models, with constant or varying rupture velocity, peak slip rate, and fault‐local strike orientation along unilateral or bilateral rupturing faults, and perform back‐projection with the resultant synthetic seismograms. Our experiments show back‐projection can track only heterogeneous rupture processes; homogeneous rupture is not resolved in our synthetic experiments. The amplitude of beam power does not necessarily correlate with the amplitude of any specific rupture parameter (e.g., slip rate or rupture velocity) at the back‐projected location. Rather, it depends on the spatial heterogeneity around the back‐projected rupture front, and is affected by the rupture directivity. A shorter characteristic wavelength of the source heterogeneity or rupture directivity toward the array results in strong beam power in higher frequency. We derive an equation based on Doppler theory to relate the wavelength of heterogeneity with synthetic seismogram frequency. This theoretical relation can explain the frequency‐ and array‐dependent back‐projection results not only in our synthetic experiments but also to analyze the 2019 M7.6 bilaterally rupturing New Ireland earthquake. Our study provides a novel perspective to physically interpret back‐projection results and to retrieve information about earthquake rupture characteristics.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: With the deployment of continental scale seismic arrays, seismologists can quickly locate the high‐frequency seismic radiation sources and track the earthquake rupture propagation using a technique called back‐projection. It is a signal beamforming technique application in seismology, and similar applications can be found in fields such as radar, wireless communication, and radio astronomy. Recent studies have proposed multiple advancements in improving the back‐projection location. However, the physical interpretation of the amplitude of stacked high‐frequency source radiations, which is commonly referred to as beam power, is still challenging since the analysis is not based on a forward model. In this article, we conduct a set of synthetic experiments to investigate the physical significance of back‐projection beam power. We find that beam power is mainly controlled by the spatial heterogeneity wavelength near the rupture front, rupture directivity, and the seismogram frequency. It is in contrast with some previous studies that link the beam power to the maximum slip rate (acceleration) amplitude near the rupture front. Based on the results, we develop a novel theoretical framework that can quantitatively interpret the frequency‐ and array‐dependent back‐projection results not only in our synthetic experiments, but also the 2019 bilateral rupture M7.6 New Ireland earthquake.
    Description: Key Points: We use kinematic forward models to investigate the relation between back‐projection beam location, power and earthquake source properties. Frequency‐dependent back‐projection peak beam power depends on the spatial heterogeneity near the rupture front, and rupture directivity. We develop a novel framework to analyze frequency‐ and array‐dependent back‐projection results, including the 2019 M7.6 New Ireland Event.
    Description: European Union's Horizon 2020 (ChEESE)
    Description: European Research Council (ERC)
    Description: German Research Foundation (DGF)
    Description: KAUST‐CRG
    Description: Leon and Joann V.C. Knopoff
    Description: NSF EAR
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/AK
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/AT
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/AV
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/BW
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/CC
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/CI
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/CN
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/II
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/IU
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/TA
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/UW
    Keywords: ddc:551.22
    Language: English
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    BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINE Measurement of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes between soil-vegetation-systems and the atmosphere using non-steady state chambers (2022)
    Arbeitsgruppe Bodengase, Deutsche Bodenkundliche Gesellschaft | Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-23
    Description: This Best Practice Guideline was been initiated by the Working Group Soil Gases (AG Bodengase) of the German Soil Science Society (Deutsche Bodenkundliche Gesellschaft). Our intention was to collect and aggregate the expertise of different working groups in our field. As a compendium, this guideline may help both beginners and experts to meet the practical and theoretical challenges of measuring soil gas fluxes with non-steady state chamber systems.
    Description: German Soil Science Society, Working Group Soil Gases
    Description: manual
    Keywords: ddc:631.4
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 70
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    Thermolab: A Thermodynamics Laboratory for Nonlinear Transport Processes in Open Systems (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: We developed a numerical thermodynamics laboratory called “Thermolab” to study the effects of the thermodynamic behavior of nonideal solution models on reactive transport processes in open systems. The equations of the state of internally consistent thermodynamic data sets are implemented in MATLAB functions and form the basis for calculating Gibbs energy. A linear algebraic approach is used in Thermolab to compute Gibbs energy of mixing for multicomponent phases to study the impact of the nonideality of solution models on transport processes. The Gibbs energies are benchmarked with experimental data, phase diagrams, and other thermodynamic software. Constrained Gibbs minimization is exemplified with MATLAB codes and iterative refinement of composition of mixtures may be used to increase precision and accuracy. All needed transport variables such as densities, phase compositions, and chemical potentials are obtained from Gibbs energy of the stable phases after the minimization in Thermolab. We demonstrate the use of precomputed local equilibrium data obtained with Thermolab in reactive transport models. In reactive fluid flow the shape and the velocity of the reaction front vary depending on the nonlinearity of the partitioning of a component in fluid and solid. We argue that nonideality of solution models has to be taken into account and further explored in reactive transport models. Thermolab Gibbs energies can be used in Cahn‐Hilliard models for nonlinear diffusion and phase growth. This presents a transient process toward equilibrium and avoids computational problems arising during precomputing of equilibrium data.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The behavior of Earth materials, rocks, minerals, melts, fluids, and gases is important to predict physical processes in the Earth with computer models. The purpose of this is to study how the changes of variables such as fluid and solid composition influence the diffusion, fluid flow, and reaction in rocks. Here, we present a set of computer codes, called Thermolab, to calculate important physical properties such as density and chemical composition of solids, fluids, and melts in chemical equilibrium. The calculations are based on the Gibbs energy that exists for every material. We use computer codes, written in MATLAB/OCTAVE language, to show how this Gibbs energy is calculated and used to compute chemical equilibrium and find the physical properties such as density and chemical composition. We discuss techniques for accurate calculation of chemical equilibrium and physical properties in real rocks. Finally, we use Thermolab to formulate a computer model of fluids reacting with rocks. We find that chemical composition of the fluid and rock strongly affects the speed and shape of the boundary between reacted and unreacted rock. Thermolab can be used in phase growth models to investigate the way in which rocks develop toward equilibrium.
    Description: Key Points: Thermolab: a set of MATLAB codes is presented to perform equilibrium and nonequilibrium thermodynamic calculations. Local thermodynamic equilibrium is used to study effects of nonideality of solution models on nonlinear transport processes. Nonlinear diffusion processes are investigated with Thermolab providing a transient natural physical process toward equilibrium.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education
    Description: https://hansjcv.github.io/Thermolab/
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6383253
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; ddc:541.36
    Language: English
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    Toward Reconciling Radiocarbon Production Rates With Carbon Cycle Changes of the Last 55,000 Years (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: Since it is currently not understood how changes in 14C production rate (Q), and in the carbon cycle, can be combined to explain the reconstructed atmospheric Δ14C record, we discuss possible reasons for this knowledge gap. Reviewing the literature, we exclude that changes in the content of atoms in the atmosphere, which produce cosmogenic 14C after being hit by galactic cosmic rays, might be responsible for parts of the observed differences. When combining Q with carbon cycle changes, one needs to understand the changes in the atmospheric 14C inventory, which are partially counterintuitive. For example, during the Last Glacial Maximum, Δ14C was ∼400‰ higher compared with preindustrial times, but the 14C inventory was 10% smaller. Some pronounced changes in atmospheric Δ14C do not correspond to any significant changes in the atmospheric 14C inventory, since CO2 was changing simultaneously. Using two conceptually different models (BICYCLE‐SE and LSG‐OGCM), we derive hypothetical Qs by forcing the models with identical atmospheric CO2 and Δ14C data. Results are compared with the most recent data‐based estimates of Q derived from cosmogenic isotopes. Millennial‐scale climate change connected to the bipolar seesaw is missing in the applied models, which might explain some, but probably not all, of the apparent model‐data disagreement in Q. Furthermore, Q based on either data from marine sediments or ice cores contains offsets, suggesting an interpretation deficit in the current data‐based approaches.
    Description: Key Points: No important change found in the level of precursor material, which produces cosmogenic radiocarbon after being hit by galactic cosmic rays. Transient changes in the bipolar seesaw are needed in applied carbon cycle models to improve interpretation of the radiocarbon cycle. Sediment core‐ and ice core‐based radiocarbon production rates differ systematically, suggesting missing processes.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Swedish Research Concil
    Description: Helmholtz Association (亥姆霍兹联合会致力) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.871273
    Description: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/31772
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.914500
    Description: https://www.iceandclimate.nbi.ku.dk/data/
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.932965
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    Spatio‐temporal patterns in degradation and restoration of gravel bars along Alpine rivers (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: Braided reaches were common along near‐natural Alpine rivers, and the associated habitat dynamics supported plant and animal species specialized on early‐successional stages. The extensive riparian zones could mitigate climate change by absorbing floods and by retaining water during droughts. Human impacts largely reduced active river corridors through altered discharge and construction of dykes, while recent restoration projects aim at increasing river dynamics. The causes and consequences of Alpine river degradation are well understood, but there are only few quantitative studies on floodplain degradation and restoration. Thus, we have reconstructed historical changes of gravel bars along five Alpine rivers (Iller, Inn, Isar, Lech, and Wertach) in Southern Germany in the period 1808–2009, based on historical maps and aerial images. We found losses of 〉90% in gravel bar area along these rivers since the mid‐19th century. The decline was caused by a reduction of the active river corridor and by ongoing succession of the remaining open habitats. Within the past 30 years, at the Isar River, restoration measures were realized with the aim to widen the active river corridor and to recreate gravel bars. In four restored reaches, we found that 5% of the historical gravel bar area recovered, and that the proportion of restored gravel bar area was highest after intermediate flooding. We conclude that the active river corridors of German Alpine rivers are almost completely lost, and that more extensive restoration needs to be done to preserve the habitat dynamics and biodiversity of these systems, and to adapt Alpine rivers to climate change.
    Description: Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007636
    Keywords: ddc:551.35
    Language: English
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    Variation in the predictability of lake plankton metric types (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: Statistical and climate models are frequently used for biodiversity projections under future climatic changes, but their predictive capacity for freshwater plankton may vary among different species and community metrics. Here, we used random forests to model plankton species and community metrics as a function of biological, climatic, physical, and chemical data from long‐term (2000–2017) monitoring data collected from Lake Müggelsee Berlin, Germany. We (1) compared the predictability of well‐known lake plankton metric types (biomass, abundance, taxonomic diversity, Shannon diversity, Simpson diversity, evenness, taxonomic distinctness, and taxonomic richness) and (2) assessed how the relative influence of different environmental drivers varies across lake plankton metric models. Overall, the metric predictability was highest for biomass and abundance followed by taxonomic richness. The biomass of dominant phytoplankton taxonomic groups such as cyanobacteria (adjusted‐R2 = 0.53) and the abundance of dominant zooplankton taxonomic groups such as rotifers (adjusted‐R2 = 0.59) and daphnids (adjusted‐R2 = 0.51) were more predictable than other metric types. The plankton metric predictability increased when grouping phytoplankton species according to their functional traits (adjusted‐R2 = 0.37 ± 0.14, mean ± SD, n = 36 functional groups) compared to higher taxonomic units (adjusted‐R2 = 0.25 ± 0.15, n = 22 taxonomic groups). Light, nutrients, water temperature, and seasonality for phytoplankton and food resources for zooplankton were the main drivers of both taxonomic and functional groups, giving confidence that our models captured the expected major environmental drivers. Our quantitative analyses highlight the multidimensionality of lake planktonic responses to environmental drivers and have implications for our capacity to select appropriate metrics for forecasting the future of lake ecosystems under global change scenarios.
    Description: European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme
    Description: Belmont Forum
    Description: BiodivERsA
    Description: LimnoSCenES
    Keywords: ddc:579.17
    Language: English
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    Precipitation and Lake Water Evaporation Recorded by Terrestrial and Aquatic n‐Alkane δ2H Isotopes in Lake Khar Nuur, Mongolia (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-28
    Description: The compound‐specific hydrogen isotopic composition (δ2H) of n‐alkanes is a valuable proxy to investigate hydrological conditions in lake sediments. While terrestrial n‐alkanes reflect the isotopic signal of the local precipitation, aquatic n‐alkanes incorporate the isotopic signal of the lake's water, which can be strongly modulated by evaporative enrichment. So far, the spatial distribution of the terrestrial and aquatic δ2H signal within lakes have not systematically been investigated. Here, we present compound‐specific δ2H results of terrestrial (δ2HC31) and aquatic (δ2HC23) n‐alkanes of surface sediment samples from Lake Khar Nuur, a semi‐arid and high‐altitude lake in the Mongolian Altai, and additionally investigate the δ2H signal of topsoils from the catchment. Our results show that the majority of the n‐alkane δ2H values from the catchment topsoils correspond well with modeled local growing season precipitation (JJAS). However, few samples in the northern catchment show more positive δ2H values possibly due to increased evapo(transpi)ration by southward exposition and shallower soils there. The only small variability of δ2HC31 in the surface sediments is in the range of most topsoils δ2H from the catchment, and thus, well reflects local growing season precipitation. δ2HC23 in surface sediment samples from the central and deepest parts of the lake, that is, the lake's sediment accumulation zones, shows distinctly more positive δ2HC23 values due to evaporative lake water enrichment. Consequently, Δaq‐terr, which is the isotopic offset between δ2HC23 and δ2HC31, indicates distinct lake water enrichment in the lake's accumulation zones and is a valuable proxy to investigate past hydrological changes.
    Description: Key Points: The hydrogen isotopic composition of terrestrial C31 n‐alkanes reflects the local growing season precipitation at Lake Khar Nuur. Aquatic C23 n‐alkanes incorporate the isotopic signal of the lake's water, which is strongly modulated by evaporative enrichment. The isotopic offset between C23 and C31 is a valuable proxy for evaporation in the lake and past hydrological changes in the catchment.
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.940115
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen - GMIT 89 (2022)
    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-14
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom September 2022 enthält die Themenblöcke: GEOfokus: Rohstoffe für die deutsche Energiewende, GEOaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), GEOlobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), GEOreport (Geowissenschaftliche Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, Tagungsberichte, Ausstellungen, Exkursionen, Publikationen), GEOszene (Würdigungen, Nachrufe).
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Description: journal
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book , publishedVersion
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    Entwurf einer Bergordnung des Kurfürsten Friedrich und der Herzöge Johann und Georg von Sachsen für den Schneeberg  (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: Entwurf der Bergordnung für den Schneeberg von Kurfürst Friedrich und den Herzögen Johannes und Georg von Sachsen vom 7. April 1497. Nach ständigen Beschwerden der Gewerken auf dem Schneeberg, werden nach eingehender Beratung der Ernestinischen und Albertinischen Räte die 25 Paragraphen der Bergordnung vom 9. Januar 1492 erneut zu Papier gebracht und durch 3 weitere Paragraphen ergänzt. Diese betreffen den Bierausschank auf den Gruben, die Bestechung der Bergbeamten und das Schmelzwesen.
    Description: source
    Keywords: ddc:343.077 ; ddc:622
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book , updatedVersion
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    Bergordnung des Kurfürsten Friedrich und der Herzöge Johann und Georg von Sachsen für den Schneeberg (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: Bergordnung für den Schneeberg von Kurfürst Friedrich und den Herzögen Johann und Georg von Sachsen vom 7. April 1497. Nach dem Entwurf einer Bergordnung für den Schneeberg wurde am gleichen Tag von anderer Hand diese Bergordnung niedergeschrieben. Einziger Unterschied zum Entwurf ist die Streichung des Paragraphen über die Pflichten des Hüttenschreibers beim Schmelzen der Erze.
    Description: source
    Keywords: ddc:343.077 ; ddc:622
    Language: German
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    Bergordnung für das obere Münstertal (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: Bergordnung für das obere Münstertal vom Landrichter im Breisgau Johann von Üsenberg, aus dem Jahr 1372. In 27 Artikeln werden die Befugnisse des Bergvogtes für den Betrieb der Gruben, den Vortrieb der Erbstollen, die Aufbereitung und das Schmelzen der Erze, die Entlohnung und Arbeitszeiten sowie Streitigkeiten um Grubenrechte und Bezahlung aufgeführt. Erwähnt werden auch alte Rechte, die dem Kloster St. Trudpert zustehen.
    Description: source
    Keywords: ddc:622 ; ddc:343.077
    Language: German
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    Bergordnung des Landgrafen von Hessen Wilhelm II. für Sontra 1499 (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: Bergordnung für die Kupferschieferbergwerke von Sontra, erlassen von Wilhelm II. Landgraf zu Hessen und Graf von Ziegenhain und Nidda am 8. August 1499. Diese Bergordnung basiert auf den Bergordnungen des Kurfürsten Friedrich und der Herzöge Georg und Johann von Sachsen für Schneeberg von 1492 und 1497. In 75 Artikeln werden die grundlegenden Rechte und Pflichten beim Bergbau, dem Handel mit dessen Produkten sowie die Rechte und Pflichten der Bergbeamten aufgeführt. Besonderer Wert wird dabei auf das korrekte Messen des Schiefererzes und der Kohle für den Schmelzprozess gelegt.
    Description: source
    Keywords: ddc:622 ; ddc:343.077
    Language: German
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    Joint Effects of Fragmentation and Mercury Contamination on Marsh Periwinkle (Littoraria irrorata) Movement (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-07
    Description: There are different ways contaminants can interact and enhance the effects of habitat fragmentation, such as modifying the movement of organisms. The present study tested the hypothesis that mercury exacerbates the effects of fragmentation by affecting the movement of the marsh periwinkle Littoraria irrorata and reducing the probability of snails crossing fragmented microlandscape experimental systems. How these changes could affect the search efficiency of organisms in the long term was assessed using hidden Markov models and random walks simulations. Bayesian nonlinear models were used to analyze the effects of fragmentation and contamination on the mean speed and mean directional change of organisms. Snail movement for control and two mercury‐exposure treatments were recorded in microlandscapes with six different levels of habitat cover and three landscape replicates. The results indicated that exposed organisms had lower probabilities of crossing the landscape, reduced speed, and shifts in step length distributions. Both mercury exposure and habitat fragmentation affected the movement of the marsh periwinkle. Mercury exacerbated the effects of habitat fragmentation by affecting the cognition (e.g., route planning, orientation, and spatial learning) and movement of L. irrorata. Hence, the interaction of these stressors could further reduce the functional connectivity of landscapes and reduce the search efficiency of organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1742–1753. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
    Description: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002322
    Keywords: ddc:577.2
    Language: English
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    Chronic and Acute Effects of Imidacloprid on a Simulated BEEHAVE Honeybee Colony (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-07
    Description: Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are important pollinators for wild plants as well as for crops, but honeybee performance is threatened by several stressors including varroa mites, gaps in foraging supply, and pesticides. The consequences of bee colony longtime exposure to multiple stressors are not well understood. The vast number of possible stressor combinations and necessary study duration require research comprising field, laboratory, and simulation experiments. We simulated long‐term exposure of a honeybee colony to the insecticide imidacloprid and to varroa mites carrying the deformed wing virus in landscapes with different temporal gaps in resource availability as single stressors and in combinations. Furthermore, we put a strong emphasis on chronic lethal, acute sublethal, and acute lethal effects of imidacloprid on honeybees. We have chosen conservative published values to parameterize our model (e.g., highest reported imidacloprid contamination). As expected, combinations of stressors had a stronger negative effect on bee performance than each single stressor alone, and effect sizes were larger after 3 years of exposure than after the first year. Imidacloprid‐caused reduction in bee performance was almost exclusively due to chronic lethal effects because the thresholds for acute effects were rarely met in simulations. In addition, honeybee colony extinctions were observed by the last day of the first year but more pronounced on the last days of the second and third simulation year. In conclusion, our study highlights the need for more long‐term studies on chronic lethal effects of pesticides on honeybees. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2318–2327. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567312
    Keywords: ddc:577.2
    Language: English
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    Clockwise hysteresis of diatoms in response to nutrient dynamics during eutrophication and recovery (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-08
    Description: Many lake ecosystems that have been severely disturbed by eutrophication, have also experienced large human efforts to restore “natural” conditions. However, the trajectories and the extent of recovery of these lake ecosystems are still poorly understood. In many shallow lakes, recovery was often delayed and counter‐clockwise hysteretic. Here, we study recovery and ecosystem trajectories in a large and deep lake using diatom remains in sediment cores and time series of phosphorus concentrations. We identified four periods of diatom community change: slow change during early eutrophication, thereafter a short period of rapid change after the 1950s, followed by community stability from the 1960s to the mid‐1980s, and finally a recovery phase until 2010. Diatom community structure responded quickly and in a saturating way to increasing phosphorus concentrations, but also fast to phosphorus decline. Hence, diatom community dynamics did not show counter‐clockwise hysteresis but was characterized by a high degree of recovery and clock‐wise hysteresis (CWH). We suggest that CWH in response to eutrophication and recovery is a typical and previously overlooked feature of deep lakes, which results from a more rapid change of average nutrient concentrations and thus productivity in the epilimnion compared to average nutrient concentrations across the entire water column. Such nonlinear and hysteretic responses to changing nutrients need to be considered when analyzing the effects of other stressors such as climate warming on ecosystem dynamics to prevent erroneous attribution of ecosystem change to other stressors instead of nutrient change.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Keywords: ddc:577.63
    Language: English
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    Increased phosphorus availability from sewage sludge ashes to maize in a crop rotation with clover (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-08
    Description: A recycling of Phosphorus (P) from the human food chain is mandatory to secure the future P supply for food production. However, many available recycled P fertilizers from sewage sludge do not have an adequate P bioavailability and, thus, are not suitable for their application in soils with pH 〉5.5–6.0, unless being combined with efficient mobilization measures. The aim of the study was to test the P mobilization ability of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) from two thermally recycled P fertilizers for a subsequently grown maize. Two sewage sludge ashes (SSA) were investigated in a pot experiment at soil pH 7.5 with red clover differing in its nitrogen (N) supply (added N fertilizer or biological N2 fixation (BNF)), followed by maize (Zea maize L.). Shoot dry matter of maize was almost doubled when N supply of previous grown clover was covered by BNF, instead of receiving added N fertilizer. Similarly, shoot P removal of maize following clover with BNF was significantly increased. It is suggested that the P mobilization is related to the BNF, and a proton release of N2 fixing clover roots led to the measured decrease in soil pH and thereby increased P availability of the tested fertilizers.
    Description: CORE Organic II
    Keywords: ddc:333.7
    Language: English
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    Do image resolution and classifier choice impact island biogeographical parameters of terrestrial islands? (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-08
    Description: Island biogeography provides concepts for conservation management as fragmented habitats are comparable to ocean islands. Remote sensing can help to extract terrestrial habitat islands on the landscape scale. However, little is known about the effects of image resolution and classification algorithms on resulting island size and related parameters. We study the combined effect of three image resolutions (2, 10, and 30 m) and three classification algorithms (Artificial Neural Network, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine) by extracting quartz islands from WorldView‐2 imagery using image segmentation. We compared four island parameters (i.e., area, distance, shape index, and perimeter–area ratio between resolutions and classifiers). We found that in all cases, image resolution and classification algorithms had a strong effect. However, image resolution was more important for area and shape. Artificial Neural Network always provided the best performance as a classifier (OA: 0.880, kappa: 0.801, F1: 0.912). Hence, conservation strategies could lead to different results when different pattern extraction strategies are applied. Future studies which aim at extracting terrestrial habitat islands from image datasets should aim for the highest possible resolution and compare the outcomes of different classifiers to ensure the best possible results.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:526.0285
    Language: English
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    Comparing the performance of high‐resolution global precipitation products across topographic and climatic gradients of Central Asia (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-13
    Description: Accurate and reliable precipitation data with high spatial and temporal resolution are essential in studying climate variability, water resources management, and hydrological forecasting. A range of global precipitation data are available to this end, but how well these capture actual precipitation remains unknown, particularly for mountain regions where ground stations are sparse. We examined the performance of three global high‐resolution precipitation products for capturing precipitation over Central Asia, a hotspot of climate change, where reliable precipitation data are particularly scarce. Specifically, we evaluated MSWEP, CHIRPS, and GSMAP against independent gauging stations for the period 1985–2015. Our results show that MSWEP and CHIRPS outperformed GSMAP for wetter periods (i.e., winter and spring) and wetter locations (150–600 mm·year−1), lowlands, and mid‐altitudes (0–3,000 m), and regions dominated by winter and spring precipitation. MSWEP performed best in representing temporal precipitation dynamics and CHIRPS excelled in capturing the volume and distribution of precipitation. All precipitation products poorly estimated precipitation at higher elevations (〉3,000 m), in drier areas (〈150 mm), and in regions characterized by summer precipitation. All products accurately detected dry spells, but their performance decreased for wet spells with increasing precipitation intensity. In sum, we find that CHIRPS and MSWEP provide the most reliable high‐resolution precipitation estimates for Central Asia. However, the high spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the performance call for a careful selection of a suitable product for local applications considering the prevailing precipitation dynamics, climatic, and topographic conditions.
    Description: We present the first quantitative evaluation of global high‐resolution (below 12 km) precipitation products against independent ground observations over Central Asia. Our results show that MSWEP was best at representing temporal precipitation dynamics, and CHIRPS was most prominent in representing the volume and distribution of precipitation. This is especially the case of wet seasons, altitudes below 3,000 m, and regions dominated by spring and winter precipitation. Our analysis provides key insights on the precipitation products' suitability for local hydrological applications.
    Description: Leibniz‐Institut für Agrarentwicklung in Transformationsökonomien
    Description: Volkswagen Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001663
    Keywords: ddc:551.6
    Language: English
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    Climate Change and Weather Extremes in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-13
    Description: Observation‐based and modeling studies have identified the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) region as a prominent climate change hotspot. While several initiatives have addressed the impacts of climate change in parts of the EMME, here we present an updated assessment, covering a wide range of timescales, phenomena and future pathways. Our assessment is based on a revised analysis of recent observations and projections and an extensive overview of the recent scientific literature on the causes and effects of regional climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions in the EMME are growing rapidly, surpassing those of the European Union, hence contributing significantly to climate change. Over the past half‐century and especially during recent decades, the EMME has warmed significantly faster than other inhabited regions. At the same time, changes in the hydrological cycle have become evident. The observed recent temperature increase of about 0.45°C per decade is projected to continue, although strong global greenhouse gas emission reductions could moderate this trend. In addition to projected changes in mean climate conditions, we call attention to extreme weather events with potentially disruptive societal impacts. These include the strongly increasing severity and duration of heatwaves, droughts and dust storms, as well as torrential rain events that can trigger flash floods. Our review is complemented by a discussion of atmospheric pollution and land‐use change in the region, including urbanization, desertification and forest fires. Finally, we identify sectors that may be critically affected and formulate adaptation and research recommendations toward greater resilience of the EMME region to climate change.
    Description: Key Points: The Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East is warming almost two times faster than the global average and other inhabited parts of the world. Climate projections indicate a future warming, strongest in summers. Precipitation will likely decrease, particularly in the Mediterranean. Virtually all socio‐economic sectors will be critically affected by the projected changes.
    Description: European Union Horizon 2020
    Description: https://esg-dn1.nsc.liu.se/search/esgf-liu/
    Keywords: ddc:551.6
    Language: English
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    Formation of fused aggregates under long‐term microgravity conditions aboard the ISS with implications for early solar system particle aggregation (2022)
    Koch, Tamara E. ; Spahr, Dominik ; Tkalcec, Beverley J. ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-13
    Description: In order to gain further insights into early solar system aggregation processes, we carried out an experiment on board the International Space Station, which allowed us to study the behavior of dust particles exposed to electric arc discharges under long‐term microgravity. The experiment led to the formation of robust, elongated, fluffy aggregates, which were studied by scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and synchrotron micro‐computed tomography. The morphologies of these aggregates strongly resemble the typical shapes of fractal fluffy‐type calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs). We conclude that a small amount of melting could have supplied the required stability for such fractal structures to have survived transportation and aggregation to and compaction within planetesimals. Other aggregates produced in our experiment have a massy morphology and contain relict grains, likely resulting from the collision of grains with different degrees of melting, also observed in some natural CAIs. Some particles are surrounded by igneous rims, which remind in thickness and crystal orientation of Wark–Lovering rims; another aggregate shows similarities to disk‐shaped CAIs. These results imply that a (flash‐)heating event with subsequent aggregation could have been involved in the formation of different morphological CAI characteristics.
    Description: BIOVIA
    Description: Nordlicht GmbH
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006360
    Description: NanoRacks LLC
    Description: Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100020027
    Description: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002946
    Description: DreamUp
    Description: Carl Zeiss Meditec AG http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002806
    Keywords: ddc:550.78
    Language: English
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    Microbially promoted calcite precipitation in the pelagic redoxcline: Elucidating the formation of the turbid layer (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-12
    Description: Large bell‐shaped calcite formations called “Hells Bells” were discovered underwater in the stratified cenote El Zapote on the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Together with these extraordinary speleothems, divers found a white, cloudy turbid layer into which some Hells Bells partially extend. Here, we address the central question if the formation of the turbid layer could be based on microbial activity, more specifically, on microbially induced calcite precipitation. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic profiling of the microbial community in the turbid layer, which overlaps with the pelagic redoxcline in the cenote, revealed chemolithoautotrophic Hydrogenophilales and unclassified β‐Proteobacteria as the metabolic key players. Bioinformatic and hydrogeochemical data suggest chemolithoautotrophic oxidation of sulfide to zero‐valent sulfur catalyzed by denitrifying organisms due to oxygen deficiency. Incomplete sulfide oxidation via nitrate reduction and chemolithoautotrophy are both proton‐consuming processes, which increase the pH in the redoxcline favoring authigenic calcite precipitation and may contribute to Hells Bells growth. The observed mechanism of microbially induced calcite precipitation is potentially applicable to many other stagnant sulfate‐rich water bodies.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: CONACYT‐FONCICYT‐DADC
    Description: https://doi.org/10.11588/data/TMYLWS
    Description: https://doi.org/10.11588/data/GYLDH5
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    Location choice for large‐scale battery manufacturing plants: Exploring the role of clean energy, costs, and knowledge on location decisions in Europe (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-15
    Description: Driven by an increase in the demand for battery electric vehicles, the location of large‐scale battery manufacturing plants, that is, gigafactories, has become a substantial and burgeoning topic in academia, policy, and industry. This study contributes to this debate by examining how a country's specific battery manufacturing costs and knowledge and the environmental impact of its energy mix affect the choice of location for gigafactories in the European Union. We found that France, Latvia, and Germany are suitable locations when equally balancing costs, knowledge, and energy. However, our results also showed that no country leads in all three dimensions, suggesting that there is no single best location to set up gigafactories. Instead, the choice will depend on the battery manufacturer's requirements. Here, we contribute an analysis of various combinations of costs, knowledge, and energy to identify suitable locations. Moreover, we provide a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of our framework and to explore whether countries with a clean energy mix, such as Sweden, become suitable locations. The findings of our study will assist battery producers in identifying a suitable location for their gigafactories and will provide the basis for policymakers to attract battery manufacturing by directing investments into clean energy.
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121428
    Description: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/emissions-factors-2021
    Keywords: ddc:333.7
    Language: English
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    Bergordnung des Bamberger Fürstbischofs Heinrich II. von Sternberg für Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-17
    Description: Bergordnung für die Bergwerke in Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal von dem Bamberger Fürstbischof Heinrich II. von Sternberg vom 25. Juli 1325. Gültig war diese Bergordnung nicht nur in Sankt Leonhard, sondern in allen Besitzungen des Hochstifts Bamberg in Kärnten. Es werden die Grubenfeldgrößen, die Rechte und Pflichten der Gewerken, die für den Bergbau zuständigen Beamten sowie das Holzrecht aufgeführt. Weiterhin werden die Strafen bei schweren Vergehen genannt und der freie Handel mit Produkten des täglichen Bedarfs gestattet.
    Description: source
    Keywords: ddc:622 ; ddc:343.077
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book , updatedVersion
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    Near‐surface three‐dimensional multicomponent source and receiver S‐wave survey in the Tannwald Basin, Germany: Acquisition and data processing (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-17
    Description: Shallow 3‐D reflection seismic surveys using S‐waves have rarely been carried out, even though S‐waves can provide higher resolution subsurface images than P‐waves. We conducted a 3‐D near‐surface multicomponent source and receiver survey in Quaternary sediments. We employed a small electrodynamic seismic source with a horizontal shaking unit operated in two orientations. Three‐component geophones in an orthogonal layout covering an area of 117×99 m2 were used for recording. Changes in weather and ground conditions, including freezing and thawing during acquisition, directly influenced the data quality and resulted in discernible relative time shifts in the data. Our seismic processing flow included a four‐component rotation of the data from the Cartesian acquisition geometry into the ‘natural’ coordinate frame to orient sources and receivers in radial or transverse orientation to separate different S‐wave polarizations. The rotation increased the signal strength and helped, for example, to improve the quality of the images of the basin base. The irregular offset distribution in the common midpoint gathers impedes filtering to suppress surface waves in the f–k domain. We, therefore, applied a common‐reflection surface processing flow. After regularization, we could better remove the energy of the surface waves. Both stacked 3‐D S‐wave volumes of vertical and horizontal polarizations provide images of the Quaternary overdeepened Tannwald Basin that was partly known from previous P‐ and S‐wave 2‐D surveys. Compared to a P‐wave profile adjacent to the volume, however, the S‐wave volumes provide higher resolution images of the basin base and internal structure. The basin base is well mapped in three dimensions and shows undulations that were not obvious from the P‐wave data. Comparing the S‐wave volumes of different polarizations, we find only minor differences in the stacks and interpretations.
    Keywords: ddc:622.1592
    Language: English
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    Modeling Subsurface Hydrogen Storage With Transport Properties From Entropy Scaling Using the PC‐SAFT Equation of State (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-17
    Description: Hydrogen is a promising alternative to carbon based energy carriers and may be stored in large quantities in subsurface storage deposits. This work assesses the impact of static (density and phase equilibria) and dynamic (viscosity and diffusion coefficients) properties on the pressure field during the injection and extraction of hydrogen in the porous subsurface. In a first step, we derive transport properties for water, hydrogen and their mixture using the Perturbed‐Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory equation of state in combination with an entropy scaling approach and compare model predictions to alternative models from the literature. Our model compares excellently to experimental transport coefficients and models from literature with a higher number of adjustable parameters, such as GERG2008, and shows a clear improvement over empirical correlations for transport coefficients of hydrogen. In a second step, we determine the effect of further model reduction by comparing our against a much simpler model applying empirical transport coefficients from the literature. For this purpose, hydrogen is periodically injected into and extracted out of a dome‐shaped porous aquifer under a caprock. Our results show that density and viscosity of hydrogen have the highest impact on the pressure field, and that a thermodynamic model like the new model presented here is essential for modeling the storage aquifer, while keeping the number of coefficients at a minimum. In diffusion‐dominated settings such as the diffusion of hydrogen through the caprock, our developed diffusion coefficients show a much improved dependence on temperature and pressure, leading to a more accurate approximation of the diffusive fluxes.
    Description: Key Points: We model the phase behavior of pure hydrogen and the binary hydrogen‐water mixture using the Perturbed‐Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory equation of state. New entropy scaling relations for the transport properties of hydrogen and water and diffusion coefficients of their mixture are derived. The impact of the newly derived fluid properties is analyzed for a scenario of hydrogen storage in a porous aquifer.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://git.iws.uni-stuttgart.de/dumux-pub/sauerborn2020a
    Keywords: ddc:550
    Language: English
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    Noah‐MP With the Generic Crop Growth Model Gecros in the WRF Model: Effects of Dynamic Crop Growth on Land‐Atmosphere Interaction (2022)
    Warrach‐Sagi, K. ; Ingwersen, J. ; Schwitalla, T. ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-17
    Description: In this paper we coupled a crop growth model to the Weather Research and Forecasting model with its land surface model Noah‐MP and demonstrated the influence of the weather driven crop growth on land‐atmosphere (L‐A) feedback. An impact study was performed at the convection permitting scale of 3 km over Germany. While the leaf area index (LAI) in the control simulation was the same for all cropland grid cells, the inclusion of the crop growth model resulted in heterogeneous crop development with higher LAI and stronger seasonality. For the analyses of L‐A coupling, a two‐legged metric was applied based on soil moisture, latent heat flux and convective available potential energy. Weak atmospheric coupling is enhanced by the crop model, the terrestrial coupling determines the regions with the L‐A feedback. The inclusion of the crop model turns regions with no L‐A feedback on this path into regions with strong positive coupling. The number of non‐atmospherically controlled days between April and August is increased by 10–15 days in more than 50% of Germany. Our work shows that this impact results in a reduction of both cold bias and warm biases and thus improves the metrics of distributed added value of the monthly mean temperatures. The study confirms that the simulation of the weather driven annual phenological development of croplands for the regional climate simulations in mid‐latitudes is crucial due to the L‐A feedback processes and the currently observed and expected future change in phenological phases.
    Description: Key Points: Coupling a crop growth model with the Weather and Research Forecasting model significantly improves the simulation of the leaf area index. Land‐atmosphere coupling strength is enhanced by weather dependent crop growth simulation. The distributed added value metric shows a reduction in temperature biases of up to 80% in croplands throughout the season in Germany.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/grids_germany/daily/Project_TRY/air_temperature_mean/
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6501984
    Description: http://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc-2006/view
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/WDCC/WRF_NOAH_HWSD_world_TOP_SOILTYP
    Keywords: ddc:551.6
    Language: English
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    Gradual warming prior to the end‐Permian mass extinction (2022)
    Gliwa, Jana ; Wiedenbeck, Michael ; Schobben, Martin ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-18
    Description: The biggest known mass extinction in the history of animal life occurred at the Permian–Triassic boundary and has often been linked to global warming. Previous studies have suggested that a geologically rapid (〈40 kyr) temperature increase of more than 10°C occurred simultaneously with the main extinction pulse. This hypothesis is challenged by geochemical and palaeontological data indicating profound environmental perturbations and a temperature rise prior to the main extinction. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), we measured oxygen isotope ratios from Changhsingian (late Permian) ostracods of north‐western Iran. Our data show that ambient seawater temperature began to rise at least 300 kyr prior to the main extinction event. Gradual warming by approximately 12°C was probably responsible for initial environmental degradation that eventually culminated in the global end‐Permian mass extinction.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:560
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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    Initial Response of Nightside Auroral Currents to a Sudden Commencement: Observations of Electrojet and Substorm Onset (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-18
    Description: Storm sudden commencements (SSC) often precede geomagnetic storms. Commonly, it takes some hours from the step‐like change that marks the SSC to the start of the magnetic storm activity. In a subset of cases, however, auroral activity starts almost instantaneously after the SSC. To the authors knowledge, the conditions that enable this rapid activation have not been investigated in detail before. Here we consider all the sudden commencements (SC) during the years 2000–2020. Our focus is on the initial response of the auroral currents on the nightside. For that purpose, we make use of the IMAGE Magnetometer Network in Fennoscandia. In about 30% of SC events an initial activation of the westward electrojet is observed. Magnetic deflections of the northward component, surpassing frequently 1,000 nT, are observed only 4 min after the SC. These intense westward currents, flowing typically in narrow channels of 1°–2° latitudinal width, last some 10 min. The electrojets are conjugate to regions in the magnetosphere near geostationary orbits. In several cases geomagnetic substorm onsets are observed about 30 min after the SC. These start typically at fairly high latitude, around 71° magnetic latitude. This is an indication for rather quiet conditions preceding the onset. The magnetic pulse of the SC seems to play an important role in initiating the strong electrojets and the substorms. These initial activities are of relevance for space weather effects because of their strong and rapid variations. This paper provides detailed observations of the initial auroral activity following some SCs.
    Description: Key Points: First detailed study of intense electrojet activity at auroral latitudes on the nightside following immediately a sudden commencement (SC). Precondition for intense auroral activity is a southward interplanetary magnetic field Bz and a sufficiently large magnetic pulse caused by the SC. In a subset of events also an isolated substorm is initiated at relatively high magnetic latitudes shortly after the SC.
    Description: National Nature Science Foundation of China
    Description: https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/high_res_omni/
    Keywords: ddc:538.7
    Language: English
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    From Dynamic Groundwater Level Measurements to Regional Aquifer Parameters— Assessing the Power of Spectral Analysis (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-18
    Description: Large‐scale groundwater models are required to estimate groundwater availability and to inform water management strategies on the national scale. However, parameterization of large‐scale groundwater models covering areas of major river basins and more is challenging due to the lack of observational data and the mismatch between the scales of modeling and measurements. In this work, we propose to bridge the scale gap and derive regional hydraulic parameters by spectral analysis of groundwater level fluctuations. We hypothesize that specific locations in aquifers can reveal regional parameters of the hydraulic system. We first generate ensembles of synthetic but realistic aquifers which systematically differ in complexity. Applying Liang and Zhang’s (2013), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.11.044, semi‐analytical solution for the spectrum of hydraulic head time series, we identify for each ensemble member and at different locations representative aquifer parameters. Next, we extend our study to investigate the use of spectral analysis in more complex numerical models and in real settings. Our analyses indicate that the variance of inferred effective transmissivity and storativity values for stochastic aquifer ensembles is small for observation points which are far away from the Dirichlet boundary. Moreover, the head time series has to cover a period which is roughly 10 times as long as the characteristic time of the aquifer. In deterministic aquifer models we infer equivalent, regionally valid parameters. A sensitivity analysis further reveals that as long as the aquifer length and the position of the groundwater measurement location is roughly known, the parameters can be robustly estimated.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: We build large‐scale (regional) computer models of the subsurface flow conditions in order to quantify the long‐term shift in groundwater storage and response on the national level under changing climatic conditions and increasing human water demands. These models must be fed with hydrogeological parameters obtained from subsurface observation wells, drilling logs, and hydraulic tests in conjunction with (hydro)geological and geostatistical methods. In some regions these wells are sparsely distributed and derived parameters are representative only for small areas. We hypothesize that groundwater level records can reveal regional aquifer information when analyzed in the spectral domain. In order to bridge that scale gap and because groundwater level time series are generally available, we propose to infer regional parameters by analyzing the frequency content (spectrum) of long groundwater level time series. The required parameters were determined using mathematical formulations of the theoretical spectrum for simplified settings. We tested the methodology in computer models with limited complexity and found that the groundwater level time series indeed contain regional information if the time of observation is sufficiently long. Lastly, we apply the spectral analysis to real groundwater data to test the capability of the method to infer regional aquifer parameters in real aquifers.
    Description: Key Points: We successfully tested the spectral analysis of groundwater level fluctuations in numerical models and obtained regional aquifer parameters. In a sensitivity analysis of the spectral analysis using field data, the storativity and the response times could be robustly estimated. The application of the suggested methodology to the field data from a catchment in central Germany produced plausible results.
    Description: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)
    Description: Global Resource Water
    Description: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
    Description: IDAEA‐CSIC
    Description: Barcelona City Council
    Description: https://github.com/ufz/ogs5
    Description: https://geostat-framework.github.io/
    Keywords: ddc:551.49
    Language: English
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    Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research Bibliographic Review 2020 (2022)
    Weis, Ulrike ; Stoll, Brigitte ; Förster, Michael W. ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-19
    Description: Key Points: Literature review of 7200 geoanalytical publications for the year 2020. 628 selected articles with summaries of target analytes, relevant reference materials and producers. Selected publications include data obtained by new analytical developments and improved analytical protocols for established RMs, and identifies recently developed RMs for specific scientific topics. image
    Description: This bibliographic review gives an overview of scientific publications in 2020 that contribute important data for geoanalytical reference materials (RMs).
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    A storyline attribution of the 2011/2012 drought in Southeastern South America (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-04
    Description: The 2011/2012 summer drought in Southeastern South America (SESA) was a short but devastating event. What would this event have looked like under pre‐industrial conditions, or in a +2 degC world? We find that climate change causes the region to be at a higher risk of drought. However, we found no large‐scale changes in the half‐month water budgets. We show that the climate change induced positive precipitation trend in the region outweighs the increased temperatures and potential evapotranspiration during the 2011/2012 drought. image
    Keywords: ddc:551.5
    Language: English
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    Long‐term sulfamethazine leaching simulation in two different soils using the MACRO model (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-04
    Description: Physically based models have been part of many risk assessment studies concerning pesticide or nutrient transport within (sub)catchments or at plot scale, but they are only poorly validated for simulating the transport of veterinary medicinal products. Veterinary medicinal products not only pose a risk to the quality of our waters but also tend to accumulate in soils, where they are associated with the appearance of resistant bacteria and long‐term leaching. In this study, the physically based leaching model MACRO 5.2 was applied for simulating sulfamethazine (SMZ) transport over a period of more than 10 yr. The model was set up using reversible kinetic adsorption and equilibrium adsorption forming non‐extractable residues. Two different calibration periods were used to estimate uncertainties in predicted SMZ leaching associated with calibration based on short‐term data. Using the whole period for model calibration, SMZ leaching could be simulated adequately, but parameter ranges were wide due to correlation between the parameters. When using only the first period for calibration, the quality of the prediction strongly depended on the information content of the data set. The calculation of temporal sensitivity indices revealed that the effect of complex sorption parameters on the model output increased with time. Thus, parameters that appeared insensitive in a short‐term calibration were required for reliable long‐term simulations. In conclusion, a temporal sensitivity analysis beyond the calibration period might identify parameters that were not constrained enough by the calibration procedure. This could help to confirm leaching predictions even for periods without sampling data.
    Description: Core Ideas: The MACRO model was successfully used to simulate long‐term SMZ leaching. A high information content of short‐term SMZ leaching data was key to successful long‐term simulations. The effect of environmental fate parameters (sorption, degradation) on the model outcome may change over time. Implementing complex sorption processes was mandatory for SMZ long‐term simulation. Temporal sensitivity analysis beyond the calibration span may detect parameters required for long‐term simulation.
    Keywords: ddc:363.7396
    Language: English
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    A Triad Photoanode for Visible Light‐Driven Water Oxidation via Immobilization of Molecular Polyoxometalate on Polymeric Carbon Nitride (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-04
    Description: Due to their availability, low cost, nontoxicity, and tunability, polymeric carbon nitrides (CNx) represent one of the most attractive materials classes for the development of fully sustainable photo(electro)catalytic systems for solar‐driven water splitting. However, the development of CNx‐based photoanodes for visible light‐driven water oxidation to dioxygen is rather challenging, particularly due to issues related to photoelectrode stability and effective coupling of the light absorber with water oxidation catalysts. Herein, a triadic photoanode comprising a porous TiO2 electron collector scaffold sensitized by CNx coupled to a molecular cobalt polyoxometalate (CoPOM = [Co4(H2O)2(PW9O34)2]10) catalyst is reported. Complete water oxidation to dioxygen under visible (λ 〉 420 nm) light irradiation is demonstrated, with photocurrents down to relatively low bias potentials (0.2 V vs RHE). Furthermore, polyethyleneimine (PEI), a cationic polymer is shown to act as an effective and non‐sacrificial electrostatic linker for immobilization of the anionic CoPOM onto the negatively charged surface of CNx. The optimized deposition of CoPOM using the PEI linker translates directly into improved efficiency of the transfer of photogenerated holes to water molecules and to enhanced oxygen evolution. This work thus provides important design rules for effective immobilization of POM‐based catalysts into soft‐matter photoelectrocatalytic architectures for light‐driven water oxidation.
    Description: A triadic photoanode comprised of a porous TiO2 electron collector scaffold sensitized by polymeric carbon nitride and coupled to a molecular cobalt polyoxometalate (CoPOM) catalyst exhibits visible (λ 〉 420 nm) light‐driven water oxidation to dioxygen. The beneficial role of the cationic polyethyleneimine polymer as an effective electrostatic linker for immobilization of CoPOM onto carbon nitride is highlighted.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Vector Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013912
    Keywords: ddc:551.9
    Language: English
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    Thickness of Fluvial Deposits Records Climate Oscillations (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-04
    Description: Fluvial deposits offer Earth’s best‐preserved geomorphic record of past climate change over geological timescales. However, quantitatively extracting this information remains challenging in part due to the complexity of erosion, sediment transport and deposition processes and how each of them responds to climate. Furthermore, sedimentary basins have the potential to temporarily store sediments, and rivers subsequently rework those sediments. This may introduce time lags into sedimentary signals and obscure any direct correlation with climate forcing. Here, using a numerical model that combines all three processes—and a new analytical solution—we show that the thickness of fluvial deposits at the outlet of a mountain river can be linked to the amplitude and period of rainfall oscillations but is modulated by the mountain uplift rate. For typical uplift rates of a few mm/yr, climate oscillations at Milankovitch periods lead to alluvial sediment thickness of tens of meters as observed in nature. We also explain the time lag of the order of 20%–25% of the forcing period that is commonly observed between the timing of maximum rainfall and erosion. By comparing to field datasets, our predictions for the thickness and time lag of fluvial deposits are broadly consistent with observations despite the simplicity of our modeling approach. These findings provide a new theoretical framework for quantitatively extracting information on past rainfall variations from fluvial deposits.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Climate influences the evolution of terrestrial landscapes through the amount of precipitation, which provides water to erode rocks and transport sediment in rivers. At the outlets of mountain ranges, rivers can deposit part of their sediment load; the shape of the deposits is influenced by the amount of flow in the rivers. If the climate changes such that the precipitation rate increases, rivers can cut into their own previous deposits. The remaining deposits are then abandoned above the riverbed. On the contrary, if precipitation decreases, rivers tend to deposit more sediment, leading to increases in the thickness of sediments at the outlets of mountain rivers. Thus, there is a relationship between the amount of precipitations and the thickness of sediments deposited at river outlets. We study this with a computer model that allows us to relate the variations in precipitation rates to variations in thickness of fluvial terrace deposits. This work can be used to better understand how rivers respond to climatic changes, and also to reconstruct climatic variations of the past from observed river deposits.
    Description: Key Points: We use a numerical model and a new analytical solution to quantify a physical link between fluvial deposits and climate oscillations. Our method provides a theoretical framework for extracting information on past climate variations from fluvial terrace deposits. Our results explain time lag of 20%–25% of forcing period commonly observed between the timing of maximum rainfall and erosion.
    Description: TOTAL
    Description: Marie Sklodowska‐Curie grant
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3833983
    Keywords: ddc:550.724
    Language: English
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    Bergordnung des Salzburger Erzbischofs Sigismund I. von Volkersdorf für Ramingstein 1459 (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-27
    Description: Bergordnung für die Bergwerke in Ramingstein von dem Salzburger Erzbischof Sigismund I. von Volkersdorf vom 1. Oktober 1459. Gültig war diese Bergordnung nicht nur in Ramingstein, sondern in der gesamten Region Lungau. In 43 Artikeln werden die grundlegenden Rechte und Pflichten beim Bergbau, dem Handel mit dessen Produkten sowie die Rechte und Pflichten der Bergbeamten aufgeführt. Als Artikel 44 wurden die Freierklärung des Bergbaus und die Erlaubnis zum Abhalten eines Wochenmarktes für Ramingstein eingefügt.
    Description: source
    Keywords: ddc:622 ; ddc:343.077
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book , updatedVersion
    Format: 12
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    An Energy Conserving Vlasov Solver That Tolerates Coarse Velocity Space Resolutions: Simulation of MMS Reconnection Events (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Vlasov solvers that operate on a phase‐space grid are highly accurate but also numerically demanding. Coarse velocity space resolutions, which are largely unproblematic in particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations, can lead to numerical heating or oscillations in continuum Vlasov methods. To address this issue, we present a new dual Vlasov solver which is based on an established positivity preserving advection scheme for the update of the distribution function and an energy conserving partial differential equation solver for the kinetic update of mean velocity and temperature. The solvers work together via moment fitting during which the maximum entropy part of the distribution function is replaced by the solution from the partial differential equation solver. This numerical scheme makes continuum Vlasov methods competitive with PIC methods concerning computational cost and enables us to model large scale reconnection in Earth's magnetosphere with a fully kinetic continuum method. The simulation results agree well with measurements by the MMS spacecraft.
    Description: Key Points: A moment fitting continuum Vlasov solver is presented that preserves positivity of the distribution function and conserves total energy. The method behaves well at low velocity space resolutions, making it competitive with PIC methods concerning computational cost. There is good agreement of the simulations with measurements of magnetic reconnection by the MMS spacecraft.
    Description: Helmholtz Association (亥姆霍兹联合会致力) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318
    Description: https://vlasov.tp1.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/data/paper-JGR-2021
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; ddc:538.7
    Language: English
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    Melting Behavior of Rimed and Unrimed Snowflakes Investigated With Statistics of Triple‐Frequency Doppler Radar Observations (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Comparing the reflectivity flux at the top and bottom of the melting layer (ML) reveals the overall effect of the microphysical processes occurring within the ML on the particle population. If melting is the only process taking place and all particles scatter in the Rayleigh regime, the reflectivity flux increases in the ML by a constant factor given by the ratio of the dielectric factors. Deviations from this constant factor can indicate that either growth or shrinking processes (breakup, sublimation, and evaporation) dominate. However, inference of growth or shrinking dominance from the increase in reflectivity flux is only possible if other influences (e.g., vertical wind speed) are negligible or corrected. By analyzing radar Doppler spectra and multi‐frequency observations, we correct the reflectivity fluxes for vertical wind and categorize the height profiles by the riming degree at the ML top. We apply this reflectivity flux ratio (ZFR) approach to a multi‐month mid‐latitude winter data set that contains mostly stratiform clouds. The profiles of radar variables in the ML are found to be surprisingly similar for both unrimed and rimed profiles with slight differences, for example, in the absolute values of the reflectivity flux. Statistical analysis of the ZFR suggests that either microphysical processes other than melting are not important or strongly compensate for each other. The results seem to confirm that at least for moderately precipitating stratiform clouds, the melting‐only assumption applied in several retrievals and microphysical schemes is reasonable.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: To better predict precipitation by numerical models and quantify precipitation by observations, it is important to improve the understanding of processes in the melting layer (ML). The ML is the part of clouds where ice particles melt and become rain. We use an approach that assesses whether a tendency toward either growth or shrinking processes is evident in the ML. We assess the uncertainty of the approach, correct for different factors, and apply it to a large data set to derive robust statistics separately for profiles with different characteristic ice particle shapes above the ML. These statistics are surprisingly similar for the different characteristic ice particle shapes and suggest that either growth and shrinking processes are not important in the ML or strongly compensate for each other.
    Description: Key Points: We investigated the growth or shrinking of snowflakes in the melting layer using statistics of multi‐frequency Doppler radar observations. Reflectivity flux analysis indicates only slight differences for unrimed or rimed particles. Growth or shrinking processes either compensate each other or have, on average, only a small impact on the reflectivity flux.
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: University of Cologne
    Description: https://github.com/markuskarrer/ZFR_riming
    Description: http://cpex-lab.de/cpex-lab/EN/Home/JOYCE-CF/JOYCE-CF_node.html
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6341509
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5959906
    Keywords: ddc:551.57
    Language: English
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