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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (2,009)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (1,234)
  • Aircraft Stability and Control  (35)
  • Pflanzenschädling  (25)
  • Biology
  • 1950-1954  (2,721)
  • 1935-1939  (582)
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Keywords
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Years
Year
  • 1
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    In:  Gesunde Pflanzen 6; p.166-168
    Publication Date: 1954
    Description: Der Autor erklärt das massenhafte Auftreten verschiedener Blattlausarten Ende Mai 1954 mit trockenem warmem Wetter und nennt 19°C Tagesmitteltemperatur und Schwachwindigkeit als Fluginitiator für die Blattläuse. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Berlin, Hannover, Bonn ; 1954 ; Pflanzenschädling ; Witterung
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  • 2
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    In:  Nachrichtenblatt des deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes 5, Nr.10; p.145-150
    Publication Date: 1953
    Description: Der Autor untersuchte die für das Auftreten des weißen Bärenspinners günstigen Temperaturen im ehemaligen Jugoslawien (Palic, Vojvodina) und Österreich (Burgenland) und identifizierte die Temperaturen von Mai bis August als wichtige Einflußfaktoren auf die Entwicklungszeit des Falters. Hierdurch konnten Temperaturen identifiziert werden bei denen eine, zwei oder sogar drei Generationen im Jahresverlauf vorkommen können. Sobald die Temperaturen 14-15°C überschreiten, kann die Entwicklung der ersten Generation beginnen. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse wurden dazu eingesetzt, um das Ausbreitungspotential des Schmetterlings aufgrund klimatischer Parameter nach Mitteleuropa abzuschätzen. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Jugoslawien, Österreich, Deutschland ; 1946-1952 ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1952
    Description: Vergleich des täglichen Flugverhaltens der Aphiden Doralis fabae und Myzodes persicae (Zweigipfelige Kurve) mit der Psyllide Trioza nigricornis (Eingipfelige Kurve). Die Prozentuale Verteilung der Blattläuse auf verschiedene Flughöhen wird analysiert. Die Abhängigkeit des Flugverhaltens der Blattläuse von den Faktoren Licht, Wind,Temperatur, relative Luftfeuchte wird untersucht. Zudem wird deren kombinierte Wirkung auf den Flug der Homopteren untersucht und im Zuge dessen die drei Homopteren in drei verschiedene Reaktionstypen eingeordnet. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Grenzwert der Windgeschwindigkeit für den aktiven Abflug von Aphidae und Psyllidae. Regressionsgleichungen für den Zusammenhang zwischen Temperatur und Flugtätigkeit der beiden Aphidae (T(200)=Temperatur in 2m Höhe; T(10)=Temperatur in 10 cm Höhe); Multipler Korrel.koeff. zwischen Temp., modif. rel. Luftf. und dem aktiven Anflug von Trioza nigricornis R=0,742; Zusammenhang der Flugtätigkeit von T. nigricornis und Temp, ist linear -〉 siehe Korrelationstabelle KATASTER-DETAIL: Wind 〉3km/h dann aktiver Abflug Aphiden = 0; Delta T (2m;〈18,46°C) + oder Delta T (2m;〉18,46°C) - oder Delta T (10cm;〈17,18°C) + oder Delta T (10cm;〉17,18°C) - dann Flugtätigkeit M.persicae + ;Delta T (2m;〈19,32°C) + oder Delta T (2m;〉19,32°C) - oder Delta T (10cm;〈19,5°C) + oder Delta T (10cm;〉19,5°C) - dann Flugtätigkeit D.fabae + ;Delta T + und Delta relf (bis 60-70%) - dann Anflug T.nigricornis + Regressionsgleichungen für Myzodes persicae: Flugtätigkeit(FT)=-136,19 + 16,61*T(200) - 0,45*T(200)²; FT=-95,62 + 13,74*T(10) - 0,40*T(10)²; Regressionsgleichungen für Doralis fabae: FT=-62,56 + 8,075*T(200) - 0,209*T(200)²; FT=-93,29 + 11,193*T(10) - 0,287*T(10)²;
    Keywords: Quedlinburg, Thüringen ; 1951 ; Tabak ; Getreide ; Pflanzenschädling ; Hackfrüchte ; Obst ; Zierpflanzen ; Gemüse
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  • 4
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    In:  Ratgeber Obst-, Gartenbau, Geflügelzucht, Heft 5, p. 102-103
    Publication Date: 1951
    Description: Beschreibung der Faktoren für Lebenslauf und Massenvermehrung sowie Ratschläge zur Bekämpfung des Apfelwicklers mittels Spritzungen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen Entwicklung des Apfelwicklers in seinen Stadien und der Temperatur sowie der Feuchtigkeit KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T: Tmin 〈 10°C, dann keine Entwicklung von Ei und Raupe möglich; T 〈 11°C, dann keine Entwicklung von Puppe möglich; Delta T +, dann Einbohren in den Apfel +; T〈15°C, dann kein Einbohren möglich; Tmit(Dekade)〉15°C, dann Flugbeginn; Delta Nied (Mai+Juni)-, dann Apfelwickler +
    Keywords: Bayern ; 1950 ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Obst
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1954
    Description: Bericht über Untersuchungen zur Terminwahl für die Bekämpfung von Kohlschotenrüßler und Kohlschotengallmücke sowie Vergleiche der Ergebnisse mit der bisherigen Literatur KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur auf das Auftreten des Kohlschotenrüßlers KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T +: Tmit 〉 15°C, dann Erscheinen des Kohlschotenrüßlers
    Keywords: Sachsen-Anhalt ; 1952-1953 ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Raps
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  • 6
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    In:  Anz. Schädlingskunde 26, p. 49-51
    Publication Date: 1953
    Description: Untersuchungen zum durch Spinnmilben (Tetranychus althaeae v. hanst.) an Zuckerrüben verursachten Schadbild je nach der Befallsintensität KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: - KATASTER-DETAIL: -
    Keywords: Diendorf, Österreich ; 1952 ; Zuckerrüben ; Pflanzenschädling
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  • 7
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    In:  Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Zentralanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin-Dahlem, Heft 69
    Publication Date: 1950
    Description: Bericht über die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zu den Wechselwirkungen zwischen Larve und Wirtspflanze KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur auf den Larvenbefall KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T -, dann Entwicklungsdauer der Larven +; T 〉 0°C, dann Froststarre und Wanderfähigkeit -; Delta T - und Delta Relf +, dann Larvenmortalität +
    Keywords: Berlin-Dahlem ; 1948-1949 ; Insekten ; Luftfeuchte ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Raps
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  • 8
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    In:  In: R.Otto u.a., Organismen und Umwelt (Th.Steinkopff, Dresden u. Leipzig); p.182-196
    Publication Date: 1939
    Description: Erkenntnisse aus Laborversuchen über die Zusammenhänge zwischen Temperatur, sowie Feuchte und dem Auftreten von Forleule, Traubenwickler, Kieferneule, Kartoffelkäfer und Nonne werden diskutiert. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Kartoffeln ; Forst ; Pflanzenschädling ; Hackfrüchte ; Wein
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  • 9
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    In:  Nachrichtenblatt des deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes 2.Jahrg., Nr.11; p.161-165
    Publication Date: 1950
    Description: In Freilandversuchen wurden Temperaturen ermittelt, bei denen Kartoffelkäfer den Boden im Frühjahr verlassen. Zudem wurden Minimalwerte für das Überleben in verschiedenen Bodenarten ermittelt. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Ein kritischer Wert der Bodentemperatur wurde für das massenhafte Verlassen des Bodens durch den Kartoffelkäfer ermittelt. Allerdings wurden auch bei 12,5°C Bodentemperatur bereits Kartoffelkäfer an der Oberfläche beobachtet. KATASTER-DETAIL: Kritischer Wert= 16,6°C Bodentemperatur (in 50cm Tiefe)
    Keywords: Heidelberg ; 1949-1950 ; Kartoffeln ; Pflanzenschädling ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 10
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    In:  Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Zentralanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem, Heft 73
    Publication Date: 1952
    Description: 4-jährige Feldexperimente und -beobachtungen zum winterlichen Massenwechsel der grünen Pfirsichblattlaus KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Entscheidende Faktoren für Vorkommen und Ausmaß der anholozyklischen Überwinterung KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T-: T(Bodennähe)〈= -5°C, dann Myzodes persicae -; Winterfröste: Dauer + , zeitiger, Minimum -, dann Myzodes persicae -; Nachwinter: Delta T + und Delta Nied -, dann Myzodes persicae +
    Keywords: Kölner Bucht ; 1948 - 1951 ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur
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  • 11
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    In:  Beiträge zur Entomologie, Band 3, p. 518-529
    Publication Date: 1953
    Description: Untersuchungen zum Ausbleiben des erwarteten starken Befalls im Herbst 1952 und Vergleich mit bereits veröffentlichten Erkenntnissen zum Massenwechsel des Rapserdflohs; KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Abhängigkeit des Massenwechsels des Rapserdflohs von der Witterung (Temperatur) KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T -: Delta T (August, September) -, dann Zuwanderung der Rapserdflöhe -;
    Keywords: Sachsen-Anhalt ; 1951-1953 ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Witterung ; Raps
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  • 12
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    In:  Gesunde Pflanzen 4, Heft 10; p.274-277
    Publication Date: 1952
    Description: Eine kurze Zusammenfassung der Einsparungen durch nicht benötigte Traubenwickler- und Peronosporabekämpfungen in der Pfalz im Jahre 1952 wird gegeben. Hierfür werden große Hitze und Trockenheit im Jahre 1952 im Vergleich zum Vorjahr und zum 31-jährigen Mittel als Ursache genannt. Die Prognose wurde durch Beobachtungen erstellt. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Pfalz ; 1951-1952 ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Pflanzenschädling ; Wein
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  • 13
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    In:  Neue Mitt. Landwirtsch. 6, Nr.9; p.139-140
    Publication Date: 1951
    Description: Der Autor entwickelt ein Temperatursummenmodell zur Vorhersage der Kopula des Apfelblütenstechers. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Temperatursummenmodell zur Vorhersage der Kopula des Apfelblütenstechers KATASTER-DETAIL: Kopula tritt ab einer Temperatursumme (aufsummierte Stundenwerte) von 900-1000°C bei einer Basis von 8°C auf.
    Keywords: Hessen, Dippelshof ; 1948-1950 ; Apfel ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur
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  • 14
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    In:  Der Obstanbau, p. 184-185
    Publication Date: 1953
    Description: Beobachtungen zur Masseneinablage und zur Witterung KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zischen der Luftfeuchtigkeit und dem Flug sowie der Eiablage des Apfelwicklers KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Relf (Trockenperioden) +, dann Flug + und Eiablage +
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1952 ; Pflanzenschädling ; Trockenheit
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  • 15
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz, p. 241-266
    Publication Date: 1950
    Description: Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung und zum Massenwechsel der grünen Pfirsichblattlaus hinsichtlich der Faktoren Wind und Thermik KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen Massenvermehrung der Laus und Morphologie sowie meteorologischen Verhältnissen der Landschaft KATASTER-DETAIL: Wind +, dann Pfirsichblattlaus Wanderung +; Wind +, dann Strecke +; Sonneneinstrahlung +, dann Ausbreitung +; Nied +, dann Ausbreitung -;
    Keywords: Bayern ; 1950 ; Insekten ; Pflanzenschädling ; Wind ; Witterung
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 1950
    Description: Untersuchungen zur Schlüpfzeit, der Generationszahl und der Abflugzeiten von Myzodes persicae Sulzer am Pfirsichbaum KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen Klima, Witterung und Schlüpfablauf von Myzodes persicae KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T -, dann Verzögerung im Schlüpfablauf
    Keywords: Bonn ; 1947-1950 ; Kartoffeln ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 1951
    Description: Beobachtungen zum Massenauftreten des Rübenderbrüßlers in Abhängigkeit von der vorherrschenden Witterung KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen der Witterung (Bodentemperatur und Bodenfeuchte) und dem Massenauftreten des Käfers KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (Sommer) +, dann Mortalität +; Delta T (Sommer des Vorjahres) + und Delta Nied (Sommer des Vorjahres) - sowie Delta T ( Frühjahr des Schadjahres) +, dann Massenauftreten des Käfers +; Delta T: Tmit (Boden) 〉 10°C, Auskriechen der Käfer aus dem Boden
    Keywords: Mitteldeutschland ; 1947-1949 ; Insekten ; Zuckerrüben ; Boden ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung
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  • 18
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    In:  Beiträge zur Entomologie, Band 2, Nr. 2/3, p. 256-315
    Publication Date: 1952
    Description: Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen zur Biologie, Epidemiologie und Bekämpfung des Rübenderbrüßlers KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einflüsse der Witterung auf die Entwicklung und das Massenauftreten des Käfers KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T und Delta Nied und Delta Sonn: T(Boden)〉8°C und Delta Nied -, Delta T (Luft) + und Delta Sonn +, dann Verlassen des Bodens; Delta T -, dann Unterbrechungen der Abwanderung +; Delta T und Delta Sonn: T〉=22°C und Sonnenschein, dann Flug; Delta T: T〉= 15-17°C, dann Reifung; T=26,2°C und Relf=30-37%, dann maximale Eizahl; T〈2°C, dann Erstarrungszustand; Delta Nied (Mai, Juni) -, dann Massenauftreten +; Delta T +, dann Eizahl +;
    Keywords: Sachsen-Anhalt ; 1950 ; Zuckerrüben ; Boden ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 19
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    In:  Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Zentralanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem, Heft 79
    Publication Date: 1954
    Description: Zusammenfassender Bericht über die in den Jahren 1947-1952 in Westdeutschland durchgeführten Untersuchungen zur Epidemiologie, Verbreitung, wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung und Bekämpfung dieser Virose KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Hauptbefallsgebiete sind solche, mit mildem Winterklima, in denen die langjährigen Mittelwerte des kältesten Monats Januar nicht unter 0°C abfallen; KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T(Sommer)+ und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Delta t(Individualentwicklung der Überträger)- und Massenentwicklung (der Überträger) +; Delta T(Sommer)+ und Delta Nied (Sommer)-, dann Vergilbungsschäden +; Delta T - und Delta Lichtintensität -, dann Wirkung des Virus -;
    Keywords: Westdeutschland ; 1947-1952 ; Infektionskrankheiten ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Wachstum ; Witterung ; Düngung
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  • 20
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    In:  Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, p. 171-172
    Publication Date: 1950
    Description: Bericht über die Beobachtungen zur Entwicklung und zum Auftreten der Möhrenfliege unter dem Einfluss der Witterung und der Lage KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung und der Lage auf die Befallsstärke der Fliege KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Lichtintensität +, dann Möhrenfliegenbefall -; Delta Nied +, dann Entwicklung der Maden +; Delta Wind +, dann Befall -
    Keywords: Schleswig-Holstein ; 1948-1949 ; Insekten ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Wind ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer ; Gemüse
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 1953
    Description: Beobachtungen zu den wichtigsten Massenwechselphasen, welche phänologisch mit Hilfe der Temperatursummenregel ausgewertet wurden sowie Beobachtungen zum Einfluss des Mikroklimas auf die Flugphase KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen den wichtigsten Massenwechselperioden und der Temperatur, angegeben mit der mittleren Temperatursumme ab dem Eintritt des Vorfrühlings (Schneeglöckchenblüte); Einfluss von flugbegrenzenden Faktoren (Licht, Wind, Niederschlag) und flugbeeinflussenden Faktoren (Temperatur, Luftfeuchtigkeit) KATASTER-DETAIL: Temperatursumme = 160°C, dann Schlüpfen der ersten Fundatrixlarven; Temperatursumme = 360°C, dann Eintreten erster reifer Fundatrizen; Temperatursumme = 600°C, dann Reife der ersten fundatrigenen Fliegen und Anfang des fundatrigenen Zufluges; Temperatursumme = 1000-1050°C, dann Ende des fundatrigenen Zufluges und Anfang des virginogenen Zufluges; temperatursumme = 2280-2420°C, dann Ende des virginogenen Zufluges; Delta Lichtintensität + und Windgeschwindigkeit 〈 0,6m/s und T(Blattoberfläche ) 〉= 17°C, bzw. T (Luft) 〉= 15-16°C und Delta Nied -, dann Abflug +; Delta T +, dann Ablfug +, T 〉 20-26°C, dann Abflug -; Relf = 60%, dann optimaler Bereich für Abflug;
    Keywords: Quedlinburg, Thüringen ; 1949-1952 ; Luftfeuchte ; Klima ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Phänologie ; Temperatur ; Wind ; Witterung
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  • 22
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    In:  Nachrichtenblatt für den deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienst, p. 143-148
    Publication Date: 1953
    Description: Bericht über die Untersuchungen zur Frage der Abhängigkeit der Imagines von klimatischen Faktoren KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Wind, Sonnenscheindauer, Luftfeuchte) auf die Flugaktivität KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T +: T= 18°C, dann Höchstwert an geschlüpften und geschlechtsreifen Käfern; T 〉 18°C oder T 〈 18°C, dann Zahl an geschlüpften und geschlechtsreifen Käfern -; Delta Sonn +, dann Flugaktivität +; T = 23°C und Relf = 70%, dann Optimum der Flugaktivität; T = 13°C, dann Flugaktivität verhindert Delta Wind +: Wind 〉 1m/s, dann Flugaktivität vermindert, Wind 〉 2m/s, dann Flugaktivität stark gehemmt
    Keywords: Sachsen-Anhalt ; 1951-1952 ; Insekten ; Luftfeuchte ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Wind ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 23
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    In:  Zeitschrift
    Publication Date: 1950
    Description: Detailierte Berichte über das Auftreten von Schaderregern in der Landwirtschaft für jedes Jahr; Zusammenhänge zu Witterungsbedingungen werden zu Beginn der entsprechenden Hefte, sowie teilw. bei Besprechung der jeweiligen Schaderreger hergestellt KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Westdeutschland, regional aufgelöst ; 1950-2008 ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Pflanzenschädling
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 1951
    Description: Hopfenzünsler wurden im Januar aus Winterverstecken genommen und in Glaszylindern untergebracht, worin ihre Lebensdauer unter unterschiedlichen Temperaturen und rel. Luftfeuchten gemessen wurde. Bei niedrigen und hohen Temperaturen stellte sich die Luftfeuchte als entscheidender Faktor heraus, bei mittleren Temperaturen (10-15,5°C und 16-21,5°C) spielte auch die Temperatur eine Rolle. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Labor ; 1949-1950 ; Getreide ; Pflanzenschädling ; Hopfen
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 1950
    Description: Beobachtungen zum Auftreten von Roggengallmücke, Halmfliege, Getreidehalmwespe, Hafermilbe und Zwergzikade unter bestimmten Witterungsbedingungen (warme und trockene Sommer und Herbste) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur und Niederschlag) im Sommer und Herbst auf das Auftreten der Getreideschädlinge KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Sommer und Herbst) + und Delta Nied (Sommer und Hebrst) -, dann Auftreten +; Trockenperioden über mindestens 2 Jahre, dann Massenauftreten
    Keywords: Bayern ; 1947-1950 ; Anbautermine ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Weizen ; Witterung
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: During the flight program on the Bell X-5 airplane with 59 deg sweepback to determine the practical Mach number and normal-force coefficient limits of this configuration, a reduction in static longitudinal stability was encountered in maneuvering flight. A determination of the boundary for reduction of longitudinal stability extending to a Mach number of 0.98 is presented in this paper. A reduction of static longitudinal stability existed for all elevator and all stabilizer-executed maneuvers. The reduction of stability existed for maneuvers executed with elevator near a normal-force coefficient of 0.6 for a Mach number range of about 0.31 to 0.76. Above a Mach number of 0.76 the normal-force coefficient for reduction of stability gradually decreased to a value of 0.2 at a Mach number of 0.98. For stabilizer-executed maneuvers the stability boundary was the same as for elevator maneuvers up to a Mach number of 0.88. Above this Mach number the reduction of stability occurred at slightly higher normal-force coefficients decreasing from about 0.51 at a Mach number of 0.92 to a value of 0.311 at a Mach number of 0.97. The airplane has been flown to a Mach number of 1.04 at a normal-force coefficient of about 0.15 without encountering any reduction of stability. The pilot did not consider the reduction of stability to be dangerous at altitudes above 30,000 feet; however, precise flight was impossible. At angles of attack above that at which the reduction of longitudinal stability occurred, directional instability and aileron control overbalance were encountered.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-L53A09b
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: During the acceptance tests of the Bell X-5 airplane, measurements of the static stability and control characteristics and horizontal-tail loads were obtained by the NACA High-Speed Flight Research Station. The results of the stability and control measurements are presented in this paper. A change in sweep angle between 20 deg and 59 deg had a minor effect on the longitudinal trim, with a maximum change of about 2.5 deg in elevator deflection being required at a Mach number near 0.85; however, sweeping the wings produced a total stick-force change of about 40 pounds. At low Mach numbers there was a rapid increase in stability at high normal-force coefficients for both 20 0 and 1100 sweepback, whereas a condition of neutral stability existed for 58 0 sweepback at high normal-force coefficients. At Mach numbers near 0.8 there was an instability at normal-force coefficients above 0.5 for all sweep angles tested. In the low normal-force-coefficient range a high degree of stability resulted in high stick forces which limited the maximum load factors attainable in the demonstration flights to values under 5g for all sweep angles at a Mach number near 0.8 and an altitude of 12,000 feet. The aileron effectiveness at 200 sweepback was found to be low over the Mach number range tested.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-L52K18b
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Flight measurements of the stability characteristics of the Bell X-5 research airplane at 59 deg sweepback were made in steady sideslips at Mach numbers from 0.62 to 0.97 at altitudes ranging between 35,000 and 40,000 feet. The results showed that the apparent directional stability was positive and increased at Mach numbers above 0.90. The apparent effective dihedral was positive and high, increasing at Mach numbers above 0.75. The cross-wind force coefficient per degree of sideslip was positive and increased rapidly at Mach numbers above 0.94.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-L52K13b
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: NACA instrumentation has been installed ii the X-J4 airplanes to obtain stability and control data during the acceptance tests conducted by the Northrop Aircraft Corporation. This report presents data obtained on the stalling characteristics of the airplane in the clean and gear- down configurations. The center of gravity was located at approximately 18 percent of the mean aerodynamic chord during the tests. The results indicated that the airplane was not completely stalled when stall was gradually approached during nominally U accelerated flight but that it was completely stalled during a more abruptly approached stall in accelerated flight. The stall in accelerated flight was relatively mild, and this was attributed to the nature of the variation of lift with angle of attack for the 001-614 airfoil section, the plan form of the wing, and to the fact that the initial sideslip at the stall produced (as shown by wind-tunnel tests of a model of the airplane) a more symmetrical stall pattern.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-A50A04
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: Buffet boundaries, buffeting-load increments for the stabilizers and elevators, and buffeting bending-moment increments for the stabilizers and wings as measured in gradual maneuvers for a jet-powered bomber airplane are presented. The buffeting-load increments were determined from strain-gage measurements at the roots or hinge supports of the various surfaces considered. The Mach numbers of the tests ranged from 0.19 to 0.78 at altitudes close to 30,000 feet. The predominant buffet frequencies were close to the natural frequencies of the structural components. The buffeting-load data, when extrapolated to low-altitude conditions, indicated loads on the elevators and stabilizers near the design limit loads. When the airplane was held in buffeting, the load increments were larger than when recovery was made immediately.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-L50I06
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The effects of several wing leading-edge camber and deflected-tip modifications on the force and moment characteristics of a 1/20-scale model of the Convair F-102 airplane have been determined at Mach numbers from 0.60 t o 1.14 for angles of attack up to 14 deg. in the Langley 8-foot transonic tunnel. The effects of elevator deflections from 0 deg. to -10 deg. were also obtained for a configuration incorporating favorable leading- edge and tip modifications. Leading-edge modifications which had a small amount of constant-chord camber obtained by vertically adjusting the thickness distribution over the forward (3.9 percent of the mean aerodynamic chord) portion of the wing were ineffective in reducing the drag at lifting conditions at transonic speeds. Leading edges with relatively large cambers designed to support nearly elliptical span load distributions at lift coefficients of 0.15 and 0.22 near a Mach number of 1.0 produced substantial reductions in drag at most lift coefficients.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL54K29
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The static longitudinal stability characteristics of a 0.15-scale model of the Hermes A-lE2 missile have been determined in the Langley high-speed 7- by 10-foot tunnel over a Mach number range of 0.50 to 0.98, corresponding to Reynolds numbers, based on body length, of 12.3 x 10(exp 6) to 17.1 x 10(exp 6). This paper presents results obtained with body alone and body-fins combinations at 0 degrees (one set of fins vertical and the other set horizontal) and 45 degree angle of roll. The results indicate that the addition of the fins to the body insures static longitudinal stability and provides essentially linear variations of the lift and pitching moment at small angles of attack throughout the Mach number range. The slopes of the lift and pitching-moment curves vary slightly with Mach number and show only small effects due to the angle of roll.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL52I10
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: At the request of the Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy, an investigation at transonic and low supersonic speeds of the drag and longitudinal trim characteristics of the Douglas XF4D-1 airplane is being conducted by the Langley Pilotless Aircraft Research Division. The Douglas XF4D-1 is a jet-propelled, low-aspect-ratio, swept-wing, tailless, interceptor-type airplane designed to fly at low supersonic speeds. As a part of this investigation, flight tests were made using rocket- propelled 1/10- scale models to determine the effect of the addition of 10 external stores and rocket packets on the drag at low lift coefficients. In addition to these data, some qualitative values of the directional stability parameter C(sub n beta) and duct total-pressure recovery are also presented.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL52G11
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation was made to determine the static lateral stability and control characteristics of a l/6-scale model of the Republic XF-84H airplane with the propeller operating. The model had a 40deg swept wing of aspect ratio 3.45 and had a thin 3-blade supersonic-type propeller. Many modifications to the basic configuration were investigated in attempts to alleviate lateral and directional trim problems which appeared to be associated with propeller slipstream rotation. Although significant benefits were realized with several modifications, none of those tested would be expected to afford satisfactory behavior for all normal flight conditions. A marked left-wing roll-off tendency was indicated at high angles of attack for the basic model configuration. Projection of only the left slat was the most effective remedy found for this problem with the propeller operating. The use of differential wing-flap deflection also appeared to offer a promising means for reducing the roll-off tendency with power on. The large sidewash over the vertical tail, associated with slip- stream rotation, severely restricted the conditions for which directional , trim could be maintained. A small triangular dorsal fin, oriented opposite to the slipstream rotation, was found very effective in reducing the adverse sidewash flow at the tail.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL53G10
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation of the low-speed, power-off stability and control characteristics of a 1/10-scale model of the Convair YF-102 airplane has been made in the Langley free-flight tunnel. The model was flown over a lift-coefficient range from 0.5 to the stall in its basic configuration and with several modifications involving leading-edge slats and increases in vertical-tail size. Only relatively low-altitude conditions were simulated and no attempt was made to determine the effect of freeing the controls. The longitudinal stability characteristics of the model were considered satisfactory for all conditions investigated. The lateral stability characteristics were considered satisfactory for the basic configuration over the speed range investigated except near the stall, where large values of static directional instability caused the model to be directionally divergent. The addition of leading-edge slats or an 8-percent increase in vertical-tail area increased the angle of attack at which the model became directionally divergent. The use of leading-edge slats in combination with a 40-percent increase in vertical-tail size eliminated the directional divergence and produced satisfactory stability characteristics through the stall. The longitudinal and lateral control characteristics were generally satisfactory. Although the adverse sideslip characteristics for the model were considered satisfactory over the angle-of-attack range, analysis indicates that the adverse sideslip characteristics of the airplane may be objectionable at high angles of attack.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL53L04
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An experimental investigation has been conducted in the Langley stability tunnel at low speed to determine the pitching stability derivatives of a 1/9-scale powered model of the Convair XFY-1 vertically rising airplane. Effects of thrust coefficient, control deflections, and propeller blade angle were investigated. The tests were made through an angle-of-attack range from about -4deg to 29deg, and the thrust coefficient range was from 0 to 0.7. In order to expedite distribution of these data, no analysis of the data has been prepared for this paper.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL53G27
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: This report presents the results of wind-tunnel force tests which were conducted to determine the low-speed stability and control characteristics of a full-scale Northrop XSSM-A-3 missile. Tests were made through a range of angles of attack, sideslip, and control deflection, and at various Reynolds numbers. Characteristics of the complete missile are compared with the characteristics of the missile with the landing skids extended, with the vertical tail removed, and with the fuselage alone. No analysis of the data has been made in order to make the results available as soon as possible.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SA50D05
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation of a vortex-generator configuration on the wings of a l/4-scale model of the X-1 airplane having a 10-percent-thick wing was conducted in the Langley 16-foot transonic tunnel. The effect of the vortex generators was determined by comparing the model aerodynamic characteristics, wing-pressure distributions, and wing-wake patterns for model configurations with and without vortex generators on the wings. Results are presented from tests at 0.1 increments in Mach number from about 0.69 to 0.99, at Reynolds numbers of about 4.1 x 10(exp 6) to 4.7 x 10(exp 6), and through an angle-of-attack range up to 1.5 deg at lower speeds and up to 5 deg at the highest speed. In general, little difference in the aerodynamic characteristics was observed, except at a Mach number of 0.90 where a rearward movement of the shock on the upper surface of the wing with the vortex generators installed resulted in less separation.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-L52L26
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation was made of a 1/10-scale dynamically similar model of the North American F-86 airplane to study its behavior when ditched. The model was landed in calm water at the Langley tank no. 2 monorail. Various landing attitudes, speeds, and conditions of damage were simulated. The behavior of the model was determined from visual observations, acceleration records, and motion-picture records of the ditchings. Data are presented in tabular form, sequence photographs, and time-history acceleration curves. From the results of the investigation it was concluded that the airplane should be ditched at the nose-high, 14 deg attitude to avoid the violent dive which occurs at the 4 deg attitude. The flaps and leading-edge slats should be fully extended to obtain the lowest possible landing speed. The wing tanks should be jettisoned to avoid the undesirable behavior which occurs with the tanks attached. In a calm-water ditching under these conditions the airplane will run smoothly for about 600 feet. Maximum longitudinal and vertical decelerations of about 3g will be encountered.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL9K01
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation is being conducted to determine the dynamic stability and control characteristics of a 0.13-scale flying model of Convair XFY-1 vertically rising airplane. This paper presents the results of flight and force tests to determine the stability and control characteristics of the model in vertical descent and landings in still air. The tests indicated that landings, including vertical descent from altitudes representing up to 400 feet for the full-scale airplane and at rates of descent up to 15 or 20 feet per second (full scale), can be performed satisfactorily. Sustained vertical descent in still air probably will be more difficult to perform because of large random trim changes that become greater as the descent velocity is increased. A slight steady head wind or cross wind might be sufficient to eliminate the random trim changes.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL54C19a
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: A flight investigation has been made to determine the external drag and pressure recovery of a 1/8.25 - scale flight model of the Consolidated Vultee XF-92 from Mach numbers 0.7 to 1.4 and Reynolds numbers from 8.5 x 10(exp 6) to 19.2 x 10(exp 6) at or near zero lift. Relative mass flow, average pressure recovery, total drag, internal drag, and external drag are presented as functions of Mach number. Between Mach numbers of 0.90 and 0.975, the external drag of the configuration (including base drag of the inner body and additive drag) was about equal to that of a similar model with a faired nose and no mass flow; however, at supersonic speeds the drag coefficient for the faired-nose model remained relatively constant whereas the drag coefficient for the ducted model continued to increase sharply. The internal drag coefficient of the duct was roughly constant at 0.013 up to a Mach number of 1.20; after which it decreased to 0.0075 at a Mach number of 1.4. The over-all pressure recovery of the inlet and duct varied from 94 percent at a Mach number of 0.7 to about 91 percent at a Mach number of 1.4 at a relative-mass-flow ratio of about 0.30. The losses in pressure recovery were believed to be caused by the possible occurrence of separation of flow from the inner body and by an aerodynamically unclean internal configuration which did not duplicate the form proposed for the original XF-92 airplane.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL51E23
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation of the low-speed, power-off stability and control characteristics of a 1/10-scale model of the Douglas XF4D-1 airplane has been made in the Langley free-flight tunnel. The model was flown with leading-edge slats retracted and extended over a lift-coefficient range from 0.5 to the stall. Only relatively low-altitude conditions were simulated and no attempt was made to determine the effect on the stability characteristics of freeing the controls. The longitudinal stability and control characteristics of the model were satisfactory for all conditions investigated except near the stall with slats extended, where the model had a slight nosing-up tendency. The lateral stability and control characteristics of the model were considered satisfactory for all conditions investigated except near the stall with slats retracted, where a change in sign of the static- directional-stability parameter Cn(sub beta) caused the model to be directionally divergent. The addition of an extension to the top of the vertical tail did not increase Cn(sub beta) enough to eliminate the directional divergence of the model, but a large increase in Cn(sub beta) that was obtainable by artificial means appeared to eliminate the divergence and flights near the stall could be made. Artificially increasing the stability derivative-Cn(sub r) (yawing moment due to yawing) and Cn(sub p) (yawing moment due to rolling) had little effect on the divergence for the range of these parameters investigated. Calculations indicate that the damping of the lateral oscillation of the airplane with slats retracted or extended will be satisfactory at sea level but will be only marginally satisfactory at 40,000 feet.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL51J22
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: A supplementary investigation was conducted in the Langley 20-foot free-spinning tunnel on a 1/24-scale model of the Grumman F9F-6 airplane. The primary purpose of the investigation was to reevaluate the spin-recovery characteristics of the airplane in view of the fact that the ailerons had been eliminated from the flaperon-aileron lateral control system of the airplane. A spin-tunnel investigation on a model of the earlier version of the F9F-6 airplane had indicated that use of ailerons with the spin (stick right in a right spin) was essential to insure recovery. The results indicate that with.ailerons eliminated, it may be difficult to obtain an erect developed spin but if a fully developed spin is obtained on the airplane, recovery therefrom may be difficult or impossible. Flaperon deflection should have little effect on spins or recoveries.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL54L01a
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation has been conducted in the Langley 20-foot free-spinning tunnel on a l/23-scale model of the Lockheed XFV-1 airplane to determine the effects of control setting and movement upon the erect-spin and recovery characteristics for a range of airplane loading conditions. A windmilling propeller was simulated on the model for some of the tests. The investigation included determination of the size of tail parachute required for emergency recovery from demonstration spins. The tumbling tendencies of the model were also investigated. The results indicated that any erect or inverted spin obtained on the airplane will be satisfactorily terminated if recovery is attempted by full rudder reversal accompanied by simultaneous lateral and longitudinal movement of the stick to neutral, The model test results showed that an 11.5-foot flat-type tail parachute (drag coefficient approximately 0.73) with a 27.5-foot towline will be effective as an emergency spin-recovery device during demonstration spins of the airplane. The model results also indicate that the airplane will not tumble for any.loading condition indicated possible.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL53G24
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An experimental investigation has been conducted to determine the stability and control characteristics of a 0.13-scale free-flight model of the Convair XFY-1 airplane during take-offs and landings in steady winds. The tests indicated that take-offs in headwinds up to at least 20 knots (full scale) will be fairly easy to perform although the airplane may be blown downstream as much as 3 spans before a trim condition can be established. The distance that the airplane will be blown down-stream can be reduced by restraining the upwind landing gear until the instant of take-off. The tests also indicated that spot landings in headwinds up to at least 30 knots (full scale) and in crosswinds up to at least 20 knots (full scale) can be accomplished with reasonable accuracy although, during the landing approach, there will probably be an undesirable nosing-up tendency caused by ground effect and by the change in angle of attack resulting from vertical descent. Some form of arresting gear will probably be required to prevent the airplane from rolling downwind or tipping over after contact. This rolling and tipping can be prevented by a snubbing line attached to the tip of the upwind' wing or tail or by an arresting gear consisting of a wire mesh on the ground and hooks on the landing gear to engage the mesh.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL54E28
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: A theoretical investigation has been made to determine the effect on the lateral stability of the Douglas D-58-II airplane of an autopilot sensitive to yawing velocity. The effects of inclination of the gyro spin axis to the flight path and of tire lag in the autopilot were also determined. The flight conditions investigated included landing at sea level, approach condition at 12,000 feet, and cruising at 50,000 feet at Mach numbers of 0.80 and 1.2. The results of the investigation indicated that the lateral stability characteristics of the D-558-II airplane for the flight condition discussed should satisfy the Air Force - Navy period-damping criterion when the proposed autopilot is installed. Airplane motions in sideslip subsequent to a disturbance in sideslip are presented for several representative flight conditions in which a time lag in the autopilot of 0.10 second was assumed.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-L50F22
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: A flight investigation has been made to determine the drag and longitudinal stability of a 1/10- scale model of the Douglas XF4D-1 airplane from Mach numbers 0.7 to 1.4 at lift coefficients near zero. The drag rise occurred near M = 0.95. The external drag coefficient was a constant value of about 0.012 at subsonic speeds up to the point of drag rise where it increased abruptly to a value of 0.030 at M = 1.0 followed by a more gradual increase to a value of 0.038 at M = 1.25. The model indicated that, at 35,000 feet and a level-flight free-stream Mach number of 1.0, the drag of the full-scale airplane would exceed the thrust available from an XJ40-WE-8 engine with after-burning. The transonic trim change was small. The aerodynamic center moved gradually from the most forward location of 21.0-percent mean aerodynamic chord at M = 0.9 to the most rearward location of 40-percent mean aerodynamic chord at M = 1.25. The damping in pitch was low.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL51L07
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The investigation of the lateral stability of an automatically controlled glide bomb led also to the attempt of clarifying the influence of a phugoid oscillation or of any general longitudinal oscillation on the lateral stability of a glide bomb. Under the assumption that its period of oscillation considerably exceeds the rolling and yawing oscillation and that c(sub a) is, at least in sections, practically constant, the result of this test is quite simple. It becomes clear that the influence of the phugoid oscillation may be replaced by suitable variation of the rolling-yawing moment on a rectilinear flight path instead of the phugoid oscillation. If the flying weight of the glide bomb of unchanged dimensions is increased, an increase of the flight velocity will be more favorable than an increase of the lift coefficient. The arrangement of the control permits lateral stability to be achieved in every case; a minimum rolling moment due to sideslip proves of great help.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-TM-1248 , ZWB Forschungsbericht; Rept-1819
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation of the longitudinal stability and of the all-movable horizontal tail and aileron control of a 1/80-scale reflection-plane model of the Consolidated Vultee Skate 9 seaplane has been made through a Mach number range of 0.6 to 1.16 on the transonic bump of the Langley high-speed 7- by 10-foot tunnel. At moderate lift coefficients (0.4 to 0.8) and below a Mach number of 1.0 the model was statically unstable longitudinally. The static longitudinal stability of the model at low lift coefficients increased with Mach number corresponding to a shift in aerodynamic center from 37 percent mean aerodynamic chord at a Mach number of 0.60 to 64 percent at a Mach number of 1.10. Estimates indicate that the tail deflection angle required for steady flight and for accelerated maneuvers of the Skate 9 airplane would probably not vary greatly with Mach number at sea level, but for accelerated maneuvers at altitude the tail deflection angle would probably vary erratically with Mach number. The variation of rolling-moment coefficient with aileron deflection angle was approximately linear, agreed well with theory, and held for the range of aileron deflections tested (-17.1 deg to 16.6 deg). At low lift coefficients the drag rise occurred at Mach numbers of 0.95 and 0.90 for the wing alone and the complete model, respectively. The effects of the canopy on the model were small. For the ranges investigated, angle-of-attack and Mach number changes caused no large pressure drops in the jet-engine duct.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL51E22
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation is being conducted to determine the dynamic stability and control characteristics of a 0.13-scale flying model of the Convair XFY-1 vertically rising airplane. This paper presents the results of flight tests to determine the stability and control characteristics of the model during constant-altitude slow transitions from hovering to normal unstalled forward flight. The tests indicated that the airplane can be flown through the transition range fairly easily although some difficulty will probably encountered in controlling the yawing motions at angles of attack between about 60 and 40. An increase in the size of the vertical tail will not materially improve the controllability of the yawing motions in this range of angle of attack but the use of a yaw damper will make the yawing motions easy to control throughout the entire transitional flight range. The tests also indicated that the airplane can probably be flown sideways satisfactorily at speeds up to approximately 33 knots (full scale) with the normal control system and up to approximately 37 knots (full scale) with both elevons and rudders rigged to move differentially for roll control. At sideways speeds above these values, the airplane will have a strong tendency to diverge uncontrollably in roll.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL53E18
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An experimental investigation has been conducted in the Langley stability tunnel at low speed to determine the rolling stability derivatives of a 1/9-scale powered model of the Convair XFY-1 vertically rising airplane. Effects of thrust coefficient were investigated for the complete model and for certain components of the model. Effects of control deflections and of propeller blade angle were investigated for the complete model. Most of the tests were made through an angle-of-attack range from about -4deg to 29deg, and the thrust coefficient range was from 0 to 0.7. In order to expedite distribution of these data, no analysis of the data has been prepared for this paper.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL53E13
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An experimental investigation has been conducted in the Langley stability tunnel at low speed to deter+nine the yawing stability derivatives of a 1/9-scale powered model of the Convair XFY-1 vertically rising airplane. Effects of thrust coefficient were investigated for the complete model and for certain components of the model. Effects of control deflections and of propeller blade angle were investigated for the complete model. Most of the tests were made through an angle-of-attack range from about -4deg to 29deg, and the thrust coefficient range was from 0 to 0.7. In order to expedite distribution of these data, no analysis of the data has been prepared for this.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL53D01
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation of a 1/24-scale model of the Grumman F9F-6 airplane has been conducted in the Langley 20-foot free-spinning tunnel. The erect and inverted spin and recovery characteristics of the model were determined for the normal flight loading with the model in the clean condition. The effect of loading variations was investigated briefly. Spin-recovery parachute tests were also performed. The results indicate that erect spins obtained on the airplane in the clean condition will be satisfactorily terminated for all loading conditions provided full rudder reversal is accompanied by moving the ailerons and flaperons (lateral controls) to full with the spin (stick right in a right spin). Inverted spins should be satisfactorily terminated by full reversal of the rudder alone. The model tests indicate that an 11.4-foot (laid-out-flat diameter) tail parachute (drag coefficient approximately 0.73) should be effective as an emergency spin-recovery device during demonstration spins of the airplane provided the towline is attached above the horizontal stabilizer.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL52G03A
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation has been conducted in the Langley 20-foot free-spinning tunnel on a l/20-scale model of the Consolidated Vultee XFY-1 airplane with a windmilling propeller simulated to determine the effects of control setting and movements upon the erect spin and recovery characteristics for a range of airplane-loading conditions. The effects on the model's spin-recovery characteristics of removing the lower vertical tail, removing the gun pods, and fixing the rudders at neutral were also investigated briefly. The investigation included determination of the size parachute required for emergency recovery from demonstration spins. The tumbling tendencies of the model were also investigated. Brief static force tests were made to determine the aerodynamic characteristics in pitch at high angles of attack. The investigation indicated that the spin and recovery characteristics of the airplane with propeller windmilling will be satisfactory for all loading conditions if recovery is attempted by full rudder reversal accompanied by simultaneous movement of the stick laterally to full with the spin (stick right in a right spin) and longitudinally to neutral. Inverted spins should be satisfactorily terminated by fully reversing the rudder followed immediately by moving the stick laterally towards the forward rudder pedal and longitudinally to neutral. Removal of the gun pods or fixing the rudders at neutral will not adversely affect the airplane's spin-recovery characteristics, but removal of the lower vertical tail will result in unsatisfactory spin-recovery characteristics. The model-test results showed that a 13.3-foot wing-tip conventional parachute (drag coefficient approximately 0.7) should be effective as an emergency spin-recovery device during demonstration spins of the airplane. It was indicated that the airplane should not tumble and that no unusual longitudinal-trim characteristics should be obtained for the center-of-gravity positions investigated.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL52L10
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: A model of the Convair Y2-2 airplane was tested in Langley tank no. 2 to determine whether satisfactory stability in yawed landings was possible with a certain ventral fin. Free-body landings were made in smooth and rough water at two speeds and two rates of descent with the model yawed 15deg. The behavior of the model was determined by visual observations and from motion-picture re.cords. It was concluded that satisfactory stability was possible with the ventral fin as tested but that the characteristics of the model shock absorbers and the settings of the elevon control surfaces had an appreciable influence on behavior.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL51H17A
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An experimental investigation has been conducted to determine the dynamic stability and control characteristics in hovering and transition flight of a 0.13-scale flying model of the Convair XFY-1 vertically rising airplane with the lower vertical tail removed. The purpose of the tests was to obtain a general indication of the behavior of a vertically rising airplane of the same general type as the XFY-1 but without a lower vertical tail in order to simplify power-off belly landings in an emergency. The model was flown satisfactorily in hovering flight and in the transition from hovering to normal unstalled forward flight (angle of attack approximately 30deg). From an angle of attack of about 30 down to the lowest angle of attack covered in the flight tests (approximately 15deg) the model became progressively more difficult to control. These control difficulties were attributed partly to a lightly damped Dutch roll oscillation and partly to the fact that the control deflections required for hovering and transition flight were too great for smooth flight at high speeds. In the low-angle-of-attack range not covered in the flight tests, force tests have indicated very low static directional stability which would probably result in poor flight characteristics. It appears, therefore, that the attainment of satisfactory directional stability, at angles of attack less than 10deg, rather than in the hovering and transition ranges of flight is the critical factor in the design of the vertical tail for such a configuration.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL54E07
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This paper presents the results of an investigation of the dynamic stability and controllability of a model which approximately represents the Lockheed XFV-1 airplane to a 1/8 scale. The investigation consisted of hovering flights in still air at a considerable height above the ground, hovering flights very close to the ground, vertical take-offs and landings, flights through the transition range from hovering to normal forward flight, and sideways translational flights. The model could be flown smoothly and easily in hovering flight despite the fact that the uncontrolled pitching and yawing motions were unstable oscillations. There was a noticeable reduction in the controllability of the model when hovered very close to the ground but take-offs could be made easily and landings on a g,ven spot could be made accurately in spite of this adverse ground effect. Flights through the transition range from hovering to normal forward flight could be performed fairly easily. The model seemed to have stability of angle of attack and angle of roll over most of the transition range. The yawing motion was divergent in the very high angle-of-attack range but could be controlled easily. At the lower angles of attack, the model seemed to become stable in yaw. In sideways flight there was an increasingly strong tendency to diverge in roll as the speed was increased and finally, at a speed of about 25 knots (full scale), the model rolled off despite efforts of the pilot to control it.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL54J18
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The data obtained from the flight of a simplified (dummy) rocket-propelled model of the MX-656 have been analyzed to determine the booster-model characteristics and the model-alone characteristics up to a Mach number of 1.3. The data indicate that the model-booster combination is satisfactory. The model alone is longitudinally stable i n the Mach number range covered by the test (0.9 to 1.3) with the center of gravity at -15 percent of the mean aerodynamic chord. With the stabilizer setting at 0 deg. the variation of normal-force coefficient with Mach number is not large. The total-drag-coefficient variation with Mach number is not unusual. About 12 percent of the total drag at a Mach number of 1.3 can be attributed to body base drag.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL50A07
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: At the request of the Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has conducted a preliminary investigation at high subsonic speeds of the static longitudinal and lateral stability characteristics of a 0.05-scale model of the Convair F2Y-1 water-based fighter airplane. The tests covered a Mach number range from 0.5 to 0.94 and corresponding Reynolds numbers, based on the wing mean aerodynamic chord, from 3.3 x 10(exp 6) to 4.3 x 10(exp 6). The maximum angle-of-attack range (obtained at the lower Mach numbers) was from -2 degrees to 25 degrees. Sideslip angles from -4 degrees to 12 degrees also were investigated. The investigation included effects of various arrangements of wing fences and of rocket packages.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL54A12
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The possibility of overshooting the anticipated normal acceleration as a result of the artificial-feel characteristics of the F-89C airplane at a condition of minimum static stability was investigated analytically by means of an electronic simulator. Several methods of improving the stick-force characteristics were studied. It is shown that, due to the lag in build-up of the portion of the stick force introduced by the bobweight, it would be possible for excessive overshoots of normal acceleration to occur in abrupt maneuvers with reasonable assumed control movements. The addition of a transient stick force proportional to pitching acceleration (which leads the normal acceleration) to prevent this occurring would not be practical due to the introduction of an oscillatory mode to the stick-position response. A device to introduce a viscous damping force would Improve the stick-force characteristics so that normal acceleration overshoots would not be likely, and the variation of the maximum stick force in rapid pulse-type maneuvers with duration of the maneuver then would have a favorable trend.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SA52L31
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  • 61
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 1-29 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two kinds of spermatozoa are formed in the testis of Goniobasis laqueata, typical (eupyrene) and atypical (apyrene); a similar dimorphism is noted in several other related genera. The development of each type of spermatozoon is described in Goniobasis. The apyrene spermatozoa do not appear in the testis until eupyrene spermatogenesis has progressed to the formation of mature eupyrene spermatozoa. After this time apyrene spermatogenesis becomes predominant. It is suggested that this condition is indicative of a modified protandric hermaphroditism, according to a recent theory of spermic dimorphism. The anatomy of the reproductive system of Goniobasis is described briefly, and the behavior and fate of the two types of spermatozoa are noted. Only the eupyrene spermatozoa are inclosed in a spermatophore formed in a special organ of the male, the apyrenes being somehow excluded. Thus the latter do not reach the female in copulation and can have no necessary functional relationship to the ova at the time of fertilization. The delayed formation of the apyrene spermatozoa, and other facts, indicate that they are probably not concerned with the nutrition or transport of the eupyrene spermatozoa.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 61-89 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three pairs of thymus primordia are found at 6 to 6.5 mm. on the dorsal lateral ends of the second, third and fourth visceral pouches. Those on each side after fusing by growth and migratin come to lie above the third visceral pouch, whence the thymus migrates upward and backward; growing in size, it stretches above the ends of all the gill pouches. It pushes inward into the mesenchyme at 12 to 13 mm. and becomes perforated and surrounded by blood vessels and connective tissue which separate it almost completely from the epithelium. No septa are found; occasionally the third primordium fails to fuse and forms a separate lobe.The early thymus is a syncytium in which are found lymphoblasts, identified by structure of the cytosome and its behavior during mitosis. Evidence is presented that lymphoblasts migrate into the thymus where they increase in number with corresponding increase in length of cytoplasmic bridges and size of intercellular spaces. At 10 mm. begins a rapid increase in size of the thymus and in number of lymphoblasts and decrease in size of the latter, culminating at 12 to 13 mm. in their transformation into thymocytes. A medulla associated with blood vessels is unmistakable at 30 mm.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the development of the sense organs of the larva of Botryllus schlosseri to determine, if possible, any homologies between its sense organs and those of other types of ascidians such as Molgula and Ammaroucium, which have sense organs structurally very different.The statolith appears in the Botryllus embryo as a single club-shaped cell. The lightsensitive organs have their primordia slightly later as five small filaments, each developed from a ganglion cell. A cavity appears in the statolith into which the light-sensitive filaments penetrate. Later development is concerned with pigmentation of the statolith, and a twisting process which orients it into the position in which it is found in the free-swimming larva. The three tactile papillae develop from evaginations of ectoderm at the anterior end of the embryo. The ectodermal cells at the center of a papilla are differentiated into rod-shaped sensory receptors and ganglion-like masses of nerve tissue. Nervous connections are established between these peripheral ganglia and the central nervous system.Results of the investigation indicate that the statoliths of the different ascidian larvae are homologous; the direction eyes probably are not, but have evolved independently from a light-sensitive area in the primitive larva of a common ancestral ascidian. The larvae of Molgula and Ammaroucium possess no structures comparable to the sensory papillae of Botryllus.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 65
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 335-351 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the brinchial epithelium in representative specimens of Cyclostomata Elasmobranchii and Teleostei fishes has been made, with special reference to the following: 1) the importance of physiological role of osmotic regulation effected by the gills; 2) the presence or absence of specialized secretory tissue; 3) progressive evolution of the fishes and the possible phylogenetic difference between them. In regard to these topics we find: 1) There is no indication of any specialization in the branchial epithelium of fishes indicating a special role in extrarenal excretion. 2) In the respiratory epithelium of fishes widely separated phylogenetically or in fishes in living in fresh or salt water, the only significant differences are that in general the teleosts have a squamous type of epithelium, whereas, the elasmobranchs have in general a thicker polyhedral investment. 3) Mucous cells appear large and numerous on the filament proper, smaller and less numerous in the interlamellar spaces, and on the free surface of the lamellae. These are the only specialized secretory cells which occur in the gills.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 461-471 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The exeretory system of Typhlocoelum cucumerinum consists of three pairs of longitudinal channels communicating by a single ventral vessel with the excretory vesicle. Branches subdivide extensively and anastomose forming a dense network of tubules throughout the body. The vessele possess many of the features characteristic of lymph systems as described in amphistome trematodes. They have cuticular walls, come into intimate association with the intestine and contain a granular coagulum and cellular elements suspended in the lumen. The single system of vessels appears to be functioning as a combined lymph and excretory system. Typhlocoelum americanum Manter and Williams ('28) is regarded as a synonym of Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Rud. 1809).
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  • 67
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 597-615 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the thyroid has been briefly described from an example of each of the four urodele families and comparisons drawn. An attempt has been made toward clarifying previous and conflicting accounts. The thyroid arises as a solid bud from the floor of the pharynx in the region of the first visceral pouches. This bud grows backward until it reaches the pericardium. Division of the primordium into lateral portions is inaugurated and the anterior end of the splitting thyroid loses its connection with the pharynx before the separation of the parts is completed. Some of the undivided anterior portion may persist as an accessory thryroid. After the two lateral thyroid masses are separated the yolk disappears from the cells which then form cell columns and enlarge as a result of the fusion of adjacent vesicles. A thyroid [release] occurs at the time of metamorphosis except in Necturus. After the [release] the follicles refill. Similarities in development and general histological picture are closer between Necturus and Cryptobranchus as a pair than between either of these forms and Amblystoma or Eurycea. Amblystoma and Eurycea also resemble each other in histological picture. It is suggested that Necturus produces the thyroid hormone in sufficient quantity to induce metamorphosis but that some other factor or factors serve to inhibit the response.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 69
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 41-85 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Extensive measurements were made on skeletal configurations and muscles of several forms of Hemiptera-Homoptera from the early nymphal instars to the adults, inclusive. It has been shown that several of the muscles actually decrease in length (i.e., contract) as the animal grows as a whole. Such a state of affairs has never before been observed, so far as the writer knows. The most marked increase in length of a skeletal invagination often coincides with the greatest amount of contracture of the muscle which is attached to its extremity. The characteristics of the arthropod skeleton, which consist of invaginations and evaginations are probably, in the forms studied, due to muscular contraction or to the prolonged sustenance of muscular tonicity.The form of muscular contraction described probably belongs to the ‘catch’ type rather than to the metabolic type. The direct cause of these muscular contractions is probably due to changes in physico-chemical constitution of the haemolymph.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 173-188 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The tubules vary in number from about 190 to 300. They gather into twelve groups each consisting of an anterior and a posterior division and each emptying into one of twelve ampullae arranged equi-distant from each other about the wall of the posterior mid-gut and in a transverse plane just anterior to the sphincter muscle which marks, externally, the junction of mid- and hind-gut, that is to say, the ‘pyloric valve.’ The lumen of each ampulla is continuous with one of twelve furrows formed by the gathering of the hindgut epithelium into as many folds.The wall of the digestive tube is made up of, (1) an inner epithelium (tall columnar cells), (2) an intermediate connective tissue layer, and (3) an outer muscular coat (inner circular and outer longitudinal layer). The mid-gut epithelium dips down at frequent intervals to form crypts at the bases of which are the ‘regeneration centers.’ This epithelium is covered, on its luminar surface, by a curious striated border. The epithelium of the hind-gut appears to be covered by chitin.A malpighian tubule consists of a single layer of large polygonal cells with indistinct borders. It is covered externally by a thin membrene made up of ‘peritoneal cells’ and internally by a striated border similar to that in the mid-gut. Spiralling about each tubule from origin (free end) to insertion (in the gut) is a slender tracheole.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The flexures in the flexed-tailed mouse consist of unilateral fusions of adjacent vertebrae. Fusions, if complete, produce straight stiff segments.In normal mouse embryogeny, the precartilage cells surrounding the developing nucleus pulposus of the embryonic intervertebral disk in the proximal tail region begin to elongate and become fiber-like at about 14 days after fertilization. In the flexed mouse, such differentiation fails to take place on one side of an affected disk, and these cells develop through cartilage to bone. At such a point there is frequently a bend in the notochordal axis. Other abnormalities of the notochord have been observed. These are not the cause of the flexures.The gene for flexed tail also produces two effects more general in their expression. First, it slows the growth of the vertebral column as indicated by the shorter vertebrae of the proximal tail region. This is observable 13 days after fertilization. Second, it produces an embryonic anemia which is already in existence at 14 days after fertilization. It is postulated that the flexures are due to the retardation of growth at a time which is critical for the intervertebral disks. Whether this retardation is the primary effect of the gene and produces the anemia, or whether the anemia is primary and produces the retardation, the data do not show.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 279-284 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The histological structure of the eye of the monotreme, Echidna hystrix is described with reference to its comparative relationships. The eye is primarily mammalian in character but its choroid contains a definite cartilaginous plate and its retina is anangiotic.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 555-571 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each contractile vacuole system of Paramecium multimicronucleata is made up of a number of components, some temporary and others permanent. The contracting vacuole with its membrane is a temporary structure as are the vesicles which fuse to form it. The vacuole discharges its contents to the exterior leaving a vestige closing the pore. The pore, with its discharging tubule and the feeding canals are permanent cell organelles. The feeding canals end in injection tubules which extend up to the pore. The vesicles, which later fuse to form the vacuole, are formed at the proximal end of the injection canals, leaving a membrane closing the canal, much as a food vacuole is formed at the gullet. The canal-fed contractile vacuole of Paramecium is very similar to the vesicle-fed vacuole of Euplotes both as to its origin and its fate. The Nassonov homology is rejected.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Paramecium caudatum becomes much elongated upon centrifuging at 21,000 times gravity. The chromatin is sometimes forced from the achromatic matrix of the macronucleus. The materials in the cell are redistributed according to their relative specific gravities as follows: At the centrifugal end of the cell, crystals, layer of fluid, micronucleus and macronuclear chromatin, food vacuoles and neutral red inclusions, achromatic matrix of the macronucleus, endoplasm with large clear alveoli, and fat, at the centripetal end of the cell. The contracting vacuole is displaced sometimes but not the feeding canals or pore. In some cases the crystals, micronucleus and macronuclear chromatin may be extruded from the cell. Animals which survive centrifuging regain their usual shape and the disturbed materials return to their usual distribution rapidly. Sometimes the crystals remain in large compact masses and are so passed to the daughter cells upon fission. The two components of the macronucleus do not fuse the macronuclear chromatin regenerates an achromatic matrix, and division is somewhat delayed. The old macronuclear matrix persists over a long time and sometimes interferes with division. Animals which have no micronucleus may survive and divide, but no amicronucleate races have been established. Apparently macronuclear chromatin is necessary for the survival and division of P. caudatum; in the absence of the macronuclear chromatin no replacement occurs from the micronucleus. The membrane of the contracting vacuole is temporary.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 76
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paraphysis of adult Amblystoma is made up of low columnar ependymal epithelit m which forms the paraphyseal tubules which end blindly and which communicate with one another by a common mouth with the third ventricle. Between the paraphyseal tubules venous sinusoids anastomose freely with one another forming a complicated rete. The sinusoids are made up entirely of endothelium. The blood supply to the paraphysis is entirely venous.Mitochondria were found in great abundance in the paraphysis of one female just previous to laying. Other specimens showed very few present. No conclusions can be drawn from these few observations as to the relationship between physiological activity and cellular structures.The Golgi apparatus was observed definitely localized between the nucleus and the ventricular end of the cell.Many large crystalloids were also observed to be localized between the nucleus and the ventricular end of the cell.Intercellular spaces are readily observed in sections stained with Mallory's connective tissue stain. Nassonow's osmic acid technique for the Golgi apparatus and Benda's crystal violet and alizarin stain clearly bring out the intercellular canals. Acid fuchsin stained particles within the intercellular spaces are more abundant toward the sinusoids than the cavities of the paraphyseal tubules. The intercellular canals have not been seen to communicate with either the sinusoids or the cavities of the paraphyseal tubules in any of the preparations observed.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 91-112 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Increases in weight, total body length, and width and length of the head capsule of Japanese beetle larvae were studied. Since the progression factors decreased with succeeding molts and exhibited considerable variation it was concluded that Przibram's principle is inapplicable. Cells were counted in the mid-intestine and brain. Columnar cells of the mid-intestine were measured. The data show: (a) No increase in cell number occurs at the time of molting. (b) The progression in weight and length cannot be correlated with an increase in cell number. In the first instar the progression for increase in weight was 5.73; while for increase in cell number, it was 1.67 for the mid-intestine, and 1.19 for the brain. In the second instar, the corresponding figures were 5.24, 1.98 and 1.69. In the third instar average weight increased 3.18 times, but there was practically no increase in cell number. Thus, molting does not represent a definite increase in number of cells of the insect's body as suggested by Przibram and Megusar, and Bodenheimer's method of calculating cell divisions seems to have no factual basis. Increase in size of the larva is largely due to an increase in cell size. The ratio of increase in total cell volume of the columnar cells of the mid-intestine is approximately equal to the ratio of weight increase.
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  • 78
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 123-161 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An atypical euchromosome, characterized by the large size and deep stainability of its chromomeres during the meiotic prophase, occurs in representatives of seven genera of Acridinae, viz., Chorthippus curtipennis, Euchorthippus pulvinatus, Stenobothrus lineatus, Omocestus ventralis, Stauroderus biguttulus, Gomphocerus rufus, and Aeropedellus clavatus. This element, which is termed the ‘megameric chromosome,’ stains more deeply than the other euchromosomes also during interkinesis and early spermiogenesis. The megameric chromosomes of the individual exhibit striking similarity in the number, size, and arrangement of their chromomeres through successive stages of the meiotic prophase. All the evidence from cytological study indicates that these chromosomes are intergenerically homologous. This is chiefly significant in the support it gives to the theory of chromosome individuality. The heteromorphic megameric tetrad of one individual of S. biguttulus - unequal because of a deficiency - usually undergoes segregation in the second division. The megameric chromosomes display splits previous to synapsis. Pairing begins at their proximal ends and proceeds distally. All the euchromosomes of the spermatid nucleus show splits in preparation for the first cleavage division of the zygote.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 215-223 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a comparative study of the branchial epithelium of fishes we find the occurrence of three distinct types and seven subtypes of intra-epithelial glands which are in intimate association with the branchial epithelium of fishes.These glands have been classified according to their morphological patterns, cytoplasmic content and other features dealing with structural complexity.Although these structures arrange themselves in a graded series which become increasingly more and more complex, there does not appear to be any definite correlation between the structural complexity of the glands, and the apparent evolutionary history of the fishes.We conclude from the characteristic arrangement, relationships, and specific staining reactions that these structures are intra-epithelial mucous glands.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 473-499 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hypoglossal downgrowth is initiated at about the twenty-somite stage, as ventral extensions from the postotic (occipital) myotomes 3 and 4. At thirty somites, occipital myotomes 2, 3 and 4, and cervical 1 have developed ventral processes. These descending processes with contributions from posterior myotomes later form a common condensed area below myotomes 2 to 7, the submyotomic tract. There develops from this a cord of mesoderm, the hypoglossal cord or downgrowth.The anterior postotic myotomes are classed as indirect (numbers 1, 2, 6 and 7) or direct (numbers 3, 4 and 5) contributors to the hypoglossal downgrowth.Mechanical factors associated with this growth process are discussed.The hypoglossal nerve at 75 hours has six roots, four occipital (numbers 1 to 4) and two cervical. The first two occipitai roots fail to keep pace in development and are subsequently lost. A transïtory connection of the third cervical to the hypoglossal nerve is demonstrated at the age of 5 days. At 6 days the first occipital root is reduced to scattered fibers, the remaining occipital roots, numbers 2 to 4, increase in size, cervicals 1 and 2 join the hypoglossa.The correspondence of the myotomes providing the contributions to the hypoglossal cord and the nerves providing the major contributing roots of the hypoglossal nerve is commented on.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 501-531 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study is presented of the most anterior postotic somites in a series of embryos from the five-somite stage to 16 days. A gradual fading out of the somite forming tendency in this region seems to be indicated both by the formation of a rudimentary somite and by conditions found in the first true somites.There are, in the rabbit, three occipital somites, all of which form myotomes. The fate of the myotomes is traced until their identity is lost in the formation of definitive muscle masses.From the sclerotomes two occipital arches, comparable to those of vertebrae, are formed and can be identified as late as the time of beginning chondrification. There is a marked compression of the tissues in this region, the sclerotomal material being not only relatively but actually shorter in older embryos. This compression results in, 1) the approximation of the hypoglossal roots, and, 2) the fusion of the two occipital arches.The cartilaginous basal plate in rabbits begins development at its caudal end and differentiates anteriorly from this with little evidence of a primitive segmentation except as this posterior first center might be called a segment.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The female black scale possesses a pair of lateral ocelli. Each develops as a small disc of enlarged hypodermal cells which increases in size and invaginates. The disc finally becomes cut off from the hypodermis to form a vesicle lying between the regular hypodermis and the lateral margin of the brain. The vesicle becomes differentiated into two parts. The outer group of cells forms the vitreous body, the inner group gives rise to the retina. The vitreous body soon begins to secrete the lens which, during embryonic life, becomes biconvex. Pigment granules form only in the retinal cells; at first yellow, later black. The ocellus of the first instar is similar to that of the embryo. During first and second ecdyses the old lens is cast off and a new one secreted by the vitreous body. A large, irregularly shaped crystalline body forms between the vitreous body and the retina. The ocellus is of four parts: lens, vitreous body, crystallin body and retina. Retinal cells are at first nucleated but the nuclei probably pass to the nerve fibers each one of which is connected to a retinal cell. The ocellus does not change in structure throughout the life of the insect but finally disintegrates. The disintegration begins on the inner surface of the lens. Ocelli developed in the embryo remain unchanged throughout the insect's life.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This article describes the structural features of the mantle and shell, particularly in the tiger snail, Anguispira alternata. The shell and the slime appear to be secreted simultaneously, probably from the same sources, and except for the mucus probably from the same materials, but certainly through very different structures.It is found that all the layers of the shell are secreted in a liquid or semi-liquid state by some part of the mantle. The periostracum is secreted from the supramarginal groove as a liquid which soon toughens as viscosity increases until it forms the organic covering of the shell. The inner layers are derived from epithelia beneath the shell, crystallizing out of a semi-liquid mass into the characteristic patterns, which we recognize as the layers of calcium carbonate. This process is traced from the synthetic viewpoint in the secretion from the mantle, also some of the stages can be detected from the analytic standpoint in the breakdown of shell materials.Some phases of the above structural states can be recognized in living mantles. A chemical analysis of the shell is also given.
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  • 84
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935), S. 87-115 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From the first larval instar until the time of the final transformation into the adult the thoracic muscles are numerically the same. The muscles increase in fiber number with the growth of the larvae. There are two types of larval muscles: a. functional (striated and of considerable diameter) b. non-functional (unstriated and of narrow diameter). The non-functional muscles are mainly the prospective wing muscles of the adult. They grow most in diameter at the time of the final transformation. The positions of attachment of both types of muscles undergo no marked replacements during transformation, although the skeletal parts to which they are attached may become greatly modified. The larva has numerically more muscles than the adult. Extensive obliteration of the trunk leg muscles and of some neck muscles takes place. The intrinsic leg muscles of both the larva and the adult are the same.There are no anlagen of the adult muscles in the larval labium, and myoblasts probably form the adult musculature of this organ.The wing muscles of adult Anisopterid dragonflies insert close to the articulations of the wings on apodemes arising from membranes, or on discs arising as internal invaginations of detached, lateral, tergal plates.During the metamorphosis of its musculature, a dragonfly exhibits every essential phenomenon that a so-called ‘holometabolic’ insect does.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 191-209 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Differing from hitherto known spermatophores, these are found to have the form of a loop with a thick body and the slender ends twisted together.Also one end bears a spiral row of triradiate spicules, unique in being chitinoid secretions. Each is formed within a vacuole of a cell of a small gland found in the males. The ends of the spermatophores hold sperms, but the main mass consists of granules of problematical value. Spermatophores after discharge are stored up within the female, where remnants of them remain indefinitely.For the first time stages in the formation of spermatophores were found within the males. The head organ in the male is found to be more complex than hitherto known in this genus. A special head organ in the female is described for the first time in this family. An hypothesis is advanced as to the possible use of these male and female head organs in transfer of spermatophores. The suggestion is made that in this family the spermatophores and their organs of transfer and of storage may serve as generic characters.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 243-259 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The post-embryonic growth of the notochord, sensory retinal cells, cartilage and gut epithelium in frog tadpoles, trout and lamprey is described. Increase in the number of notochord and sensory retinal cells results only from the mitotic division of cells which have not yet undergone the structural modifications characteristic for these cells. The specialized and functional cell does not divide. In the frog tadpole the cartilage cells increase by mitotic division of the fully-formed and functional cell: in addition there are centers of proliferation consisting of small, rapidly-dividing cells. The trout is similar except that there are no centers of proliferation, in addition amitotic division occurs. The gut epithelium grows by mitotic division of the functional constituent cells. During division the cell assumes a spherical shape and its functional activities are suspended.
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  • 87
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 317-324 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The last muscle in the transverse superficial throat series in all genera of salamanders is here called ‘gularis.’ This eliminates a long list of synonyms. A description of its metamorphic changes in Dicamptodon (Ambystomidae) and comparison of the larval and adult conditions in this genus with those in other known genera clears up the homologies of the muscle throughout the series. The study is based on dissections and a survey of the literature covering all important groups except the Hynobiidae.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 379-391 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The skull, mandible, atlas, scapula and the six long bones from seventy-four male and sixty-nine female skunk skeletons were weighed. Nine dimensions of the skull, two dimensions of the mandible and of the scapula, the length of the os coxa and the lengths of the same six long bones, were measured from 99 male and 109 female skeletons.The weights of the skull and of the nine bones are significantly heavier in the male skunks and all but one of the linear measurements are likewise significantly greater in the males. The weights and the linear dimensions of the skull and the mandible are more variable in the males but the lengths of the long bones are more variable in the females.The rather high positive correlations of the skull weight and the weights of the other parts of the skeleton studied, show that the weight of the skull is a good criterion of the weights of the other bones. These correlations are slightly higher in the males. The nineteen linear dimensions are likewise well correlated with the skull length. They average somewhat higher in the females.The data on the symmetry of the paired bones are not very conclusive, but there is a preponderance of heavier and longer right bones and a crossed symmetry is suggested.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1937), S. 407-443 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Mexican scorpion Centruroides shows exactly the same type of chondriokinesis (by ring formation) as that hitherto known only in the related form Centrurus, as earlier reported by one of us ('31). The Golgi bodies show no trace of ring formation but are distributed by random assortment like that of the chondriosomes in other scorpions. The Golgi bodies, clearly visible in vivo, show the typical plate-like or lamellar structure characteristic of them in other forms. In the first division, after Weigl, there appear to be two metaphase stages, an earlier one in which the dictyosomes are irregularly scattered and a later one in which they tend to mass near the mitotic poles. In the same division, after Champy-Kull, the (presumable) dictyosomes are regularly massed near the poles and may be traced through the whole mitosis. The neural red bodies (‘vacuome’) undergo an irregular distribution and are cast out in the slough. The problem of distribution and localization in the sperm-cell formation are discussed with reference to the principle of genetic continuity in the germ cell.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Accounts of cortical adrenal development in urodeles are few in number and mostly incomplete from the point of view of development. Hence, an investigation was initiated to fill in existing gaps and present a complete developmental history of the glands in one of the urodeles.The primary anlagen of the cortical adrenal (interrenal) were seen first in the 8.8-mm. embryo as paired or unpaired cell groups in the interrenal area of the 'tween zone lying either in contact with or just beneath the coelomic epithelium. It was not possible to determine definitely whether they originate from the coelomic mesothelium or from the subjacent mesenchyme. Subsequent primordia are formed continuously throughout the period of larval development in an antero-posterior time sequence. Almost immediately they become associated with the postcaval system and the relationship thus established persists throughout life. There is no evidence of a budding process as described by Albrand ('08).During development there is a progressive increase in the size and number of cortical masses, an increase in the total area occupied by them, and a posterior shifting of the tissue as a whole as determined by its position in relation to the spinal ganglia. The definitive distribution is attained at the time of metamorphosis. The tissue occurs abundantly along the postcava, but strands along the median edge of the mesonephroi, as in some urodeles, are only sparingly developed.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 1-26 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Panniculus carnosus is well developed in the five Didelphids studied. It is described in three parts: pars dorsalis, pars thoracoabdominalis and pars pudenda, in Marmosa, Didelphis, Metachirops, Metachirus and Chironectes, and in Orolestes, a caenolestid marsupial. Pars dorsalis is well developed in all five genera, but not so well developed as in Orolestes; pars thoracoabdominalis is present in all five Didelphids, but not in Orolestes; and the degree of development of pars pudenda is correlated with the development of the pouch, being absent in Orolestes, weak in Marmosa and strong in both males and females of the other genera. In Chironectes, in which genus the male develops a pouch, pars pudenda is strikingly developed. The ‘sphincter marsupii’ of other writers is considered to be a portion of pars pudenda.In early development an epidermal ridge arises surrounding part of the mammary area. In Marmosa these ridges move laterally and posteriorly before the expanding mammary area. In Didelphis, Metachirops, Metachirus and Chironectes the ridges form the lips of the pouch. The pouch is formed when the ridges remain stationary and the expanding mammary area throws the skin into a double-walled fold.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 127-148 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Gelgi bodies in Meretrix casta being visible in fresh eggs, an attempt was made to elucidate the nature of the contents of neutral red vacuoles. These are neo-formations which arise on treatment with neutral red Ringer. As recent researches have shown that neutral red forms compounds with enzymes, it is suggested that the new vacuoles in Meretrix are visible products of the attempt of the Golgi apparatus to eliminate neutral red which is a foreign substance to the egg. The function of Golgi bodies in the control of cell metabolism by production of intra-cellular enzymes is discussed.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 175-221 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The reproductive organs of Bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabr., and B. (Callosobruchus) chinensis L., including histology are described in detail. The role of the different parts of the male and female copulatory apparatus is discussed and the physical composition and function of the secretions of the accessory glands are indicated. The specific differences in the structure of the genitalia of the two species are shown.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using the percentage of mitotic figures in the cells as an index, a study was made of the distribution of cell multiplication in the development of the chick embryo. Counts were made of all regions in embryos ranging from the embryonic shield stage to sixteen somites, and of the neural and sensory epithelia and axial mesoderm of older embryos. Figures are presented which are believed to establish the sufficiency of mitotic division in producing the cell increases in the early embryo. In the developing primitive streak, areas of superior division rate were found in the presumptive medullary plate ectoderm at the sides of the streak. The node and the primitive plate tend to exhibit lower rates than the axis of the streak. The posterior nerve cells multiply more rapidly than the average of the neural tube, and areas of activity in the mesoderm tend to be located near the posterior end. An antero-posterior gradient of the index is indicated in the anterior neural tube, meeting a transient postero-anterior gradient of the hinder cord in the yolk-sac region. A lower rate of division in the floor than in the sides of the neural ectoderm may be implicated in the inrolling of the medullary plate and in the ventral ourvature of older embryos. All indices drop progressively with advancing age and differentiation.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 96
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 453-471 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the fifty generations of reared Nemeritis, males have been totally lacking. Oogenesis is atypical in (1) the occurrence of a pronounced and lengthy prochromosome stage, (2) the partial fusion of the eleven tetrads at early first anaphase, (3) following first anaphase, a return of all dyads from both poles to form a common second metaphase plate consisting of twenty-two separate dyads, (4) a second division which forms a single polar nucleus and an egg nucleus, each with twenty-two chromosomes, (5) the parthenogenetic development of the egg nucleus with twenty-two chromosomes. Oviposition, which occurs at first anaphase, is followed by a pronounced swelling of the egg through osmosis. Oogonia, follicle cells, cleavage nuclei and somatic cells in later embryogeny all show twenty-two metaphase chromosomes, while pupai tissue shows also tetraploid and octoploid complexes.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 525-561 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Descriptions and figures of the subordinate sex-organs are given for thirty species taken at random throughout the entire family.It is found: that the higher genera have organs not present in the lower; that they have a storage sac for mineral particles to be added to the secreted capsules within which the eggs will develop; that the anus is more or less fused to the mouth of the oviduct to allow of easy passage of the above materials from anus to oviduct; that spermatophores grade from simple elongated tubes of the lower to stout double tubes with various forms, with spicules, or with spirals, in the higher forms; that the sacs for holding the spermatophores may be simple, when the spermatophores are cast out after discharge, but are more evolved when spermatophores are to be permanently retained and digested; that while lower forms have no sex organs upon the head, peculiar organs occur in the higher genera, in one or both sexes.These organs have value as aids in classification of genera within the family Neritidae. The very marked coordination among these organs may be better understood when further observation reveals how they are used in sperm transfer.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Morphology 61 (1937), S. 581-611 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anatomically, the structure of the pancreas in four species of anura studied, is very similar during various stages of development. The gland is greatly reduced in size during both artificially induced and natural metamorphosis. When metamorphosis is artificially induced, the regression of the pancreas occurs somewhat earlier and is a little more rapid than in the case of natural metamorphosis, but the condition exhibited at the end of the phenomenon is similar in each case. Correlated with the anatomical regression during metamorphosis, many of the acinous cells, small collecting ducts and sinusoidal capillaries, undergo degeneration. This histolysis occurs somewhat earlier in animals that undergo artificially induced metamorphosis, but regeneration occurs about the same time in both metamorphic types. Most of the degenerated elements are autolyzed in situ; some are sloughed into sinusoidal capillaries; while a small number are eliminated through pancreatic ducts. It is doubtful whether these elements are ingested by phagocytes. The pancreas, in certain cases during later stages of metamorphosis, appears to take on a temporary hematopoietic function leading to the differentiation of red blood cells. Zymogen granules, lipoid granules, and X-granules are demonstrated in the anuran pancreas. X-granules, found in the larvae, are indeterminate in nature and are quite probably remnants of vitelline material found in the early embryo.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 91-111 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The clam Mya differs from other pelecypods which have been investigated in this respect in having most of the reserve nutritive materials formed within the vacuolated follicle cells of the gonads instead of within the very limited amount of mesenchymatous connective tissue of the visceral mass. The profusely branching tubular gonads originate from two groups of primordial germ cells situated in the position of the future genital apertures. The germinal primordia soon become differentiated into two types of nuclei, one of which becomes associated with the large, vacuolated follicle cells, which form the principal volume of the gonadal tissue, while the other type proliferates to form the primary gonia which become widely scattered along the walls of each alveolus.There is much degeneration and cytolysis during gametogenesis in both sexes, with the accumulation of characteristic inclusions within the follicle cells. Atypical spermatogenesis followed by cytolysis occurs throughout the year but the normal method only in preparation for spawning. No evidence of protandry or change of sex was obtained; only three hermaphrodites were found in the examination of more than 1000 individuals.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. i 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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