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  • Other Sources  (1,743)
  • BIOSCIENCES  (1,701)
  • Aircraft Propulsion and Power
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • 1970-1974  (1,702)
  • 1950-1954  (41)
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  • 101
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    Evidence for metabolic activity of airborne bacteria (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Aerosols of the bacterium Serratia marcescens, and of uniformly labeled C-14 glucose were produced simultaneously and mixed in tubing leading to an aerosol chamber. During a subsequent period of about 5 hrs, carbon dioxide was produced metabolically within the chamber, and labeled material incorporated within the suspended particles first increased then decreased. This constitutes the first direct evidence of microbial metabolism of bacteria suspended in the air.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-138187 , QSR-4
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  • 102
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    Cycles in metabolism and heat loss (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Using calorimetric techniques, subjects' metabolism, thermoregulation, and body temperatures were monitored continuously for 24-hour days, using three types of experimental routines. A water cooling garment (WCG) was used for direct calorimetry, while partitional calorimetry was used to establish a non-suited comparison for one of the routines. In this replicated routine, called the quiet day, the subjects were sedentary throughout the daytime hours and slept normally at night. Results indicate that the WCG may act to reduce 24-hour total oxygen consumption (VO2) or heat production, possibly due to the lowered energy cost of thermoregulation.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-134293
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  • 103
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    Some characteristics of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase activity in rat liver (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A reliable assay for hepatic fructose 1,6-diphosphatase in the rat was developed. It was found that the greatest enzymic activity and highest protein levels were eluted from the colored portion of the homogenate. When the substrate concentration was 0.01M, the enzyme had optimal activity when incubated with 0.01M MgSO4 for 10 min. at 37 C in 0.05M Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 7.5. Specificity for the substrate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, was obtained at substrate concentration of 0.01M.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-137415
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  • 104
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    Growth and development in inert non-aqueous liquids (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A preview is presented of the survival and growth capabilities of higher plants in non-aqueous, inert liquids. The two media which were used are mineral (white) oil and fluorochemical inert liquid FC-75. Both liquids dissolve oxygen and carbon dioxide readily, but are insoluble in water. Consequently, plants submerged in these liquids are capable of gas exchange with the atmosphere, but possess a water impermeable coating the dimensions of which are determined by the size of the liquid holding container. In a sense, growing plants in a tank of mineral oil imparts on them a cuticle. Plants plus prescribed volumes of water were innoculated into mineral oil. Organisms with minimal water supplied could then be observed. Also, submersed plants covered with an oil slick were shown to be capable of growth in dessicating atmospheres.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: PAPER-36
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  • 105
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    Investigations in space-related molecular biology (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Improved instrumentation and preparation techniques for high resolution, high voltage cryo-electron microscopic and diffraction studies on terrestrial and extraterrestrial specimens are reported. Computer correlated ultrastructural and biochemical work on hydrated and dried cell membranes and related biological systems provided information on membrane organization, ice crystal formation and ordered water, RNA virus linked to cancer, lunar rock samples, and organometallic superconducting compounds. Apollo 11, 12, 14, and 15 specimens were analyzed
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-138075 , Duran-Reynals Intern. Symp. on Viral Replication and Cancer; Barcelona
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  • 106
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    The physics of cellular synthesis, growth and division (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Three areas of research in NASA'S University Program are described. Primitive terrestrial living cells were studied as a guide to the kind of cells to look for in extraterrestrial life. Experiments in zero gravity conditions are described with emphasis upon effects on small organisms. The effects of ionizing radiation on cells are studied so that it will be possible to predict dosages which can be tolerated by humans with no permanent damage.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-136896
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  • 107
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    Scientific and technical services directed toward the development of planetary quarantine measures for automated spacecraft (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The work is reported, which was performed in the specific tasks of the Planetary Quarantine research program for developing parameter specifications of unmanned scientific missions to the planets. The effort was directed principally toward the advancement of the quarantine technology, applicable to all future missions to planets of biological interest. The emphasis of the research was on coordinated evaluation, analysis, documentation, and presentation of PQ requirements for flight projects such as Viking and Pioneer.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-138001
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  • 108
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    Venous return curves obtained from graded series of valsalva maneuvers (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effects were studied of a graded series of valsalva-like maneuvers on the venous return, which was measured transcutaneously in the jugular vein of an anesthetized dog, with the animal serving as its own control. At each of five different levels of central venous pressure, the airway pressure which just stopped venous return during each series of maneuvers was determined. It was found that this end-point airway pressure is not a good estimator of the animal's resting central venous pressure prior to the simulated valsalva maneuver. It was further found that the measured change in right atrial pressure during a valsalva maneuver is less than the change in airway pressure during the same maneuver, instead of being equal, as had been expected. Relative venous return curves were constructed from the data obtained during the graded series of valsalva maneuvers.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-137361 , ECE-74-2
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  • 109
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    Application of nitrogen metabolism in autotrophic bacteria to chemosynthetic bioregeneration in space missions, supplement (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The chemolithotroph, Hydrogenomonas eutropha, was considered as a life support, bioregenerative system. This project focuses on several metabolic functions that are related to the proposed nitrogen cycle between man and this microbe. Specifically this organism has the capability to utilize as the sole nitrogen source such urine components as urea and fifteen individual amino acids, but not nine other amino acids. The effectiveness of utilization was high for many amino acids. Several specific growth inhibitions were also observed. The enzyme that catalyzes the incorporation of ammonia in the medium into amino acids was identified as a NADP-specific, L-glutamate dehydrogenase. This enzyme has a constitutive nature. This organism can synthesize all of its amino acids from carbon dioxide and ammonia. Therefore with the background literature of multiple pathways of individual amino acid biosyntheses, our evidence to date is consistent with the Hydrogeneomonas group having the same pathway of valine-isoleucine formation as the classical E. coli.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-138030 , REPT-5814-2229
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  • 110
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    Evaluation of life in Skylab from a medical viewpoint (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Skylab program established the opportunity for the first time to perform extensive medical experimentation on man in a long-term zero-g environment. This experimentation involved metabolic studies, cardiovascular systems, nutrition and mineral balance, hematology, vestibular function, and many other related investigations. This report presents an overview of the significant results of the medical experiments performed during the program and a summary of the medical observations gathered by the team of life scientists.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: AAS PAPER 74-176 , Annual Meeting; Aug 20, 1974 - Aug 22, 1974; Los Angeles, CA
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  • 111
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    Responses evoked from man by acoustic stimulation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Clicks and other acoustic stimuli evoke time-locked responses from the brain of man. The properties of the waves recordable within the interval from 1 to 10 msec after the stimuli strike the eardrum are discussed along with factors influencing the waves in the 100 to 500 msec epoch. So-called brainstem responses from a normal young adult are considered. No waves were observed for clicks to weak to be heard. With increasing stimulus strength the waves become larger in amplitude and their latency shortens.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: San Diego Biomedical Symposium; Feb 06, 1974 - Feb 08, 1974; San Diego, CA
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  • 112
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    Effect of 14 days of bed rest on urine metabolite excretion and plasma enzyme levels (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: After 1 week of ambulatory base-line measurement, a group of 8 men 19-26 years of age remained continuously recumbent for 14 days. Studies were continued for 1 week following the prolonged recumbency. Urine excretion rates for a number of constituents were determined 2 days before bed rest, on day 14 of bed rest, and day 6 after bed rest. Blood plasma samples were also obtained at these times, and analyzed for several enzymes. On day 14 of bed rest significant increases were observed in urine excretion of total osmotically-active substances, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, creatinine, hydroxyproline, and 17-OH corticosteroids. A decrease occurred in urinary glucose excretion. Plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase and LDH-3 were depressed, while plasma GPT was elevated. Many of these changes persisted on day 6 after bed rest, and are interpreted as concomitants of the disuse atrophy of the musculoskeletal system that characterizes prolonged bed rest and weightlessness.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Plenary Meeting; Jun 17, 1974 - Jul 01, 1974; Sao Paulo; Brazil
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  • 113
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    Ultrasonic Doppler measurement of renal artery blood flow (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Implantable pulsed Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter development has resulted in designs for application to the aortas of dogs and humans, and to human renal and coronary arteries. A figure of merit was derived for each design, indicating the degree of its precision. An H-array design for transcutaneous observation of blood flow was developed and tested in vitro. Two other simplified designs for the same purpose obviate the need to determine vessel orientation. One of these will be developed in the next time period. Techniques for intraoperative use and for implantation have had mixed success. While satisfactory on large vessels, higher ultrasonic frequencies and alteration of transducer design are required for satisfactory operation of pulsed Doppler flowmeters with small vessels.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-138902
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  • 114
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    Specialized physiological studies in support of manned space flight (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Research in aerospace medicine is presented. The reports discussed include: circulatory and respiratory transients during and after orthostasis and the effects of beta adrenergic blockade; the determination of total body water by an ethanol dilution method; and increased total respiratory conductance breathing 100% oxygen (forced oscillation method).
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-134210
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  • 115
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    Survival of infectious microorganisms in space cabin environments (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Aerosol survival and virulence of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa cultures isolated during exposure to simulated space cabin environment was studied using the microthread captured aerosol technique. The aerosol survival of P. aeruginosa isolates did not differ significantly from that of the original culture from which the isolates were obtained. The mean death rate of the isolates was 1.03%/min and that of the controls 1.10%/min. Similarly exposure to the 5 psi environment did not affect the virulence of P. aeruginosa. Both strains of S. aureus (IITRI and NASA) after exposure to 5 psi environment showed some degree of adaptation to this environmental stress. The aerosol death rates of the isolated organisms were 5 to 10-fold lower than of the original cultures. At the same time the virulence of the isolates was approximately 5-fold higher than that of the original culture.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-134194 , IITRI-L6066-3
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  • 116
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    Scientific and technical services directed toward the development of planetary quarantine measures for automated spacecraft (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The research is briefly reported for each task area of the planetary quarantine program.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-136613 , QR-3
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  • 117
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    Physiological responses to heat of resting man with impaired sweating capacity (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effects of total-body heat exposure were studied in three groups of subjects with varied degrees of impaired sweating capacity. The responses of two ectodermal dysplasic men, six quadriplegic men, and a man with widespread burned scar tissue were compared with the responses of three able-bodied men resting in the heat. It was found that the able-bodied and burned subjects competed successfully with a controlled environment of 38 C and 20% relative humidity for up to 150 min, whereas the quadriplegic and ectodermal dysplasic men developed hyperthermia, hyperventilation, and distress after only 120 and 75 min of heat exposure, respectively. The intolerance to heat is thus ascribed directly to the inability to produce and evaporate sweat.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 37; Sept
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  • 118
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    Life on Jupiter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The possibilities of life on Jupiter are discussed from the point view of life as known on earth. That is, it is assumed that any life on Jupiter would not involve new principles foreign to us. Proteins would be a constituent as would fats and the other building blocks of living organisms on earth. This leads to a set of limiting parameters, such as pressure. Studies in the laboratory have shown that proteins and other essential molecules are denatured by pressures of 4000 atm and higher. Thus, life cannot be expected to exist in the great depths of the Jovian atmosphere. It could exist only at depths of several hundred kilometers in the atmosphere. Since no solid surface could possibly exist at such altitudes, any organisms present must be small enough to be buoyed up by the turbulent atmospheric currents or must fly or both. Such possibilities, however, seem to be real. The necessary nutrients to preserve life and foster growth could be furnished by the Miller-Urey type reactions of ionizing radiation on the reducing atmosphere undoubtedly present.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Origins of Life; 5; July-Oct
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  • 119
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    On the possible origin and evolution of the genetic code (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The genetic code is examined for indications of possible preceding codes that existed during early evolution. Eight of the 20 amino acids are coded by 'quartets' of codons with fourfold degeneracy, and 16 such quartets can exist, so that an earlier code could have provided for 15 or 16 amino acids, rather than 20. If twofold degeneracy is postulated for the first position of the codon, there could have been ten amino acids in the code. It is speculated that these may have been phenylalanine, valine, proline, alanine, histidine, glutamine, glutanic acid, aspartic acid, cysteine and glycine. There is a notable deficiency of arginine in proteins, despite the fact that it has six codons. Simultaneously, there is more lysine in proteins than would be expected from its two codons, if the four bases in mRNA are equiprobable and are arranged randomly. It is speculated that arginine is an 'intruder' into the genetic code, and that it may have displayed another amino acid such as ornithine, or may even have displayed lysine from some of its previous codon assignments. As a result, natural selection has favored lysine against the fact that it has only two codons.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Origin of Life; 5; July-Oct
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  • 120
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    Conservation of Shannon's redundancy for proteins (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Concepts of information theory are applied to examine various proteins in terms of their redundancy in natural originators such as animals and plants. The Monte Carlo method is used to derive information parameters for random protein sequences. Real protein sequence parameters are compared with the standard parameters of protein sequences having a specific length. The tendency of a chain to contain some amino acids more frequently than others and the tendency of a chain to contain certain amino acid pairs more frequently than other pairs are used as randomness measures of individual protein sequences. Non-periodic proteins are generally found to have random Shannon redundancies except in cases of constraints due to short chain length and genetic codes. Redundant characteristics of highly periodic proteins are discussed. A degree of periodicity parameter is derived.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Molecular Evolution; 3; 3, 19; 1974
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  • 121
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    Wave transmission characteristics and anisotropy of canine carotid arteries (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A method was developed to generate and record three types of small amplitude waves (pressure, torsion and axial) in the exposed carotid artery of anesthetized dogs. The pressure waves were studied with the aid of miniature pressure transducers; electro-optical tracking units monitored the axial and circumferential surface displacements. Results from 6 dogs are presented in the form of the phase velocities and attenuation of three types of waves. The data demonstrate incompatibility with an isotropic elastic model for the mechanical behavior of the artery. The measured damping appears to be primarily due to the viscoelastic properties of the vessel wall material.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Biomechanics; 7; Mar. 197
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  • 122
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    Control of skin blood flow, sweating, and heart rate - Role of skin vs. core temperature (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study was conducted to generate quantitative expressions for the influence of core temperature, skin temperature, and the rate of change of skin temperature on sweat rate, skin blood flow, and heart rate. A second goal of the study was to determine whether the use of esophageal temperature rather than the right atrial temperature as a measure of core temperature would lead to different conclusions about the control of measured effector variables.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 36; June 197
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  • 123
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    Gravitational force as a determinant of turtle-shell growth and shape (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Chronic low-gravity simulation (pedestal support, suspension by wires or foam, and/or clinostat tumbling) of 11 aquatic red-eared sliders, Pseudemys scripta elegans, and of nine box turtles, Terrapine carolina, resulted in continued but slower linear carapace growth. Decreased shell height was accompanied by drastic plastron infolding. Chronic centrifugation (1.4, 1.8, 2.8, 5, or 8.1 g) of 81 box turtles caused an eventual decrease (12% per g) in linear growth rate. No consistent decrease occurred with aquatic turtles centrifuged at below 6 g. Maximum growth of length and roundness appears near 5 g for aquatic environments and near 1 g in land environments. Present results suggest that some gravity is necessary for normal bone growth.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; June 197
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  • 124
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    From proteinoid microsphere to contemporary cell - Formation of internucleotide and peptide bonds by proteinoid particles (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
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  • 125
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    The development and diversification of Precambrian life (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The temporal relationships among various prominent events occurring in the evolution of life are considered. It is seen that the Precambrian encompasses an enormous segment of geologic time and includes more than 80% of the history of life on this planet. As a result of the studies of the past decade it appears that living systems were probably extant as early as 3300 m.y. ago. Photoautotrophs, apparently including blue-green algae, originated earlier than 3000 m.y. ago. Blue-green algae were the dominant components of earth's biota for the period extending from about 3000 to 1000 m.y. ago. The nucleated, eukaryotic cell type had become established at least as early as 900, and possibly prior to 1300 m.y. ago.
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  • 126
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    Homeostatic tendencies of the earth's atmosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The concept is developed that the atmosphere of the earth flows in a closed system controlled by and for the biosphere. The environmental factors delimiting the biosphere are examined. It is found that neither oxygen nor pressure per se limit the distribution of life as a whole. Rather the major physical variables determining the distribution of organisms are solar radiation, temperature, water abundance, and the concentrations of hydrogen and other ions and elements. An attempt is made to model temperature and atmospheric composition of a lifeless earth.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
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  • 127
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    The outer solar system - Perspectives for exobiology (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An attempt is made to summarize the current knowledge about the composition and structures of outer planet atmospheres with special emphasis on Jupiter, Saturn, and Titan. The nature of the substances which are responsible for the yellow coloration observed on both Jupiter and Saturn is discussed. The analysis of planetary conditions conducted shows that the outer solar system offers a variety of environments in which natural experiments in prebiotic organic synthesis must be taking place at the present time.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
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  • 128
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    Phase analysis of the somatic and mental variables in Gjessing's case 2484 of intermittent catatonia (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
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  • 129
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    Cosinor mapping of physiologic and psychologic variables in 10 healthy men before and during balneotherapy (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
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  • 130
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    Circadian rhythm of ACTH and growth hormone in human blood - Time relations to adrenocortical /blood and urinary/ rhythms (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
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  • 131
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    A study of periodicity in a patient with hypertension - Relations of blood pressure, hormones and electrolytes (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
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  • 132
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    Immediate effects of total visual deafferentation on single unit activity in the visual cortex of freely behaving cats. I - Tonic excitability changes. II - Rhythmic EEG bursts and PGO waves (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Experimental Brain Research; 20; May 17
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  • 133
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    Measurement of continuous distributions of ventilation-perfusion ratios - Theory (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The resolution of the technique considered is sufficient to describe smooth distributions containing blood flow to unventilated regions (shunt), ventilation to unperfused regions (dead space), and up to three additional modes over the range of finite ventilation-perfusion ratios. In particular, areas whose ventilation-perfusion ratios are low can be separated from unventilated regions and those whose ventilation-perfusion ratios are high can similarly be distinguished from unperfused areas.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 36; May 1974
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  • 134
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    Effects of halothane on left ventricular function and distribution of regional blood flow in dogs and primates (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Circulation Research; 34; Feb. 197
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  • 135
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    Cardiovascular response to apneic immersion in cool and warm water (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The influence of prior exposure to cool water and the influence of lung volume on the responses to breath holding were examined. The bradycardia and vasoconstriction that occur during breath-hold diving in man are apparently the resultant of stimuli from apnea, relative expansion of the thorax, lung volume, esophageal pressure, face immersion, and thermal receptor stimulation. It is concluded that the bradycardia and vasoconstriction associated with breath holding during body immersion are not attenuated by a preexisting bradycardia and vasoconstriction due to cold.
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    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 36; Feb. 197
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  • 136
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    Funduscopic alterations in the rhesus monkey induced by exposure to heavy ions /0+8/ 250 MeV/nucleon (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A heavy-ion, high-energy beam has been extracted from the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Bevatron, making controlled exposure of biological systems feasible, and a series of experiments have been undertaken to determine the possible deleterious effects of such irradiation upon the primate retina. The left eyes of 54 rhesus monkeys have been exposed to accelerated 0+8 (250 MeV/nucleon). Beam flux ranged from 1.3 x 10 to the 7th particles/ sq cm (171 rads) to 5.9 x 10 to the 8th particles/sq cm (7740 rads). Fundus photography was performed immediately prior to and immediately following exposure, at 24 to 48 hours postexposure and at 1, 2, and 5 weeks postexposure. Punctate hemorrhages of the retina were visible at 1.3 x 10 to the 7th particles/sq cm (171 rads), the lowest exposure level utilized in this study. Acute radiation retinopathy, consisting of geographic retinal hemorrhage and ischemic necrosis of the retina, was not seen until total flux reached 7.7 x 10 to the 7th particles/sq cm (1000 rads).
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; Feb. 197
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  • 137
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    Ontogenesis of receptive fields in the rabbit striate cortex (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development of receptive fields in rabbit pups was investigated by measuring their responses to various light stimuli and to electric shock delivered to the optic nerve head. The pups ranged in age from three to twenty-five days, allowing correlation of findings with maturation. The data, classified according to relation with symmetric or asymmetric field types, strongly suggest that retina maturation is the key factor in the rate of development in central visual pathways, and that central synaptic connections are made before the onset of retinal activity.
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    Type: Experimental Brain Research; 19; Jan. 22
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  • 138
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    Membrane permeability and the loss of germination factor from Neurospora crassa at low water activities (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Neurospora crassa conidia incubating in buffer at low water activities release a germination-essential component as well as 260-nm absorbing and ninhydrin-positive materials, regardless of whether an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte is used to reduce water activity. Chloroform and antibiotics known to increase cell-membrane permeability have a similar effect. This suggests that membrane damage occurs in media of low water activity and that an increase in permeability is responsible for the release of cellular components. The damage caused in media of low water activity is nonlethal in most cases, and the conidia recover when transferred to nutrient medium.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Bacteriology; 117; Jan. 197
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  • 139
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    Excitability changes in cat lateral geniculate cells during saccadic eye movements (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Science; 183; Feb. 8
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  • 140
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    Human auditory evoked potentials. II - Effects of attention (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Attention directed toward auditory stimuli, in order to detect an occasional fainter 'signal' stimulus, caused a substantial increase in the N1 (83 msec) and P2 (161 msec) components of the auditory evoked potential without any change in preceding components. This evidence shows that human auditory attention is not mediated by a peripheral gating mechanism. The evoked response to the detected signal stimulus also contained a large P3 (450 msec) wave that was topographically distinct from the preceding components. This late positive wave could also be recorded in response to a detected omitted stimulus in a regular train and therefore seemed to index a stimulus-independent perceptual decision process.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology; 36; Feb. 197
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  • 141
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    Human auditory evoked potentials. I - Evaluation of components (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Fifteen distinct components can be identified in the scalp recorded average evoked potential to an abrupt auditory stimulus. The early components occurring in the first 8 msec after a stimulus represent the activation of the cochlea and the auditory nuclei of the brainstem. The middle latency components occurring between 8 and 50 msec after the stimulus probably represent activation of both auditory thalamus and cortex but can be seriously contaminated by concurrent scalp muscle reflex potentials. The longer latency components occurring between 50 and 300 msec after the stimulus are maximally recorded over fronto-central scalp regions and seem to represent widespread activation of frontal cortex.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology; 36; Feb. 197
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  • 142
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    Conditioned suppression, punishment, and aversion (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The aversive action of visual stimuli was studied in two groups of pigeons which received response-contingent or noncontingent electric shocks in cages with translucent response keys. Presentation of grain for 3 sec, contingent on key pecking, was the visual stimulus associated with conditioned punishment or suppression. The responses of the pigeons in three different experiments are compared.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior; 21; Jan. 197
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  • 143
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    Digital computer analysis of circulatory and respiratory pressures in water-immersed dogs breathing liquid in force environments of 1 and 7 Gy (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; Jan. 197
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  • 144
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    Role of the cerebellum and the vestibular apparatus in regulation of orthostatic reflexes in the cat (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The contribution of the fastigial nucleus and the vestibular nerves (eighth cranial nerves) to the orthostatic reflexes in anesthetized, paralyzed cats was studied. Bilateral lesions of the rostral fastigial nucleus resulted in impairment of the reflex changes in blood pressure, femoral arterial flow, and resistance evoked by head-up tilting to 30 deg or 60 deg. The rostral fastigial nucleus, which might be triggered by the vestibular apparatus, appears to participate in concert with the baroreceptors in the initiation and possibly the maintenance of the orthostatic reflexes.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Circulation Research; 34; Jan. 197
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  • 145
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    Scientific publications and presentations relating to planetary quarantine. Volume 5: The 1973 supplement (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Documents concerning planetary quarantine are listed. Author and permuted title indexes are included for 282 citations.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-138898 , GWU-SCD-74-14P-VOL-5
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  • 146
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    Aeromonas proteolyrica bacteria in aerospace environments (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Preflight studies on Aeromonas proteolytica are reported to investigate the possibility of genetic alterations resulting in increased proteolysis in spacecraft environments. This organism may be present on human tissue and could pose medical problems if its endopeptidase and a hemolysin were to be produced in ususually high quantities or altered in such a way as to be more effective in their activities. Considered are: (1) Development of a nutrative holding medium for suspension of organisms; (2) the establishment of baseline information for the standardization of the assay for endopeptidase levels and hemolytic titers; (3) formulation of a method by which intracutaneous hemorrhage could be quantitated in guinea pig tissue; and (4) the responses of these organisms to parameters of spaceflight and experimentation.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-134328
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  • 147
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    Study of blood forming organ dose as a function of proton environment (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is demonstrated that a dosimeter which consists of four ion chambers, each with different wall thickness, is able to reproduce the BFO dose with reasonable accuracy. This generalized dosimetric system is only slightly more complex than dosimeters in current use. This preliminary development had two built-in assumptions; the isotropicity of the radiation and the neglect of nuclear reaction effects. Only the nuclear reaction effects have been calculated.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-132475
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  • 148
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    Hepatic pathology in mice after continuous inhalation exposure to 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Mice exposed to either 250ppm or 1,000ppm 1,1,1-trichloroethane in air continuously for 14 weeks demonstrated significant changes in the centrilobular hepatocytes for the 1,000ppm group. Moderate liver triglyceride accumulation was evident in the 1,000ppm group and peaked at 40mg/gm of tissue after 7 weeks of exposure. Focal hepatocyte necrosis occurred in 40% of the mice exposed to 1,000ppm for 12 weeks. This necrosis was associated with an acute inflammatory infiltrate and hypertrophy of Kupffer cells. These findings indicate that the pathological alternations observed with 1,1,1-trichloroethane are similar to those observed with dichloromethane except for different time courses of the effects and different degrees of recovery. The toxic effects of 1,1,1-trichloroethane are of a similar type to those produced by carbon tetrachloride but appear much less severe.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-134322
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  • 149
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    A study of the biological effect of continuous inhalation exposure of 1, 1, 1-trichloroethene (methyl chloroform) on animals (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effects of continuous exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane on hepatic morphology and function are evaluated and compared with those produced by methylene chloride (dichloromethane) to determine environmental concentrations of each compound that would produce a similar biological response, i.e., a comparable increase in liver triglycerides over control levels. Experimental findings on mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys indicate that the pathological alternations observed with 1,1,1-trichloroethane are similar to those observed with dichloromethane except for different time courses of the effects and different degrees of recovery. A ten fold greater atmospheric concentration of 1,1,1-trichloroethane is required to produce the minimal liver changes found at 100 ppm dichloromethane.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-134323
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  • 150
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    Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a possible indicator of extraterrestrial biology (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The ubiquity of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in terrestrial organisms provides the basis for proposing the assay of this vital metabolic intermediate for detecting extraterrestrial biological activity. If an organic carbon chemistry is present on the planets, the occurrence of ATP is possible either from biosynthetic or purely chemical reactions. However, ATP's relative complexity minimizes the probability of abiogenic synthesis. A sensitive technique for the quantitative detection of ATP was developed using the firefly bioluminescent reaction. The procedure was used successfully for the determination of the ATP content of soil and bacteria. This technique is also being investigated from the standpoint of its application in clinical medicine.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7680 , G-7457
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  • 151
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    Development of concept for concurrent biocide generation and water system purification (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An attempt was made to construct an electrochemical system, using iodine, for water purification in Skylab. Data cover measurements of iodine production rates, effect of electrode size and geometry on iodine production rates, and feasibility of using stainless steels as reference electrodes.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-134204
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  • 152
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    Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 130, July 1974 (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This special bibliography lists 291 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in June 1974.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(130)
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  • 153
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    Aerospace medicine and biology: A cumulative index to the continuing bibliography of the 1973 issues (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A cumulative index to the abstracts contained in Supplements 112 through 123 of Aerospace Medicine and Biology A Continuing Bibliography is presented. It includes three indexes: subject, personal author, and corporate source.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(124)
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  • 154
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    Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 128, May 1974 (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This special bibliography lists 282 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in April 1974.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(128)
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  • 155
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    Aerospace Medicine and Biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 126, March 1974 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This special bibliography lists 400 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in February 1974.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(126)
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  • 156
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    Aerospace Medicine and Biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 127, April 1974 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This special bibliography lists 279 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in March 1974.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(127)
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  • 157
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    Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 125 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This special bibliography lists 323 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in January 1974.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(125)
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  • 158
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    Proceedings of the 1972 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Endocrine Program Conference (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Subjects covered during the Endocrine Program Conference include the following: (1) endocrine/metabolic studies on the Apollo 16 crewmen; (2) changes in glucose, insulin, and growth hormone levels associated with bed rest; (3) circadian rhythms of heart rate and body temperature during 56 days of bed rest; (4) stress-induced changes in corticosteroid metabolism in man; (5) present status of physiological studies on parathyroid hormone and vitamin D; (6) antagonistic effect of lithium on antidiuretic hormone action; (7) proposed Skylab body-fluid volumes study; (8) daily rhythmic changes in serotonin content in areas of the mouse brain and norepinephrine content in areas of the hamster brain; (9) studies of sodium homeostasis during simulated weightlessness; and (10) application of the water immersion model to man.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-58134 , JSC-09046 , Nov 01, 1972; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 159
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    Project environmental microbiology as related to planetary quarantine (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Microbiological analyses of soil particles allow for the following conclusions: (1) there is a considerable range in the values of aerobic, mesophilic microbial counts associated with different size soil fractions; (2) as soil particle size increases, there is an increase in the mean microbial concentration per particle; (3) plate counts of aerobic, mesophilic organisms in unheated soils yielded a mean concentration of about six organisms per particle for the smallest soil fraction; (4) aerobic, mesophilic counts for sonicated particles heated at 80 C for 20 minutes yielded mean values of about two organisms per particle for the smallest particles; (5) some actinomycetes associated with the soil fractions could survive dry heat treatment at 110 C for one hour; and (6) soil particles stored under ambient laboratory conditions for 2.5 years aerobic, mesophilic plate counts which were comparable or slightly greater than the counts for more recently collected soil.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-140447 , SAPR-12
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  • 160
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    Program to study optimal protocol for cardiovascular and muscular efficiency (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Training programs necessary for the development of optimal strength during prolonged manned space flight were examined, and exercises performed on the Super Mini Gym Skylab 2 were compared with similar exercises on the Universal Gym and calisthenics. Cardiopulmonary gains were found negligible but all training groups exhibited good gains in strength.
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    Type: NASA-CR-140224
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  • 161
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    Effects of mutation and some environmental factors on the physiology and pathogenicity of selected bacteria (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Studies with mutants of Staphylococcus aureus lacking some virulence factors suggest that the presence of deoxyribonuclease correlates with mouse pathogenicity of S. aureus, while the ability to ferment mannitol or the possession of coagulases are not required for virulence. Autotrophy investigations on mycobacteria demonstrate a complete correlation between the ability to grow with hydrogen and the species of scotochromogenic mycobacterium tested. All tested strains of M. gordonae, a saprophyte, could grow autotrophically while none of the tested strains of M. scrofulaceum, a clinically important species, possessed this ability. A series of heat tolerant mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescences were obtained which can grow at temperatures up to 54 C, in contrast to a maximum growth temperature of 37 C for the wild type.
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    Type: NASA-CR-138773
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  • 162
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    Transphoresis and isotachophoresis as preparative techniques with reference to zero-gravity (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Transphoresis and isotachophoresis are high resolution electrophoretic separation methods for biological materials. They benefit substantially from a weightless environment. Low power consumption and apparatus payload per unit product yield reflect their high electrophoretic efficiency. Properties unique to these systems, including their imposition of self-stabilizing geometry, suggest novel apparatus automatically controllable by largely electrical means with few or no moving parts. Configurations allowing continuous and semicontinuous operation, and further improvement of efficiency, are discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: AIAA PAPER 74-664 , Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference; Jul 15, 1974 - Jul 17, 1974; Boston, MA
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  • 163
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    The medical story (1974)
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    Description: An overview of the Skylab medical program is given. All medical subsystems provided in the orbital workshop functioned satisfactorily. Major systems included the food system, the waste management system, and provisions per personal hygiene. A series of lockers in the wardroom was used to stow the inflight medical support system. Cardiovascular counter pressure garments were launched in the orbital workshop for all three crews. Life services experiments were carried out. Two experiments were conducted in the Skylab missions to study the performance of the cardiovascular system during weightless flight and return to earth and the one g environment. A series of experiments was conducted to study mineral balance and the bioassay of body fluids.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: AIAA PAPER 74-287 , Annual Meeting and Technical Display; Jan 28, 1974 - Jan 30, 1974; Washington, DC
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  • 164
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    Ecology and thermal inactivation of microbes in and on interplanetary space vehicle components (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Statistical considerations in designing sterilization experiments are discussed in terms of the basic design, pooling of runs, and process assessment.
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    Type: NASA-CR-138895 , QR-35
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  • 165
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    A study of psychrophilic organisms isolated from the manufacture and assembly areas of spacecraft to be used in the Viking mission (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The ability of psychrophilic microorganisms to grow in some of the environmental conditions suggested for Mars is studied with particular attention given to the effects of moisture and nutrients on growth. Results of growth with the slide culture technique are presented and indicate that this technique can be a rapid and sensitive technique for demonstration of microbial growth under various environmental conditions. Additional soil samples have been obtained from Cape Kennedy, and results of these assays at various low temperatures for psychrophilic populations are presented. The heat resistance of some of the psychrophilic sporeformers have been determined. Psychrophilic organisms were isolated from the teflon ribbons at Cape Kennedy and characterization of these was begun. In addition, heat survivors from the teflon ribbons are being investigated, and partial characterizations of these are presented.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-137346 , REPT-3 , Semiannual NASA Spacecraft Sterilization Technol. Seminar; Feb 20, 1974 - Feb 21, 1974; San Francisco
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  • 166
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    Planetary quarantine: Space research and technology (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The impact of satisfying satellite quarantine constraints on current outer planet mission and spacecraft designs is considered. Tools required to perform trajectory and navigation analyses for determining satellite impact probabilities are developed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-137345 , JPL-900-655
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  • 167
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    Research on gravitational physiology (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The topic of gravitational plant physiology was studied through aspects of plant development (in ARABIDOPSIS) and of behavior (in HELIANTHUS) as these were affected by altered g experience. The effect of increased g levels on stem polarity (in COLEUS) was also examined.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-139691
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  • 168
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    Research on inert gas narcosis and air velocity effects on metabolic performance (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The effects of air velocity on metabolic performance are studied by using high forced airflow in a closed environment as a mechanism to control the concentration of volatile animal wastes. Air velocities between 100 and 200 ft/min are without significant effects on the metabolism of rats. At velocities of 200 ft/min and above, oxygen consumption and CO2 production as well as food consumption increase. In most instances, the changes are on the order of 5-10%. At the same time, the RQ for the animals increases slightly and generally correlates well with oxygen consumption and CO2 production. Experiments on the nature of inert gas narcosis show that halothane and methoxyflurane are rather potent inhibitors of the NADH:O2 oxidoreductase system in rats. These experiments suggest that the mechanism of inert gas narcosis is not mandatorily related to a membrane surface phenomenon.
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    Type: NASA-CR-140065
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  • 169
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    Evaluation of possible interaction among drugs contemplated for use during manned space flights. Part 1: Summary from progress report dated 31 October 1973. Part 2: Progress report for the period November 1973 to June 1974 (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Possible interactions among drugs contemplated for use during manned spaceflights have been studied in several animal species. The following seven drugs were investigated: nitrofurantoin, chloral hydrate, hexobarbital, phenobarbital, flurazepam, diphenoxylate, and phenazopyridine. Particular combinations included: chloral hydrate, hexobarbital or flurazepam with nitrofurantoin; phenobarbital or flurazepam with phenazopyridine; and diphenoxylate with two dose formulations of nitrofurantoin. The mechanism of action and an explanation of the interaction between diphenoxylate and nitrofurantoin still remains unclear. In man, the interaction does not appear to be significant, affecting only two subjects out of six and with only one dose formulation (Furadantin).
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-140245 , C-74804-PT-1 , C-74804-PT-2
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  • 170
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    Release of bacterial spores from inner walls of a stainless steel cup subjected to thermal stress (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In an earlier report thermal stresses, simulating those expected on a Mars Lander, dislodged approximately 0.01% of an aerosol deposited surface burden, as did a landing shock of 8-10 G deceleration. This work confirms earlier results and demonstrates that release rate is not dependent on surface burden.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-139621 , QR-1
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  • 171
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    Evidence for metabolic activity of airborne bacteria (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Aerosols of the bacterium Serratia marcescens, and of uniformly labelled C-14 glucose, were created simultaneously and mixed in tubing leading to an aerosol chamber. During a subsequent period of about 5 hrs, C-14O2 was produced unequivocally within the chamber, and insoluble, labelled material within the suspended particles first increased, then decreased.
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    Type: NASA-CR-139620 , QR-2
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  • 172
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    Ecology and thermal inactivation of microbes in and on interplanetary space vehicle components (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The uses of scanning electron microscopy in assessing changes that occur in spores exposed to wet and dry heat cycles at elevated temperatures were examined. Several species of Bacillus and other nonspore-forming species of organisms were used for the experiment. Surface morphology of viable and nonviable organisms was clearly detectable by this method, making it a potentially useful technique for investigating microbial inactivation on space vehicle surfaces and components. Micrographs of the spores and bacterial cells are provided.
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    Type: NASA-CR-139485 , QPR-36
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  • 173
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    A study of psychrophilic organisms isolated from the manufacture and assembly areas of spacecraft to be used in the Viking mission (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The effect of storage of dry heat treated Teflon ribbons under nitrogen gas followed by high vacuum on the recovery of hardy organisms from the ribbons was studied. A similar experiment was performed on spore crops of hardy organisms recovered previously from Cape Canaveral. Hardy organisms have been inoculated onto slides and subjected to an artificial Martian environment in an attempt to demonstrate their growth in this environment. Additional experiments using the artificial Martian environment include response of soil samples from the VAB with both constant temperature and freeze-thaw cycles. These experiments were performed with dried soil and soil containing added water. Other investigations included the effect of heatshock on soil samples, psychrophilic counts of new soil samples from the manufacture area of the Viking spacecraft, effect of pour plate versus spread plate on psychrophilic counts, and preparation of spore crops of hardy organisms from Cape Canaveral.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-139390 , SAPR-4
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  • 174
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    A study of lagoonal and estuarine processes and artificial habitats in the area of the John F. Kennedy Space Center (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In order to study the influence of an artificial habitat of discarded automobile tires upon the biomass in and around it, three sites were selected in the Banana River, one of which will serve as a control and the other two as locations for small tire reefs. Measurements and correlation studies of the biomasses and the species indicate that the biodynamics of the sites are appreciably the same in the three cases, that there are probably adequate populations at the lower trophic levels, that there are perhaps reduced numbers of upper level carnivores, and that it is likely that small artificial havens can contribute to an increase in populations of certain species of gamefish.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-137409 , AR-1
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  • 175
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    Aerospace Medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 123, January 1974 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: This special bibliography lists 226 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in Dec. 1973.
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    Type: NASA-SP-7011(123)
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  • 176
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    Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 131, August 1974 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: This special bibliography lists 266 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in July 1974.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(131)
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  • 177
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    Auditory system (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The physical correlations of hearing, i.e. the acoustic stimuli, are reported. The auditory system, consisting of external ear, middle ear, inner ear, organ of Corti, basilar membrane, hair cells, inner hair cells, outer hair cells, innervation of hair cells, and transducer mechanisms, is discussed. Both conductive and sensorineural hearing losses are also examined.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 667-691
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  • 178
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    Toxicology (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Oxygen toxicity is examined, including the effects of oxygen partial pressure variations on toxicity and oxygen effects on ozone and nitrogen dioxide toxicity. Toxicity of fuels and oxidizers, such as hydrazines, are reported. Carbon monoxide, spacecraft threshold limit values, emergency exposure limits, spacecraft contaminants, and water quality standards for space missions are briefly summarized.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 455-487
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  • 179
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    The vestibular system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The end organs, central nervous system connections, and static and dynamic characteristics of the vestibular system are presented. Vestibular servation in man and vestibular side effect prevention from space missions involving artificial gravity generation are also considered. Vestibular models and design criteria for rotating space vehicles are appended.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 533-609
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  • 180
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    Vision (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Some data on human vision, important in present and projected space activities, are presented. Visual environment and performance and structure of the visual system are also considered. Visual perception during stress is included.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 611-665
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  • 181
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    Respiratory system (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The general anatomy and function of the human respiratory system is summarized. Breathing movements, control of breathing, lung volumes and capacities, mechanical relations, and factors relevant to respiratory support and equipment design are discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 489-531
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  • 182
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    Subjective and nystagmus reactions considered in relation to models of vestibular function (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Modelling will become increasingly important as more knowledge is accumulated, because it offers advantages in predicting reactions of individuals in a variety of situations, including novel aerospace environments, and in specifying a few parameters which should have considerable clinical significance. However, the need for continuing experimental crosschecks of these models has been illustrated by several sets of results which would not have been predicted by any existing models.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 211-219
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  • 183
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    Artifacts produced during electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve in cats (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Evidence is presented to indicate that evoked potentials in the recurrent laryngeal, the cervical sympathetic, and the phrenic nerve, commonly reported as being elicited by vestibular nerve stimulation, may be due to stimulation of structures other than the vestibular nerve. Experiments carried out in decerebrated cats indicated that stimulation of the petrous bone and not that of the vestibular nerve is responsible for the genesis of evoked potentials in the recurrent laryngeal and the cervical sympathetic nerves. The phrenic response to electrical stimulation applied through bipolar straight electrodes appears to be the result of stimulation of the facial nerve in the facial canal by current spread along the petrous bone, since stimulation of the suspended facial nerve evoked potentials only in the phrenic nerve and not in the recurrent laryngeal nerve. These findings indicate that autonomic components of motion sickness represent the secondary reactions and not the primary responses to vestibular stimulation.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 115-123
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  • 184
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    Perception of the upright and susceptibility to motion sickness as functions of angle of tilt and angular velocity in off-vertical rotation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Motion sickness susceptibility of four normal subjects was measured in terms of duration of exposure necessary to evoke moderate malaise (MIIA) as a function of velocity in a chair rotated about a central axis tilted 10 deg with respect to gravitational upright. The subjects had little or no susceptibility to this type of rotation at 2.5 and 5.0 rpm, but with further increases in rate, the MIIA endpoint was always reached and with ever shorter test durations. Minimal provocative periods for all subjects were found at 15 or 20 rpm. Higher rotational rates dramatically reversed the vestibular stressor effect, and the subjects as a group tended to reach a plateau of relatively low susceptibility at 40 and 45 rpm. At these higher velocities, furthermore, the subjects essentially lost their sensation of being tilted off vertical. In the second half of the study, the effect of tilt angle was varied while the rotation rate was maintained at a constant 17.5 rpm. Two subjects were completely resistant to symptoms of motion sickness when rotated at 2.5 deg off vertical; with greater off-vertical angles, the susceptibility of all subjects increased sharply at first, then tapered off in a manner reflecting a Fechnerian function.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 99-103
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  • 185
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    Crew microbiology (DTO 71-19) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: States of microbial imbalance as a result of human altitude chamber confinement occurred, for the most part, only in those genera and species of bacteria, yeast, and fungi which are classified as transients and are not part of the true indigenous flora of the crewmembers. Inasmuch as no crew illness events occurred and only subtle changes in the indigenous flora were noted, it appears that confinement of 56-days in a Skylab simulated environment does not mediate toward shifts in bacterial populations which have obvious clinical significance.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 12 p
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  • 186
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    Use of Lorente de No's neuron circuit model for describing acceleratory nystagmus (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results of a previous metric analysis and an electronic simulation of acceleratory nystagmus are given. On this basis, a tentative mathematical model for describing acceleratory nystagmus is reported. The essential content of the model is Lorente de No's neuron circuit, to which the two-factor theory of excitation has been applied.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 263-272
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  • 187
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    Systems analysis of the vestibulo-ocular system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The vestibulo-ocular system is examined from the standpoint of system theory. The evolution of a mathematical model of the vestibulo-ocular system in an attempt to match more and more experimental data is followed step by step. The final model explains many characteristics of the eye movement in vestibularly induced nystagmus. The analysis of the dynamic behavior of the model at the different stages of its development is illustrated in time domain, mainly in a qualitative way.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 237-249
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  • 188
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    Use of Steinhausen's model for describing periodic Coriolis star nystagmus (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Phase lag, maximal slow phase velocity, and beat frequency were measured in periodic Coriolis star nystagmus. The results have been described by Steinhausen's model of the semicircular canal system. Estimates of the biophysical constants have been obtained. It is concluded that this model is a good functional approximation for describing, and also for interpreting, the behavior of the system.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 251-262
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  • 189
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    On visual-vestibular interaction (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Experimental evidence is presented regarding visual vestibular interaction, and the results of three studies on the subject are briefly noted. An attempt to put together some of these observations with elementary notions of a visual vestibular interaction program is shown in the form of a flow chart representation of a possible model. This is a nonlinear model in which visual and vestibular influences are linearly weighted when they are in relative agreement but switch to the more believable one when they are in disagreement. A solution to the human space orientation problem is depicted by a schema for optimal subjective orientation based on several sensory modalities.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 205-210
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  • 190
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    Responses to rotating linear acceleration vectors considered in relation to a model of the otolith organs (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Human subjects were exposed to a linear acceleration vector that rotated in the transverse plane of the skull without angular counterrotation. Lateral eye movements showed a sinusoidal change in slow phase velocity and an asymmetry or bias in the same direction as vector rotation. A model is developed that attributes the oculomotor response to otolithic mechanisms. It is suggested that the bias component is the manifestation of torsion of the statoconial plaque relative to the base of the utricular macula and that the sinusoidal component represents the translational oscillation of the statoconia. The model subsumes a hypothetical neural mechanism which allows x- and y-axis accelerations to be resolved. Derivation of equations of motion for the statoconial plaque in torsion and translation, which take into account forces acting in shear and normal to the macula, yield estimates of bias and sinusoidal components that are in qualitative agreement with the diverse experimental findings.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 221-236
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  • 191
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    Otolithic influences on extraocular and intraocular muscles (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Selective stimulation of utricular gravireceptors leads to gross activation of the bulbar reticular formation where a strong interaction with evoked spino-bulbo-spinal reflex activity occurs. The utricular neurons encountered by microelectrodes in the lateral vestibular nuclei show four types of elicited activity; two of these display an increased firing rate, and two exhibit pronounced inhibitory effects. Application of a stimulus of long duration and constant intensity to the utricle has shown that rapid adaptation of the peripheral receptors is a prominent feature. The effects of selective utricular stimulation upon eye movements, as recorded by the corneoretinal potential method, have been studied in experiments on cats and monkeys and it can be firmly stated that prolonged stimulation of the utricle can evoke strong primary nystagmus, followed by a secondary nystagmus at the cessation of stimulation. The action of utricular stimulation on ocular reflexes has been examined further, with particular attention to evoked pupillary reactions in both cats and monkeys: constriction during the fast phase of the brisk conjugate eye movement, and dilatation during the flow phase.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 195-201
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  • 192
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    Habituation of vestibular responses: An overview (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An historical survey of vestibular habituation experiments has been undertaken. Methodological problems are presented briefly, and the influence of arousal on vestibular responses is detailed. Data obtained from animals and from man are treated separately. At least for man, the term habituation may be better defined by a dynamic change in the form of vestibular responses than by a simple response reduction.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 157-193
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  • 193
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the vestibular end organs (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The vestibular end organs, after chemical fixation, were freeze dried, coated with gold and palladium, and studied in the scanning microscope. Scanning microscopy gives a good three dimensional view of the sensory areas and allows study of both gross anatomy and microstructures. Cross anatomical features of the structure of the ampullae are demonstrated. The form of the statoconia in different species of animals is shown. New aspects of the structure of the sensory hairs are revealed. The hair bundles in the central areas of the cristae and in the striola of the maculae differ structurally from the hair bundles at the periphery of the sensory regions. Furthermore, some hair bundles consisting of very short stereocilia were observed. The relationship between the cupula and the statoconial membrane to the epithelial surface is discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 145-156
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  • 194
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    Anti-motion-sickness therapy (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Neither alterations in environmental temperature nor moderate intake of alcohol was found to alter susceptibility to motion sickness in subjects exposed to rotation in the Pensacola slow rotation room. Scopolamine with d-amphetamine was found to be the most effective preparation for the prevention of motion sickness under the experimental conditions of the studies reported here. Promethazine in combination with d-amphetamine was in the same range of effectiveness. Drug actions suggest that acetylcholine and norepinephrine may be involved in motion sickness.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washinton Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 109-114
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  • 195
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    The ferrioxalate actinometry system of the microbial response to space environment experiment (M191) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The fluid actinometry portion of the Microbial Response to Space Environment Experiment (M191) was designed for measurement of the solar energy that penetrates certain optical filter systems during exposure in space. Potassium ferrioxalate was used to measure energy at peak wavelengths of 254, 280, and 300 nanometers because of its high degree of sensitivity and its linear response to the middle ultraviolet regions.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 169-178
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  • 196
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    Effects of space environment on T-7 bacteriophage and spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Two strains of Bacillus subtilis were exposed to components of the ultraviolet spectrum in space. Both strains possess multiple genetic markers, and one of the strains is defective in the ability to repair ultraviolet damage. The T-7 bacteriophage of Escherichia coli was also exposed to selected wavelengths and energy levels of ultraviolet light in space. Preliminary findings do not reveal anomalies in survival rates. Data are not yet available on detailed genetic analyses.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 65-85
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  • 197
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    Background and general design of the microbial response to space environment experiment (M191) system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Nine different species of organisms were exposed to space flight conditions during the Apollo 16 mission. Each test system was selected because it provided a quantitative method of evaluating some medically important phenomenon. The experiment design and each of the test systems are discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 3-19
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  • 198
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    Infectivity and egg production of Nematospiroides dubius as affected by space flight and ultraviolet irradiation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Nematospiroides dubius was tested to determine the infective potential of the third stage larvae and the egg-production and egg-viability rates of the resulting adults after they are exposed to space flight and solar ultraviolet irradiation. The results are indicative that space-flown larvae exposed to solar ultraviolet irradiation were rendered noninfective in C57 mice, whereas flight control larvae that received no solar ultraviolet irradiation matured at the same rate as the ground control larvae. However, depressed egg viability was evident in the flight control larvae.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 51-64
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  • 199
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    The high energy multicharged particle exposure of the microbial ecology evaluation device on board the Apollo 16 spacecraft (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The high energy multicharged cosmic-ray-particle exposure of the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device package on board the Apollo 16 spacecraft was monitored using cellulose nitrate, Lexan polycarbonate, nuclear emulsion, and silver chloride crystal nuclear-track detectors. The results of the analysis of these detectors include the measured particle fluences, the linear energy transfer spectra, and the integral atomic number spectrum of stopping particle density. The linear energy transfer spectrum is used to compute the fractional cell loss in human kidney (T1) cells caused by heavy particles. Because the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device was better shielded, the high-energy multicharged particle exposure was less than that measured on the crew passive dosimeters.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 179-189
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  • 200
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    Thermoluminescent dosimetry for the Apollo 16 microbial response to space environment experiment (M191) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Lithium fluoride thermoluminescent chips were used to provide an integrated dose from the broad spectrum of ionizing radiation to the Microbial Response to Space Environment Experiment (M191). The chips were positioned in the flight hardware to provide data on ionizing radiation within specific volume segments. A uniform radiation dose of 4.8 x 0.001 plus or minus 2 x 0.0001 joule/kg resulted.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 191-197
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