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  • Articles  (935)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (919)
  • Calcium  (16)
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1965-1969  (935)
  • Medicine  (935)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 103-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mitochondrion ; Calcium ; Excretion ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
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  • 2
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 340-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Fluoride ; Ingestion ; compatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences ont été faites sur le rat afin de tester les possiblités d'ingestion perorale simultanée de fluor (F) et de calcium (Ca) en proportions calculées pour traitement de certaines ostéopénies humaines. F sous forme de Na2PO3F et Ca sous forme de gluconate de calcium (CaGluc) n'influençaient pas l'un l'autre quant à l'utilisation par le squelette (fémur). Une viscosité élevée, produite par l'addition d'amidon ou de cellulose carboxyméthylée (CMC) à la solution ou dilution ingérée, augmentait l'utilisation du F même si CaGluc était remplacé par citrate de calcium, qui en soi avait un effet réducteur modéré sur l'utilisation du F. Le glycérophosphate de calcium réduisait fortement l'utilisation du F même en présence de CMC. L'utilisation du F comme NaF était fortement réduite par CaGluc, même en présence de CMC. Les concentrations testées de Na2PO3F, NaF ou CMC n'influençaient pas l'utilisation squelettique de Ca comme CaGluc.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Rattenexperimente mit markierten Substanzen durchgeführt, um die Auswirkung simultaner peroraler Gaben von Fluor (F) und von Calcium (Ca) zu prüfen, und zwar in einem Verhältnis, das für die Behandlung gewisser menschlicher Osteopenien berechnet wurde. Fluor in Form von Na2PO3F und Ca in Form von Calciumgluconat (CaGluc) interferieren gegenseitig nicht bei der Verwertung durch das Skelet (Femur). Eine hohe Viscosität der eingegebenen Lösung oder der Aufschlämmung, die durch Zusatz von Stärke oder Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) erzielt wurde, erhöhte die Verwertbarkeit von F sogar wenn CaGluc durch Calciumcitrat ersetzt wurde, welches die F-Verwertung leicht reduzierte. Calcium-glyzerophosphat verminderte die Fluoraufnahme in den Knochen stark, sogar in Anwesenheit von CMC. Die Verwertung von F als NaF war stark herabgesetzt durch CaGluc, selbst beim Vorhandensein von CMC. Die untersuchten Konzentrationen von Na2PO3F, NaF oder CMC hatten keinen Einfluß auf die Calciumaufnahme im Skelet in Form von CaGluc.
    Notes: Abstract Rat experiments with labelled compounds were carried out in order to test the possibilities of simultaneous peroral supply of fluorine (F) and calcium (Ca) in proportions calculated for treatment of certain human osteopenias. F in the form of Na2PO3F and Ca in the form of calcium gluconate (CaGluc) did not interfere with each other's utilisation by the skeleton (femur). A high viscosity produced by adding starch or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to the ingested solution or slurry increased the utilisation of F even when CaGluc was replaced by calcium citrate, which moderately reduced F utilisation. Calcium glycerophosphate strongly reduced F utilisation even in the presence of CMC. The utilisation of F as NaF was strongly reduced by CaGluc, even in the presence of CMC. The tested concentrations of Na2PO3F, NaF or CMC did not influence the skeletal utilisation of Ca as CaGluc.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 224-230 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcinosis ; Calcium ; Iron ; Phosphate ; Collagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La calcification de la peau (calciphylaxie) provoquée par l'administration sous-cutanée de chlorure de fer chez des rats sensibilisés par le dihydrotachystérol (DHT) est précédée par une déposition sélective de fer (décelable à la microscopie électronique) à la surface des fibres collagènes. Les analyses à la microsonde prouvent que les taux de calcium et de phosphore sont augmentés à l'endroit de l'injection du chlorure de fer même sans l'administration préalable de DHT; cependant, l'apatite ne se forme que chez les animaux prétraités par le DHT. La quantité et le degré de cristallinité de la matière inorganique sont presque identiques au sixième et au trentième jour de l'expérience.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Durch elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen wurde festgestellt, daß die durch subcutane Verabreichung von Eisenchlorid bei Dihydrotachysterin-sensibilisierten Ratten herbeigeführte Hautverkalkung durch eine selektive Eisenablagerung auf der Oberfläche der Kollagenfibrillen eingeleitet wird. Die Röntgenmikroanalyse zeigt an, daß die lokale Calciumund Phosphorkonzentration bereits nach Eiseninjektion allein ansteigt, während Apatitbildung nur in den mit DHT vorbehandelten Tieren erfolgt. Ausmaß und Menge der Kristallisation sind am 6. und 30. Tage nach Versuchsbeginn fast gleich.
    Notes: Abstract Calcification of the skin (calciphylaxis) induced by the subcutaneous administration of iron chloride to dihydrotachysterol (DHT)-sensitized rats is preceded by the selective deposition of iron (visible with electron microscopic techniques) on the surface of collagen fibrils. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis indicates that the injectionof iron alone suffices to increase local concentrations of calcium and phosphorus; however, apatite formation occurs only in animals pretreated with DHT. The amount and degree of crystallinity of the inorganic material is very similar on the sixth and thirtieth day after the beginning of the experiment.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 184-193 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Calcification ; Calcium ; Chondrocytes ; Growth plate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cultures d'épiphyse prélevées sur des rats et des souris ont été étudiées sous le microscope électronique. Un profile de granules mitochondriques de densité électronique a été trouvé. Les chondrocytes dans la zone proliférative avaint peu de granules, alors que ceux des zones successives ont montré une augmentation progressive de leur nombre et densité jusqu'à ce que la zone de calcification provisoire ait été atteinte. Cette zone a montré une distribution périphérique de mitochondries et une réduction du nombre et de la densité des granules mitochondriques. Du calcium isotopique 47 a été utilisé autoradiographiquement pour déterminer la location de calcium dans ces cellules. Des grains ont été trouvés sur les membranes R.E. et sur la plupart des mitochondries. La preuve d'un profile de ces granules et de leur rapport spatial avec la face de minéralisation indique une action éventuelle de mitochondries dès le début de la calcification de la matrice.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Epiphysekulturen von Ratten und Mäusen wurden unter dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Ein Profil von mitochondrischen Körnchen mit elektronischer Dichte wurde gefunden. Chondrozyten in der Proliferationszone wiesen wenig Körnchen auf, während die der nachfolgenden Zonen allmählich an Zahl und Dichte zunahmen, bis die Zone der provisorischen Verkalkung erreicht wurde. Diese Zone zeigte eine periphere Verteilung der Mitochondrien und eine Abnahme in Zahl und Dichte der mitochondrischen Körnchen. Isotopes Kalzium 47 wurde autoradiographisch verwendet, um die Lage des Kalziums in diesen Zellen zu bestimmen. Körnchen wurden auf den E.R.-Membranen und auf einem Großteil der Mitochondrien gefunden. Der Nachweis eines Profils dieser Körnchen und ihres räumlichen Verhältnisses zur Mineralisierungsfläche weist auf einen möglich Einfluß der Mitochondrien mit Beginn der Matrixverkalkung hin.
    Notes: Abstract Rat and mice epiphyseal growth plates were studied with the electron microscope. A gradient of mitochondrial electron-dense granules was found. Chondrocytes in the proliferative zone had few granules, while those of the succeeding zones showed a gradual increase in number and density until the zone of provisional calcification was reached. This zone showed a peripheral distribution of mitochondria and a decrease in the number and density of mitochondrial granules. Isotopic47calcium was used autoradiographically to determine the location of calcium in these cells. Grains were found over the endoplasmic reticulum membranes and over most mitochondria. The demonstration of a gradient of these granules and their spatial relation to the mineralization front suggests a possible involvement of mitochondria in the onset of matrix calcification.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 174-179 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Strontium ; Bone ; Mineral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La proportion Sr/Ca dans l'os est à peu près la même que dans le sérum tandis que les poudres d'hydroxyapatite suspendues dans des solution physiologiques font une distinction contre le strontium. On trouva que la proportion Sr/Ca des fractions de différentes densités d'os compact de tibia de rat en forme de poudre augmentait avec augmentation de la densité jusqu'à une valeur un peu supérieure à celle observée dans le sérum. L'explication pourrait être qu'une barrière cellulaire ôte le calcium par préférence au strontium du fluide d'os ou bien qu'une accentuation précoce de la proportion Sr/Ca dans l'os se réfléchit dans les fractions de densité supérieure.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Verhältnis Sr/Ca im Knochen ist annähernd dasselbe wie es im Serum vorliegt, während in einer physiologischen Lösung von pulverisiertem Hydroxyapatit das Sr zugunsten des Ca benachteiligt wird. Es wurde festgestellt, daß das Sr/Ca-Verhältnis von Fraktionen verschiedener Dichte von pulverisierten Rattentibiae mit zunehmender Dichte anstieg, und zwar bis zu einem Wert, der etwas höher lag als der im Serum beobachtete. Dies ließe sich so erklären, daß eine Zellbarriere beim Entzug aus der Knochenflüssigkeit Ca dem Sr vorzieht; oder aber daß sich eine frühzeitige Betonung des für den Knochen typischen Sr/Ca-Verhältnisses in den Fraktionen höherer Dichte widerspiegelt.
    Notes: Abstract The Sr/Ca ration in bone is approximately the same as in serum, whereas hydroxyapatite powders suspended in physiological solutions discriminate against strontium. It was found that the Sr/Ca ratio of various density fractions of powdered compact bone of rat tibia increased with increasing density to a value slightly higher than that observed in the serum. The explanation could be that a cellular barrier removes calcium preferentially to strontium from the bone fluid, or that early accentuation of the bone Sr/Ca ration is reflected in the higher density fractions.
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 188-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Serum ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Calcitonin ; Thyroidectomy ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après ablation des glandes thyroïdes de chiens, sans lèser les glandes parathyroïdiennes supérieurs, les taux en calcium et phosphate sériques et la gravité spécifique sont comparées avec des valeurs d'un groupe de chiens, chez lesquels une intervention simulée est réalisée. Immédiatement après thyroïdectomie, le taux de phosphate est plus élevé que le taux de calcium. Ce taux de phosphate se maintient plus longtemps à un niveau élevé que le taux de calcium, après thyroïdectomie. Le rapport entre l'augmentation du phosphate et le taux initial de phosphate sérique chez chaque animal indique des variations normales de la calcitonine d'un animal à l'autre.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Hunden wurde die Thyreoidea entfernt, ohne die Parathyreoidea zu verletzen. Der Gehalt des Serums an Calcium und Phosphat sowie sein spezifisches Gewicht wurden mit den Werten verglichen, welche nach einer Scheinoperation bei einer Kontrollgruppe von Hunden bestimmt wurden. Unmittelbar nach der Thyreoidektomie war der Phosphatspiegel höher als jener des Calciums. Der Phosphatspiegel blieb nach der Thyreoidektomie länger hoch als der Calciumspiegel. Das Verhältnis zwischen dem Phosphatanstieg und dem Ausgangswert des Serumphosphates bei jedem Tier wies auf normale Variationen der Calcitonin-Konzentration bei verschiedenen Tieren hin.
    Notes: Abstract The thyroid glands were removed from dogs without interfering with the superior parathyroid glands. Levels of serum calcium, phosphate, and specific gravity were measured subsequently for 24 hours, and these values were compared with values obtained from a control group of dogs in which a mock operation was done. Immediately after thyroidectomy, the level of phosphate was greater than the calcium level. The phosphate level remained high longer after thyroidectomy than did the calcium level. The relationship between the increase in phosphate level and the initial serum phosphate value in each animal indicated normal variations in calcitonin levels in different animals.
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  • 7
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 245-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Densitometry ; X-ray ; Diet ; Calcium ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ingestion quotidienne de calcium of été déterminée en interrogeant 398 individus, âgés de 15 à 90 ans. Le rapport entre l'ingestion de calcium et la minéralisation vertébrale, mesurée par densitométrie radiographique quantitative, est fiable mais cependant significatif. Chez 53 personnes, atteintes d'ostéoporose, comparées à un nombre égal d'individus, d'âges similaires, les valeurs de la minéralisation vertébrale sont 60 pour cent plus faibles que celles du groupe témoin. L'ingestion totale moyenne de calcium est plus faible de 21 per cent chez les ostéoporotiques. Chez les sujets, à ingestion unique de calcium, les patients du groupe témoin ingèrent preque le double de calcium que le groupe des ostéoporotiques. Une diminution moyenne de l'ingestion calcique est notée avec l'âge. Il semble qu'il existe une diminution de l'absorption calcique avec l'âge, l'ostéoporose ou les deux, ainsi qu'un besoin plus grand en calcium chez les sujets âgés pour assurer l'équilibre en calcium. Indépendamment de l'homéostase calcique, un équilibre négatif en calcium augmente la résorption osseuse, et diminue l'ostéogenèse. De nombreux facteurs interviennent dans l'étiologie et la pathogénie de l'ostéoporose: les résultats de cette étude indique que la présence de calcium alimentaire est l'un de ces facteurs.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die tägliche Calciumeinnahme wurde anhand einer Befragung von 398 Personen im Alter von 15–90 Jahren geschätzt. Die Korrelation der Calciumeinnahme und der Mineralisation der Wirbelsäule, wie sie röntgenologisch durch quantitative Messung der Dichte festgestellt wurde, war niedrig, aber durchwegs signifikant. Bei 53 Osteoporose-Patienten, die mit 53 Kontrollpersonen gleichen Alters verglichen wurden, waren die Mineralisationswerte der Wirbelsäule um 60% niedriger als jene der Kontrollgruppe, und die durchschnittlich geschätzte Gesamt-Calciumeinnahme der Osteoporotiker war um 21% tiefer. Von den Exploranden, die Angaben über eine gleichmäßige Calciumaufnahme machten, nahmen die Kontrollpersonen beinahe doppelt so viel Calcium ein als diejenigen mit Osteoporose. Im Durchschnitt wurde eine Verminderung der Calciumeinnahme mit fortschreitendem Alter festgestellt. Es ergibt sich deutlich, daß die Calciumabsorption mit dem Alter, bei Osteoporose oder in der Kombination dieser beiden Faktoren abnimmt, und daß eine größere Calciumeinnahme bei älteren Personen nötig wäre, um eine positive Calciumbilanz aufrechtzuerhalten. Ungeachtet der Komplexität der Calciumhomöostase, kann eine negative Calciumbilanz schließlich dazu führen, daß mehr Knochen resorbiert als gebildet wird. Demzufolge sollte bei erkanntem Bedürfnis eine adäquate Calciumeinnahme gesichert sein. Es ist eine Tatsache, daß viele Faktoren an der Ätiologie und Pathogenese der Osteoporose beteiligt sind; die Resultate dieses Berichtes unterstützen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß das Calciumangebot in der Nahrung einer dieser Faktoren ist.
    Notes: Abstract Lifetime daily calcium intake was estimated through interview of 398 individuals from 15 to 90 years of age. The correlation of calcium intake with vertebral mineralization as determined by quantitative radiographic densitometry was low but persistently significant. In 53 persons with osteoporosis matched by age with 53 individuals from the control group, vertebral mineralization values were 60% lower than those of the control group, and the mean estimated total calcium intake in osteoporotics was 21% lower. In those persons reporting a single lifetime calcium intake, the control patients ingested almost twice as much calcium as those with osteoporosis. A mean decrease in calcium intake with advancing years has been shown. Evidence points to a decrease in calcium absorption with age, osteoporosis, or both, as well as a greater need for calcium intake in the elderly to maintain a positive calcium balance. Regardless of the intricacies of calcium homeostasis, a negative calcium balance leads eventually to greater bone resorption than formation, hence the rationality of insuring an adequate calcium intake with recognized nutritional needs. Evidence suggests that many factors are involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of osteoporosis; the data in this report support the likelihood that availability of calcium in the diet is one of them.
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  • 8
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 100-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Calcium ; Mineralisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 180-184 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Strontium ; Calcium ; Bone ; Shell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des poules ont été nourries avec une alimentation riche en strontium stable. Des concentrations de strontium de 3000 p.p. m. à 50000 p.p.m. montre une augmentation nette en strontium du tibia, alors que le contenu en calcium n'est pas modifié. Les concentrations en calcium sérique diminue, lorsque le strontium alimentaire augmente. Le calcium des coquilles d'oeufs diminue progressivement avec l'augmentation du strontium alimentaire, alors que le contenu en strontium des coquilles présente une augmentation correspondante. Des analyses de diffraction par rayons X des os et des coquilles ne permettent pas de déterminer sous quelle forme le strontium est déposé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Resultate einer Verfütterung von hohen stabilen Strontiumdosen an Hühnern werden erläutert. Strontiumzusätze zur Nahrung in der Höhe von 3000–50000 p.p.m. führten zu einer signifikanten Zunahme des Strontiumgehaltes der Tibia und verursachten keine wesentlichen Änderungen des Calciumgehaltes. Die Calciumkonzentration im Plasma verminderte sich, wenn der Nahrung ansteigende Strontiummengen zugegeben wurden. Mit zunehmendem Strontiumzusatz zur Nahrung zeigte der Calciumgehalt der Eischale eine fortlaufende Abnahme, während sich der Strontiumgehalt entsprechend erhöhte. Durch Röntgendiffraktionsanalysen der stark Strontium-haltigen Knochen und Eischalen konnte nicht festgestellt werden, in welcher Form das Strontium abgelagert wurde.
    Notes: Abstract The results of feeding high dietary levels of stable strontium to hens are reported. Dietary levels of strontium from 3,000 p.p.m. to 50,000 p.p.m. showed a significant increase in strontium content of the tibia bone and essentially no change in the calcium content. Plasma calcium concentration was shown to decrease with increasing dietary strontium treatment. Egg shell calcium showed a progressive decrease with increasing dietary strontium treatment, whereas the strontium content has a corresponding increase. X-ray diffraction analyses of bones and shells containing large amounts of strontium were unsuccessful in evaluating the from in which strontium was deposited.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 193-201 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Carbonate ; Gland ; Ultrastructure ; Spherolith
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules activement sécrétantes des glandes riches en calcium deLumbricus terrestris ont une forme en dôme. La partie basale de la cellule présente de nombreux prolongements ramifiés. Ces prolongements contiennent de nombreuses mitochondries, ainsi que des invaginations de la membrane formant des vésicules qui migrent dans diverses parties de la cellule. Le noyau irrégulier est en position centrale. La région supranucléaire contient surtout de l'ergastoplasme, plusieurs appareils de Golgi et de nombreuses granules provenant de l'appareil de Golgi. Ces granules augmentent de taille et sont rejetées dans le sinus de la glande, où elles se modifient et se calcifient pour donner des sphérolithes. Des radioautographics glandulaires, obtenues 1/2 heure après injection de Ca45, montrent une localisation isotopique, située presque exclusivement dans les cellules; 4–24 heures après, l'isotope se localise dans les sphérolithes de la cavité glandulaire. Ces cellules semblent assurer deux fonctions liées à la production de sphérolithes: 1. absorption et transport de calcium de la région basale vers la surface cellulaire et 2. formation d'une matrice protéique qui se calcifiera.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die aktivsezernierenden Zellen der calcifizierenden Drüsen vonLumbricus terrestris sind annähernd kuppelförmig gestaltet. Der untere Teil dieser Zellen besteht aus unzähligen ineinandergreifenden Zellfortsätzen. Diese Fortsätze enthalten zahlreiche Mitochondrien und membranöse Einstülpungen, welche Bläschen bilden, die zu den verschiedenen Regionen der Zelle wandern. Der Zellkern ist unregelmäßig und zentral angeordnet. Die supranukleäre Region ist zu einem großen Teil mit grobem endoplasmatischem Reticulum und mehreren Golgi-Komplexen sowie zahlreichen Granula, die von den Golgi-Komplexen stammen, ausgefüllt. Diese Granula vergrößern sich und werden in den Drüseninus ausgestoßen, wo sie schließlich reorganisiert und mineralisiert werden, um Sphärolithen zu bilden. 1/2 Std nach Injektion von Ca45 wurde die Drüse entfernt; eine Radioautographie zeigte, daß das Isotop beinahe ausschließlich in den Zellen lokalisiert war; 4–24 Std später befand sich das Isotopin den Sphärolithen der Drüsenhöhlung. Diese Zellen sind anscheinend an zwei für die Bildung von mineralisierten Sphärolithen notwendigen Funktionen beteiligt: 1. an der Calcium-Absorption und deren Transport von der Basalregion bis zur Zelloberfläche; 2. an der Bildung einer Proteinmatrix, in welcher die Mineralisation stattfindet.
    Notes: Abstract The actively-secreting cells of the calciferous glands ofLumbricus terrestris are roughly dome shaped. The basal part of the cell consists of numerous interdigitating cell processes. These processes contain numerous mitochondria and membranous infoldings, forming vesicles which migrate to various regions of the cell. The nucleus is irregular and centrally located. The supranuclear region is occupied to a great extent by the rough endoplasmic reticulum, several Golgi complexes and numerous granules derived from the Golgi complexes. These granules enlarge and are extruded into the gland sinus, where they eventually become reorganized and mineralized to give rise to spheroliths. Radioautographs of glands removed 30 min following injection of45Ca showed uptake of the isotope located almost exclusively in the cells; 4–24 h later the isotope was located in the spheroliths in the gland cavity. These cells apparently perform two functions necessary for the production of mineralized spheroliths, 1, absorption and transport of calcium from the basal region to the cell surface and 2, the elaboration of a protein matrix in which mineralization occurs.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 291-304 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Fluorescence ; Resorption ; Deposition ; Calcium ; Microradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Divers agents chimiques, colorés, fluorescents et se localisant dans les os, à savoir la tétracycline, l'alazazine rouge S et le DCAF, ont été administré en série à des rats sevrés et on a mesuré le taux de la formation et de la résorption osseuse sur les coupes transversales du tiers supérieur de la diaphyse. Ici la formation osseuse périostale s'effectue progressivement avec peu de changement endostéal. Avec alimentation carnée, la croissance des rats est significativement restreinte pendant la première semaine, mais se rétablit ensuite. Bien qu'il y ait croissance des os, ceux-ci ne se minéralisent pas normalement et ils deviennent rapidement fragiles et amincis. La résorption osseuse est lente d'abord, puis s'accelère pendant 2–3 semaines pour atteindre un taux de 15μ par jour, après quoi elle se ralentit de nouveau. Bien que le taux de formation osseuse soit réduit, en comparaison avec celui des os normaux, la résorption s'effectue environ deux à trois fois plus rapidement que la croissance osseuse. Des études microradiographiques sur des rats à régime carné mais carencés en calcium ont permis la constatation suivante: tandis que la résorption s'effectue à la marge endostéale et que la formation osseuse a lieu sur l'aspect périostéal, la matière osseuse nouvellement formée est moins calcifiéc que chez les témoins.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einige farbige, fluoreszierende, knochensuchende Chemikalien, z. B. Tetracyclin, Alazarin-Rot S und CDAF, wurden nacheinander an entwöhnten Ratten verabreicht, worauf man die Knochenbildungs- und Knochenresorptionswerte an hartgeschliffenen Schnitten des oberen Drittels der Diaphyse gemessen hat. Hier findet fortschreitend periostale Knochenbildung statt, mit geringer Veränderung des Endosteums. Bei Fleischdiät wird das Körperwachstum während der ersten Woche erheblich beschränkt; danach aber normalisiert es sich wieder. Obwohl die Knochen noch wachsen, zeigen sie keine normale Mineralisierung und werden schnell zerbrechlich und dünn. Die Knochenresorption ist anfangs langsam, dann beschleunigt sie sich während einer Zeitspanne von 2–3 Wochen bis auf 15 μ pro Tag, um sich dann wieder zu verlangsamen. Während die Knochenbildungsgeschwindigkeit relativ zum Normalwert heruntergesetzt wird, verläuft die Resorption ungefähr 2–3mal so schnell wie die Knochenbildung. Mikroradiographische Untersuchungen an mit Fleisch ernährten Ca-armen Ratten haben bestätigt, daß während die Resorption am Endosteumrande stattfindet und sich die Knochenbildung an der Periostenfläche fortsetzt, die neugebildete Knochensubstanz weniger kalzifiziert ist, als die der Kontrolltiere.
    Notes: Abstract Different coloured, fluorescent bone-seeking chemicals, viz., tetracycline, Alizarin Red S, and DCAF, have been administered sequentially to weanling rats and the rate of formation and resorption of bone measured from hard-ground cross sections of the upper third of the diaphysis of the femur. On a meat diet, bodily growth is significantly restricted for the first week and then recovery occurs. While bones grow they fail to mineralize normally and rapidly become fragile and rarefied. Resorption of bone is at first slow, then accelerates for a period of 2–3 weeks to about 15μ/day and then slows again. While the rate of bone formation is reduced relative to normal bone, resorption proceeds at approximately two to three times the rate of bone growth. Microradiographic studies confirm tht while resorption occurs on the endosteal margin and formation proceeds on the periosteal aspect of meat fed Ca-deficient rats, new bone is less calcified than that in control animals.
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  • 12
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 177-203 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The venom system of Nasonia vitripennis is well-developed and composed of an unbranched acid gland and associated reservoir. Fine-structural, histochemical and electrophoretic studies indicate that the venom is produced by two protein-secreting epithelia. The bulk of the venom is synthesised in the columnar cells of the acid gland and discharged via “vesicular organelles” and the efferent ductular system into the lumen of the reservoir. The acid gland also contains squamous chitogenous cells, situated either around the central lumen or interposed between the bases of the columnar cells. Once within the reservoir, the venom is probably activated by enzymatic secretions from the reservoir secretory cells. Each of these cells has a “vesicular organelle” but, in contrast to the columnar cells of the acid gland, the cytoplasm contains a preponderance of free ribosomes, and protein segregation apparently occurs outside the Golgi complexes.The venom is expelled through the efferent discharge duct by muscular contractions, which open the duct lumen and bring it into contact with the funnel of the ovipositor. Excessive distortion of the duct is prevented by a massive ventral ligament.
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  • 13
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 233-257 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are eight retinula cells in the ommatidium of the compound eye of the toadbug (Gelastocoris oculatus), two of which are central in position. Along the axial sides of the six peripheral retinula cells expand six cytoplasmic processes from the apical crystalline cone cells. These processes, which contain longitudinally-oriented microtubules, are associated with all eight retinula cells by means of desmosomal junctions. In addition to providing structural support, the possibility is set forth that the interconnecting cone processes might also serve to functionally integrate the retinula cells of an ommatidium. The eight retinula cells possess microvillus surfaces, which are especially prominent in the six peripheral cells, where they extend into the lumen of the ommatidium. There is evidence of pinocytotic activity at the bases of microvilli. Multivesicular bodies are present in the cytoplasm of retinula cells, and the means by which these bodies might be elaborated are discussed.
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  • 14
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanism of respiration in the bullfrog has been analyzed by means of pressure recordings from the buccal cavity, the lungs and the abdominal cavity, by cinematography and cinefluorography, and by electromyography of buccal, laryngeal and abdominal muscles. Gas flow was investigated by putting frogs in atmospheres of changing argon and nitrogen content and monitoring the concentration of the nostril efflux.Three kinds of cyclical phenomena were found. (1) Oscillatory cycles consist of rhythmical raising and lowering of the floor of the mouth, with open nares. They have a definite respiratory function in introducing fresh air into the buccal cavity. (2) Ventilatory cycles involve opening and closing of the glottis and nares and renewal of a portion of the pulmonary gas. More muscles are involved and the pattern of muscular activity is more complex than in the oscillatory cycles. (3) Inflation cycles consist of a series of ventilation cycles, interrupted by an apneic pause. The intensity of the ventilatory cycles increases before this pause and decreases immediately thereafter. This results in a stepwise increase in pulmonary pressure, to a plateau (coincident with the pause) followed by a sudden or stepwise decrease.The respiratory mechanism depends on the activity of a buccal force pump, which determines pulmonary pressure whose level is always slightly less than the peak pressure values of the ventilation cycles. The elevated pulmonary pressure is responsible for the expulsion of pulmonary gas during the second phase of the next ventilation cycle. This pressure is maintained by the elastic fibers (and the smooth masculature) of the lungs.
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The complete regeneration of a new oral-disc and tentacles has been observed and described for Aiptasia diaphana. These structures are regenerated quite rapidly: seven to ten days at 20°C. At three days post-amputation, the new primary, secondary, and tertiary tentacle buds begin to develop in direct association with the underlying primary, secondary, and tertiary septae (respectively) of the column, suggesting that the latter organize the form of the regenerating oral-disc. Two days after amputation, the zooxanthellae of the presumptive oral disc arrange themselves into a ring which quite precisely delimits the area from which the tentacle buds will form. In spite of its suggestive proximity, this accumulation of algae plays no role in the induction of tentacle buds as was shown by studying regeneration in anemones which essentially lacked large quantities of these symbiotic algae.Cuts perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the column result in an equal rate of tentacular regeneration around the entire circumference of the presumptive oral disc. Oblique amputations foster an asynchronous regeneration: the tentacle buds of the distal-most area of the severed column are larger and regenerate much sooner than those of the proximal region. Similar results were obtained by studying anemones which were cut perpendicular to their longitudinal axes at different levels along the column. The data suggest that an oral-aboral gradient exists concerning the time required for the initiation of tentacle budding and the rate of tentacle regeneration.
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A rapid method for examining rat fetuses is presented. The technique consists of fixing the fetuses in Bouin's solution, serially sectioning the head, neck and lower trunk with a razor blade and doing sagittal sections of the heart after opening the thoracic cavity. Examples of sections from normal 20 day rat fetuses are given as well as some with the following abnormalities: cleft palate produced by chlorcyclizine and eye and heart malformations resulting from anti-adult rat kidney serum.
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  • 18
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 7-39 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A structure for a generalized insect epidermal cell during the formation of the epicuticle is proposed, based on studies of several different epidermal cell types. The protein epicuticle is defined as the dense homogeneous layer below the cuticulin. The formation of the protein epicuticle involves secretory vesicles arising in Golgi complexes, and marks an interlude in the involvement in cuticle formation of plasma membrane plaques. The plaques are concerned in cuticulin formation before and in fibrous cuticle formation after the deposition of the protein epicuticle.The epidermis is characterized by the possession of a cytoskeleton of microtubules and a matrix of microfibers. In the elongated cells forming bristles and spines, the microfibers are often oriented in bundles with an axial banding which repeats every 120 Å. The microtubules are also arranged in columns with a trigonal packing and center to center spacing of about 800 Å. These cytoskeletal structures separate the other organelles into channels which may restrict the pathways open for the movement of secretory and pinocytotic vesicles. The protein epicuticle arises from the secretory vesicles which discharge at the apical surface. The contents disperse and reaggregate below the cuticulin. The Golgi complexes in the basal and central regions have many secretory vesicles and a small saccular component, differing from those nearer the apex which are smaller and have fenestrated saccules. The small coated vesicles (800 Å in diameter) associated with both sorts of complex, probably move to the apical and basal faces of the cell where they may give rise to the large coated vesicles (2000 Å in diameter) inserted in the plasma membrane. Pinocytosis occurs from both apical and basal faces but most lytic activity is in the apical region. Plant peroxidase injected into the haemocoel is taken up basally and transported to the apical MVBs. The large coated vesicles on the apical face may be concerned in the control of the extracellular subcuticular environment. They appear to fill up and detach, fusing to become the apical MVBs.
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 1-33 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Submandibular glands of the opossum have been studied by light and electron microscopy and compared with other mammalian salivary glands. The glands have four parenchymal segments which connect in the order named below to convey saliva toward the oral cavity. 1Secretory units are elongated branching tubules exhibiting mucous and special serous cell types. Mucous cells predominate and resemble those in other salivary glands. Special serous cells differ from “typical” serous cells. They contain a preponderance of tubular or vesicular endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules which vary from electron lucent to electron opaque.2Intercalated ducts are short segments lined by nonsecretory, cuboidal cells.3Striated ducts are numerous and lie in the center of the lobule. The duct epithelium has four cell types, designated light cells, dark cells, Type I basal cells, and Type II basal cells. Light cells possess basal infoldings associated with mitochondria, but the other cell types lack this characteristic.4Excretory ducts are also lined by four cell types which bear the same names as those of striated ducts. Three of the four cell types are virtually identical to those of striated ducts, but light cells differ. They do not always contain basal infoldings and the supranuclear cytoplasm lacks distinct inner and outer zones.The glands resemble salivary glands of higher mammals in many respects while possessing certain unique cytological features which may reflect the secretory needs of the organism.
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 95-112 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several biological distances based on cranial and mandibular variation among breeding groups of white-tailed deer were calculated and compared with geographic distances among the groups. Distances based on epigenetic variation among ten groups were calculated using 16 non-metric variants of the cranium and mandible. Penrose's size and shape distances and Mahalanobis' D2 distance were calculated for 11 groups; the calculations were based on seven skeletal and seven dental metric variables of the mandible.The biological distances were correlated with geographic distance as follows: the epigenetic distance, 0.74; Penrose's shape distance, 0.71; Penrose's size distance, 0.45; and Mahalanobis' distance, 0.37. All correlations were significant at the 0.01 level. The epigenetic and Penrose shape correlations were significantly higher than the Mahalanobis correlation.Because of the conditions under which the breeding groups were selected, it was assumed that genetic affinites among the groups would be a function of geographic distance. The results suggest that the epigenetic distance and Penrose's shape distance reflect genetic affinities among groups better than do the Penrose size and Mahalanobis distances.
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 195-227 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanism of lung ventilation in chelonians has been much debated. Electromyographic studies show that the basic mechanism in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina, is dependent on the activities of four major respiratory muscles that are capable of varying the volume of the visceral cavity. The precise mechanism utilized varies in response to environmental factors, especially the depth to which the animal is submerged. Chelydra tends to reduce muscular activity to a minimum, and hydrostatic pressure or gravity replaces muscular effort whenever possible. The response is subject to hysteresis. Both the mechanics and pattern of ventilation in Chelydra differ from those of Testudo. The differences appear to be attributable in part to Chelydra's markedly reduced plastron and more extensive respiratory musculature and in part to the different habitats occupied by the two species.
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  • 22
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: The purported “neoblasts” of the serpulid Spirorbis have been studied in Spirorbis (Paradexiospira) vitreus and Spirorbis (Laeospira) borealis at both the light and electron microscopic levels. These perivasal cells occur in greatest abundance around the ventral blood vessel of the achaetous region. In light microscope preparations, the perivasal cells are intensely basophilic, containing basally situated nuclei, and relatively large nucleoli. The fine structure of the perivasal cells reveals that they contain an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, well-developed Golgi complex, heterogeneous dense bodies, and cytolysomes. The respiratory pigment chlorocruorin, which has a diameter of about 230 Å and is believed to be composed of two superimposed hexagonal components, has been localized within: cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, elements of the Golgi complex, and membrane-bounded vesicles at the base of the perivasal cells. Evidence is advanced which strongly suggests that molecules of chlorocruorin are transported from the perivasal cells into the lumen of the vessel by reverse pinocytosis. It is concluded that whatever other functional role(s) the perivasal cells of Spirorbis may have, a major function is the synthesis and secretion of chlorocruorin. Whether the perivasal cells can be considered to be pluripotent is discussed.
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The concept of functional components was initially proposed by van der Klaauw ('45, '52) to indicate overlap of functional influences particularly in mammalian skulls; his analysis marked a departure from the study of single characters to that of function-modified systems. A very similar set of terms is now coming into vogue to describe the mechanically separable components of highly kinetic fish, amphibian and reptilian skulls. In these cases the term functional unit often pertains only to the musculo-skeletal system and is utilized during the process of description; it is often applied before a complete functional analysis has been carried out.Yet, any structure tends to be affected by the influence of multiple functions, and any function will almost certainly affect multiple characteristics of the animal. Since functional components overlap, the term should not be used to label an essentially topographical dissection of the animal. It cannot be expected that each loosely connected component of a kinetic skull subserves as a single “function,” and that this function does not overlap onto other units.It is suggested that the term mechanical unit be substituted as a label for the mechanical sub-divisions often utilized to organize descriptions. The concept of functional units in the original sense then remains available as an analytical tool.
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  • 24
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 427-441 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytology of the vitellogenic stages in the development of the oocyte of Drosophila melanogaster has been studied using whole mounts and sections of plastic-embedded ovaries and single egg chambers for light microscopy and cytochemistry. The migrations, changes in morphology, and synthetic products of the follicle cells are described as a function of developmental stage. The follicle cells synthesize the egg coverings, the vitelline and chorionic membranes, and elaborate the micropyle and dorsal chorionic appendages. The changing structure of the nurse cell nucleus and changes in organelle composition of its cytoplasm are described. The nurse cells synthesize ribosomes, lipid droplets, and mitochondria. These components pass through the ring canal system into the oocyte, which increases in volume some 200,000 times during its 78 hours of development.
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  • 25
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each muscle of the third metasomal segment of the male of Nomia melanderi Ckll. is described in detail. The points of attachment of each muscle are compared with their homologs in other pregenital segments and with their homologs in the female. The function desgnated for each muscle describes its action alone or in conjunction with other muscle(s). New names are given to genital muscles by referring in the name to their points of attachment. Each intratergal muscle has homologous points of attachment in the pregenital segments of both sexes. The median tergo-dorsoplical muscle of the seventh segment and the oblique tergo-dorsoplical muscle of the eighth segment have changed their points of attachment. The intrasternal muscles are modified to suit the needs of courtship and mating, thus they are different from their homologs in the female. The spiracular muscles are well developed in all segments except the eighth, where the sterno-spiracular muscle is absent. The extrinsic genital muscles are derived from the intrasternal muscles of the eighth and ninth segments. The parameral and volsellar muscles are reduced in number. The aedeagal muscles, except the aedeago-phallic, have retained similar points of attachment to those found in primitive Hymenoptera. The topography of the metasomal nervous system is reported in detail by following each nerve and nervule to its termination. The study shows that (at least in Nomia) the criterion of nerve-concentration should not be used alone to indicate evolutionary levels. To accommodate the morphological changes in the terminal segments the Anterior and Posterior Lateral Nerves have migrated to new locations. The pattern of nerve topography (even at the nervule level) is homologous both in the different pregenital segments and between the sexes. The fact that homology does not exist between the external genitalia of the male and the modified ovipositor of the female supports the thesis that the male genital capsule is of phallic rather than prephallic origin. A pair of intersegmental membrane glands located between the seventh and eighth sterna is described. These glands may be the source of a pheromon responsible for gregariousness among “sleeping” males.
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mature myoid cells in the parenchyma of reptilian thymus contain all the organelles typical of striated muscle. The presence of both immature and degenerating stages indicates a turnover of myoid cells in the adult thymus. In the earlier stages of differentiation myoid cells resemble thymic epithelial cells. A close parallel exists between developing myoid cells, skeletal muscle differentiating in vitro, rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Elaborate lattice-like structures are formed by transverse tubules. These structures are compared with similar configurations which have been described in muscle and mitochondrial cristae.
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  • 27
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 307-315 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hatching threads of praying mantis embryos are silk-like in appearance, but cellular in origin. Their development can be divided into four phases. In phase 1 each embryonic cercus produces a hollow column of cells which is pushed out dorso-laterally, on either side of the embryo, between the epidermis and the chorion. In phase 2 each column becomes transformed into an unbroken helical cellular filament. The terminal five or six cells at the distal end of each filament become permanently attached to the inner surface of the chorion. The cellular arrangement of the filament is superseded by an apparent syncytial condition. In phase 3 the extensive proximal parts of the two filaments become folded into a compact space, flanked by the cerci and styli, at the tip of the abdomen. Throughout phase 4 the filaments remain in two tightly coiled groups, connected to the chorionic attachments by loosely coiled distal regions. Progressive secretion of chitin by, and around, each filament forms a sheath, 1-2 μ thick, which provides the tensile component of the hatching threads. During emergence these threads become unravelled to form a double thread which allows the insect to hang from the ootheca and complete its first ecdysis.
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present investigation was undertaken in an attempt to determine the role played by the nerve in the regeneration of the lower jaw of the adult newt, Triturus viridescens. The results indicated that the number of nerve fibers normally available at the amputation surface was very low compared with that of the newt forelimb. Furthermore, denervation of the lower jaw reduced the number of nerve fibers available to an extremely low level and maintained the number at a low level for up to four weeks without intervening redenervations. The regenerative events in the denervated and amputated lower jaws were indistinguishable histologically from those in amputated jaws having normal innervation. This presented an apparent exception to the general rule that regeneration of external body parts is dependent on the nerve. Several possible explanations are proposed by which this apparent exception might be explained. The process following amputation might be an exaggerated form of wound healing and tissue regeneration which can occur in the absence of nerves. The tissues of the lower jaw might be more sensitive to the influence of those nerve fibers present. The nerve fibers themselves might be qualitatively different and thus exert a greater influence on the tissues.
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    Notes: Median cord development is uniform in six families of Hemiptera and five non-hemipterans. The median cord arises independently from the lateral cords and is histologically distinguishable from the latter throughout development. Intrasegmentally, median cord nuclei possess prominent nucleoli and many small chromatin granules surrounded by clear nuclear sap. This region forms what appear to be glial elements at the midline of the neuropile. Intersegmentally, a spherical clump of eight to twelve large nuclei develops surrounded by dark-staining granular cytoplasm. Each intersegmental clump migrates anteriorly into the preceding ganglionic region but degenerates soon after katatrepsis.
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    Notes: The order of ossification of bones in the skeleton of Rana pipiens during larval growth and metamorphosis has been determined from observations on specimens fixed in 70% alcohol and stained with alizarin red S. The axial skeleton ossifies in a generally cephalo-caudal sequence, beginning with the parasphenoid bone at Taylor-Kollros stages IV-IX, followed by vertebrae (V-IX) and then the urostyle (IX-XIV). Exoccipitals (VII-IX), frontoparietals (XI-XII) and prootics (XIII-XVII) are additional cranial bones which successively ossify before metamorphosis. With the onset of metamorphosis at stage XVIII jawbones and rostral bones of the skull ossify in the following succession: premaxilla, maxilla, septomaxilla, nasal, dentary, angular, squamosal, pterygoid, prevomer, mentomeckelian, quadratojugal, palatine, columella, posteromedial process of “hyoid.” The sphenethmoid does not ossify until after metamorphosis.Ossification of limbbones begins with the femur or humerus at stages X-XII and progresses proximo-distally to the phalanges by stages XIII-XV. Carpals, however, do not ossify until stage XXV or after metamorphosis. The ilium of the pelvic girdle begins to ossify at stages X-XII, but the ischium is delayed until stages XX-XXIII. Scapula and coracoid of the pectoral girdle undergo initial ossification at stages XII-XIV, suprascapula and clavicle at stages XIII-XV. The sternum does not begin to ossify until stage XXIV. The possible role of thyroid hormones in stimulating osteogenesis is discussed.
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 363-372 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using the Colcemid technique, the mitotic incidence (MI) was measured in the epidermis, lung, spleen, liver, kidney and ovarian follicular cells of metamorphosed, immature Xenopus laevis laevis. The MI was higher at 25°C than at 20°C, and there was a significant ranking correlation between organs in respect of the MI in different animals. With the exception of the liver and kidney, organ cultures showed good preservation for up to six days in vitro using a medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, and values for MI comparable with or even higher than in vivo were obtained.
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  • 33
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 34
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 453-473 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Bovine parotid glands exhibit outstanding structural differences when compared with those of non-ruminant mammals. The acini are tortuous, branched and lined with cells of different heights, imparting a scalloped appearance to acinar lumina. Numerous microvilli, ca. 1.5 μ in length, extend into the lumina and intercellular canaliculi. Intercellular canaliculi measure ca. 3 μ in diameter and interweave in close association with intercellular tissue spaces. Intercellular tissue spaces are separated from the extraacinar spaces across a basal lamina only, whereas junctional complexes guard canaliculi from direct continuity with tissue spaces and/or extraacinar spaces. Flattened cytoplasmic lamellae extend from adjacent acinar cells and loosely interdigitate with one another across the tissue spaces. Acinar cells contain more mitochondria and less granular endoplasmic reticulum than parotid glands of non-ruminant mammals. Two types of secretory material, in the form of inclusions which vary in size and electron density, are present in the acinar cells. Intercalated ducts connect acini with striated ducts which in turn, empty into collecting ducts located between gland lobules. In terms of frequency of “basal infoldings” and numbers of mitochondria, striated ducts of calf parotid glands are not as well developed as those of certain other salivary glands. Myoepithelial cells are most often present at junctions of acini and intercalated ducts where they may attach to both acinar and ductal epithelium. Nerve “terminals” were not observed on the epithelial side of basement membranes in relation to the secretory cells.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 36
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 73-104 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Development of the adult fly foot falls into clearly defined phases of cell division, growth, cuticle secretion and cell death. The pulvillus is composed dorsally of two giant cells and ventrally of thousands of minute tenent cells; the former produce the dorsal footpad cuticle and the latter the thousands of tenent hairs. Cell divisions are still occurring in future tenent cells when increase in size of the cells and in polyteny of the chromosomes is already occurring in the two dorsal cells. Also cell death occurs considerably earlier in the tenent cells, yet the sequential secretion of some six cuticular layers takes place at comparable times in dorsal and ventral cuticles. The cuticular layers formed are, in their order of secretion: ecdysial membrane, cuticulin of the epicuticle, dense exocuticle, homogeneous exocuticle, an intermediate layer, wax of the epicuticle, and an extensive mass of endocuticle. The ecdysial membrane seems to perform an important mechanical role in maintaining the shape of the delicate cytoplasmic projections of the tenent cells, before and during cuticle secretion, and in establishing the cuticular pattern of ridges in the dorsal cuticle. Comparisons are made with trichogen cell cuticle development and with tracheal cuticle. Tracheal, trichogen and dorsal footpad cuticle patterns are compared.Details of giant cell activity provide a working basis for studies of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions, and the whole system raises many unsolved problems in the general field of cell differentiation and pattern formation.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 105-112 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed description of the innervation of the individual muscles of the antenna of the centipede Scolopendra morsitans is given. There are six nerves supplying the antennal muscles of each side. The nerve N I consists of 26 bundles of which two are motor, 12 sensory and 12 are mixed. It innervates the intrinsic muscles of the antenna and the antennal sense organs. The nerves N II, N III and N IV innervate the dorsal extrinsic muscles and the nerve N V and N VI the ventral extrinsic muscles.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 151-161 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dense bodies in the heart muscle of Venus mercenaria exist in two forms, free and attached. Free dense bodies morphologically consist of fascicles of thin filaments in parallel array and bound together by a dense, amorphous proteinaceous material. The binding of dense bodies to the cell membrane is effected via connecting filaments of the amorphous material of the dense body which join a condensation of morphologically similar material attached to the inner osmiophilic layer of the unit membrane. This composite of dense body, connecting filaments, membrane condensation and unit cell membrane has been termed collectively the attachment plaque. The attachment plaque is part of an extensive network on the cell surface which obligates that surface to a role in the contractile process. Moreover, this set of attachment plaques imposes an organization and an orientation to most thin filaments of the cell and preserves the contractile axis of the cell.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 205-223 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Large quantities of colloidal particles were rapidly transported around the junctional complex into the lateral intercellular spaces by flounder renal epithelial cells. Large invaginations containing particles developed in the apical cytoplasm of cells when tracer particles were injected into the tubular lumens. Some membranebounded profiles containing particles appeared close to the lateral intercellular spaces. Particles were then found in the lateral intercellular spaces, between the basal plasmalemma and the basement membrane, and within the basement membrane. It is suggested that this transport might operate in situ and provide a morphological mechanism to explain a type of protein transport noted in the renal tubules of another flounder species by Maack and Kinter ('67). It is interesting to consider that perhaps a similar mechanism for the transport of intact proteins might also operate in mammalian nephrons as well.
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  • 40
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    Notes: The ventral lobe of the adenohypophysis of the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis, a viviparous elasmobranch, has been found to possess distinctive cells identified as basophils on the basis of staining properties. At maximum size, such a cell consists of a distended vesicle containing PAS-positive, AF-negative material surrounded by a thin envelope of cytoplasm and an eccentric nucleus. In earlier stages of these cells, vesicles are small or absent and granules in the more abundant cytoplasms are AF or Alcian-positive.Basophil numbers are high in pre-ovulation and mid-ovulation females, decrease markedly after the end of ovulation until embryos are about 1 cm long then increase greatly during August and September while embryos grow to 8 cm in length. Early high counts, if these basophils are gonadotropes, may be correlated with stimulation of the ovary and ovulation; reduced numbers suggest inhibition, possibly by ovarian hormones for a period, while subsequent increase may indicate indirect involvement in uterine conditions in this viviparous species. Conclusion are, admittedly, tentative as specimens were available during only a fraction of the ten month gestation period.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 355-362 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The serigenous glands of a number of different sawfly larvae have been examined. Silk is secreted by pear-shaped cells which may be fused together in pairs or triplets, or exist simply as free, single cells. The cells are arranged in numerous groups attached to a pair of wide silk reservoirs by means of short canals. Each gland cell contains a large, irregular, ramifying nucleus and an intracellular duct which receives droplets of synthesised silk protein. Two modifications of this basic arrangement are described. It is suggested that the secretory cells are dermal gland cells, and that the intracellular duct is a rudimentary end-apparatus. A comparison is made between these and some other types of dermal gland cell found in insects.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 383-407 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of human labial salivary gland acini was studied by light and electron microscopy. Contrary to previous reports, these glands were pure mucous in nature; no serous elements were present. The acinar cells were found in all stages of maturation. Immature cells were characterized by an extensive and highly organized rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi complex was extremely prominent, consisting of stacks of flattened cisternae and swarms of small vesicles. Mucous droplets were almost completely absent. As secretory activity progressed, the endoplasmic reticulum involuted, while the Golgi cisternae became distended and formed many vacuoles. In mature mucous cells, the apical cytoplasm was filled with membrane-bounded mucous droplets, and the nucleus was displaced basally. The droplets frequently showed great variation in density from cell to cell, and even within the same cell they sometimes were quite heterogeneous. They were liberated from the acinar cells by an apocrine process, so that droplets with intact limiting membranes were often observed in the acinar lumen. These droplets soon lysed, their contents fusing into streams of mucus. Occasionally during apocrine secretion a mucous cell failed to reconstitute its apical surface, and its entire contents spilled into the acinar lumen.Unusual cytoplasmic inclusions were present in many of the acinar cells. These inclusions, which were surrounded by a single membrane, consisted of lipid droplets closely associated with bundles of fine filaments.
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  • 43
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    Notes: Oogenesis and embryonic development in the marine sponge, Haliclona ecbasis, were studied using standard histological procedures.When the oocytes reach a diameter of about 30 μ, nurse cells begin to aggregate around them. Then when the oocytes are about 36 μ in diameter, they begin to engulf the associated nurse cells. Whole nurse cells are engulfed; and although the nucleus of the nurse cells disappears either as or soon after the cells are engulfed, the cytoplasm remains essentially unchanged. The accumulation of these cells within the oocytes most of the cytoplasm is nurse cell cytoplasm.During cleavage of the egg, the engulfed nurse cells are gradually fragmented, but otherwise appear unchanged. At the same time the cytoplasm of the nurse cells is progressively incorporated into that of the blastomeres by what appears to be fusion process. When the latter process is complete, the embryo develops into a typical parenchymula larva.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969) 
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  • 45
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 309-363 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hands of the Hominoidea evidence four adaptive modes which distinguish the lesse apes (Hylobatidae), the orangutan (Pongo), the African apes (Pan), and man (Homo) from one another. The hands of the apes consist of compromises between manipulatory and locomotor functions because selection has operated for precision of grip as well as for special locomotor mechanisms. The human hand is almost totally devoted to manipulation. The hands of gibbons, orangutans and the African apes differ in many features that may be correlated with locomotion. The gibbons and siamang are specially adapted for ricochetal arm-swinging. The great apes possess morphological adaptations for arboreal foraging and climbing distinct from those of the hylobatids. In addition, the African apes have become secondarily adapted for terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion. Many features that distinguish the hands of chimpanzees and gorillas may be associated with the development of efficient knuckele-walking propulsive and support mechanisms.
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  • 46
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    Notes: Ampullary organs of the transparent catfish, Kryptopterus bicirrhus, are present in large numbers on the head and in a regular pattern of lines on the body and fins. The organs lie in the epidermis, and have a pore that opens to the surface. Flattened cells form a roof and walls. On the floor of the organ there are a “sensory hillock,” composed of spherical receptor cells and columnar supporting cells, and a “secretory hillock” composed of columnar secretory cells. The receptor cells are nonciliated and have only afferent innervation. The organ cavity is filled with jelly. The organs are compared with ampullary organs of the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia, ampullae of Lorenzini of Raja, and small pit organs of Amiurus. Structural characteristics of the ampullary organs of Kryptopterus make them especially suitable for electrophysiological studies.
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  • 47
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    Notes: A detailed topography of adrenergic innervation in invertebrates (lobster), low vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds), and nine species of mammals is presented. Flack and Hillarp's specific fluorescent histochemical method using freeze-dried material was used. Phylogenetically, adrenergic innervation appeared earlier under the ciliary epithelium and in the muscle than surrounding the vessels, and in all species many fibers were without any connection to the vessel walls. Adrenergic innervation was very rich in the dilator muscle extending toward the epithelium of the posterior chamber; a surprisingly rich network was found in the sphincter muscle and also in ciliary spaces of some species. Numerous fluorescent mast cells were visualized in the pecten of the bird eye and in the ciliary tissue of the sheep and cow.
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  • 48
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    Notes: The cecropia moth oocyte accumulates proteins from the blood during vitellogenesis; the proteins reach the oocyte by an intercellular route, are taken in by pinocytosis, and become components of the protein yolk spheres. Different proteins vary greatly in the extent to which they are incorporated into the yolk spheres. One objective of the work described in this paper was to determine where the selectivity of protein uptake occurs. An autoradiographic analysis of the uptake of tritiated blood proteins injected into the hemocoel indicated that there are at least two sites of selectivity - one between the hemocoel and the intercellular spaces of the follicular epithelium that surrounds each oocyte, and another between the intercellular spaces and the yolk spheres. Another objective was to determine if only proteins from the blood are deposited in the protein yolk spheres. Studies of the incorporation of tritiated leucine provided evidence that the ovary itself synthesizes proteins that are deposited in the yolk spheres along with the blood proteins. Finally, evidence is presented that the various regions of the oocyte cortex are not equally active in the deposition of yolk.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 465-501 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanisms of development of posterior levels of neural tubes of chick embryos were analyzed by study of serial cross-sections of a continuous series of normal embryos between 40 to 72 hours of incubation. Two extirpation experiments were performed in ovo on other embryos of the same stages. Descriptive studies revealed the presence of an overlap zone in which two types of neural tube formation occurred. Open neural tube formation (by fusion of neural folds) occurred dorsally in this region; closed neural tube formation (by canalization of solid medullary cord tissue) occurred ventrally. Extirpation of the posterior end of the neural plate produced defects within the lumbosacral region, indicating that the posterior neural plate participates in the formation of the lumbosacrum, and that the overlap zone is therefore in the lumbosacral region. Extirpation of the prospective neural tissue in the anterior end of the tail bud indicated that only the most posterior levels of the neural tube originate exclusively by cavitation of the tail bud. In both extirpation experiments a neural tube formed independently within the tail bud tissue, indicating that formation of the neural tube in this region is not dependent upon direct continuity with neural tissue anteriorly.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The interstitial cells of Pennaria tiarella differentiate exclusively from the central endoderm of the planula. Shortly after their appearance, most of the interstitial cells become cnidoblasts. Subsequently, as the larva transforms into a polyp, both cnidoblasts and interstitial cells migrate from the endoderm, through endoblast and mesoglea, into the ectoderm. It is suggested that some interstitial cells remain in the endoderm and differentiate into the gland and mucous cells of the polyp gastroderm.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 127-148 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A series of dimensions of the shoulder girdle of primates has previously been chosen as being related to function in that anatomical region. Their examination by canonical analysis suggests that they do indeed reflect aspects of the use of the shoulder in locomotion in the different primates.Further analysis is here performed using the technique of neighborhood limited classification and this confirms the basic picture presented by the previous analysis. The new method also gives more detailed information about the grouping of the specimens; thus it endorses the reality of functional divisions that appear to exist in the data. And in addition the groupings reflect differences in the structure of the shoulder that correlate well with certain taxonomic subdivisions of the order. The method maintains contact with individual specimens throughout the analysis and is capable of placing them within groups, at the boundaries of groups, within the interfaces between groups, or as satellites to groups.The new method appears to have a part to play in the description of the relationships between biological objects that is complementary to that of canonical analysis. As the mathematical concepts upon which the two techniques are based differ totally, the risk that the results might be inherent in statistical assumptions is thus averted.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 53
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: In the annelid Enchytraeus albidus the ovary is composed of packets containing eight synchronously developing oocytes. Each oocyte in the packet is connected, via a bridge, to a common cytoplasmic mass. Developmental synchrony of oocytes within individual packets is probably related to the ooplasmic continuity.The young previtellogenic oocyte contains many polysomes, a few cisternae of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, small Golgi complexes, and mitochondria. Many of the mitochondria are dumbbell-shaped and may thus represent division stages.Vitellogenesis is marked by the appearance of peripherally located lipid yolk and small, densely staining granules scattered throughout the ooplasm. There is an increase of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and enlarged Golgi elements. Small multivesicular-like bodies, the early stages of developing yolk, are derived from the Golgi complex. The mature yolk sphere is bipartite and consists of (a) a variable number of dense spheres, the core bodies, which are produced in the ooplasm by the Golgi complex and which become embedded in (b) a dense matrix. The electron opaque tracer, horseradish peroxidase is incorporated into the oocyte and deposited in the matrix suggesting that this component of the yolk sphere is obtained by micropinocytosis. Enzyme digestions and various cytochemical techniques suggest that the core bodies are rich in carbohydrate, probably as glyco- or mucoproteins, and that the matrix is rich in lipid.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 369-385 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the thyroid of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, was studied with the electron microscope. Specimens were injected I.P. with 30 μc of I131 and sample thryoids were examined at 12 hour intervals thereafter. The ultrastructure of the normal thyroid gland is described, and compared with that of the irradiated glands. The first visible ultrastructural change observed after injection of the radioiodin was a striking alteration of nuclear morphology. This effect was followed by an increase in the frequency of whorled lamellar structures, a decrease in the number of microvilli, and degeneration of the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. Further effects observed included an increase in the number of large cytoplasmic granules and a decrease in the number of smaller ones, the presence of autophagic vacuoles, and finally, an increase in the number of degenerated mitochondria.
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  • 55
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    Notes: In order to obtain more direct evidence for the occurrence of myoblast fusion in the developing amphibian embryo, the following transplantations were performed in vitro. The nuclei of early embryos. Ambystoma tigrinum and A. maculatum, were labeled with tritiated thymidine. Portions of prospective somite areas from these labeled donors were grafted homoplastically and orthotopically into unlabeled hosts of the same, or nearly the same, stage. The stages employed were: neurula, early tail bud, and late tail bud. Hosts were raised until they had developed into more advanced larval forms, fixed, sectioned, and prepared for radioautographic processing according to the customary procedures.The histological preparations contained varying numbers of multinucleate myotubes of a “composite” nature: that is, individual myotubes contained labeled nuclei of the donor, side by side with unlabeled nuclei of the host. There was no doubt that the mononucleate myoblasts of the grafts had fused with those of the host species to form the mutlinucleate composite myotubes.In addition to the above determinations, the method of thymidine labeling has proven to be a satisfactory method of tracing, in the context of the intact organism, somitic cell derivatives up to the feeding larval stage. Mesenchymal cells from the grafted labeled somitic tissues were consequently found in: dermatomic, sclerotomic and intermyotomic locations; the matrix of the dorsal fin; the limb bud; the abdominal muscles.
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  • 56
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    Notes: The fine structure of the mid-gut epithelium and regenerative cells of larvae of a moth (Ephestia kühniella) is described. Particular attention is paid to the absorptive and goblet cells and their lateral junctions; these features are discussed in terms of the digestive and regulatory functions of the epithelium. One digestive pathway has been investigated with the aid of ingested ferritin; intake of this marker by endocytosis and the evident involvement of Golgi vesicles in the transformation of endocytic vesicles into multivesicular bodies, together with the fate of the latter, are discussed in terms of the digestive function of this part of the alimentary tract and of the lysosome concept.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 67-93 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The endoskeletal structure supporting the gill-books of Limulus polyphemus has been investigated by means of light and electron microscopy, chemical analysis and x-ray diffraction. This tissue is a cartilage which has significant correspondences with both vertebrate cartilage and plant tissues. Morphologically, the Limulus cartilage resembles certain cellular vertebrate cartilages with relatively scant matrix, and also certain plant parenchyme, collenchyme and sclerenchyme tissues. Of particular interest, was the observation that during cytoplasmic division, a phragmasome-like structure appears between the daughter cells of the dividing gill cartilage cells. This phragmasome-like structure appears to be a precursor of new matrix (cell-wall) formation between the young chondrocytes, in much the same fashion as its counterpart in plant tissues. Perichondrial cells and underlying chondrocytes contain lipid droplets, abundant glycogen and ribosomes, as do corresponding vertebrate cartilage cells. In some of the Limulus cells, glycogen and ribosomes appear to be admixed with lipid, forming aggregates in which all three materials are in intimate intraparticulate relationship. During molting, the number of ribosomes seen in chondrocytes increases. The tissue contains both hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, and gives a weak x-ray diffraction pattern.
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  • 58
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A principal component analysis revealed that the two major components of mandibular shape variation among individuals within breeding groups of white-tailed deer in Canada and the United States involve contrasts between the mandible and the dentition and between the premolars and the molars. Size variation appeared to account for 34% of the total variation within the groups, and the two major shape variations accounted for 23% and 8% respectively.A canonical analysis was used to identify the major components of mandibular variation among the breeding groups and to provide measures of the proportion of the total variation accounted for by each component. Among male groups, size variation was associated with latitude, and the major shape variation was closely associated with longitude, so a bivariate plot of the first two canonical variates reflected the general geographic orientation of the populations.The mandibular size in a Tennessee population that descended from Wisconsin and Michigan ancestors appears to have not decreased appreciably in the more southerly habitat after introduction more than 20 years ago. Changes in range conditions in eastern Upper Michigan over the past 30 years have not influenced local mandibular morphology as reflected by the first two canonical variates. Regardless of general smallness of individuals, the mandibular morphology of the deer from the Cross Timbers area in Kansas appears to approximate more closely that of northern populations than that of the more southerly populations from Oklahoma and Texas.Sexual dimorphism on the first two canonical axes was observed.
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Structural and functional changes have been correlated during metamorphic degeneration of a single muscle fiber, the plantar retractor of G. mellonella, its axon, and their junctions to determine which features persist as long as muscle contractility. Changes commence simultaneously in muscle and nerve near cuticular attachments, and spread towards the center. Alterations associated with the muscle, including appearance of collapsed tracheoles and mitochondria with dense bodies, begin late in the last larval instar. Within 12 hours after pupal ecdysis some tracheolar withdrawal occurs, sarcoplasmic reticulum becomes reduced, and many mitochondria have dense bodies, dense membranes, or are enlarged. By 17-19 hours primary myofilaments and striations begin to disappear, microtubules and autophagic vacuole-like bodies appear, and phagocytes invade the muscle. It remains partially contractile upon electrically stimulating its nerve, the ventral nerve, until these changes spread throughout the fiber.Neuromuscular junction changes, including appearance of dense mitochondria and isolation bodies, begin late in the last larval instar. Junctions become fewer, and none remain in those muscle areas where tracheoles, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and primary myofilaments have disappeared.Preliminary studies on nerve discharge activity to the muscle suggest that nerve silence occurs at approximately the time when the muscle loses all contractility. In some axons isolation bodies appear and neurotubules are lost, other axons remain unchanged, and new ones develop later in the pupal state. Phagocytes invade the neural lamella and it disappears in the late pupa, but it reappears in the adult.The adult ventral nerve has over three times more axons and a thinner layer of glial cells than the larval nerve.
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  • 60
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    Notes: Ampullary receptor organs of the South American weakly electric gymnotid fish Eigenmannia virescens consist of a pore at the surface of the skin, a canal through the epidermis, and the expanded basal end of the canal in the corium. The cavity of the organ contains a jelly that is filled with fine fibers. The canal wall consists of three to six layers of flattened cells that appear to be derived from the adjacent skin. Along the lumen of the organ the cells are joined by tight junctions. Usually there are four spherical receptor cells in the base of the organ. They are innervated by single neural terminals. These organs are compared to tuberous receptor organs found in the same species, and the functional significance of the fine structure observed in these cells is discussed.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969) 
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  • 62
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 443-463 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The campaniform sensilla on halteres of Drosophila were studied by electron microscopy in order to establish the relationships of functional elements in the sensory system. The surface of the sensillum consists of an oval cuticular cap membrane which may contain resilin, the rubberlike protein. A border of denser cuticle rings the cap membrane, and extending down around the neural process is a third type of cuticle filled with a fourth light fibrous type. The four cuticular components form a system for displacement of the neural process. The neural process is differentiated into a terminal fan-shaped structure projecting from a bulbous dilatation which tapers to a neck region ending proximally with two basal bodies. The neural process is packed with microtubules. Surrounding the dendrite is an inner enveloping cell, attached to the basal body region by septate desmosomes and by desmosomes to which microtubules of the enveloping cell are applied. An outer enveloping cell surrounds the inner one. The tip of the neural process is covered with a dense secretion which is tightly bound to the cap membrane. The dense secretion is surrounded by an extracellular fluid which might be compressed hydraulically by the cuticular system. The stimulus of cuticular distortion could thus be transmitted to the neural process which may be displaced between its fixed ends.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969) 
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  • 64
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 17-30 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The heteropteran cibarium forms a sucking pump which conveys fluid foods into the pharynx. The food pumps of Hydrocorisae have the additional function of grinding or filtering particulate matter; they contain ridges, hairs, and sclerotized processes which have probably evolved at least twice among the hydrocorisine families. Aphelocheirus, like the Naucoridae, possesses a modified anteclypeus and a tripartite type of food pump. The main sucking action occurs in the pump's anterior and posterior regions, while the middle region is specialized for grinding and filtering. The anteclypeus has broadened and fused with other parts of the cranium, and is thus braced against the pull of the powerful cibarial dilator muscles. In the Naucoridae the three regions of the pump have the same functions as those of Aphelocheirus. The pumps of the five naucorid genera here studied are structurally very similar to each other but differ considerably from that of Aphelocheirus. Cibarial morphology, as well as respiratory differences, thus supports the contention that Aphelocheirus is not a member of the Naucoridae but should be placed in a separate family.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969) 
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  • 66
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 171-199 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Drosophila melanogaster homozygous for the second chromosomal, recessive lethal gene 1(2)gl form puparia much later than wild type (+) and are unable to metamorphose. Implantation of + ring glands accelerates puparium formation by 1(2)gl hosts. The ring gland is a compound structure containing the prothoracic glands (pg), corpus allatum (ca), and corpus cardiacum (cc). An electron microscopic study demonstrates that in both the pg and ca the most common subcellular component is smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (ser). In + flies the amount of ser per pg increases by ten times during the four hour prepupal period. In 1(2)gl flies which have spent two days in the prepupal period the pg looks juvenile and contains only 1% the amount of ser per cell found in the + prepupal pg. The ca cells look alike in both + and 1(2)gl individuals, and the cortical cells of the cc in both contain abundant neurosecretory spheres. We suggest that the + allele of 1(2)gl indirectly influences the synthesis of ser by the pg and that this is the site where dietary cholesterol is transformed to ecdysone.
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  • 67
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    Notes: An analysis of differentiating oocytes of the gastropod, Ilyanassa obsoleta, has been made by techniques of light and electron microscopy. Early previtellogenic oocytes are limited by a smooth surfaced oolemma and are associated with each other by maculae adhaerentes. Previtellogenic oocytes are also distinguished by a large nucleus containing randomly dispersed aggregates of chromatin. Within the ooplasm are Golgi complexes, mitochondria and a few cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. When vitellogenesis begins, the oolemma becomes morphologically specialized by the formation of microvilli. One also notices an increase in the number of organelles and inclusions such as lipid droplets. During vitellogenesis there is a dilation of the saccules of the Golgi complexes and cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. Associated with the Golgi complexes are small protein-carbohydrate yolk precursors encompassed by a membrane. These increase in size by fusing with each other. The “mature” yolk body is a membrane-bounded structure with a central striated core and a granular periphery. At maturity a major portion of the ooplasmic constituents such as as mitochondria and lipid droplets occupy the animal region while the bulk of the population of yolk bodies are situated in the vegetal hemisphere.The follicle cells incompletely encompass the developing oocyte. In addition to the regularly occurring organelles, follicle cells are characterized by the presence of large quantities of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes whose saccules are filled with a dense substance. Associated with the Golgi saccules are secretory droplets of varied size.Amongst the differentiating oocytes and follicle cells are Leydig cells. These cells are characterized by a large vacuole containing glycogen. A possible function for the follicle and Leydig cells is discussed.
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  • 68
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    Notes: Each statocyst in Apylsia californica contains 13 neurons. The statocyst nerve, which connects each statocyst to the cerebral ganglion, contains only the 13 axons of the statocyst neurons. The size of the statocyst, the number of neurons in the statocyst, and the average axonal diameter does not change even though the statocyst nerve lengthens greatly as the animal enlarges. A description of the statoconia and the supporting cells in this organ has been given. This prepazation may be useful for microelectrode studies designed to test whether the gap and cytoplasmic specializations that are used to identify active synapses, are necessary for all types of chemical synaptic transmission.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 1-5 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Tooth attachment in the majority of the bony fish is by ankylosis or fibrous membrane. However, in one group of the osteichthys, the trigger-fish or balistids, tooth attachment is by means of a periodontium composed of a shallow alveolar socket, a periodontal ligament and acellular cementum.Histologically, the balistid periodontal ligament is composed of a dense fibro-cellular connective tissue possessing an abundance of typical fibrocytes, collagen fiber bundles, and oxytalan fibers. The collagen fiber bundles which resemble the principal fiber bundles of the mammalian periodontal ligament are inserted into the bone of the shallow alveolar sockets and are anchored to the teeth by means of a layer of amorphous acellular cementum that covers the radicular dentin. No cementoblasts were found in functional teeth, and epithelial rests are lacking. The mid-central zone of the balistid periodontal ligament is occupied by small blood vessels.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 431-438 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The vitelline cells in Gorgoderina attenuata produce two qualitatively distinct substances. One substance assumes the form of individual, dense, osmiophilic globules. Many globules are contained in a single vesicle. The other substance is an amorphous mass of medium density that completely fills a vesicle.Observations indicate that the dense, osmiophilic globules develop in association with a system of small, contiguous, ribosome-free vesicles. It is suggested that this system of vesicles constitute a Golgi apparatus for these cells.The amorphous mass substance develops in vesicles which appear to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum. Close association between the amorphous mass vesicle and mitochondria are commonly observed.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 409-429 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: The developmental cytology of the apical tissue of the testis of Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas rugipes was studied with light and electron microscopy. In the early larvae of both species the tisue was found to be a thickened protrusion of nongerminal cells appearing at the apical end of each testis follicle following gonadal differentiation. The cells persist through pupal and adult stages in both species, becoming more prominent at these stages in Z. rugipes, despite tracheal invasion in both species. In older adults the apical tissue regresses and ultimately distintegrates.Ultrastructurally the apical cells are distinguished from adjacent germinal cells by their (1) small, rounded or oval nuclei, (2) highly convoluted plasma membrane, (3) electron-opaque cytoplasm, (4) profuse concentrically-stacked, granular endoplasmic reticulum, (5) large aggregates of glycogen-like granules, (6) numerous small, tubular mitochondria, (7) well-developed Golgi centers and (8) striking arrays of microtubules. These cells have many cytological features in common with the androgenic gland cells of crustaceans, but not with the steroidogenic cells of vertebrates. Evidence for the formation of protein granules is also lacking. As yet, experimental procedures have not indicated an endocrine function for these cells in tenebrionids. However, their cytology is consistent with secretory activity of some kind.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 475-509 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rectum of Periplaneta americana L. is lined with cuticle and has six radially arranged cushion-shaped thickenings, the rectal pads, composed of columnar cells. Narrow strips of simple rectal cells lie between the pads. Tall junctional cells form a thin but continuous collar around the pads where they join the rectal cells. The epithelium is surrounded by a layer composed of circular and longitudinal muscles and connective tissue. This layer of muscle and connective tissue is innervated and tracheated, and is separated from the pad surface by a subepithelial sinus. Fluid flowing through the sinus enters the haemolymph through openings in the muscle layer whre large tracheae penetrate. These openings can be sealed by muscle contractions that appress the muscle around the openings against the pad surface. The tracheae pass on into the pads, following basement membrne-lined indentations of the pad surface. Within the pad tracheolar cells send fine branches between the cells. Near the apical and basal surfaces the lateral membranes of pad cells are bridged by septate desmosomes that form a continuous band around the cells. Between apical and basal septate desmosomes is an interconnected labyrinthine system of intercellular spaces. There are three kinds of space, dilations and apical sinuses, both of variable size, and narrow communicating channels about 200 Å wide. The membranes of the latter have mitochondria closely associated with them. Continuity between the system of spaces and the subepithelial sinus is established by the basement membrane-lined invaginations of the basal surface where tracheae penetrate between pad cells. Apical surfaces of the pad cells are highly infolded and are also associated with mitochondria. However, unlike the lateral membranes facing the narrow channels, the apical membranes have a cytoplasmic coating of particles. Both associations of mitochondria with membranes constitute discrete structural entities that are found in many transporting epithelia, and we have termed them “plasmalemma-mitochondrial complexes.” As the rectal pads are organized into systems of spaces that ultimately open in the direction of fluid movement, existing models of solute-coupled water transport can be applied. However, the rectal pads are structurally more complex than fluid-transporting tissues of vertebrates. This complexity may be related to the ability of the rectum to withdraw water from ion-free solutions in the lumen. We present a structural model involving solute recycling to explain the physiological characteristics of rectal reabsorption.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969) 
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  • 74
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    Notes: The ultrastructure of mouse tracheal epithelium was examined. The three cell types, basal cells, ciliated cells and goblet cells, described for other mammalian trachea were found to be present although goblet cells occurred only rarely. A cell type, termed the nonciliated cell, not described in other mammalian trachea was frequently found in mouse tracheal epithelium. These cells contained abundant smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, a large Golgi complex, and many mitochondria. There were many vesciles containing an electron dense material near the luminal surface of these cells; these cells were positive for PAS. These features suggested a secretory function for the cells. This, along with the scarcity of goblet cells, suggested that the nonciliated cells of mouse tracheal epithelium fulfill the function of the goblet cells found in other mammalian trachea.
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  • 75
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    Notes: Cytodifferentiation during spermiogenesis in Hydra littoralis was studied at the fine structural level. Concentration of nuclear material as well as specific orientation of granular and filamentous nuclear elements are apparent in two regions of the early spermatid: where the nuclear envelope is in contact with mitochondrial membranes at one pole of the cell and at an opposite region where the nucleus is closely apposed to the plasma membrane. Ultimately the mass of condensed nuclear material becomes concentrated at the mitochondrial pole of the cell. Additional electron-dense material is extruded from the nucleus into a large vacuole which is in continuity with the nuclear membrane as well as associated with Golgi lamellae and vesicles. Eventually all residual cytoplasm is sloughed, leaving the nucleus, mitochondria, and flagellum. These observations are suggestive of nucleocytoplasmic interactions during development, especially influences of mitochondria and plasma membranes on chromatin condensation.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 369-374 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two embryos of Sphenodon punctatus, measuring 17.4 mm and 25.2 mm in length, were used in examining the arrangement of the septa and associated vessel pattern in the bulbus cordis. As in other reptiles, two septa subdivide most of the bulbus into three arterial vessels. The aortico-pulmonary septum passes through an angle of about 160° in its descent toward the ventricle. The aortic septum describes an angle of about 150°. Both partitions terminate anterior to the level of the ventricle, leaving an undivided remnant of the bulbus cordis from which the arterial vessels spring. When compared to other reptilian embryos whose bulbi have been studied in detail (i.e., Chrysemys and Aristelliger), Sphenodon shows similarities in the proximaldistal arrangement of the arterial apertures, the mode of descent of the bulbar septa, and the endocardial cushions, which comprise the bulbar septa. The rotation of the septa, however, is substantially different from that observed in the turtle and the lizard so far studied. The aortico-pulmonary and aortic septa in Sphenodon spiral through angles greater than those in Chrysemys and Aristelliger. This pattern in Sphenodon appears to represent a primitive phylogenetic feature in terms of the evolution of the bulbus in reptiles.
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  • 77
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    Notes: The development of the eye in embryos of Rana pipiens raised at two different temperatures was studied in detail from Shumway stage 16 through Shumway stage 25. One clutch of eggs from each of ten different female frogs was divided into two groups, one of which was raised at a temperature of 14°C and the other at 19°C. The 14° to 19° difference falls in the middle of the temperature range for normal development of Rana pipiens as established by Atlas ('35), Moore ('39), and Ryan ('41). Two hundred embryos, one embryo from each of the ten clutches, raised to each of ten stages at 14° or at 19°, were sectioned for microscopic study of the eye region. Descriptions of the morphology and histology of the developing eye are illustrated by photographs and provide a reference to which development of experimental embryos may be compared. A synoptic checklist is provided which specifies the changes occurring at each stage studied.
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 163-175 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A fine structural study of the ventricular muscle of Venus mercenaria has revealed that it is an invertebrate smooth muscle. In the relaxed state induced by acetylcholine, both thick (350 Å) and thin (80 Å) myofilaments are observed. These are loosely distributed in bundles in the periphery of the mononucleated myocytes. The central core of the cell contains an ovoid nucleus, α-glycogen rosettes, round mitochondria and numerous smooth surfaced vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum. After exposure to serotonin, all myofilaments are compacted in the peripheral cytoplasm and become oriented parallel to the longitudinal cellular axis. This produces contraction bands visible in phase contrast microscopy. Because these myofilaments attach to the cell membrane at sites of attachment plaques, contraction of the cell results in the serial evagination or blebbing of the cell surface. The above features are clearly demonstrable in this invertebrate smooth muscle and strongly suggest a sliding filament model as the contractile mechanism in this tissue. Moreover, the cell surface is thought to play an active and major role in that process.
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 341-353 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three-dimensional, histological, and x-ray techniques provide a picture of body segment and limb morphogenesis. Cell multiplication begins in the proliferation region (“meristem”) during the molt from the preceding instar. By four days post-molt, the cells that will form the new segments are well under way in their anterior, lateral, and dorsal migration. It is suggested that after the anlagen for all the new segments are estabilshed, a mitotic wave commences in the most anterior anlagen and moves posteriorly during the remainder of the instar. When cell proliferation is complete, final differentiation of the segments takes place.The process of limb formation is one of cell proliferation and perhaps migration. Each limb develops in a membranous pocket during the instar following the one in which its respective body segment was formed.
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  • 81
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    Notes: The feminine dimorph has unique structures that produce eggs, select salubrious sites for the offspring, store sperm, and void the eggs. This paper provides a time table for development of these parts in Aedes stimulans based on preparations examined at 5-hour intervals when reared at 21°C. All growths of imaginal parts proceeds independent of activities in the larval tissues.Ovaries produce the eggs in terminal follicles of the ovarioles. Besides ovarioles each ovary contains sheaths for the ovarioles, pedicels attaching them to a central canal, the calyx, ovarian sheath and muscles. Ovaries are recognizable in newly hatched larvae as caps of cells on larger masses which become part of the delivery system for eggs. Each ovary grows forward from its attachment first as a column of cells that differentiates into the several tissues by the time the insect enters pupal life. Prior accounts have considered the ovary as the whole mass of cells on each side of the hemocoel of segment 6. Only the most anterior cells recognizably distinct at the end of embryogeny are generative.The delivery system for eggs is composed of the lateral oviducts and median or common oviduct. Primordia from which the former are derived are present from the end of embryogeny and throughout larval life as two distinct parts. Two ovoid masses occur in the hemocoel of segment 6. To each of these is attached a filament extending backward to an attachment ventrally and caudally in segment 7. They are rapidly changed into definitive lateral oviducts late in pupal life. The single primordium for generating the median genital tract appears during instar 3 as a caudal ventral plate of cells in segment 8 between a pair of bilateral buds and invaginates during instar 4 to form (1) the common oviduct from a midventral pouch, (2) three spermathecae from two lateral invaginations and (3) the elaborate vaginal area. The bilateral buds form no parts of the female.The post-vaginal area or atrium with its accessory organs is derived in part from the ventral plate of segment 8 and that of segment 9. The imaginal disc in segment 9 is present at the end of embryogeny as primordial buds and ventral plate and development is delayed until early pupal life when it projects inward to form part of the atrium and pouches once to form the common opening for the duct of the accessory gland and the canal to the bursa copulatrix. The buds of this disc produce no feminine parts.During the second larval instar lateral primordia appear as a pair of shields in the anal segment. They develop slowly until pupation when they extend caudally as two flaps called “cerci” in culicid literature and this paper.
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  • 82
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    Notes: Biochemical assay of acid phosphatase in normal and lens-regenerating eyes of the urodele Diemictylus viridescens, using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate, demonstrates both soluble and lysosomal fractions of the enzyme. While the specific activity of the soluble fraction remains unchanged during lens regeneration, the lysosomal fraction shows four distinct rises in specific activity during the thirty-day regeneration period studied. These peak activities on the second, eighth, fifteenth, and twenty-second days post-lentectomy apparently correspond to lysosomal activity in the processes of wound healing, iris depigmentation, and lens differentiation which occur during urodele lens regeneration. On the basis of biochemical and histochemical studies as well as observations of morphological changes in the urodele eye as lens regeneration proceeds, it is postulated that there is a significant correlation between these morphological changes and the level and localization of the lysosomal acid hydrolases in the tissues in which the changes occur.
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 473-491 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A sensory structure in the anterior region of the food canal of two species of aphid has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The dorsal wall is innervated by a total of 60 neurones which terminate, in groups, at 14 porous papillae on the cuticle. Paired papillae have also been detected in the ventral wall of this region. The fine structure of individual neurones and their grouping around papillae indicates a chemosensory function.The examination of moulting aphids shows that the distal portions of dendrites are shed with the exuviae.
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The secretory processes in the shell gland of laying chickens were the subject of this study. Three cell types contribute secretory material to the forming egg: ciliated and non-ciliated columnar cells of the uterine surface epithelium, and cells of tubular glands in the mucosa. The ciliated cells as well as the non-ciliated cells have microvilli, which undergo changes in form and extent during the secretory cycle. At the final stages of shell formation they resemble stereocilia. It is postulated that the microvilli of both cells are active in the production of the cuticle of the shell.The ciliated cell which has both cilia and microvilli manufactures secretory granules which arise from the Golgi complex in varying amounts throughout the egg laying cycle. Granule production reaches its greatest intensity during the early stages of shell deposition. The ciliated cell probably supplies proteinaceous material to the matrix of the forming egg shell.The non-ciliated cell has only microvilli. Secretory granules, containing an acid mucopolysaccharide, arise from the Golgi complex. Some granules are extruded into the uterine lumen where they supply the egg shell with organic matrix. Others migrate towards the supranuclear zone. Here a number of them disintegrate. This is accompanied by the formation of a large membraneless space, which is termed “vacuoloid.” Subsequently the vacuoloid regresses and during regression an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum with numerous polyribosomes of spiral configuration appears. It is suggested that material in the vacuoloid originating from the disintegrating granules is resynthesized and utilized for the formation of secretory product.The uterine tubular gland cells have irregular, frondlike microvilli. During egg shell deposition, these microvilli form large blebs and are probably related to the elaboration of a watery, calcium-containing fluid.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hearts of the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa were studied with the electron microscope after prefixation in phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde or buffered formalin and subsequent postifxation in phosphate buffered osmium tetroxide. Epicardial, myocardial and endocardial layers are identified; however the hearts of Myxine lack an extensive capillary system comparable to the coronary vessels of other vertebrate heart tissues. Instead, blood is supplied to cells via an elaborate system of channels which extend between numerous trabeculae that make up the cardiac wall of this organism. Fine structural features of special interest include the presence of numerous dense granules (chromaffin granules) within myofibers and also specific granular cells which lack the contractile elements that are characteristic of both skeletal and cardiac myofibers. Another prominent feature noted includes an elaborate system of tubular invaginations within the subjacent sarcoplasm. These elements appear to be specific for the myofibers. They are continuous with the plasma membrane and project into the peripheral sarcoplasmic matrix. Crystalline inclusions are also observed in the sarcoplasm of the myofibers. These are compared with similar inclusions in other cellular components. The Golgi complex is very extensive in the myofibers of Myxine, and granules of varying sizes and densities often appear in the vicinity of the Golgi saccules. The observations suggest that the numerous vesicles around the Golgi Complex represent intermediate stages in the formation of the chromaffin granules. The structure and function of the extensive tubular invaginations are compared with the transverse tubules reported in several mammalian heart tissues.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Normally, urodele limb regeneration is nerve-dependent. Reduction in nerve-dependency has been reported for regenerating, transplanted newt limbs (Singer and Mutterperl, '63). Aneurogenic limbs can regenerate without nerves (Yntema, '59). Induction of supernumerary limbs may be obtained from aneurogenic limbs of larval Ambystoma after transplantation orthotopically to innervated larvae and with normal nerve ingrowth to the limb transplant prevented by repeated section of brachial nerves. Of the 13 (of 43) grafts with supernumeraries, nerve counts showed 11 with 0-5; 1 with 5-10; and 1 with 20+ fibers. Orthotopically grafted aneurogenic limbs allowed to become innervated showed 14 supernumeraries in 49 grafts. This supernumerary limb induction is thus not nerve-dependent.Normally, innervated larval Ambystoma limbs grafted orthotopically and heteroplastically regenerated in 17 of 37 cases after repeated section of brachial nerves. Of the 17 regenerates nerve counts showed 4 with 0-5; 5 with 5-10; 7 with 10-19; and 1 with 20+ fibers. Larval limbs heteroplastically transplanted may require very few or no nerves for regeneration.
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  • 87
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 88
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 307-339 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A fine structural analysis of fetal mouse ovaries reveals the presence of intercellular bridges between developing oocytes. These bridges, which connect two or more oocytes, are most frequently seen prior to the dictyate stage of meiotic prophase. The intercellular connections are limited by a tri-laminar membrane which is continuous with the oocyte plasmalemma. A characteristic feature of all bridges is the presence of an electron-dense material on the cytoplasmic side of the limiting membrane. Since this dense material is a constant and conspicuous component of the entire bridge, identification of these connections is possible in all planes of section. In cross section, the bridges are usually cylindrical, while in longitudinal section, a variety of configurations are observed. Oocytes connected by intercellular bridges exhibit a highly developed Golgi complex which is frequently localized in the region of the cytoplasmic continuities. Vesicular elements, apparently derived from the Golgi, are routinely observed within the boundaries of the bridges. Other cytoplasmic organelles, including rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and mitochondria, are also seen in these bridges. The presence of these vesicles and organelles within intercellular bridges suggests that these connections may provide a means for transfer of organelles and other substances from one oocyte to another. It may be, therefore, that intercellular bridges are important for the nourishment and maturation of certain selected oocytes as well as for the synchronization of meiotic events.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of the “Corneagen,” i.e., the epidermis lying beneath the cornea-lens of the lateral eyes of the adult intermolt Limulus polyphemus was studied with light and electron microscopy.This layer is composed of heavily columnar cells containing a striking number of cytoplasmic microtubules. Many of the microtubules are grouped into compact bundles or fascicles, generally each cell having at least one microtubule bundle. The cornealens end of each cell has numerous microvilli, each with a core of delicate filaments. The crypts between microvilli end in extracellular expansions and plaques of electron dense amorphous material are associated with these terminal expansions. Cytoplasmic microtubules appear to insert into these dense areas.The basal ends of the cells are thrown into many pseudopodial processes which extend into the surrounding extracellular space. The cytoplasm of the pseudopodia is composed largely of microtubules and their associated low density halos.Junctional complexes consisting of zonulae adhaerens and septate desmosomes are present between adjacent cells. Mitochondria, ER, cytoplasmic vesicles, Golgi stacks and other ultrastructural details of the epidermal cells are described. The ultrastructure of a column of pigment free processes lying between the apex of the lens cone and the underlying photoreceptive portion of the ommatidium is also described. Ducts or vessels of uncertain origin are present in the inter-ommatidial spaces.Possible roles played by the microtubules, the significance of their disposition and of their association with the dense subsurface plaques are discussed in terms of intracellular support, epidermis-lens attachment and extracellular pattern determination. In addition, the likelihood of the dense plaques being the site of microtubule assembly is considered.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Differentiating oocytes and associated follicle cells of two species of amphineurans (Mollusca) Mopalia muscosa and Chaetopleura apiculata have been studied by techniques of light and electron microscopy. In addition to the regularly occurring organelles, the ooplasm of young oocytes contains large, randomly situated, basophilic regions. These regions are not demonstrable in mature eggs.As oocytes differentiate, lipid, pigment and protein-carbohydrate yolk bodies accumulate within the ooplasm. Concomitant with the appearance of pigment and the protein carbohydrate containing yolk bodies, the saccules of the Golgi complex become filled with a dense material. Associated with the Golgi complex are cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum which are filled with an electron opaque substance which is thought to be composed of protein synthesized by this organelle. That portion of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum facing the Golgi complex shows evaginations. These evaginations are thought to finalize into protein containing vesicles that subsequently fuse with the Golgi complex. Thus, the Golgi complex in these oocytes might serve as a center for packaging and concentrating the protein used in the construction of the protein containing pigment or protein-carbohydrate yolk bodies. The suggestion is made that the Golgi complex may also synthesize the carbohydrate portion of the formentioned yolk bodies.In an adnuclear position in young oocytes are some acid mucopolysaccharide containing vacuolar bodies. In mature eggs, these structures are found within the peripheral ooplasm and we have referred to them as cortical granules. There is no alteration of these cortical granules during sperm activation.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Communication organs (septulae) of cheilostome Bryozoa are more complex than perviously believed. Annuli, present only in lateral septulae, are thickenings of the intercalary cuticle. Each communication pore is filled with a ring-like “pore cincture,” through which project a pair of “special cells.” Septulae of all species examined (10 species from 6 families) can be considered modifications of the same structure, varying only in degree of calcification and number of communication pores.External walls, including basal and lateral walls, are best defined as reinforcements of the ectocyst, which is derived by intussusception from the primary cuticle of the ancestrula. The lateral ectocyst must be considered a double layer formed by invagination of the distal ectocyst. Internal walls are developed by apposition from inner parts of the ectocyst; they include pore plates and transverse walls.External walls are laid down first. Lenticular masses develop unilaterally on the uncalcified lateral ectocyst; the pore plate develops by apposition from the interior part of the ectocyst. Depending on the species, the pore plate may or may not be calcified at the time of its formation. Communication pores are formed when the developing pore plate abuts against embryonic special cells. The septular ectocyst never calcifies; it breaks down when the pore plate is complete.Some ascophorans undergo “reparative budding,” in which new zoids are formed within dead zoecia. Hollow, ectocyst-covered buds lined with blastemic epithelia are produced from septulae of live zoids; adjacent buds may fuse.These findings are consistent with the view that lateral septulae are aborted zoids and that pore plates represent transverse walls.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 281-305 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the motor horn of the foetal mouse was investigated. A sampling technique was evolved using cresyl violet stained material.A decline in the number of motor neuroblasts occurred during the development, on each side, of four definitive motor regions from a single longitudinal column. The total number of motor horn cells fell from about 100,000 on the eleventh day after mating to about 25,000 on the fourteenth day. The early stages of this decline (between 11 and 12 days) are probably explained by the fact that not all neuroblasts in the region differentiate into motor cells; he later decrease can be entirely accounted for by the number of degenerations.Irradiation of the foetal mouse with a dose of 50 rads of cobalt-60 gamma-radiation resulted in an excess of about 20,000 differentiating motor cells on the thirteenth and fourteenth days. Irradiation increased the actual number, but not the percentage, of degenerations. This suggests that differentiation is a phase in the growth process which proceeds degeneation.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histochemical procedures for acid phosphatase in normal and lens-regenerating eyes of the urodele Diemictylus viridescens demonstrate activity in a variety of structures. In the normal urodele eye, acid phosphatase is present in conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells and associated glands, in blood vessel endothelium and posterior epithelial cells of the iris, in the anterior lens epithelium, and in the cytoplasm of the optic nerve. Acid phosphatase in the lens-regenerating eye is localized in the same structures as in the normal eye as well as in increased amounts in the corneal epithelial cells and stromal macrophages at the lentectomy wound site and in the posterior portion of the developing lens during completion of differentiation of primary into mature lens fibers characterized by loss of many intracellular organelles. On the basis of these histochemical findings, it is proposed that hydrolytic lysosomal enzymes play an important role in the processes of cellular and intracellular destruction and synthesis which occur during Wolffian lens regeneration in the urodele.
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  • 94
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 9-23 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Frog retinal rod outer segments were detached from dark adapted retinas by (1) agitation in frog Ringer's solution or (2) by crushing between two glass surfaces. The resulting suspensions were further purified by low and high speed centrifugation procedures in Ficoll density gradients. The density of the outer segments in Ficoll solutions was found to be 1.09. The large frog outer segments, unlike bovine outer segments, are not readily separated from nuclei, which were estimated to comprise 2.6-8% of the material, based on DNA analyses. The RNA/DNA ratio was 0.4-0.5, like that of neuronal nuclei. Representative enzymes of glycolysis (lactic dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase), phosphogluconate oxidation (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), the citric acid cycle (malic dehydrogenase) and ATP degradation (ATPase) were assayed. A major part of the malic dehydrogenase activity was probably due to inner segments attached to some of the outer segments. Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (but not lactic dehydrogenase) activities were lower in detached outer segments purified on Ficoll gradients than in samples of outer segment layer microdissected from freeze-dried sections of frog retina, as well as in whole retina. The data suggest that the activities of all the enzymes studied are intrinsically low in rod outer segments.
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  • 95
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The frog, Rana pipiens, hibernates through the winter with ovaries containing oocytes which, in size and appearance, are ready for ovulation and maturation. From November through April, the normal time of egg laying, ovulation and maturation can be induced by interrupting hibernation and administering gonadotropic hormones. In the studies reported here, it has been found that oocytes taken from hibernating animals in early winter take up amino acids from a saline medium at a relatively rapid rate. Respiratory inhibition produced by such agents as dinitrophenol (DNP) and anaerobiosis, does not completely stop uptake but slows it down markedly.In late winter, amino acid uptake tends to be slower in normal cells and when DNP or cyanide is added, a marked acceleration of the rate of uptake is observed. The uptake in poisoned cells is accumulative, producing internal concentrations higher than that of the medium. At this concentration of DNP, amino acid incorporation is almost completely stopped. Fluoride abolishes the DNP stimulation of amino acid uptake. Removal of sodium ion from the incubating medium has no effect on either uptake or incorporation.These data are interpreted to mean that a capacity for oxidative phosphorylation in oocytes diminishes during winter hibernation. In the spring either an anaerobic capacity comes into being or becomes capable of being switched on. During this time the rate of amino acid uptake, even in the downhill phase, is limited by energy availability and is not dependent on a sodium gradient.
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  • 96
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 73 (1969), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of temperature on intracellular ATP levels in cells of the ascitic Hepatoma 129 has been determined using an UV-enzymic method. ATP levels are found to vary inversely with temperature over the range (4°-37°C) studied, and this variation is found to be reversible. An indication of a possible direct correlation of ADP level with temperature was also obtained.A correlation is deduced between rise in intracellular ATP level and decrease in cytoplasmic viscosity, both from the present results, and from similar effects recently reported by Landau ('61) for increase in pressure.The significance of these observations is discussed with reference to the model for cytoplasmic viscosity proposed by Marsland ('56) and the wider biological significance of this effect is explored.
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  • 97
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 101-114 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Analysis of the equilibrium of the normal biconcave human red cell, in terms of its tension and a pressure inside, suggests a force of attraction between the opposite membranes at the dimple regions. The analogous attraction that causes rouleaux formation is mediated by long-chain molecules. Single cells hanging on edge between polarizer and analyser, almost “crossed,” were photographed at different angles to the axis of the polarizer. Enlarged prints were scanned by a photometer. For single cells the records showed non-significant fluctuations of intensity, but mean values for 32 cells showed a very significant sinusoidal variation with angle, as predicted by theory for birefringence in the cell at the dimple region. For the rim region, the averaged data showed no variation with angle. In cells moderately osmotically swollen, birefringence in the centre of the dimple region was absent, but persisted close to the inside of the membranes. The latter disappeared in cells further swollen to a biconvex shape. The data is interpreted as indicating oriented chains of molecules across the interior of the cell at the dimple region. The behaviour on swelling was what had been seen in a model with nylon fibres oriented between the charged plates of a condenser, in which the variation of attractive force with distance was adequate to explain the equilibrium of the red cell membrane.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: H3-Uridine microinjected in the giant axons of the squid is incorporated in a TCA insoluble material. There is no difference between stimulated and resting axons as to the amount incorporated.The amount incorporated is increased if the stimulation precedes the microinjection of the tracer.RNA was purified and characterized from the axoplasm, axon sheaths and from a purified membrane preparation obtained from squid retinal nerve.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Diploid human fibroblasts in culture (WI 38) were allowed to reach a stationary phase and were then stimulated to reenter DNA synthesis and cell division by addition of serum to the culture medium. The rate of protein synthesis increased during the first hours after addition of serum reaching at three hours a plateau value that continued for at least 24 hours after serum addition. Inhibition of protein synthesis during the early hours after serum addition abolished the stimulation of DNA synthesis occurring 20 to 28 hours later.Increased protein synthesis was preceded by a rapid decrease in the intracellular pool size of most amino acids. These changes were independent of concomitant protein synthesis. They suggest that serum exerts an immediate effect on the function of the cell membrane.
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  • 100
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 74 (1969), S. 217-217 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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