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  • Articles  (155)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (148)
  • Cartilage  (7)
  • 1965-1969  (155)
  • Medicine  (155)
  • Political Science
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • Articles  (155)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 185-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Trauma ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La masse du mineral osseux du bout distal femoral a été mesuré dans 54 cas de rupture du cartilage semilunair médial 0–5 années après l'intervention chirurgique. La masse du mineral osseux était diminué. La masse du mineral osseux n'avait aucune tendance de restauration pendant le temps d'observation.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In 54 Fällen von medialen Meniscusschäden wurde die Skeletmasse in dem distalen Femurende gemessen 0–5 Jahre nach der Fortnehmung des geschädigten Meniscus. Die Skeletmasse war signifikant vermindert. Im Laufe der Zeit zeigte sich keine Tendenz zur Erhöhung der Skeletmasse.
    Notes: Abstract In 54 cases of ruptured medial semilunar cartilages of the knee joint the bone mineral mass in the distal end of the femur was measured 0–5 years following removal of the injured cartilage. The bone mineral mass was significantly decreased. There was no tendency of restoration of the bone mass with time.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 260-268 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Histochemistry ; Staining ; Protein ; Polysaccharide ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des coupes de cartilage épiphysaire frais de jeunes rats, effectuées à la main, sont colorées à pH=4,5 dans des solutions à 0,01% de divers colorants cationiques, appartenant aux groupes de la thiazine, oxazine, azine, triphénylméthane, acridine, et phthallocyanine. Les granules intracellulaires métachromatiques, mises en évidence antérieurement par le bleu de toluidine, sont également identifiées à l'aide de l'azur A, le bleu de méthylène et le bleu de crésyl. Les granules se colorent moins bien à la thionine, le rouge neutre, la safranine O, le bleu de toluylène et l'acridine orange. Dans les conditions utilisées, la matrice de la zone de réserve et la matrice de la zone hypertrophique inférieure (en voie de calcification) se colorent, alors que les matrices des zones prolifératives et hypertrophiques supérieures ne prennent pas les colorants. La gallocyanine, le violet cristal, la fuchsine basique, l'azocarmin B, le bleu de gallamine et la bleu alcian ne se colorent pas ou donnent des réactions colorées différentes de celles décrites ci-dessus. Il semble que le pK et le poids moléculaire des colorants jouent un rôle important, mais ils ne paraissent pas être les seuls facteurs intervenant dans la coloration des granules. Un changement, lié à la calcification, semble intervenir au niveau du matériel métachromatique (probablement des polysaccharides protéiques), aussi bien dans la matrice que les cellules cartilagineuses épiphysaires.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Handpräparierte Schnitte von frischem Epiphysenknorpel junger Ratten wurden bei einem pH von 4,5 in 0,01% igen Lösungen verschiedener kationischer Farbstoffe folgender Klassen gefärbt: Thiazin, Oxazin, Azin, Triphenylmethan, Acridin und Phthalocyanin. Die intracellulären β-und γ-metachromatischen Granula, erstmals mit Toluidinblau im frischen Gewebe nachgewiesen, konnten auch gut mit Azur A, Methylenblau und Brillantkresylblau dargestellt werden. Die Granula konnten ebenfalls, aber weniger gut, mit Thionin, Neutralrot, Safranin D, Toluylenblau und Acridinorange gefärbt werden. Unter diesen Färbungsbedingungen werden die inaktive Matrixzone und die untere hypertrophische (verkalkende) Matrixzone angefärbt, während die proliferative und die obere hypertrophische Matrixzone sich nicht färben. Gallocyanin, Kristallviolett, basisches Fuchsin, Azokarmin B, Gallaminblau und Alzianblau färbten entweder gar nicht, oder gaben ein anderes als das obenbeschriebene Färbemuster. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß das pK und das Molekulargewicht der Farbstoffe wichtig aber nicht unbedingt die einzigen Faktoren sind, die die Färbung der Granula bestimmen. Die Resultate zeigen, daß eine Veränderung im metachromatischen Material (vermutlich Proteinpolysaccharide) vorliegt, und zwar sowohl in der Matrix als in den Zellen des Epiphysenknorpels; diese Veränderung scheint im Zusammenhang mit der Verkalkung zu stehen.
    Notes: Abstract Hand-cut sections of fresh epiphyseal cartilage from young rats were stained at pH 4.5 in 0.01% solutions of various cationic dyes of the thiazine, oxazine, azine, triphenylmethane, acridine, and phthallocyanin classes. The intracellular β-and γ-metachromatic granules, previously demonstrated in fresh tissues with toluidine blue, were also demonstrated well with azure A, methylene blue, and brilliant cresyl blue. The granules were also demonstrated, but not as well, by thionin, neutral red, safranin O, toluylene blue, and acridine orange. Under the conditions of staining, the reserve zone matrix and the lower hypertrophic (calcifying) zone matrix stained, whereas the proliferative and upper hypertrophic zone matrix did not stain. Gallocyanin, crystal violet, basic fuchsin, azocarmine B, gallamine blue, and alcian blue either did not stain, or gave a different pattern of staining from that described above. It is suggested that the pK and molecular weight of the dyes are important, but not necessarily the only factors in determining the staining of the granules. The results indicate that there is a change in the metachromatic material (presumably proteinpolysaccharide) in both the matrix and cells of epiphyseal cartilage, which appears to be related to calcification.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 157-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Protein-polysaccharide Synthesis ; Epiphyseal Plate ; Cartilage ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode de séparation des zones cellulaires de prolifération, de maturation et d'hypertrophie de la métaphyse épiphysaire du jeune lapin est mise au point, de façon à pouvoir étudier le métabolisme protéino-polysaccharidiquein vitro sur une base cellulaire. En utilisant l'incorporation de35SO4 comme index de la synthèse protéino-polysaccharidique et la concentration en hexosamine comme index du contenu en protéine-polysaccharide par zone, il apparait que la concentration en sulfate varie inversement avec le contenu en matrice protéino-polysaccharidique: elle est la plus élevée dans la couche des cellules hypertrophiques où le contenu en matrice est le plus bas. La signification possible de ce rapport est envisagée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Trennung der proliferativen, reifenden und hypertrophen Zellzonen der Epiphysenwachstumsplatte beim entwöhnten Kaninchen besprochen, die es ermöglicht, den Protein-Polysaccharid-Metabolismusin vitro für jeden Zelltyp gesondert zu untersuchen. Als Index der Protein-Polysaccharid-Synthese wurde die zeitbedingte Aufnahme von35SO4-Ionen verfolgt, während als Index des Protein-Polysaccharidgehaltes der Zonen die Hexosaminkonzentration gemessen wurde. Bei diesem Vorgehen wurde gefunden, daß die Sulfataufnahme entgegengesetzt zum Protein-Polysaccharidgehalt der Matrix variiert, indem sie die höchsten Werte in der hypertrophen Zellschicht auftweis, wo der Matrixgehalt am kleinsten ist. Die Bedeutung dieses Verhältnisses wird besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A method is presented for separating the proliferative, maturing and hypertrophic cell zones of the epiphyseal growth plate of the weanling rabbit, in such a manner that protein-polysaccharide metabolism could be studiedin vitro on a per-cell basis. Using the timed incorporation of35SO4 as an index of protein-polysaccharide synthesis, and hexosamine concentration as an index of protein-polysaccharide content per zone, it was found that sulfate uptake varied inversely with matrix protein-polysaccharide content; being highest in the hypertrophic cell layer where matrix content was least. The possible significance of this relationship is discussed.
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  • 4
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 197-213 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ossification ; Epiphysis ; Cartilage ; Mucopolysaccharides ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La crête iliaque est une épiphyse de traction, où s'insèrent de larges faisceaux de collagène. Chez l'enfant, elle est constituée par une couche importante de cartilage hyalin surmontant une plaque de croissance. Des divisions de cellules chondroblastiques, au niveau du cartilage hyalin et de la plaque de croissance, sont plus nombreuses pendant les deux periodes de croissance rapide du tronc, à savoir l'enfance et l'adolescence. L'ossification enchondrale, identique à celle des os longs, s'observe au niveau de la plaque de croissance de la crête iliaque, entre les régions où se produisent la calcification et l'ossification; elle semble identique à celle qui se produit au niveau de l'insertion de certains ligaments. Un centre d'ossification secondaire apparait au niveau de la partie médiane du cartilage de la crête pendant l'adolescence. L'os se forme, souvent, directement au-dessus du cartilage comme dans le cas de la reconstitution d'une nécrose osseuse aseptique. La concentration en galactosamine du cartilage de la crête iliaque d'enfants normaux décroit brutalement au cours des deux premières années de la vie. Puis elle décroit plus lentement jusqu'à l'âge de neuf à douze ans, pour augmenter à nouveau jusqu'à seize ans. Cette augmentation coïncide avec le début de la croissance de l'adolescence. La concentration en glucosamine reste constante. L'hydroxylproline augmente nettement pendant l'enfance, puis reste inchangée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Beckenkamm ist eine Zugepiphyse, an welcher große Bündel von kollagenen Fasern ansetzen. Beim Kind besteht sie aus einer Masse von hyalinem Knorpel, der die Wachstumsplatte überlagert. Die Knorpelzellteilung im hyalinen Knorpel und in der Wachstumsplatte ist während der beiden raschen Wachstumsperioden des Rumpfes in der Kindheit und in der Adoleszenz gesteigert. Die endochondrale Verknöcherung, wie sie in den Röhrenknochen zu sehen ist, nimmt in der Wachstumsplatte des Beckenkammes ihren Verlauf zwischen Zonen in welchen Calcification und Ossification stattfinden, ähnlich jener an der Ansatzstelle gewisser Ligamente. Ein sekundäres Ossifikationszentrum entwickelt sich in der Mitte des Kammknorpels während der Adoleszenz. In manchen Bezirken bildet sich der Knochen direkt über dem Knorpel, indem er diesen ersetzt, ein Vorgang, der auch bei der Abheilung aseptischer Knochennekrosen in Form des sogenannten “kriechenden Ersatzes” beobachtet werden kann. Die Galaktosamin-Konzentration im Knorpel des Beckenkammes normaler Kinder sinkt beträchtlich während der zwei ersten Lebensjahre. Später nimmt sie allmählich weiter ab bis zum Alter von 9–12 Jahren, um anschließend bis zum 16. Lebensjahr wieder anzusteigen. Diese Zunahme fällt mit der Zeit des Wachstumsstoßes in der Adoleszenz zusammen. Die Konzentration des Glucosamins innerhalb der untersuchten Altersgruppe bleibt praktisch konstant. Das Hydroxyprolin nimmt im Kleinkindesalter stark zu, bleibt jedoch später konstant.
    Notes: Abstract The iliac crest is a traction epiphysis where large bundles of collagen fibers insert. In the child it is formed by a large mass of hyaline cartilage overlying a growth plate. Cartilage cell divisions in the hyaline cartilage and in the growth plate are more numerous during both periods of rapid trunk growth, infancy and adolescence. Enchondral ossification as seen in the long bones occurs in the iliac crest growth plate in between areas where calcification and ossification takes place resembling that at the insertions of certain ligaments. A secondary center of ossification develops in the middle of the crest cartilage during adolescence. In many areas bone forms directly over the cartilage, replacing it, resembling the “creeping replacement” observed in healing of aseptic bone necrosis. The galactosamine concentration in the iliac crest cartilage of normal children decreases sharply during the first two years of life. Then, it declines gradually until nine to twelve years of age, and then, again, increases until sixteen years of age. This increase takes place at the time when the adolescent growth spurt occurs. Glucosamine concentration remains nearly constant throughout the age range studied. Hydroxyproline increases sharply during infancy and stays unchanged thereafter.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Ion ; Binding ; Chondroitin ; Cartilage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La liaison du calcium par le sulfate de chondroitin C a été étudiée en utilisant des méthodes biologiques et physicochimiques pour la détermination quantitative du calcium ionique. Les valeurs moyennes pour logK j, le logarithme de la constante de formation non corrigée d'un complexe calcium-sulfate de chondroitin C, sont 1,64 par la technique de cœur de grenouille, 1,55 par la méthode de murexide, 1,39 par l'ultrafiltration et 1,04 par l'électrode sélective du calcium. L'ordre de grandeur de ces valeurs suggèrent que le sulfate de chondroitin C a une capacité de liaison pour calcium relativement élevée, mais les valeurs calculées pour un paramètre d'échangeK p indiquent que le calcium a une affinité faible pour le polysaccharide.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Bindung von Calcium mit Chondroitinsulfat C wurde untersucht mittels biologischer und physikalisch-chemischer Methoden für die quantitative Bestimmung des ionischen Calciums. Im Durchschnitt ergab logK j, der Logarithmus der unkorrigierten Formationskonstante für einen Calciumchondroitinsulfatkomplex, 1,64 mit der Technik des Froschherzens, 1,55 mit der Murexidmethode, 1,39 mittels Ultrafiltration und 1,04 mit den Calciumselektiven Elektroden. Die Größe dieser Werte zeigt, daß Chondroitinsulfat eine relativ hohe Bindungskapazität für Calcium hat, die berechneten Werte für einen AustauschparameterK p jedoch, daß Calcium eine kleine Affinität für Polysaccharide hat.
    Notes: Abstract The binding of calcium by chondroitin sulfate C was studied by employing biological and physicochemical methods for the quantitative determination of ionic calcium. Mean values for logK j, the logarithm of the uncorrected formation constant for a calcium-chondroitin sulfate complex, were 1.64 with the frog heart technique, 1.55 with the murexide method, 1.39 with ultrafiltration and 1.04 with the calcium selective electrode. The magnitude of these values suggests that chondroitin sulfate has a relatively high binding capacity for calcium, but calculated values for an exchange parameterK p indicate that calcium has a low affinity for the polysaccharide.
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  • 6
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 107-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Aspidin ; Bone ; Cartilage ; Dentine ; Evolution ; Fossil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
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  • 7
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    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 214-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcinosis ; Calcification ; Cartilage ; Collagen ; Mineral metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les facteurs, influençant la vitesse et l'intensité du phénomène d'association des ions calcium et phosphates avec des fibres contenant du collagène, et préparés à partir du tendon de boeuf par deux méthodes d'extraction différentes, ont été étudiés. Les fibres, obtenues par ces deux méthodes, nécessitent spécifiquement du phosphate pour absorber du calcium et vice versa. L'absorption ionique des deux préparations est inhibée par du Mg++, du pyrophosphate et un peptide acidique, isolé du sérum humain. Alors que les fibres contenant du collagène, préparées selon les deux méthodes, présentent une absorption ionique à des vitesses sensiblement identiques, seule une des méthodes donne une matrice réagissant positivement à la technique de coloration au nitrate d'argent de von Kossa. Etant donné que les deux critères de calcification sont intéressés de façon identique par des conditions de réaction et par des inhibiteurs, il apparait que les deux facteurs sont des manifestations de différents stades de calcification et que des études d'absorption ionique fournissent une base quantitative d'appréciation de la calcification, pouvant être d'importance pour l'étude du mécanisme et de contrôle de la minéralisation tissulaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Überprüft wurden die Faktoren, welche Geschwindigkeit und Ausmaß der Erscheinung beeinflussen, wobei Calcium- und Phosphationen sich mit den kollagenhaltigen, durch zwei verschiedene Extraktionsmethoden aus Rindersehnen gewonnenen Fasern eng zusammenbinden. Die mit beiden Methoden zubereiteten Fasern benötigen spezifisch Phosphat für die Calciumaufnahme und Calcium für die Phosphataufnahme. Die Ionenaufnahme beider Arten wird durch Mg++, Pyrophosphat und saure, aus dem menschlichen Serum isolierte Peptide gehemmt. Während die nach beiden Methoden präparierten kollagenhaltigen Fasern eine Ionenaufnahme von beinahe gleicher Geschwindigkeit verursachen, ergibt nur eine dieser Methoden eine Matrix, die mit der Silbernitratfärbung nach vonKossa positiv reagiert. Da beide Calcifikationskriterien gleicherweise durch Reaktionsbedingungen und Inhibitoren beeinflußt werden, wird daraus geschlossen, daß beide Erscheinungen verschiedener Stadien des Gesamtcalcifikationsprozesses sind. Untersuchungen über die Ionenaufnahme ergeben eine quantitative Angabe der Verkalkung, welche für die Erforschung des Mechanismus und der Kontrolle der Mineralisation der Gewebe wichtig sein könnte.
    Notes: Abstract Factors that influence the rate and extent of the phenomenon in which calcium and phosphate ions become firmly associated with collagen-containing fibers prepared from beef tendon by two different extraction methods have been investigated. The fibers produced by both methods specifically require phosphate for calcium uptake and calcium is required for phosphate uptake. Ion uptake by both types is inhibited by Mg++, pyrophosphate, and an acidic peptide isolated from human serum. Whereas the collagen-containing fibers prepared by both methods induce ion uptake at nearly identical rates, only one of the methods produced a matrix that gives a positive response to the silver nitrate staining technique of von Kossa. Since both criteria of calcification are similarly influenced by reaction conditions and inhibitors, it is concluded that both are manifestations of different stages of the overall calcification process and that studies of ion uptake provide a quantitative assessment of calcification which could be of importance for investigating the mechanism and control of tissue mineralization.
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  • 8
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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  • 9
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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  • 10
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 11-16 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Methyl α-cyanoacrylate, when implanted subcutaneously in rats and dogs, has been shown to lead to an increase in thiocyanate output in the urine, presumably through the formation of cyanide anions which are subsequently converted to thiocyanate. It is postulated that this reaction may be one of the reactions contributing to tissue necrosis when methyl α-cyanoacrylate is used as a tissue adhesive.
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  • 11
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In an effort to obtain tissue adhesive monomers which would wet and spread on tissue substrates and be rapidly biodegradable, the branched esters of alkyl α-cyanoacrylates, as well as a 95-5 wt.-% mixture of n-heptyl and methyl α-cyanoacrylate, were studied. The data indicate that alkyl α-cyanoacrylates having branched alkoxy groups appear to be promising in this regard.
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  • 12
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 27-31 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A theory for the behavior of anodes as stimulus electrodes, particularly as pacemaker electrodes, is presented. Expressions are obtained for the minimum duration and energy of the stimulus. These expressions are applied to that for the dissolution of the anode and transport of the resulting ions in the tissue in order to obtain an estimate of the extent of penetration. Comparison with experimental data indicates good agreement.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: New dialysis membranes, prepared from linear block copolymers, have shown unique separation properties which appear to be based on definite solute-membrane interaction. The synthesis and characterization of block copolyetherurethanes based on poly (oxyethylene glycol) is described.
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  • 14
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 33-54 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Currently available materials for mechanical heart systems are surveyed, particularly with respect to long-term implantation, from the viewpoints of availability and workability, mechanical and biological durability, and compatibility with blood and tissue. Some materials have one or more desirable physical properties, but none offers perfect blood and tissue compatibility. Medical grade Silastic, considered best for blood handling parts, has produced promising results in auxiliary ventricle patency experiments. The insufficient tensile strength of Silastic should be increased, and it may be possible to accomplish this while maintaining the present resilience, elongation, and inertness. No long-term data on thrombus formation are available, but clot-retarding quality is essential and may perhaps be obtained by incorporating heparin. Developments in polymer chemistry may also lead to other surfaces with the requisite mechanical properties with blood.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Seven surgical adhesives were prepared; n-butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, and isopropyl cyanoacrylate monomers and several combinations of ethyl cyanoacrylate and a plasticizer (either di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate or tricresyl phosphate). These were implanted as a thin film over the entire circumference of the adventitia of 48 canine carotid arteries. Vicissitude of cyanoacrylate polymers in vivo and tissue reaction to the polymers were traced for 6 months and investigated histologically. All adhesives tested in this study were insoluble in vivo and more resistant to biodegradation than methyl cyanoacrylate polymer. Tissue reaction against n-butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or isopropyl cyanoacrylate was essentially the same as against ethyl cyanoacrylate in quality and was not less in degree than ethyl cyanoacrylate in spite of having longer side chains than ethyl radical.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Evidence is presented for the view that intravascular thrombosis proceeds via an electrochemical mechanism. It is strongly substantiated by some recent work on electrical wire thrombosis. These experiments show that thrombosis occurs on noble metal electrodes at potentials more positive than 0.3 v (NHE) but tends not to occur on electrodes more negative than this interfacial potential. Further, the same factors which prevent intravascular thrombosis are shown to prevent thrombosis on electrodes maintained at all potentials up to + 1.0v. Thus occurrence or prevention of thrombosis appears related to electrical and electrochemical properties of both blood and blood vessel wall. Methods for the determination of these properties are described and experimental results briefly presented. The studies have proved useful in establishing criteria for the selection of metal and plastic vascular substitutes. A combination of several electrochemical and biophysical criteria have been discovered which aid in the selection of nonthrombogenic vascular substitutes. Unfortunately not all metals which satisfy anti-thrombotic electrochemical criteria are suitable. Many, including magnesium, have cellular and proteolytic destructive characteristics. Certain metals and electrically treated Teflon tubes do not suffer from this defect and have proven useful in preliminary testing.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A major part of current effort in improving artificial hemodialysis techniques concerns the development of improved membrane structures. Although blood compatibility of membranes is a part of the Battelle program, this discussion is confined to membrane composition, structure, and transport. On the basis of a need for improved hemodialysis techniques, membranes for use in the artificial kidney were prepared and evaluated for urea, creatinine, and uric acid permeability. Water-soluble polymers were crosslinked to form insoluble, but swellable, membranes. Faster metabolic waste transfer than with the conventional cellulosic membranes was obtained with diisocyanate-crosslinked poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)-dextran membranes and with membranes obtained by crosslinking poly (vinyl alcohol) with polyfunctional aldehydes. Membranes prepared from emulsions of vinyl pyrrolidone-ethyl acrylate and vinyl pyrrolidone-styrene copolymers had exceptionally high urea and creatinine dialysis rates, but were deficient in uric acid transfer. This shortcoming was corrected by incorporating solutes such as sucrose into the membranes followed by leaching. Another important approach concerned the development of a relatively high-strength membrane based on an impermeable nylon resin. Permeability of these membranes which have dialysis characteristics superior to those currently used was obtained through the addition of DMSO and one of several other additives to the coating solution.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The tissue reaction to metallic and nonmetallic implants in the back muscles of New Zealand White Rabbits is presented. These reactions are graded and correlated with the trace metal contained around such implanes. Correlations are drawn as to the acceptability of various materials for the manufacture of surgical implants.
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  • 19
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The pressure losses in the currently available prostheses are too high. We believe an excellent way to focus designers' attention upon this fact is to rank the various designs according to their hydraulic efficiency. The proposal of this paper is for pressure drop vs. velocity data (pulsatile flow) to be taken similar to that of Figure 2, so that a pressure loss coefficient, Kv, based upon the valve lumen area can be found for each valve design; further, that this Kv be used to compare and rank the various valve designs. The fact that Kv is a dynamic loss coefficient guides designers toward its improvement, for this compares the prosthesis problem to many “solved” problems (propeller blade profiles, hydrofoil profiles, etc.) which are similar hydraulically. The confusion of the surgeon when confronted with conflicting claims regarding various prostheses would be largely eliminated by acceptance of Kv as a figure of hydraulic merit by those concerned with this aspect of biomedical engineering.
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  • 20
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The problems with the experimental and clinical assessment of arterial prosthetic materals vary from species-transfer of data to vested interests once an implantale device has been perfected for human trail. In spite of all the problems which arise, there has been a steady increase in our knowledge of the basic healing pattern of implanted arterial prostheses and the elaboration of specific paths for improvement of prosthetic design. Further development will be linked closely to the active participation of the biomedical researcher in areas of biophysical and bioengineering investigations.
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  • 21
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 113-134 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Semicrystalline polymers used as restorative prostheses in the cardiovascular system require more detailed consideration of flexural fatiguing with simple physical characterization and mechanical measurements as one basic means for developing test standards and specification levels for biomedical research materials. Such initial means are considered with polytetrafluoroethylene as a reference polymer nominally inert chemically used to illustrate one approach to assessing morphological and structural changes with a flex tester. Density measurements and void content have been carried out to provide one means of assessment whereby the corresponding crystallinity and permeation can be considered for more detailed correlation to cytological interactions as the polymers are used as replacement components in the cardiovascular system. Progressive flexural cycling up to 106 cycles at a 3 cps rate indicate significant decreases in crystallinity simultaneously with increasing void content. As an accelerated test, the implications for extrapolation to 25-year fatiguing in normal physiological cycling rate are conjectured to provide a starting point for more realistic, cyclic ex vivo screening of biomaterials.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 175-175 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 23
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 175-175 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 25
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 176-176 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 26
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The clotting problem inside the artificial heart device is one of the major obstacles standing in the way of a successful long-term implantation of the artificial heart. To date, there have been two artificial heart devices used clinically. One is the auxiliary ventricle and the other is the left heart bypass pump. The former is for permanent implantation and the other is implanted only temporarily. Several experimental results which had contributed to the successful implantation of the auxiliary ventricle are described, especially from the standpoint of avoiding the clotting inside the device. Basic experiments with the left heart bypass pump are also described. The valves are the foremost problem and the next is the junction of the two materials. It is ideal to have a smooth, seamless surface made entirely of one material. It is also necessary to have a flow pattern analysis inside the artificial heart device as well as a clotting pattern analysis. Since the pump oxygenator and heparinization are involved in the procedure, the clotting problems in the total heart experiment are usually less than in the left heart bypass experiments. Our most urgent requirement is the development of new antithrombogenic material. However, even with our present material a large part of the clotting could be avoided if the heart is carefully constructed.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 179-196 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Warp-knitted velour fabrics of Dacron, nylon, polypropylene, and Rayon have been backed with Silastic to form a laminate. Prior to heat curing, the composite can be molded into many shapes and has been successfully used to line the luminal side of blood pumps and vascular grafts. Prosthetic heart valves are being covered with velour in an attempt to promote a more compatible surface. Velour suture rings are being evaluated as a more efficient anchor for prosthetic heart valves. Silastic tubes with velour bonded to the outer wall have been used to inhibit infection and sinus tract formation where percutaneous lead wires and conduits are necessary. As a flat sheet, the Silastic-velour laminate has been used experimentally as an artificial skin, but the most noteworthy experimental results have been obtained in rats using a double layer of nylon velour, separated by an impermeable layer of poly(vinyl fluoride). Future application will include attempts to anchor artificial limbs via a velour interface and made functional by tendinous attachment.
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  • 28
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    Notes: Inhibition of cultured mammalian cell growth was used to examine the biological activity of triethyl citrate, a common plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride). Cell populations were determined by a sample extraction procedure and measurement of nucleic acid content (total purines and pyrimidines) by its absorbance at 268 mm̈. Triethyl citrate demonstrated strikingly different dose-effect characteristics from its theoretical hydrolysis products (ethanol and citric acid). The inhibitory effects of sodium citrate were reversed by calcium chloride while the action of triethyl citrate underwent little or no change under similar conditions. Triethyl citrate did not appear to produce resistant cell strains in culture but did seem to be degraded with time. Inhibitory action of triethyl citrate was shown to be independent of inoculum size within the ranges utilized in the study. The procedures described appear to have a number of advantages for the biological or toxicological evaluation of ingredients which might be added to a plastic formulation or to contaminates which might enter the plastic during manufacture of the item or device.
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  • 29
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    Notes: A series of studies were performed using S35-labeled heparin to determine the amount and the permanancy of heparin grafted onto nonthrombogenic surfaces. The calculated thicknesses of the heparin layers (based on geometrical areas) ranged from 100 to 1500 A. It was shown that the surface having a 100-A layer of attached heparin was nonthrombogenic. The stability of the heparin attached to polypropylene, silicone rubber, hydrin rubber, and graphite-benzalkonium-heparin (GBH) surfaces in distilled water, isotonic saline, and human plasma was measured. The results showed that after exposure to water and saline, the first three surfaces retained most of the attached heparin (〉90%) in contrast to the GBH surface which retained only 31%. After contact with human plasma for 3 hr at 37°C, polypropylene retained 32% and GBH surfaces 19% of the heparin which was initially present. In another series of experiments, the adsorption of P32-labeled proteins onto unheparinized, quaternary ammonium, and heparinized surfaces was measured. The results indicated that the amounts of albumin, Hageman factor, thrombin, and γ-globulin adsorbed onto heparinized surfaces were equal to or greater than the amounts adsorbed onto unheparinized surfaces. The implications of this in terms of the nonthrombogenicity of the heparinized surfaces are discussed.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 213-238 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: 1. With the help of ionotropic gels it is possible to duplicate native structures consisting of two materials, one of them the matrix. 2. Counter-ions combined with the ionic groups on the ordered polyelectrolytes can be exchanged. With certain counter-ions an insoluble, crystalline precipitate is formed immediately after the ion-exchange process as an ordered reaction product, i.e., nucleation. 3. Ionotropic gels were crosslinked through the secondary hydroxyl groups (uronic acid residuals) in such a way that the rate of ion exchange was only slightly lower, that no great shrinkage resulted, and that the pores remained free of extraneous polymers. 4. The microscopic structure of ionotropic gels can be divided into (a) a part with secondary structure with micellar particles and hollow pores and (b) a part with tertiary structure with lamellae and isopores. 5. On crystallization in shrunken gels the crystals enter into the tertiary structure - both intracapillary as well as interlamellar - due to spatial reasons. 6. Through control of the shrinkage of the gels, one can regulate the way in which the ordered crystals enter into the two structures. 7. One can change the size of the crystallites by variation of the degree of crosslinking. The higher the degree of crosslinking, the smaller the crystallite. 8. By treatment with waves of ions one can increase the solid content of the gel to values from 50 to 70%. One obtains gels with a mechanical strength like that of bones, teeth, shells, or pearls. The phenomenon of intramicellar crystallization is reversible. Monovalent counter-ions, as well as H-ions, dissolve and extract the included secondary substance. One then obtains the original crosslinked gel. 10. The gel has always to be formed first. Without the ordered base structure (matrix) one obtains unordered crystallites such as occur in the chalklike fields of the pearl shells.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous laminates prepared by incorporating a volatile solvent into an epoxy resin system used to impregnate a fabric filler satisfactorily alleviated the problems caused by perspiration in upper extremity prostheses, but did not have sufficient strength for use in artificial legs. A new technique is described which results in a 100% increase in both porosity and strength of porous epoxy laminates. The method consists of impregnation of the fabric with resin and solvent and evaporation of the solvent prior to laying up the laminate. The improvement in properties is ascribed to better control and homogeneity of impregnation.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 275-284 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A design theory is developed for a compact artificial kidney utilizing microcapsules containing urease, ion exchange resin, and adsorbents for uric acid and creatinine. It is shown that the critical factor is the permeability property of the microcapsule wall and that an artificial kidney 10 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter is feasible.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 285-297 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Samples of (Ag + Hg) amalgam and of dental amalgam have been prepared and stored at temperatures of 23, 37.5, and 60°C for various lengths of time up to 10 years. X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy have been employed to determine the approximate increase in the β(Ag—Hg) phase as a result of the γ → β transition in the Ag—Hg system. Data are presented to show that the transition occurs in both systems but much less rapidly in dental amalgam. Increases in storage temperature increase the rate of the transition in both systems.
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    Notes: Strains were determined in a typical mandibular partial denture metal framework of the free-end saddle type. The overall strain patterns were determined using a brittle lacquer coating technique and loads were applied vertically to positions on the saddles. The results from the coating study indicated the area of high strain were just anterior and posterior to the finishing lines. Strain gages were attached to positions anterior and posterior to the finishing lines and the strain was measured at these positions when the saddles were loaded either at a posterior or anterior position at intervals of 2 lb up to 20 lb. When a static load of 20 lb was applied to the posterior of the left saddle a strain of 750 μ in./in. was obtained, which for the alloy used was equivalent to a stress of 22,200 lb/in.2. The amount of strain observed was a function of the length of the saddle, the bulk of the framework, the relation of the site of the gage to the position of loading, the presence of an indirect retainer, and the position of the fulcrum for the loading conditions used.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 299-299 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 301-312 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The present paper describes a new technique for preparing the surface of polyethylene and polypropylene plastics for the adsorption of heparin. The procedure consists of exposing the plastic surface to a solution of cationic surfactants at a temperature close to the softening temperature of the plastic. The mechanism of adsorption of the anticoagulant of the surfaces is discussed.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 325-336 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In 14 canines the ureter was substituted with a new type of ureteral gel-fabric prosthesis. The prosthesis is a tube of knitted fabric of polyester fiber case in a layer of hydrophilous glycol methacrylate gel. Anastomoses were carried out by inserting the prosthesis ends into the ureter lumen and by suturing the stump of the ureter to a special fixing ring on the prosthesis. Preliminary results of short-term obsevations (4 months) are quite promising. The prosthesis is non-irritating and conducts the urine satisfactorily.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 313-323 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biologic properties of the sponge-like polymers of ethylene glycol methacrylate gels and their host compatibility have been verified in subcutaneous and intraperitoneal application in rats. All three sample types tested, with different porosities, have been tolerated very well with the receptor and have caused no pathologic reaction. Subcutaneous implants are directly integrated in teh organism, cellular immigration taking place with vascularization of the surface layer of the implantate to a depth of some 500 μ during the second week after implantation, causing the sponge to become an integral component of the surrounding tissues. More substantial differences in the reaction to the presence of implantates of different porosity ahve not been observed. These properties directly predetermine the sponge-like polymers for wider application in plastic and reconstructive surgery. In addition, there is the possibility of utilizing them as an auxiliary surgical material, e.g., for drying and cleaning the operative field, or as operation towels. Good results have been achieved also in mechanically stopping bleeding from parenchymatose organs by application of the sponge foil.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 337-354 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Features controlling the initiation of matrix calcification have been investigated in a model system. Two major influences which dominate nucleation are the matrix integrity and the location of certain chemical binding sites. It has been shown that chemical chelating groups can, and do, promote calcification under simulated physiological conditions. Organically bound phosphate does not appear to promote nucleation, suggesting that it is chelation of calcium or other cations which is the initial step in tissue calcification. In the sequence of compounds investigated for nucleation catalysis, those possessing at least three chelating groups and a stereopsecific configuration were effective. The mineral phase forming first in association with the organic matrix is a soft non-apatitic calcium phosphate of Ca/P ratio approximately 1.5. This is the same phase that forms in the absence of organic matrices at physiological pH and is probably the precursor to hydroxyapatite in biological calcification. It is suggested that nucleation catalysts exist both within and outside the collagen fibrillar framework. A possible location of the internal site has been proposed, based on the availability of a capillary channel and chelating ligands, and this postulate is supported by electron microscopic evidence which shows that bone crystals lie within the fibrils, occupying space which terminates in the polar 640 A staining area.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 369-369 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 42
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967) 
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  • 43
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Knowledge of the characteristics of the blood-intima interface is important because it leads to information concerning (a) the normal antithrombotic mechanism (b) nature of interreactions between blood and intima (c) testing and selection of vascular wall substitutes which are antithrombotic and inhibit clotting. A technique for obtaining the electrical interfacial characteristics of blood vessel walls is by measuring streaming potentials. Experiments described in the present work are extensions of original in vivo streaming potential measurements. In vitro streaming potentials were measured across fresh canine aortae and carotid arteries using Krebs saline serum substitute, logarithmically varying both internal and external electrolyte concentrations. Positive streaming potentials were measured indicating that the blood vessel wall is negatively charged. Streaming potentials increased linearly with increasing flow rate, decreased with increasing internal electrolyte concentration, decreased with increasing external electrolyte concentration, and reversed, becoming positive, with aging of exteriorized artery. Thus the electrical characteristics of the blood vessel wall are dependent on an ionic balance between the blood vessel wall, flowing blood stream, and external environment. The information demonstrates the importance of electrochemical and physicochemical phenomena in the structure and function of the vascular interface and helps explain in vivo conditions conducive to or inhibitory of intravascular thrombosis.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 387-394 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The authors followed the tissue response of a new plastic tube composed of neutral hydrophilic gel, after implantation in the subcutis of rats. They further studied tissue reaction when gel rods were connected by polymerization in situ. After implantation, the gel tubes developed a fine encapsulation but no inflammatory response. The gel rods were connected “end to end” by means of a drop of the polymerizing mixture. The healing proceeded in the same manner with the exception that minute granules of macrocellular elements were formed in the ligament surrounding the polymerization mixture remnats. According to these results, the neutral hydrophilic gel has proved to be a suitable material for implantation.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 371-386 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new intraoral adhesive bandage composed of gelatin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and polyisobutylene backed by a layer of polyethylene film was used by 148 investigators in 1468 patients. The bandage adhered well to the fixed mucosa of the palate, gingiva, and teeth. It adhered less satisfactorily to the loose mucosa of the cheek and floor of the mouth. It did not adhere very well to the tongue. The duration of adhesion of the bandage was at least 5 hr in approximately 87% of all treated cases, and it remained in place for 9-51 hr for more than 50% of all treated patients. Tolerance of the application was good or excellent in 75% of all cases. There was no irritation attributable to the bandage in any patient. The bandage provided an effective means of protecting the vital repair mechanism of a wound during the early hours after extraction. The results of these trials indicate that the new adhesive bandage is safe and that it provides effective cover and protection of wounds and lesions of the mucous surface up to 24 hr.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 395-404 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Sutured, stapled, and methyl- or thickened n-pentyl-2-cyanoacrylate-adhered end-to-end arterial anastomoses were compared in two series of 10 dogs, employing the three 4-mm diameter terminal branches of the aorta for these comparisons. Patency rate, speed of construction, and gross and microscopic appearances were employed as criteria for evaluation. In a series of adult white rabbits the same criteria were applied to compare sutured and thickened n-pentyl-2-cyanoacrylateadhered end-to-end anastomoses of the 2-mm diameter abdominal aorta. Anastomoses adhered with methyl-2-cyanoacrylate were significantly more often thrombosed than any other variety; a marked inflammatory response followed application of this material. Thickened n-pentyl-2-cyanoacrylate adhesive was well tolerated, and the results obtained with this material were equivalent to those obtained by suturing or stapling in the dog, or by suturing in the rabbit.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 405-414 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Corrosion resistance is particularly important in medical treatments requiring implantation of metallic objects in the human body. Unfortunately, weight loss measurements and other conventional corrosion testing techniques are insufficiently sensitive and difficult to adapt to in vivo environments. The linear polarization technique can be used to remotely meaure the corrosion rates of metals implanted in tissue using needle probes. The principles of this technique are reviewed and the results of tests performed on steel, cobalt, and molybdenum implanted in experimental animals are discussed.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 415-425 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The presence of the β1 phase in dental amalgam after 60°C heating has been confirmed by x-ray diffraction, metallography, microhardness tests, and electron beam analysis. It appeared that the γ1 → β1 transformation began at preferred sites, believed to be possibly areas deficient in Hg, and grew outward from these sites. Even after heating for nearly a year, however, some γ1 still remained in the sample.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 427-432 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In vivo and in vitro experiments described herein have demonstrated that the GBH coating is antithrombogenic when placed on PVC, as tested in the blood system of rabbits for periods up to 2 weeks. In vitro clotting times cannot be correlated with the in vivo thrombogenicity of the same implants. For example, dog and man have very similar in vitro clotting times, but very dissimilar in vivo prosthetic thrombosis problems. In vivo and in vitro tests are for the most part not comparable in that they do not measure the same things. However, both in vivo and in vitro tests proved the GBH-treated vinyl to be antithrombogenic. It may be concluded from the available data that a flexible plastic can be treated with GBH and become antithrombogenic for a practicable period of time.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 1 (1967), S. 433-449 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Man-made polymeric materials are being utilized in a number of devices which will be implanted into animals and humans for various periods of time. The diversity of materials and the introduction of new materials into the medical and paramedical professions appear to be increasing at an accelerated rate each year. Even though great advancements have been made by the biomedical engineer and the surgeon in designing and implanting a prosthetic device in the body, less emphasis apparently has been given to the possible or potential hazardous aspects of the material. An implantable material may initiate a body response in two general ways: (1) release of an ingredient from the material to the biological environment and (2) alteration of the material by the biological environment, leading to degradation of the material with its various consequences. If serious future hazards are to be kept to a minimum, greater emphasis must be placed on well-designed toxicity studies of materials which, in turn, could lead to standardized materials for implants.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 1-22 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Several metallic orthopedic implants which failed in service and for which the medical histories are known are comprehensively examined using metallographic techniques and electron microprobe analyses to determine the causes of failure. The results indicate that fatigue is a major cause of failure and that, in all probability, the fatigue is initiated by poor design or poor material.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 43-49 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Tubing made of a polar plastic, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, was electrically polarized while heated. The zeta potential of tubes polarized negatively inside was consistently higher than that of unpolarized tubes. Tubes polarized positively had a much smaller and variable change in zeta potential. The change is apparently not related to the formation of electrets, but may be due to the orientation of pre-existing dipoles.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 23-42 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effect of phenol and certain phenyl compounds on the different stages of the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic mechanism is investigated. Phenol has a complex action on blood coagulation. In an optimal concentration of 0.3% it produced a definite, though suboptimal platelet factor 3 activity, evolved factor XII, accelerated thrombin-fibrinogen interaction, retarded clot retraction, enhanced the action of streptokinase on plasminogen, and inhibited plasmin. In addition, in the absence of factor XIII and calcium, it increased the solubility of fibrin in urea. Phenyl acetaldehyde, benzyl benzoate, and styrene (phenyl ethylene) accelerated stypven clotting time and thrombin-fibrinogen reaction. Unpolymerized styrene and phenyl ethanol specifically inhibited the action of plasma thromboplastin, formed in a system lacking in factor VIII or IX. A study is also reported on the changes responsible for the stabilization with phenol of brain thromboplastic activity. The action is not purely bactericidal, but is dependent on the presence of brain tissue particles in suspension. The contribution of platelets to plasma thromboplastin formation is examined in the light of these investigations, showing the ability of phosphorus-free compounds to supply a platelet-like activity.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 81-88 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Adult albino rabbits were implanted with disks of 316 and 304 stainless steel in the subperiosteum of the anterior calvarium and the left mandible and in the left paravertebral and thigh muscles. The corresponding opposite sites were sham operated. The histopathological slides revealed that there was variation in thickness of the membrane in sections of both the paravertebral and thigh muscles; one side showing greater reaction than the other, which corresponded with the appearance of the implants. Sections of the calvarium revealed minimal bone and soft tissue reaction, although the implants showed corrosion compatible with soft tissue sites. The mandibular sections revealed extensive bone tissue reactions with minimum masseter muscle reactions, but the appearance of the implants due to corrosion was different than those of all other sites. Moderate eosinophilic infiltration was observed in sections containing deposits of corrosion products.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 89-93 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An alternate correlation of blood coagulation time with surface properties of solids is proposed in that the work of adhesion is used rather than the surface free energy. The overall quality of the two correlations is about the same, but the new method does allow the important data point for glass to also be included. Possible useful future work of this type is discussed.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 51-79 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bioelectric charge transfer at the blood-wall interface may be a crucial factor affecting thrombosis on implant materials. A program of studies was conducted to determine the electrokinetic and other physical properties of a wide spectrum of materials including organic polymers, metals, inorganics, heterogeneous compounds, and animal tissue. From these tests, materials were selected for in-vivo cannulation experiments. In this manner, a search was made to find a correlation between surface charge characteristics and thrombosis on cardiovascular implant materials. It was found that materials exhibiting a substantial positive charge were prone to rapid thrombosis. No clear correlation can be stated, as yet, regarding the thrombogenecity of highly charged negative surfaces or slightly charged surfaces. However, many heterogeneous materials have exhibited prolonged in-vivo patency. It appears necessary to isolate surface effects from volumetric effects to seek the role of bioelectric charge transfer in blood thrombus formation.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 121-130 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A segmented polyurethane elastomer, originally developed for elastic thread, is now being used for molded prostheses. Chemical, mechanical, and biological properties are described. Hydrolytic stability of this polymer is compared to that of a polyester urethan. Experience with the material used in components of an experimental heart-assist pump has shown excellent flex endurance, wear resistance, and intravascular acceptability.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 131-143 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: During the period covered by this investigation, toxicological studies were carried out in hamsters and rabbits. The results of injections, subcutaneously and in the buccal pouch of hamsters, indicated that the silicones used were nontoxic, non-absorbable, and well encapsulated by connective tissue elements with moderate tissue reaction. Further studies of various combinations of roomtemperature vulcanizing silastics indicated similar reactions when injected submucosally in the alveolar ridges and palate of rabbits. The injected materials remained in situ in the injected submucosal area and became well encapsulated by the proliferation of connective tissue and collagenous fibers. There was no evidence of macrophages or foreign body giant-cells in and around the proliferating connective tissue capsule. There were no macroscopic or microscopic signs of tumor formation. The encapsulated masses did not elicit bone resorption when localized adjacent to bone tissue.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 95-119 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effects of variations in composition and processing on the open-circuit electrode potentials measured as a function of time of amalgams made from silver-tin, silver-tin-copper, silver-tin-zinc, and silver-tin-copper-zinc alloys have been determined at 37°C in distilled water, in saline solution, as well as in acetate and citrate solutions buffered to pH values of 3, 7, and 10. The electrochemical potentials of the alloys measured as a function of time in neutral acetate solutions show anodic polarization from an initial cathodic potential value of approximately 0.1 v with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode to a constant potential level depending upon alloy composition. In neutral acetate solution the potential-time curves of silver-tin amalgams with 7:5 mercury to alloy ratio show a rapid anodic polarization from an initial anodic potential value of 0.28 v to a minimum value of 0.05 v at approximately 1 hr followed by a potential reversal to a plateau value of 0.40 v. For 7:5 amalgams in neutral acetate solutions increases in both the trituration time and in the severity of processing deformation cause a small increase in initial potential, with a decrease in anodic polarization, while an increase in amalgam age lowers both the initial potential value and the longer-time potential plateau. Increasing the mercury content of the amalgam to a 2:1 ratio decreases the rate of potential reversal from the minimum, whereas decreasing the ratio to 4:5 decreases the amount of depolarization from the minimum value. The effects of copper and zinc additions to silver-tin alloys are mixed. In neutral acetate solution the 7:5 ratio amalgams from silver-tin-copper alloys show anodic polarization from the same initial value as the silver-tin amalgams, followed by a region of decreased polarization. Both silver-tin-zinc and silver-tin-copper-zinc alloys exhibit a much higher initial anodic potential (0.78 v), and following the achievement of the potential plateau have a slow anodic polarization to the long-time potential value shown by silver-tin amalgam. Three commercial alloy amalgams were studied in neutral acetate solution. The two amalgams containing zinc have a potential behavior similar to that of the experimental zinc-containing amalgam; the non-zinc amalgam shows a rapid anodic polarization from an initial anodic potential value of 0.24 v, a minimum at 1 hr, and a reversal to the long-time potential values of 0.40 v shown by the zinc-containing amalgam.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 157-163 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Three monomers, β-14C-tagged methyl, n butyl, and n-heptyl α-cyanoacrylate, have been applied to intact skin and split-thickness skin-graft donor sites on rats. The data indicate that the urinary 14C activity is in the order: methyl 〉 n-butyl or n heptyl. Also, the urinary activity, when the monomers are applied to the split thickness skin graft donor sites, is approximately threefold greater than when the monomers are applied to intact skin. The conclusion is that the application of cyanoacrylate monomer to the skin is not only topical in nature, but may involve the internal milieu as well.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 145-155 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Polyelectrolyte complexes are ionic hydrogels formed by the coreaction of two oppositely charged, strongly ionized polyelectrolytes. While insoluble in simple solvents and infusible, these polymers can be fabricated into membranes, fibers, and other shaped articles by casting from ternary solvents. Homogeneous membranes are optically clear, amorphous structures in which the equilibrium gel water content can be controllably varied from ca. 30-90%. The net ion-exchange capacity of the membrane can be varied from zero to ca. 2.0 meq/g, either cationic or anionic. Homogeneous membranes are characterized by unusually high water and gas permeabilities and permeabilities to water and soluble solutes which can be controlled by adjustment of gel water content and ion-exchange capacity. Anisotropic membranes can also be prepared which are high flux molecular ultrafilters for solutes as small as sucrose. The anisotropic membranes have found widespread use in biology for fractionation, concentration, and purification of biopolymers. Homogeneous membranes show promise as analogues for biological membranes. A number of applications are being evaluated in medicine and surgery. These include: vascular grafts, antithrom-bogenic coatings for plastic prostheses, contact lenses, corneal implants, and surgical adhesives. In addition, polyelectrolyte complex membranes are showing considerable promise for artificial kidneys and blood oxygenators.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 165-171 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A quantitative method for determining residual ethylene oxide in plastic and rubber catheters using gas-liquid chromatography has been developed. Tests on ethylene oxide stabilized catheters indicated that the amount of ethylene oxide in the catheters decreased as a function of aeration time up to 48 hr. After this period, a steady concentration of ethylene oxide in the catheters appeared to have been reached up to one week's testing.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 183-184 
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 187-199 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A rapid mixing and sampling technique was used to study the permeability characteristics of semipermeable aqueous microcapsules (artificial cells). Urea, creatine, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, sucrose, and salicylic acid equilibrated rapidly across nylon microcapsules of 207 μ diameter (e.g., T 1/2 for urea of 3.4 sec). From these results the permeability constants were calculated (e.g., P for urea of 2 × 10-4 cm/sec). Very much the same permeability constants were found for collodion microcapsules. The equivalent pore radius of the membrane of the nylon microcapsules were estimated to be 18 A.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 209-214 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The critical need for purchase specifications for implantable biomedical materials is the focus of this contribution. The elements in development of such specifications are presented with specific reference to a widely used high polymer, polytetrafluoroethylene. A specification for sheet or film of this plastic, as instituted by a major urban hospital, is presented in detail.
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    Notes: Previous observations of pseudointimal organization within impermeable cardiovascular prostheses indicated that rapid spontaneous healing was dependent upon proximity of host vascular tissue at the suture line. Autologous connective tissue fragments were prepared from skeletal muscle biopsies by blender-mincing muscle tissue. The fragments were embedded in the fabric used to line the inner wall of arterial prostheses. A tightly fitting piston was drawn through the prosthesis, forcing the suspended tissue fragments to flow around the piston and become entwined in the loops of the velour fabric. The arterial prostheses prepared in this way were inserted as replacements for segments of canine abdominal aorta. This in vivo culture system supported cellular proliferation and pseudointimas healed uniformly. Pseudointimas of paracorporeal pumps in operation for as long as 5 weeks did not show signs of healing. The same principle of filtration of tissue fragments into a lining fabric was applied to diaphragms of left ventricular bypass pumps. This type of paracorporeal pump supported in vivo culture of implanted fragments.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 215-230 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Maximum extraction stress and integrated extraction work were measured for sutures implanted for 3, 7, and 14 day periods. Six common non-absorbable sutures, representative of braided and monofilamentary forms, were implanted subdermally and were used for cutaneous incision closure with purebred pointer dogs. The data show: (1) Braided sutures, polyester/Teflon, silk-type B, and silk-silicone interacted with peripheral tissue to a significantly greater degree than the monofilamentary types, nylon, polypropylene, and polyethylene; (2) polyester-Teflon braided suture interacted to a lesser degree than the other braided sutures; (3) the relatively intense interaction of plain silk and silicone-treated silk appears to reflect the combined effects of mechanical aspects of braiding and of biochemical response; and (4) all braided sutures swelled over the implantation periods with as much as a 70% increase in diameter after 14 days for silk.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 237-243 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A hydrophilic plastic material (USA trademark Hydron), developed by Wichterle and Lím, was used as a sponge for augmentation of breasts in the clinic for plastic surgery. The preparation of the prosthesis and the operational procedures are described.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 231-235 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: ATP-diphosphohydrolase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin have been insolubilized by lattice-entrapment using hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel and hydrophobic Silastic matrices. The entrapped enzymes were stable and unaffected by washing or wet storage. Thermal inactivation properties of polyacrylamide-entrapped ATP-diphosphohydrolase were different from those of the same enzyme in solution. Several substrates were used for each of the proteolytic enzymes. Esterase activities of both trypsin and chymotrypsin were unaltered by entrapment within Silastic. The entrapment of enzymes and other active proteins is potentially of consequence in continuous-flow substrate conversion systems. Silastic with a surface proteolytic activity derived from an entrapped enzyme is of possible medical utility for implantation elements.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 279-279 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A careful solvent-exchange procedure followed by liquid-phase reaction of ethyleneimine with cellulose film in a nonpolar solvent provides an effective method of uniformly aminoethylating cellulose. The protonated aminoethyl groups on the cellulose can then ionically bind heparin, a blood anticoagulant. Heparinized aminoethylated cellulose tubing at low levels of aminoethylation (ca. 0.2-0.3% nitrogen) exhibited excellent antithrombogenic properties as well as excellent mechanical strength properties. The in vitro tests demonstrated indefinitely long whole-blood clotting times with normal thrombin times. In the in vivo experiments, the heparinized aminoethylated cellulose tubing provided extended patency when implanted intravascularly in the regions of low blood flow rate (infra renal inferior vena cava of dogs). A principal use of this film is in the artificial kidney.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 377-387 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Symplexes of proteins were taken for comparison with biological structures like the skin of mammals. Particles of these symplexes were set into regular order by diffusing and fixing polyvalent metal ions of protons, yielding anisotropic membranes with some properties of extracellular strucutres. Determination of the symplex optimum allowed a comparison of the properties with different acid partners. Four fifths of the amino groups of the scleroproteins that could be titrated by monomeric acids could be bounded by the polyacids. In a neutral medium, all symplexes behave like coherent polyamphiions with the behavior of long chain molecules. Swelling and dissolving of mammalian skin desintegrates the scleroproteins, partly down to the primary helix. These proteins with polyuronic acids such as alginic acid in form of a symplex did not give individual or specific reactions when implanted into the living organism but were slowly decomposed by unspecific proteases.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 389-399 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The microprobe analyzer has proved to be a valuable tool in investigation of dental and medical materials problems, and the results of a number of studies are described. Interesting aspects of the amalgam-tooth interface have been examined and dental calculus compostion has been determined. Surgical implant studies have included evaluation of appliance alloys and failure analysis of surgical devices.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 405-406 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 5-12 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Observations of microcirculatory blood flow in the wing membrane of the unanesthetized bat, Myotis leucifugus, show that many responses associated with the exposure of blood to foreign surfaces mimic normal behavior in these sites. The responses include leukocyte pavement formation, permeability changes, thrombus formation, and intravascular fibrin threads. Attempts to eliminate or suppress these reactions should recognize that they are latent normal physiological activities.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2 (1968), S. 465-472 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In order to monitor changes in thrombus size on prosthetic surfaces in dogs, a simple heat transfer measuring system was incorporated into a small right atrial sword which has been previously described.1 This system provided a reliable and continuous measure of the amount of thrombus present on the sword. Initial thrombus formation was found to be complete within 45-90 min. Subsequent lysis of the thrombus was seem to occur in many cases after 8-12 hr of implantation.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 13-23 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: By reflected light microscopy, the thrombi formed on a variety of foreign surfaces have been shown to be composed of isolated cellular aggregates and an interaggregate red cell fibrin mesh. The thrombi viewed by this method were seen in two dimensions as they formed at the foreign surface blood interface. Standard histological evaluation of the thrombi in the third dimension, that is in the depth dimension, revealed columnar shaped cellular aggregates extending from the foreign surface into the blood and a red cell fibrin mesh surrounding the aggregates. The thrombi formed at Epon plate-blood interfaces were viewed with an electron microscope. Plates made of Epon embedding epoxy were used as the foreign surface exposed to blood, and the plates and fixed initial thrombi formed on them were embedded in more Epon. A layer of heavy metal staining, noncellular material was found covering the surface of the plates exposed to blood, with platelets deposited on this layer. Since platelets were not found adherent to the foreign surfaces directly, it is our postulate that the intervening film “conditions” the surface preliminary to platelet adhesion.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 25-41 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: At least ten proteins play a role in normal blood coagulation. Nine of these are important in coagulation promoted by contact with glass, and are probably involved in coagulation triggered by other surfaces. These proteins have been established as separate entities by the existence of human mutants who lack, on an inherited basis, the ability to synthesize one of them. They have been assigned Roman numerals until their chemistry and mode of catalysis are better understood. Several of them have been substantially purified. Experiments with purified preparations indicate that they interact in pairs. Thrombin (activated factor II) converts fibrinogen (factor I) to fibrin by controlled partial proteolysis; the same mechanism probably operates in the conversion of factor IX to activated factor IX by activated factor XI, and gel filtration experiments are presented here which support this view. Similarly, partial proteolysis is probably the mechanism whereby thrombin converts factor XIII to activated factor XIII. Activated factor XIII converts fibrin from a urea-soluble form to a urea-insoluble form by transpeptidation between a glutamine residue on one fibrin strand and a lysine e-amino residue on an adjacent fibrin strand. In general, when a pair of coagulation proteins interacts, one of them, the enzyme, converts the second from enzyme, which then catalyzes yet another similar reaction. The probable exceptions to this rule are factors VIII and V, which interact with phospholipid and another protein in a more complex manner.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Exposure of heparin-bearing anticoagulant materials to whole blood, plasma, or serum has been shown to lead to partial elution of heparin. Similar effects are obtained when graphite-benzalkonium-heparin (GBH) or poly-4-vinyl-pyridine-heparin (PVPyrH) surfaces are exposed to bovine plasma protein fractions. Loss of heparin from these anticoagulant materials appears to be dependent on the nature of the cationic surface and on the particular protein fraction used. With whole blood and plasma, and with most of the protein fractions studied, it was found that a larger fraction of the original heparin was eluted from GBH than from PVPyrH. Surfaces exposed to bovine Cohn fraction IV lost considerably more heparin than similar surfaces exposed to Cohn fractions I, II, III, or V, and fraction V removed less than the others, at the same or higher concentrations, and less from PVPyrH than from GBH.
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  • 84
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 115-144 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The compatibility of candidate implant materials with living cells was evaluated in vitro. The materials and their interaction with living human blood and tissue cells were observed, recorded, and analyzed by means of reflected light interference microscopy. Blood cells-materials interfaces were prepared by incubating the materials in contanct with whole blood or platelet-rich plasma. The interaction between the materials and the cells was examined either in a static or a dynamic flow system, and recorded by photography or cinemicrography. The tissue cell-materials interfaces were prepared by cultivating animal and human cells as a monolayer directly on the surface of the material to be evaluated. The resulting implant-cell specimens are suitable for histological fixation and subsequent analysis by modern evaluation techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis by electron microprobe. These studies can be performed on the same implant specimen before, and following its exposure to the biological material. Furthermore, separate analyses of the implant and biochemical analyses of the cells and culture medium can be carried out before and after the interaction. These techniques have been used to investigate the interaction of blood and tissue cells with a variety of promising implant candidate materials such as polymers, metals, glass, and carbon surfaces. As a result of these studies, a number of observations have been made which may be of practical significance to the design engineer in developing and evaluating the safety of prosthetic materials for use in the human body.
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  • 85
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Factor assays of normal citrated plasma following incubation with nonleaching heparinized surfaces in high surface area-plasma volume ratios showed a marked pattern of reduction in factor IX activity, with lesser depression of II and X. No or modest effect on other factors was observed. In particular, no significant adsorption of factor XII (Hageman) by either cationic or anionic surfaces, was found. No consistent pattern of effects was seen with a group of strongly anionic surfaces, analogous to the sulfate and sulfamate groupings of the heparin molecule. However, certain members of this class showed profound effects on factor XI.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 175-189 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Infraref internal reflection spectroscopy has been used to study the adsorption of certain plasma proteins on a variety of hydrophobic polymer surfaces. The behavior of the systems studied was almost identical. Under Static conditions the proteins appear to be rapidly adsorbed as monomolecular layers from solutions varying in concentration between a few mg-% and normal plasma levels. These monolayers are deduced to be closely packed arrays in which the protein molecules appear to retain their native globular form. The bearing of these results on the mechanism of surface-induced coagulation is significant.
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  • 87
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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  • 88
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 443-454 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Hydrophilic poly (glycolmethacrylate) HydronU. S. Trade Mark, National Patent Development Corporation, 375 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. gels were used as vehicles for selected antibiotics. Polymer vehicles with various antibiotics were prepared and their biological activity tested by sensitivity tests on solid and liquid media by means of reference microbe strains. Polymer vehicles with chosen antibiotics were implanted in rats and the rate of diffusion tested in vivo by removing the vehicles at fixed time intervals and ascertaining the content of the remaining antibiotic in the vehicle. In the clinical part, the favorable results of application of antibiotics saturated gel vehicles in tympanoplastic operations and healing of inflammatory states after middle-ear operations are described.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 431-442 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We regard and handle intercellular tissue like gels with ordered fiber molecules. By this preparative histolysis and histogenesis the formation of bone and tooth can be looked upon as a chemical reaction of a cell-secretion with the interstitial liquid seen as colloidal. The symplex alginate-collagen was directed by diffusion of Ca and H ions and then mineralized like bone and tooth. Collagen in the symplex with alginate gives big pores similar to the spongiosa of bone. Implantation in animals shows healing without rejection and inflammation. The ionotropic gel for a leading structure was remineralized and calcified with hydroxyapatite. Higher temperature gives better crystals by the increasing rate of diffusion and recrystallization. By alternately changing waves of phosphate and calcium, the content of calcium phosphate of the ionotropic gels could be increased to 50%. The mechanical stability was then increased. Waves of ions cause a shrinking of the gel at the same time. This is the reason for the high stability of bone and tooth, shell and pearl. Citrate favors the transformation of the secondary phosphate Brushit into apatite even at room temperature. X-Ray diffractions of these crystals show the formation of 90% apatite in ionotropic gels by directed intermicellar crystallization, and only 10% Brushit.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 465-470 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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  • 91
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 577-582 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The electrical resistance of semipermeable nylon membranes on hemoglobin microcapsules has been measured by means of microelectrode punctures.The thickness of the nylon membranes has been shown to be constant and independent of microcapsule diameter. The specific resistivity of the membrane has been estimated to be 5.6 × 103 ohm-cm2.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 569-576 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Corrosion potentials of materials composing dental amalgam have been measured in artificial saliva as the specimens were subjected to an increasing tensile load. Further, tensile tests have been carried out on specimens which had been previously subjected to controlled corrosion.The corrosion potentials of Cu, Ag, Zn, Ag2Hg3, Ag3Sn and finished dental amalgam showed only a slight increase in the anodic direction as the load increased. The potentials of Sn and Sn amalgams, on the other hand, showed a considerable increase.Most of the above results were explained as being a consequence of the rupture and repair of protective films as stress was applied or released. For Sn, however, it was necessary to postulate a complex attack by the corrodant to explain the large potential change.Of the phases of dental amalgam whose tensile strengths were measured after subjection to controlled corrosion, only the γ2 or Sn-Hg phase was affected. Its strength was lowered by corrosion, whether or not stress was applied.It was concluded that stress, as such, probably is not a direct factor in the corrosion of dental amalgam under oral conditions.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 583-586 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The disassociation of hemoglobin in saline solution in the presence of high surface area, powdered, porous glasss was determined. A porphyrin-protein conjugate was disassociated at the porphyrin-protein bond. No hydrolysis was observed at the peptide bond.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 587-613 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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  • 95
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 645-654 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Anodic electrolysis of fibrinogen at platinum electrodes causes the formation of fibrin-type structure at potentials below .08 V S.C.E.; at higher potentials denaturation occurs. Coated electron microscope grids were used as electrodes in fibrinogen solutions. When removed and dried these grids contain a protein film which acts as a sampler-substrate for entities which are either in solution or are formed at the electrodes.
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  • 96
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 655-667 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The adsorption behavior of several amino acids, simple peptides and the protein fibrinogin was measured at a charged mercury surface. Evidence was obtained for the significance of π-electron containing amino acid groups in the adsorption of proteins on surfaces. Experiments on fibrinogin indicate that electrochemical polymerization of that protein may be the cause of thrombosis at anodes.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 669-671 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Drops of various antisera against human proteins were placed onto hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces that had adsorbed human proteins. The rinsed and dried plates were exposed to water vapor. Wherever an antiserum droplet had resided on a matching protein film, vapor scattered least light, indicating greatest wetting. The protein deposited within 5 seconds by plasma onto glass proved to be fibrinogen.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 681-682 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Fifty-eight polymers and other materials were evaluated for compatibility with human blood in an in vitro test system. Assays for platelet factor 3 activation, activation of the coagulation sequences, and release of hemoglobin and adenine nucleotides were performed on blood exposed to each of the 58 test materials. Of the materials tested, collagen, heparinized hydrin rubber, poly (methyl methacrylate), graphite-benzalkonium-heparin, poly (methyl acrylate), isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate), grafted poly (ethylene oxide) on poly (acrylic acid), balata rubber, L-1624 from 3M Co., and chlorinated poly (vinyl chloride) appeared most compatible with blood. Chemical affinities appeared to have little to do with blood compatibility of the materials tested. Electron microscopic examination of blood components adherent to selected test materials following exposure to blood was carried out. Each of the three polymers with “good” and the two polymers with “poor” blood compatibility characteristics which were examined by electron microscopy was coated with a thin unilaminar adsorbate from blood. Platelets and fibrin were focally deposited on this adsorbate. Of the test surfaces examined, only glass was covered by a trilaminar adsorbate. Mechanisms of formation of the adsorbates are discussed.
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    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3 (1969), S. 673-680 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Electrochemical cells consisting of stainless steel anodes and platinum black cathodes are attractive as power producers for cardiac pacemakers. The maximum power of these systems is of the right order. The electrocatalytic activity of various oxygen electrodes follows the same order in blood, as ascertained from in vivo studies, and in simple aqueous electrolytes. Subcutaneous implantation of the stainless steel anodes is preferable to intraperitonial insertion. The activity of a stainless steel anode is entirely due to its dissolution.
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