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  • Articles  (5,072)
  • Chemistry  (5,060)
  • 72.20
  • 1975-1979  (5,072)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (5,072)
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  • Articles  (5,072)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic conduction mechanisms of Cs- and B-implanted SiO2-films (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 137-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71.50 ; 72.20 ; 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermal SiO2-films of MOS-structures have been implanted with Cs-and B-ions so that the distribution maximum was located near the center of the insulating films. The change in conduction mechanism was analysed before and after implantation and annealing at 500°C for 2h. Two major types of effects are observed: 1) Implantation generally changes the conduction mechanism from Fowler-Nordheim tunneling in pure SiO2 to the Frenkel-Poole mechanism in the implanted film for both types of ions. This effect is caused by traps due to radiation damage. 2) The second effect is dependent on the implanted type of ion. A strong increase of the current at high fields is observed after Cs-implantation while B-implantation leads to a decrease of the current at high fields. This effect is caused by field-enhanced emission and trapping of charge carriers, respectively. The local field in the implanted region is dependent on the charge state of the implanted ion. Cesium is positively and Boron is negatively charged in the oxide. After high-field stressing, a forming process occurs in the oxide which leads to high injection from the contacts. This forming process is very little dependent on the implantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00896139
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetoplasma waves in anisotropic semiconductors and semimetals (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The propagation of electromagnetic waves in solids with electron and hole energy surfaces of second order placed in a magnetic field is investigated. The deduced dispersion relation is compared with measurements of the Alfvén wave velocity in bismuth. The theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement. In particular, it is clearly shown that for special orientations of the magnetic field switching from one mode to the other occurs. Parameters of the energy surfaces of bismuth are given by fitting the theoretical curves to the measured phase velocity diagrams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00920617
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron and hole traps in N-GaAs crystals (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 187-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Deep traps were measured and their electronic and optical properties were determined by junction capacitance techniques in n-GaAs crystals grown by different methods. Four electron-traps and four hole-traps were detected. An electron trap was not observed in LPE wafers. A hole trap at 0.45 eV above the top of the valence band was detected in all wafers measured here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00920603
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple theory of the laser-induced damage in semiconductors (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple theory is presented for the laser-induced damage in semiconductors in the range of low irradiation intensities. This theory avoids the solution of coupled differential equations, and takes into account characteristic physical properties of semiconductors—i.e. energy gap, carrier lifetime, and surface recombination velocity. The deduced equations permit us to estimate the damage threshold, or the minimum irradiation time required for damage to occur. Comparison is made with some experimental results reported in the literature and a reasonable agreement is found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00900065
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mode mixing of Alfvén waves in bismuth (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 385-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the propagation of Alfvén waves in bismuth at 4.2 K using a microwave interferometer at 34.45 GHz and applying magnetic fields up to 1 Tesla. At certain angles between the external magnetic field and the direction of propagation of the Alfvén waves in the crystal, we have observed intense oscillations of the amplitude and the phase of the interferometer curves. We explain these oscillations as due to a superposition of the two Alfvén wave modes. The phase velocities of the two modes are calculated from the measurements. Comparing them with a general dispersion relation we find good agreement between the theoretical phase velocities and the experimental values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00919369
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoconductivity and Hall-effect of iron-diffused silicon (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 137-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71.55 ; 72.20 ; 72.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Silicon diffused with iron is investigated by photoconductivity and Hall-effect measurements. We used three different iron sources, namely FeCl3, an evaporated iron film, and Fe by ion implantation. Iron exhibits inp-type, boron-doped 1 Ωcm silicon and in high-resistivity (1 kΩcm) silicon an acceptor level ofE c -0.55 eV. No influence of the iron was observed inn-type, phosphorous-doped 0.5 Ωcm silicon. NoE v +0.4 eV level was observed. It is pointed out that iron in silicon must be regarded in connection with at least three parameters, namely the quenching rate, the chemical identity of the shallow dopant, and the initial resistivity of the silicon samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885245
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anomalous plasma diffusion transverse to high magnetic fields in InSb (1976)
    Springer
    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Investigations on the ambipolar diffusion of an electron-hole plasma transverse to a magnetic field have been carried out in InSb. A plasma layer, produced at the surface of the sample by a short laser pulse, was moved through the sample in crossed electric and magnetic fields by the Lorentz force. From the broadening of the plasma layer we found at 80K an enhanced diffusion coefficient which decreased proportional to 1/B for magnetic fields higher than 1T, constrary to the expected classical 1/B 2 dependence. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficient was strongly dependent on the electric field. The ambipolar drift velocity, measured simultaneously showed a classical behaviour. Together with the enhanced diffusion we observed instabilites in the electric potential. The instability threshold decreased towards the cathode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00929526
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HF sputtered indium oxide films doped with tin (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 381-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73 ; 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Indium-tin-oxide films (ITO films) sputtered in Ar-atmosphere with and without addition of oxygen reveal an irreversible increase in conductivity during annealing in vacuum. This annealing process increases drastically the density of free electrons, while the Hall mobility changes only slightly. Below the annealing temperature the temperature dependence of the conductivity is reversible. In films with low density of free electrons, which behave like non-degenerated semiconductors, two activation energies for the mobility could be found. The irreversible changes, observed during annealing in the vacuum, are explained by diffusion of oxygen from the interior of the film to the surface, followed by desorption of the oxygen from the surface into the vacuum. The excess oxygen in the non-stoichiometric films plays the role of electron traps. The irreversible effects during annealing in the vacuum are partly reversible in the long run. If the annealed films are exposed to oxygen or air their conductivity decreases because of diffusion of oxygen from the surface into the film.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885863
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of localized level energies by a statistics of the fermi-level (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 379-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71.55 ; 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract For a very large number of samples of a semiconducting material, which is not intentionally doped, the Fermi-level coincides approximately with the respective energy levels of the accidential impurities and defects. Based on this fact, the energies of localized levels were determined from a statistic of the Fermi-level in CdSe platelets. These energies agree very well with most of the values obtained with different methods by other authors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00886040
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distinction between avalanche and tunneling breakdown in one-sided abrupt junctions (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The distinction between avalanche and tunneling breakdown in one-sided abrupt junctions is made on the basis of a new, simple expression for the tunneling breakdown field strengthF t. It is shown thatF t [V/cm] depends upon the temperatureT [K], the reduced tunneling effective massm eff + /m o and the semiconductor energy band gapE g [eV] according to the following equation $$F_t = 1.76 \cdot 10^6 \cdot \left( {\frac{T}{{300}}} \right) \cdot \left( {\frac{{m_{eff}^ + }}{{m_0 }} \cdot E_g } \right)^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} [V/cm].$$ Using published calculations for the avalanche breakdown voltage, the result is applied to the semiconductors Ge, Si, GaAs and GaP at 300 K and InSb at 77K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00930386
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field emission of monoenergetic spin-polarized electrons (1977)
    Springer
    Applied physics 14 (1977), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.40 ; 75.30 ; 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Field emission from a tungsten tip, covered by a layer of crystallized ferromagnetic europium sulfide, leads to an electron beam with a current of 10−8 A, an energy width of less than 100 meV, and a spin polarization of about 0.85 at a tip temperature of 9 K. Proper annealing of the EuS layer is crucial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00883082
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    One-dimensional ionic conduction in solid Ag2 Tl6I10 (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 233-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 66.30 ; 72.20 ; 82.45
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The ionic and electronic conductivities of Ag2Tl6I10 single crystals have been studied as a function of crystallographic orientation and temperature from 20 to 135°C. EMF as well as AC and DC techniques have been employed. The highly anisotropic material is predominantly an Ag+-ion conductor parallel toc-direction, with the Ag+ ions moving through linear channels that are not interconnected. The conductivity σ‖c =1.6×10−7Ω−1cm−1 at 25°C, with an activation enthalpy for σ‖c of 0.38 eV. The conduction perpendicular toc-direction has been found to be predominantly electronic with a value of σ⊥c =3×10−9Ω−1cm−1 at 25°C and an activation enthalpy for σ⊥c of 0.64 eV. This is the first observation of one-dimensional Ag+ conduction and this type of orientation-dependent change from ionic to electronic conduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00886951
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induced anisotropy of thermal conductivity of polymer solids under large strains (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 49-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple analytical form of induced anisotropy of heat conductivity kij(λ1,λ2λ3,T) of initially isotropic polymer solids results from employing the simplified theory of the three-chain model of the non-Gaussian network. The analytical form appears to be valid up to a stretch ratio of λ = 2.65, which is the limit of existing experimental data. The effect of induced anisotropy on the temperature distribution, due to the large deformations, is illustrated for a highly expanded spherical shell and a cylindrical tube under a steady-state heat flow using the derived analytical form of the strain-dependent heat conductivity.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190105
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterogeneous nucleating agents for crystallization of vinylidence chloride-vinyl chloride copolymers (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 371-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nineteen compounds are described that are effective heterogeneous nucleating agents for the crystallization of poly(vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride) copolymers containing 7-13% vinyl chloride. Most of the compounds are relatively high-melting organic nitrogen heterocyclics. The more effective ones raise the polymer freezing points about 20-40°C using a prescribed thermal history.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190205
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of gamma radiation on two aromatic polysulfones (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 405-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two aromatic polysulfones, poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) (I) and poly (oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) (II), undergo crosslinking and chain scission at 30°C during γ-irradiation, the former being predominant in vacuum and the latter in air. Both processes occurred more readily in I, which contains isopropylidene linkages. Gel measurements gave G(crosslink) = 0.051, G(scission) = 0.012 for this polymer at 30°C in vacuum. Increased irradiation temperatures resulted in higher crosslinking and gas yields, especially above the glass transition temperature. The tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of I were unaffected by γ-irradiation up to about 50 Mrad in air, but the strength decreased markedly at higher doses. The elongation at break decreased progressively with dose. For both polymers, G(gas) = 0.04 at 30°C with the main products being SO2, H2, CO2, CH4, and H2O.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190208
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting on polyester fibers (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 461-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Acrylic acid (AA) and acrylonitrile (AN) were used to carry out grafting on polyester (PE) fibers using the techniques of initiation by γ-radiation as well as benzoyl peroxide. The nature of the grafted fiber substance was found to be the same, irrespective of the grafting technique. Extent of grafting depended upon the time, concentration of the initiator, and the monomer as well as on the irradiation dose. The increase in the moisture regain was directly proportional to the amount of graft in the fiber. AA grafted fibers were rendered more hydrophilic than AN grafted fibers for equivalent amount of grafts. Considerable improvement in dyeability of the PE fibers was possible through grafting. About 50% to 100% improvement with disperse dyes was observed in case of PE fibers containing 22.4% and 9.0% graft of AA and AN, respectively. Intense fast dyeing with direct and basic (cationic) dyes was also possible, and the dye content was proportional to the extent of graft introduced in the fiber. The CN groups were reduced to NH2 groups in the AN graft on the fiber. In this way, deep, fast, and bright dyeing was obtained with reactive dyes. Electrokinetic studies were carried out on the grafted fibers. With the increased amount of AA graft, the maxima in the zeta potential curve shifted toward higher acidic pH as greater amounts of alkali was utilized by the —COOH groups in the graft. In this respect, CN groups were less sensitive due to their lesser polarity as compared to the carboxylic groups. It was observed from surface charge density (S.C.D.) studies that the effective surface area of the fiber decreased with the increase in the amount of graft, particularly in case of AN graft. Surface conductivity (S.C.) studies revealed that with increase in the number of polar groups (—COOH) on the surface of the fiber, the S.C. increased with the increase in the amount of AA graft. In case of AN grafts, the reduction in effective surface area of the fiber played a more important role than the contribution by the CN groups to surface conductivity.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190212
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of organic compounds in an electrodeless glow discharge. IV. Hydrocarbons in a closed system (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 531-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of hydrocarbons was investigated by measuring the hydrogen yield during the glow discharge polymerization in a closed system. It was found that the pressure change in the glow discharge polymerization of hydrocarbons was mainly due to the production of hydrogen and to the loss of vapor phase monomer by polymerization. The opening of triple or double bonds and cyclic structures plays an important role in the polymerization of hydrocarbons; however, these are not exclusive mechanisms. The major polymerization mechanism for saturated normal hydrocarbons seems to be by the formation of free radicals due to hydrogen abstraction and the recombination of these primary radicals. The polymerization due to this mechanism also seems to occur concurrently during the polymerization of hydrocarbons with multiple bond and/or cyclic structures. Aromatic hydrocarbons polymerize with very low hydrogen production, indicating that the utilization of an aromatic double bond is the major mechanism of polymerization.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190216
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graft polymerization of methacrylate onto wool using dimethylaniline-benzyl chloride mixture as initiator (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 335-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft polymerization of wool with methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by a dimethylaniline-benzyl chloride (DMA/BC) mixture was extensively studied. The grafting and homopolymerization reactions are influenced by the nature of the solvent used; ethanol proved to be the best. Using water as a cosolvent enhances significantly both graft formation and homopolymerization. A mixture of water/ethanol at a ratio of 90:10 constitutes the optimal medium for the grafting reaction. Addition of acetic acid or formic acid in low concentration (0.2 mole/l.) favors grafting. The opposite holds true for sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. Kinetic investigations showed that the rates of total conversion (Rp) and grafting (Rp′) are dependent of the concentrations of DMA, BC, acetic acid (Ac) and amount of wool (W), as well as temperature. They can be expressed by the following equations: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{c} {R_p=K\ [{\rm DMA}]^{0.92}\ [{\rm BC}]^{0.80}\ [{\rm MMA}]^{0.84}\ [{\rm W}]^{1.50}\ [{\rm Ac}]^{-0.2}}\\ {R_p^\prime = K\ [{\rm DMA}]^{0.92}\ [{\rm BC}]^{0.80}\ [{\rm MMA}]^{0.72}\ [{\rm W}]^{2.60}\ [{\rm Ac}]^{- 0.30}}\\ \end{array} $$\end{document} The overall activation energies for the total conversion and grafting reactions amount to 8.5 and 9.0 kcal/mole, respectively; whereas the corresponding energies for initiations Ed are Ed′ 7.0 and 8.0 kcal/mole, respectively. The changes in the physical and/or chemical structure of wool via reduction, acetylation, and dinitrophenylation are reflected on the susceptibility of wool toward grafting. While reduced wool showed higher grafting, the graft yields obtained with acetylated and dinitrophenylated wools were quite poor. The alkali solubility of wool graft copolymer was determined and its tendency to felt was examined. Evidences for grafting were provided and a tentative mechanism for grafting initiation was suggested.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190202
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal degradation of model compounds of amine-cured epoxide resins. III. The thermal degradation of 1-(N-ethylanilino)-3-phenoxyprop-2-yl acetate, trifluoroacetate, and methyl ether and O-deuterated 1-(N-ethylanilino)-3-phenoxypropan-2-ol (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 391-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal degradations of 1-(N-ethylanilino)-3-phenoxyprop-2-yl acetate, trifluroacetate, and methyl ether were studied. Major products were characterized. 1-(N-Ethylanilino)-3-phenoxypropan-2-ol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen was replaced with deuterium was degraded and the extent of deuteration of the one product, N-ethyl-N-methylaniline, was measured by mass spectrometry. The results were used to investigate the mechanism of the thermal degradation of 1-(N-ethylanilino)-3-phenoxy-propan-2-ol, a model compound for the cure linkage in aromatic amine-cured epoxide resins.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190207
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for the measurement of the true die swell of polymer melts (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 481-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new device has been designed for the measurement of the die swell of extruded polymer melts. According to the proposed procedure, samples can be collected, annealed, and photographed. The device may be used in conjunction with any capillarytype rheometer. It can accommodate simultaneously as many samples as it is needed. The samples are suspended in a thermostated liquid, carefully selected for each polymer. The liquids must be thermally stable and of proper density and thermodynamic and interfacial properties. The device was used in conjunction with the Instron capillary rheometer, ICR. Three types of polymer were tested: polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), and a semirigid poly(vinyl chloride) formulation (PVC). The swelling of the extrudates was followed for ca. 40 min; the equilibrium dimensions were usually reached within the first 2 min. Parallel with these measurements, the samples were tested in the Weissenberg rheogoniometer (WR) recording both shear and normal stresses. For PS and PE, the flow curves determined in these two rheometers overlapped, while they differed for PVC. The swell ratio, Bexp = D/D0 (where D and D0 are the equilibrium diameter of the extrudate and diameter of the capillary, respectively), was converted to recoverable shear strain, s, as follows. First, Bexp and s were determined in ICR and WR, respectively, for a PS sample over wide and overlapping ranges of rate of shear. This experimental dependence was found to follow Tanner's theoretical relation. Consequently, this relation was used to compute s from Bexp for all the other samples. Excellent agreement was observed between the s values calculated from Bexp and s values determined in WR.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190213
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    The xanthate method of grafting. II. Effect of operating conditions on the grafting of acrylonitrile onto Wood pulp (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 545-556 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Wood pulp was copolymerized with acrylonitrile as a monomer using the xanthate grafting method. This method takes advantage of the capability of cellulose xanthates to form a redox couple with a suitable oxidation agent. The present work uses the degree of xanthation γ ≐ 5 and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Experiments carried out under different conditions have permitted to evaluate the influence of various reaction parameters on the graft copolymerization. Among the factors investigated, two appeared to be a paramount importance: the initial pH of the reaction mixture and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. A change in one of these two parameters produced profound effects on the total conversion to polymer as well as on the copolymer:- homopolymer ratio. By a suitable combination of initial pH and peroxide concentration, it was possible to synthesize graft copolymers whose homopolymer content approaches zero.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190217
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    Novel coupling agents for mineral-reinforced polyamides (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 907-908 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190327
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    On a Pt(II)-poly(4-vinylpyridine) complex (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 915-916 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190329
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    Photodegradable polyethylene (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 923-929 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer photodegradation can be achieved by introducing carbonyl groups which absorb radiations above the 300 mμ wavelength and thus are sensitized by solar or atmospheric radiations.We introduced these groups in polyethylene by oximation of aliphatic chain with photoactivated NOCI and hydrolysis of the oxime.Modified polymers show, during accelerated aging in Weather-O-Meter, a constant molecular weight decrease, which is directly proportional to the concentration of carbonyl groups.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190401
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    Formation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones in high-density polyethylene film irradiated with ultraviolet light (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 951-957 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyethylene films were irradiated in air by ultraviolet light. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine was reacted on the irradiated films. The changes in amounts of carbonyl groups and 2,4-dinitrophenynlhydrazones formed in the films were inferred by comparing their absorptions in the infrared and ultraviolet spectra, respectively. It seems that the contents of carbonyl groups formed in the amorphous regions in the high-density polyethylene films by the irradiation were larger than the contents of carbonyl groups formed in the amorphous regions in the low-density polyethylene films. The decreases in contact angles of water on the high-density polyethylene films by the irradiation were larger than the decreases in the contact angles on the low-density polyethylene films. The amounts of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones formed in the irradiated high-density polyethylene films were less than the amounts of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones formed in the irradiated low-density polyethylene films.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190404
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    Studies on physical properties and structure of silk. Glass transition and crystallization of silk fibroin (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1013-1015 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Amorphous silk fibroin with random coil conformation shows endothermic and exothermic peaks and endothermic shift on the DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) curve. The endothermic shift observed at 175°C was due to the glass transition. The exothermic peak at 212°C is recognized to be the crystallization, which later was confirmed by x-ray diffraction pattern. The endothermic peak at 280°C is shown to be the degradation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    The effects of melt history, crystallization pressure, and crystallization temperature on the crystallization and resultant structure of bulk isotactic polypropyleneThis paper is part of a dissertation submitted by J. H. Reinshagen to the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1037-1060 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study of the effects of constant-pressure isothermal crystallization on polymer structure was conducted in bulk isotactic polypropylene. The investigation was designed to determine the influence of pressure, temperature, and melt history variables on the structure of this bulk polymer. Results demonstrate that the effects of pressure and crystallization temperature can be quite adequately combined into one processing parameter, undercooling (defined as the melting temperature minus the crystallization temperature), by use of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. This parameter is demonstrated to be important in determining the kinetics of crystallization and the resultant structure. The moderate to high undercoolings involved in this study are representative of commercial injection-molding processes, and a number of conclusions regarding commercial processing are made based on these laboratory investigations.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Apparatus for torsional braid analysis by a digital data analyzer (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1087-1094 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As apparatus for torsional braid analysis (TBA), which is a variant of the torsional pendulum technique, a new method for recording the damped wave electrically, using an electric mater as a transducer, is described. In order to process a large volume of data, an instrument to print out digitally the amplitude and period of oscillation has been developed. The thermomechanical behavior of poly(vinyl chloride) is presented so as to demonstrate the use of the present TBA apparatus.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190416
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    Crystallization of macromolecular domains (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1103-1117 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theory is presented explaining the crystallization of polymers into thin and flat crystals or lamellae. Following the physical cluster theory, the internal and surface free energy of the “amorphous” macromolecular domain is described. Crystallization proceeds through an internal ordering of the domain, the attachment of the partially ordered domain onto a growth face, and, finally, regularization and domain deformation leading to minimization of both internal and surface free energy of the attached domain and its immediate neighborhood. The resultant fold surfaces comprise adjoining intact or deformed domes composed from proximal-reentry loops. Although arising from an adaptation of the physical cluster theory to describe the macromolecular domain, the free-energy equations controlling the crystallization process are essentially the same as those describing the primary nucleation in the prevailing crystallization theories. Segregation according to molecular weight is shown to arise from the size-dependent ability of the domains to improve their internal ordering. Lamellar thickening is shown to follow a critical-exponent equation dependent on surface free energy. Experimental data from the literature, corroborating the model, are presented.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190418
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    The structural causes of the dyeing variations of nylon 66 yarn subjected to the false-twist texturing process (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1147-1161 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The structural variations in nylon 66 caused by heat and the mechanical action of the false-twist texturing process have been studied by measuring dyeing rates with Durazol Blue 2R, the determination of density, x-ray orientation, and lateral order, and also by consideration of x-ray small-angle scattering data. It is concluded that the morphologic units are probably shish-kebabs with straight-chain cores between which the dye penetrates.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190422
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    Electrical resistivity of phenolic polymer (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1205-1206 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190427
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    Pyrolysis and combustion of nylon 6. I. Effect of selected brominated flame retardants (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1207-1207 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190428
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    Nuclear magnetic resonance and stereoregularity of PVC (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1227-1241 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The decoupled α-proton spectrum of PVC was examined using a 220 MHz NMR spectrometer. All of the ten possible pentads were detected and an assignment is given based on Bernoullian statistics. This assignment is in general agreement with conclusions reached by previous workers except for some modifications in the heterotatic resonances. Triad tacticity data were obtained from the pentads and were used to estimate the differential enthalpy and entropy changes for bulk PVC polymerized in the temperature range 70°C to -50°C.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Determination of antioxidants in polypropylene by liquid chromatography (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1243-1256 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyolefins, such as polypropylene, are subject to thermal and oxidative degradation and are not used in practical applications unless protected by several antioxidants. Liquid exclusion (LEC) and liquid adsorption (LAC) chromatography have been used to determine the antioxidants in commercial polypropylenes and molded parts. Although a LEC analysis takes as long as 3 hr, LAC separations can be obtained in less than 15 min. Prior to the chromatographic measurements, the antioxidants were extracted from the talc-filled polypropylene using tetrahydrofuran (THF) and Methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) for the LEC and LAC separations, respectively. Room-temperature extraction of the additives as a function of time showed that 24 hr was sufficient for THF. A comparison of the LEC chromatogram for a freshly molded part to that for a part which was heat treated showed not only the depletion of certain antloxidants but also showed that the antioxidant distearyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate (DSTDP) thermally decomposed to give stearyl propionate. Mass spectrometry was used to confirm the identity of the additives in the polypropylene without extraction. The “life” af several polypropylenes was also measured by thermogravimetric analysis and compared to the concentration of DSTDP.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Copolymers of maleic anhydride-14C and vinyl acetate as standards in an automated titration method for combined anhydride (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1283-1290 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Copolymers of maleic anhydride and vinyl acetate containing 6 to 54 wt-% maleic anhydride were prepared in both toluene and methyl ethyl ketone by employing carboxyl-14C-labeled anhydride of demonstrated radiochemical purity. The standard copolymers thus prepared were used as reference materials in development of an automated titrimetric method for combined anhydride that had a standard deviation of 1.7 wt-% at an anhydride level of approximately 50%. The semimicrotechnique described is based on dissolution of the polymer in methyl ethyl ketone-aqueous alkali, addition of an aliquot of this solution to a slight excess of hydrochloric acid, and back titration of the excess of acid with standard alkali. The technique effectively prevents hydrolysis of the acetate groups of the copolymer.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    Shrinkage behavior of oriented PVC by thermomechanical analysis (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1317-1322 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes a novel application of thermomechanical analysis. Observation and measurement of the thermal recovery of stresses induced in oriented PVC by stretching at elevated temperature is achieved by the modification of a commercial TMA instrument. Employment of an electronic signal differentiation system, in combination with this instrument, permits the simultaneous recording of the rate of shrinkage as a function of temperature. Specific examples are given which demonstrate the performance of the instrument and illustrate its application to problems of practical interest, such as effects of stretching and annealing conditions on shrinkage behavior.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190511
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    Grafting of formaldehyde-crosslinked and cyanoethylated cotton cellulose with acrylate monomers (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 29-36 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Formaldehyde-crosslinked cotton and cyanoethylated cotton were grafted with methyl, ethyl, and n-butyl acrylates and methyl methacrylate using ceric ion as initiator. It was observed that the graft yields for formaldehyde-crosslinked cotton were significantly higher than those for native cotton. An increase in the bound formaldehyde resulted initially in a decrease in molecular weight of grafts; but later on, an increase was observed. In the case of cyanoethylated cottons, increasing the degree of substitution resulted in increase in graft yields. Molecular weights of the grafts increase up to a D.S. of 0.3, after which they decrease. These results are interpreted in terms of rates of initiation and termination being influenced by production of additional sites due to swelling of cellulose fibers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190103
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    Theory of reverse osmosis and some other membrane permeation operations (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 83-95 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The general permeation equations for various transport operations using membranes were correlated according to the solution-diffusion theory. It was shown that for some important conditions, the permeation properties for reverse osmosis can be generated from those of pervaporation. The use of reverse osmosis with pressure smaller than 2000 psi is calculated to be of limited use for the purification of water with small amounts of organic compounds.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190107
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    Polymer composites through in situ matrix formation (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 141-146 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nylon 66 graphite composites have been prepared by the in situ polymerization of the monomer epitaxially crystallized onto the fiber surface. Nylon 66 monomer, whether oriented (crystallized from solution) or unoriented (deposited from an aqueous slurry) was found to polymerize to an oriented composite by a variety of techniques (spark discharge, resistance heating, and furnace heating). X-ray diffraction has demonstrated that the matrix orientation corresponds to the polymer chains aligning themselves with the graphite crystal edges along the fiber axis. Scanning electron microscopy of fracture surfaces has shown excellent adherence between the fiber and matrix with fracture occurring mostly in the matrix material.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    The determination of solubility parameters of solvents and polymers by means of correlations with other physical quantities (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1163-1179 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Correlations of solvent solubility parameters with molar attraction constants and with properties like surface tension, dipole moment, and index of refraction have been explored. From relations found to be valid for solvents, it is possible to calculate the solubility parameters for polymers. A relation between the dispersion contribution to the surface energy of polymers (a measurable quantity) and the dispersion solubility parameter of polymers has been found which is similar to a relation established for low molecular weight substances.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190423
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    Temperature effect on polymer mechanochemistry (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1461-1473 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of temperature is a fundamental variable for the mechanochemical processes of high polymers. However, it is generally recognized that the effect of temperature in this process is not always direct, as in normal chemical reactions, but is mainly indirect involving change in the properties (principally elastic and viscous), in the physical state of the system, and consequently in the mechanism of rupture. The negative temperature coefficient has been considered a prime criterion of a mechanochemical reaction by many researchers. Recently, it has been suggested that the negative temperature coefficient is really due to the viscous heating during polymer deformation and the low thermal conductivity of polymers.The aim of this paper is to reevaluate the role of temperature on mechanically induced reactions of polymers. In light of evidences published in the last 30 years, the dependence of mechanochemical reaction on temperature must involve the overlapping of the following factors: (1) the usual positive dependence of rate on temperature, as predicted by Arrhenius equation; (2) the true experimental temperature, which depends on viscous heating and on thermostatting efficiency; and (3) the breaking tension at the center of the polymer chain which is inversely dependent on temperature, i.e., greater at the higher viscosity and the slower relaxation at the lower temperatures, this last factor being dominant in determining the characteristic negative temperature coefficient for polymer mechanochemistry.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    The extensional flow of poly(methyl methacrylate) and high-impact polystyrene at thermoforming temperatures (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1209-1220 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The work described in the present paper was performed to establish stress-strain-time relationships at plastic sheet thermoforming temperatures. The relationships are correlated with sheet-forming “formability”. Specimens of poly(methyl methacrylate) at 165°C and high-impact polystyrene at 122°C were extended to large strains at constant cross-head velocities. Initial strain rates were between 4.2 × 10-3/sec and 1.6 × 10-1/sec. It was found that the flow stress σ was related to the true strain ε and the elapsed time t by a relation σ = Ktm′εn, where K is a constant and n and m′ are indices. The value of n for both materials was approximately one. The value of m′ was -0.052 and -0.33 for poly(methyl methacrylate) and high-impact polystyrene, respectively. Tests were also performed in which the cross-head velocity was increased in steps. It was found that the flow stress in these tests followed the same relationship as in the constant cross-head velocity tests.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Changes in the morphology of cast nylon 6 through copolymerization (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1521-1538 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Correlations were made between several physical and mechanical properties and crystal morphology for copolyamides composed of caprolactam and either capryllactam or laurolactam as a minor comonomer. Incorporating a comonomer into the nylon 6 chain decreases the crystallinity and crystal size and, in addition, depresses the melting point of the polymer much more than predicted by the classical Flory theory on random copolymers. This fact, along with the change in the x-ray diffraction patterns, indicates that small amounts (up to 10 mole-%) of comonomer can enter the polymer crystals without any basic change in the α-form crystal structure. The variation of copolyamide densities with comonomer content also supports this theory. The initial moduli of the copolyamides, when tested above their glass transition temperatures, obey a linear relationship with the reciprocal of the amorphous content of the polymers. The impact strength increases dramatically with decreases in crystallinity and crystal size. Some of these materials have extremely large ultimate elongations and have glass transition temperatures below room temperature.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Composites obtained by encapsulation and collimation of glass fibers within a thermoplastic matrix by means of polymerization (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1323-1336 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Styrene and acrylonitrile monomers are polymerized in an aqueous suspension system in the presence of chopped glass strands. Under certain conditions, in the course of SAN polymerization, it is possible to align the glass strands in a parallel array (collimate) to form capsules varying in shape from tapes to cylinders. The parallel stacking of glass strands within the capsules allows for high glass loadings and results in glass microfibers completely wetted and imbedded in the polymeric matrix. The mechanism of encapsulation and collimation is discussed and is shown to be critically affected by several factors, the most important being: the preferential wetting of the strands by the monomers, the nature of the glass surface, the monomer composition, the type and concentration of protective colloid used in the suspension polymerization, and the type and intensity of agitation. The fiber glass composites obtained by encapsulation are found to have mechanical properties superior to those obtainable by conventional commercial routes.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190512
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    Variability of ultimate properties of elastomers (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 787-790 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The measurement of the ultimate properties of elastomers is characterized by variability in the data. For example, when a sufficient number of specimens is tested, distributions in the values of the stress-at-break, strain-at-break, and time-to-break are commonly obtained. It is pointed out that such variability can be rationalized on the basis of variations in both the degree of crosslinking and in the size of naturally occurring flows present in the elastomer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190315
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    The kinetics of two-phase bulk polymerization. I. Monomer and initiator distribution (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 757-768 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Rubber-reinforced thermoplastics are produced commercially by dissolving a rubber in the monomer of a glassy polymer and commencing polymerization with a free-radical initiator. Beyond a few per cent conversion, the incompatibility of the two polymers causes a phase separation, with each phase containing one nearly pure polymer. Subsequent polymerization occurs in each phase. The heterogeneous nature of the reaction can influence both the kinetics of the reaction and the amount of grafting in the product. The fact that only monomer which polymerizes in the rubber phase can possibly graft establishes an upper limit to the amount of grafting and hence influences the mechanical properties of the product. It is shown theoretically how unequal partitioning of monomer and initiator between the phases can influence the extent of grafting, and can also explain the kinetic rate reductions which have been observed in such systems. The distributions of monomer and benzoyl peroxide and azobisisobutyronitrile initiators between the phases have been determined experimentally for a styrene-polystyrene-polybutadiene system. They cannot account for the rate reduction observed in such systems.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Effects of ozone and UV on tire cord adhesion (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 855-863 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Ozone exposure of resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex (RFL) dipped tire cords reduces adhesion because ozone attacks the double bonds in the butadiene component of the rubber latex in RFL and impairs its cocuring with the solid rubber compound. This mechanism also explains: (a) the ineffectiveness of chemical antiozonants or chloroprene latex as RFL additives, (b) the increased ozone sensitivity of RFL adhesion with progressive curing of RFL dip, and (c) the insensitivity to ozone of adhesion with RF-EPDM adhesives. A major reduction in the rate of adhesion loss in either ozone (50 pphm, 50% RH) or UV (carbon arc, 4 hr) was demonstrated when small amounts of waxes (3% solids basis) were added to the RFL dip. The waxes protect the RFL adhesive by blooming to the surface of the adhesive treated cord.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Gel permeation chromatography of polysulfones (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 905-906 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190326
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    Solvent effect on the time constant of concentrated polymer solutions (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1663-1676 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The time constant, τ, signifying the onset of non-Newtonian behavior of polymer solutions is known to be a function of mass concentration, C, molecular weight, M, temperature, T, and zero shear viscosity, η0. Williams' theory predicts that the time constant is also affected by the solvent character. To study the predicted effect, the time constants of poly(methyl methacrylate) solutions in chlorobenzene (good solvent) and m-xylene (poor solvent) were experimentally determined. It was found that the ratio of the time constant to the Rouse relaxation time was a function of the combined variable CM. For all values of CM, both the time constant and the ratio of the time constant to the Rouse relaxation time were larger in a poor solvent than in a good solvent. This behavior may be attributed to the relatively stronger attractive interpolymer molecular forces present in solutions in poor solvents. As the temperature is raised the poor solvent becomes better and the ratio of the time constant to the Rouse relaxation time is found to become independent of solvent character.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Reactivity of PVC thermal stabilizers with hydrogen chloride in alcoholic solutions (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 557-560 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200225
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    Behavior of untreated and crosslinked cotton fibers. II. Contribution of intrinsic fiber properties (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2079-2086 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The mechanical properties of extracted and formaldehyde-crosslinked cotton fibers are presented. The crease recovery angles of different cotton fibers are more or less the same. As the per cent bound formaldehyde increases, the crease recovery angle of the treated fibers increases while the tensile strength decreases. Crease recovery and tensile loss factors appear to be sensitive indices of the improvement in crease recovery angles and the concomitant losses in tenacity of the fibers modified by any crosslinking process. The crease recovery angles for any cotton modified by formaldehyde crosslinking depend on the pretreatment it has received.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Radiation-induced grafting onto wool. A kinetic analysis (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2099-2106 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene onto wool in aqueous methanol was studied over a temperature range of 0°C to 45°C and a radiation dose-rate range of 0.05 to 2.0 Mrad/hr. The rate of grafting was found to obey the classical polymerization equation. Chain transfer to wool was found to play an important role in the grafting process, and the molecular weight of the resulting graft copolymer was found to be independent of the irradiation dose. The activation energy of the graft process changed from a value of 4.7 kcal/mole below 19°C to a value of 18.7 kcal/mole above this temperature. This phenomenon is ascribed to the formation of hydrogen-bonded systems between the protic solvent molecules and the protein chain in the wool.
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    Effect of composition on behavior of tricomponent polymer blends. Study by means of simplex lattice planning of the experiment (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2087-2098 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Some indicators of tricomponent polymer mixtures are investigated in dilute solution, in concentrated solution, and in the solid state. The method used is that of simplex Lattice planning of the experiment for an experimental mathematical description of these indicators of the composition of polymer mixtures. The dependences are described by regression equations of the fourth power. Lines of equal values are constructed of the investigated indicators, according to the equations obtained. The character of the outline surfaces corresponds to the complex interaction between the supramolecular formations in the transitions from a dilute into a concentrated solution and in the solid state. Compositions of optimum regions were determined wherein films and probably fibers of optimum physicomechanical indicators can be obtained. These optimum regions outline the zones of improved structural compatibility among the components.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Studies on chemically modified cotton. V. Effect of zinc chloride solutions on swelling and other properties of cottonPresented at the 15th Technological Conference of ATIRA, BITRA, and SITRA, Bombay, January 1974. (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 525-542 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper describes the effect of zinc chloride solutions of different molarity at different temperatures, viz., 10°, 25°, 36°, 55°, and 75°C, on various properties of cotton fiber such as degree of swelling, accessibility to water vapor and iodine absorption, infrared ratio, barium activity number (BAN), and leveling-off degree of polymerization (LODP). Zinc chloride solution caused inter- and intrafibrillar swelling in cotton fiber depending on conditions of treatment, viz., concentration of solution and temperature employed. Fibers treated in 10.07 moles/1. (M) solution of zinc chloride in slack state showed rapid increase in degree of swelling up to 2 hr, followed by a slow increase, reaching the maximum after 3 hr of treatment. Fibers swollen with fixed ends without allowing shrinkage showed gradual increase with maximum swelling after 6 hr of treatment. Cotton fibers treated in different molar solutions of zinc chloride at 55°C showed varying degrees of swelling (inter- and intrafibrillar) and a somewhat different trend compared to that observed at 10°C. Electron micrographs revealed mostly intercrystalline swelling in case of samples treated with 9.26M at 10°C, while the same concentration produced intracrystalline swelling at 55°C. Accessibility to water vapor, iodine absorption, and BAN of treated samples showed specific effect of temperature with regard to effectiveness of concentrations of zinc chloride solutions. Similar effects of temperature with regard to concentrations of reagent were observed on infrared ratio and LODP. Accessibility by iodine absorption and LODP correlate with BAN; also, the accessibility by iodine absorption correlates with the LODP.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200223
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    Copolymer composition as a function of molecular weight and the effect of conversion on this relationship (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 581-589 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The copolymer compositions as a function of molecular weight for three poly(styrene-co-vinyl stearate) copolymers of widely varying conversion were determined. A combined gel permeation chromatography-infrared spectroscopy method was used. Theoretical changes in copolymer composition were calculated using reactivity ratios. Comparison of the calculated and observed changes in copolymer composition as a function of molecular weight showed qualitative agreement. However, the observed changes in composition were significantly larger than those calculated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200302
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    Solute diffusion through swollen polymer membranes (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 609-625 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Experiments were designed to study the role of the solvent in the transport of a solute through a solvent-swollen polymer membrane. A single solute (an organic dye), a single polymer (cross-linked natural rubber), and 24 different organic solvents were used for this purpose. The solute diffusion coefficient D was calculated from the measured permeability P and distribution coefficient K, and was compared to the diffusion coefficient of the solute in the pure solvent. The main parameters of the solvent were shown to be its viscosity and the degree it swells the polymer. At high swelling, the results are in agreement with a model that pictures the resistance to solute diffusion as hydrodynamic interaction with the solvent while the polymer acts as an obstruction that increases the tortuosity of the diffusion path. At very low swelling, the diffusion coefficient approaches an asymptotic limit which is independent of solvent viscosity. However, even with as low as 10% solvent, some effects of viscosity are still seen. These results are discussed in terms of a quantitative theory for the obstruction effect proposed by Meares and compared to other literature data.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    The effect of red phosphorus on the flammability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 689-701 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Addition of red phosphorus in concentrations of about 4% to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) reduces the flammability of that polymer. The rates of flame propagation and the ignitability are reduced, while the oxygen index (O.I.) is increased. The surface temperature of burning PET amounts to TS ≈ 380°C; addition of 4% red phosphorus raises this value to TS ≈ 450°C. An increase of the environmental temperature TE enhances the flammability of PET and PET + phosphorus samples; the O.I. decreases and the rate of flame propagation increases with temperature. The flame-retardant effectiveness of red phosphorus is reduced if the sample is burned in a N2O atmosphere. This indicates that part of the flame retardancy imparted by phosphorus involves gas-phase inhibition. The major flame-retardant action does, however, occur in the condensed phase, since the rate of pyrolysis of PET is affected by the presence of red phosphorus.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Reactivity of poly(vinyl chloride) containing N-methyl-N-carboxymethyl dithiocarbamate toward metal ions in heterogeneous system and effect of γ-irradiation on the reactivity (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 733-743 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The reaction of poly(vinyl chloride) containing N-methyl-N-carboxymethyl dithiocarbamate (PSDC) with metal ions in a heterogeneous system and the effects of γ-irradiation on the reactivity were studied. Slurried PSDC has an affinity for a number of metal ions in aqueous solutions. On the basis of analyses for nitrogen and sulfur and on infrared spectra, a possible chelating structure for PSDC was deduced. The gaseous products evolved during the gamma radiolysis of PSDC under vacuum were measured. Although the dithiocarbamate group bonded to the main chain gave some protection against the dehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride) component, a small amount of the carboxymethyl group was decomposed. It was found that with γ-irradiation doses up to 30 Mrad, only about 1 mole-% out of 17.6 mole-% of N-methyl-N-carboxymethyl dithiocarbamate in the polymer was decomposed. It was shown that the reactivity of the irradiated PSDC in water toward metal ions was almost the same as that before irradiation.
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    Thermodynamic and mechanistic characterization of water sorption in homogeneous and asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 789-797 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The water sorption isotherms for homogeneous and asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes have been measured at different temperatures. Subtle differences between the water sorption isotherms for asymmetric and homogeneous membranes have been interpreted by suggesting that capillary condensation contributes significantly to sorption in asymmetric membranes at high activities and also to an intriguing excess sorption observed in homogeneous membranes at intermediate activities. This model has been supported by the experimentally determined values of the enthalpy and entropy changes associated with sorption.
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    Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene as used in articular prostheses (a molecular weight distribution study) (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 809-812 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Currently there is widespread use of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular components in total joint replacement prostheses. What has been most surprising about the wear of UHMWPE under such circumstances is the occurrence of brittle fracture. Such fracture had not been observed in the usual engineering tests done in the laboratory on UHMWPE. It was only when prosthese which had been removed from patients were examined or run in hip joint simulators with serum or synovial fluid as the lubricant, that brittle fracture was encountered. The problem of environment-enhanced brittle fracture in plastics dates back to 1946. Interestingly, the phenomenon was first described in polyethylene. The prime variables involved are polymer molecular weight, sensitizing environment, stress filed, and temperature. Other things being equal, brittle behavior in polyethylene is extremely sensitive to the amount of low molecular weight polymer present. In the light of the foregoing we have studied the molecular weight distribution in six commercially available UHMWPE components. These were obtained from six different manufacturers. The specimens were characterized both on their bearing (wear) surfaces and in their interior bulk. The results obtained indicate that: 1The UHMWPE components contain substantial amounts of low molecular weight polymer.2The UHMWPE components differ significantly in molecular weight distribution.3The UHMWPE components contain substantial amounts of crosslinked polymer.
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    Effect of orientation of two-dimensional filler on dynamic mechanical properties of cured epoxy resin (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 813-823 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Dynamic mechanical properties of cured epoxy resin filled with mica flake, as two-dimensional filler, were investigated over the temperature range from room temperature to 200°C. Two series of composite specimens were examined. One is series RM, containing ill-oriented mica flakes, and another is RMB, containing mica flakes oriented in the direction parallel to the specimen surface. Both tensile and shear moduli for RMB series were determined by dynamic mechanical experiments. The tensile modulus for RMB series was always higher than that for RM series over the whole temperature range. The shear modulus for RMB series was low, compared with that of the tensile modulus in the rubbery state. The behavior of the modulus reinforcement, observed both in the glassy and rubbery states, was compared with recently proposed theories of Wu and Padawer and Beecher. In the glassy state, the tensile modulus of RM series follows Wu's theory, while that of the RMB series agrees with Padawer and Beecher's theory. In the rubbery state, the tensile modulus of each series cannot be well explained by either theory. It was proposed that the tensile stress applied to the specimen was converted to shear stress in a thin resinous layer sandwiched by two mica flakes. The modulus behavior of the RMB series can be fully explained by this model.
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    Thermal degradation of polymers. XIV. Thermal analysis studies in air on homopolymers of m-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene and p-N,N-diethylaminostyrene and their copolymers with styrene (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 859-871 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Homopolymers of m-N,N-diethylaminostyrene and p-N,N-diethylaminostyrene and their copolymers with styrene have been subjected to thermal analysis studies in air. Molecular weight and copolymer composition have been shown to influence the stability of the polymers and the shape of the TG and DSC curves in the case of polymers containing m-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene. Polymers containing p-N,N-diethylaminostyrene show TG and DSC curves essentially independent of molecular weight and copolymer composition. The behavior of the two systems is discussed in terms of the antioxidant effect of the chain-bound N,N-dialkylamino substituents and their secondary reactions.
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    Theoretical model for the elastic behavior of composites reinforced with short fibers (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 891-902 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The two simplest models that can be put forward to account for the elasticity of composite materials are the Reuss model and the Voigt model in which the constituents undergo, respectively, the same stress or the same strain. Experimental measurements always fall between the values predicted by these models. We propose correcting the Reuss model by stating \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sigma _f = K\sigma _m $\end{document} σf and ∊m being the average stresses undergone, respectively, by reinforcing agent and the matrix. Similarly, we shall modify the Voigt model by supposing \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \epsilon _f = L\epsilon _f $\end{document} σf and ∊m being the average strain undergone, respectively, by reinforcing agent and the matrix. K and L are interrelated tensors which depend on the nature of the reinforcing agent, on its possible orientation, and on the mechanical behavior of the interface and also on the moduli of the constituents. We have developed the equations for determining the tensors with regard to fiber composite, taking into account the characteristics of the fibers (length, diameter, orientation, interface). The evaluation of K and L enables us, therefore, to calculate the modulus or the compliance. Conversly, by measuring the modules or the complience, one can determine K or L and , in this way, obtain data on the machnism of load transfer from the matrix to the reingforcing agent and thus on the behavior of their interface. The theoretical values of the Young modules calculated from our model are in good agreement with the experemental values obtained by Lees.8
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200403
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    The determination of copolymer composition as a function of molecular weight by preparative gel permeation chromatography and comparison to the rapid stop-and-go GPC/IR method (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 959-965 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The determination of the copolymer composition as a function of molecular weight by preparative gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for a poly(styrene-co-vinyl stearate) sample is described. These results were compared to data obtained on the same copolymer by the previously described rapid stop-and-go GPC/IR method of analysis of copolymer composition as a function of molecular weight and found to be in good agreement.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200409
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    Synthesis of alternating polyamide esters by melt and solution polycondensations of N,N′-Di(6-hydroxycaproyl) diamines and N-6-hydroxycaproyl aminoalcohol with terephthalic and adipic dimethyl esters and dichlorides (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 975-994 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Alternating polyamide esters of structures A and B were obtained by melt polymerization of dimethyl adipate and terephthalate or by solution polymerization of adipoyl and terephthaloyl chlorides, with N,N′-di(6-hydroxycaproyl)diamines and an N-6-hydroxycaproyl aminoalcohol: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {\rlap{--} [{\rm O(CH}_2 )_5 {\rm CONHR}_{\rm 1} {\rm NHCO(CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm )}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCOR}_{\rm 2} {\rm CO}\rlap{--} ]_n } \\ {\mathop {{\rm \rlap{--} [O(CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm )}_{\rm 5} {\rm CONHR}_{\rm 1} {\rm OCOR}_{\rm 2} {\rm CO\rlap{--} ]}_{\rm 2} }\limits_{\rm B}^{\rm A} } \\ \end{array} $\end{document} where R1 is selected from dimethylene, hexamethylene, and p-phenylene radicals, and R2 is selected from tetramethylene or p-phenyl radical. Polyamide esters of structure A′ were also prepared: Average values of melting points of the resulting polyamide esters were dependent on the starting diacid derivatives, amide diols, and methods of polymerizations as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \begin{array}{l} {\rm CPZ 〈 ECA 〈 CHD 〈 CED 〈 CPPD} \\ {\rm DMA 〈 ADC 〈 DMT 〈 TPC} \\ {\rm melt polymerization 〈 solution polymerization} \\ \end{array} $\end{document} where CPZ, CHD, CED, and CPPD are N,N′-di(6-hydroxycaproy1)-, each in this order: piperazine, hexamethylenediamine, ethylenediamine, and p-phenylenediamine. ECA is N-(2-hydroxyethyl)6-hydroxycaproamide. For a given polyamide ester obtained from the same starting materials and by the same method of polymerization, the melting points increased with inherent viscosities. Polyamide esters of high molecular weight were obtained from CHD with both adipic and terepbthalic derivatives both by melt and solution polymerizations. Polymerizations of the other amide diols gave lower molecular weights. Solution polymerization gave colorless or light-colored polymers, while melt polymerization gave deeper-colored polymers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200411
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    Poly(perfluoroether) oxadiazole elastomer system cured with terephthalonitrile oxide (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1035-1047 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The terpolymerization of N,N′-terephthalonitrile oxide (TPNO), 1,3,5-tricyanobenzene, and oligomeric perfluoroalkylene dinitriles derived from the oligomerization of tetrafluoroethylene oxide yields poly(perfluoroether)-1,2,4-oxadiazole polymers which are soluble in Freon TF and bear pendent nitrile groups as curing sites. The polymerization is a two-step, ambient-temperature reaction. Several different perfluoroether dinitriles are shown to polymerize using this procedure. The syntheses and certain structure/property relationships of the polymers are discussed. Increasing the chain length of the perfluoroalkylene oxide dinitriles results in polymers which range from paraffin-like solids through tough elastomers and, finally, to tacky gums. Tough, crepe elastomer gum with a Tg of -64°C may be obtained in yields of 60-70%. The poly(perfluoroether) oxadiazoles may be milled with additional TPNO and press cured at 95°C (200°F). The following physical properties of the cured polymers are given: compression set, tensile strength, per cent elongation at break, set at break, and Shore A hardness. Thermal stability, moisture stability, and low-temperature flexibility data are also presented for the cured elastomeric polymer.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200415
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    A theoretical study of liquid-film spread heights in the calendering of Newtonian and power law fluids (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2351-2351 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190826
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    Thermoanalytical investigation of transformation of polyamido acid into polyimide (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2335-2345 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of solvent and schedules of treatment of solutions of polyamido acid synthesized from diaminodiphenylic ether and pyromelitic dianhydride on its transformation into polyimide, and the effect on thermal characteristics of the latter, has been investigated by simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. It was shown that dimethyl-formamide strongly affects the formation and properties of polyimide film. Optimum conditions of preparation of polyimide films were determined with the authors' taking into account the high reactivity of dimethylformamide. A possibility of using a water-acetone mixture as a medium for the preparation of polyimide films was shown.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Rapid x-ray diffraction technique for determination of crystallinity of cellulosic materials (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2353-2357 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Predominant orientation or texture of cellulosic materials leads to the overestimation of the contribution from crystalline fractions when x-ray diffraction techniques are used for determination of crystallinity of these materials. Therefore it was attempted to determine the fraction of noncrystalline cellulose on the diffractomer by using a recalculating instrument to measure the scattering power at an angle 2θ = 32° from cellulose tablets, and by comparing these result with a reference sample. The method is convenient for process control procedures.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190901
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    Terpolymerization studies. I. Terpolymerization of acrylonitrile, styrene, and esters of α-cyanocinnamic acid (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2359-2377 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The terpolymerizations of acrylonitrile, styrene, and seven esters of α-cyanocinamic acid were investigated up to low conversions. Polymerizations, carried out in bulk at 70°C, were initiated by free radicals. The relationships between monomer feed and terpolymer composition were determined on a triangular coordinate graph as proposed by Slocombe. In all cases, there exists an azeotropic line, connecting the binary azeotrope of the pair acrylonitrile-styrene and that of the various pairs of styrene with the esters of α-cyanocinnamic acid, yet no real ternary azeotrope was found.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190902
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    Terpolymerization studies. II. Terpolymerization of acrylonitrile, styrene, and esters of α-cyanocinnamic acid. Polymerization methods and properties (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2379-2389 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Terpolymers of acrylonitrile, styrene, and seven esters of α-cyanocinnamic acid were prepared by conventional polymerization methods up to high conversions. For emulsion polymerization systems, the rate dependence on the concentration of the emulsifier was determined. Terpolymers, made in suspension and in bulk, were used for the preparation of films and molded specimens in order to study their physical properties/chemical structure relationships.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190903
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    Rheo-optical properties of polymers: Relaxation and recovery during absorption and desorption of organic liquids (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1573-1582 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As part of a study in elucidating the mechanisms by which crazing is initiated in polymers, we have measured the force and birefringence decay which occurs in several polymers when placed in contact with methanol. In all cases, the force decay can be used to determine the rate of bulk diffusion of the liquid into the polymer. In contrast, the birefringence decay appears to be related to shear relaxation mechanisms which are highly dependent on the type of material. For example, in the case of simple rubbers such as polyisoprene, the rates of decay of force and birefringence are identical within experimental error. In contrast, in amorphous thermoplastics the force decay is typically an order of magnitude faster than the birefringence decay. These results are discussed in terms of distortional and orientational birefringence and with respect to the morphology of the glassy state.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200614
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    Studies on melt spinning. VI. The effect of deformation history on elongational viscosity, spinnability, and thread instability (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1555-1571 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of deformation history on the elongational behavior and spinnability of polypropylene melt was investigated by carrying out isothermal melt-spinning experiments. For the study, spinnerettes of different die geometries were used to investigate the effect, if any, of the entrance angle, the capillary length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio, and the reservoir-to-capillary diameter (DR/D) ratio on the elongational behavior of molten threadlines. An experimental study was also carried out to investigate the phenomenon of draw resonance in the extrusion of polypropylene melts through spinnerettes of different die geometries. Draw resonance is the phenomenon which gives rise to pulsations in the threadline diameter when the stretch ratio is increased above a certain critical value. The results of our study show that the critical stretch ratio at which the onset of draw resonance starts to occur decreases as the L/D ratio is decreased, as the entrance angle is increased, as the DR/D ratio is increased, as the melt temperature is decreased, and as the shear rate in the die is increased. Of particular interest is the observation that, at 180°C, the severity of fiber nonuniformity increases as the stretch ratio is increased, whereas at 200°C and 220°C, the severity of fiber nonuniformity first increases and then decreases as the stretch ratio is increased considerably above the critical value. A rheological interpretation of the observed onset of draw resonance is presented with the aid of the independently determined rheological data.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200613
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    Sorption of solutes by poly(ethylene oxide). I. Infinite-dilution studies (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2439-2455 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gas-liquid chromatography was used to study the equilibrium sorption by poly(ethylene oxide) of small amounts of 14 organic solutes and water between 70°C and 150°C at essentially atmospheric pressure. The effect of polymer degradation on the results is discussed and taken into account. Comparison between these results and those of other workers indicates fair agreement.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190908
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    Dynamic mechanical study of polycarbonate-based block copolymers (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2431-2438 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic-mechanical properties of some multi-ABA-type block copolymers were studied using the Rheovibron viscoelastometer. Records of tan δ, loss moduli, and storage moduli were obtained over the temperature range of -100°C to 200°C (or the upper glass transition temperature) for samples cast from different solvents. Separate glass transitions were apparent when there was phase separation. Under the test conditions, the soft segment or block formed the continuous phase and the associated glass transition was independent of the solvent used. The hard-segment phase was either continuous or discretely aggregated, depending on the solvent used. For hard segments from large monomer molecules, the discretely aggregated phase displayed a greater modulus. The reverse was true when the monomer molecules were small.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190907
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    Sorption of solutes by poly(ethylene oxide). II. Benzene at finite concentrations (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2457-2472 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have determined the activity of benzene in poly(ethylene oxide) over concentration ranges from 0 to 20 wt-% from 70° to 150°C using gas-liquid chromatography. The results are well corelated by the corresponding-states theory of Prigogine and Flory. Comparison between our results and those obtained by other workers using a “static” method indicate good agreement, except at very low benzene concentrations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Reverse osmosis separations of aldehydes, ketones, and ethers in aqueous solutions using porous cellulose acetate membranes (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2473-2484 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Reverse osmosis data for a number of aldehyde, ketone, and ether solutes whose polar parameters Σσ* lie in the ranges of -0.2 to 0.6, -0.4 to 0.6, and -0.49 to 0.6, respectively, have been analyzed. The results show that solute transport parameters can be expressed as a function of steric parameters ΣEs only for ethers, polar parameter Σσ* only for aldehydes, and both ΣEs and Σσ* for ketones. The numerical values of the functional proportionality constants ρ* and δ* associated with Σσ* and ΣEs respectively, for the above class of solutes have been determined for operating pressures up to 500 psig, and a method of predicting solute separation from data on any reference solute only in each class has been established. The data on solute transport parameters for ethers, aldehydes, and ketones have been correlated with the corresponding data for sodium chloride through appropriate link constants. Analysis of data on mixed solute systems involving aldehydes and ketones show that the solutes behave independently in reverse osmosis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190910
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    The transport of methyl methacrylate monomer in poly(methyl methacrylate) (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2485-2491 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The absorption kinetics and equlibria of methyl methacrylate monomer into poly(methyl methacrylate) were studied over a range of penetrant activities. The interval sorption kinetics at elevated activities were determined, compared, and contrasted with the integral sorption experiments in previously unpenetrated film samples. The sorption kinetics in previously unpenetrated films were predominantly case II or relaxation controlled at high activities. A Fickian contribution to the overall kinetics was apparent at lower activities. In contrast, interval sorption, at elevated activities in previously equilibrated and plasticized samples, followed Fickian kinetics rather closely, whereas resorption, over an activity range which involved a traversal of the effective Tg, was characterized by more complicated kinetics involving a super case II mechanism at long times. These composite results reinforce the notion that the kinetics describing penetration of a single penetrant into a single polymer are extremely sensitive to the boundary condition imposed upon the polymeric sorbent.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190911
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    Thermoplastic urethane elastomers. I. Effects of soft-segment variations (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2493-2502 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of thermoplastic urethane elastomers with soft segments of varying sequence length was prepared and their dynamic mechanical properties were characterized over a wide temperature range. The polymers were prepared using various molecular weight polycaprolactone diols as the soft segment and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol as the hard segment. The urethane elastomer exhibited soft-segment crystallization when a polycaprolactone diol greater than 3000 M̄n was used. The glass transition temperature of these materials progressively shifted to lower temperatures as the chain length of the soft segment was increased. This dependence was interpreted in terms of a molecular weight relationship similar to that associated with amorphous homopolymers. The dynamic mechanical properties of these polyurethanes appear to be consistent with responses observed for compatible copolymers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190912
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    Measurement of gas permeability of polymers. I. Permeabilities in constant volume/variable pressure apparatus (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1921-1931 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A constant volume/variable pressure gas permeability apparatus is described that provides accurate determination of permeabilities ranging from less than 10-1 to 106 centibarrers. Metal construction, variable temperature control, adjustable downstream pressure and constant volume, and a differential pressure transducer with automatic recording are design features that permit detailed permeability studies under a variety of environmental conditions. Pressure effects on polymer films have been investigated up to 1000 psi, and the relation of gas concentration to permeability has been studied by varying the downstream pressure and volume conditions. The high feed pressures have significantly shortened the time required to obtain meaningful data on low-permeability materials after steady-state conditions are achieved, and the variable-temperature control has permitted evaluation of temperature-related phenomena.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200719
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    The curing of an epoxy resin as followed by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1977-1982 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Variable-temperature carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy was used to examine the curing reaction of DGEBPA with piperidine. An initial adduct was directly observed and the disappearance of monomer could be conveniently followed. Unreacted epoxide carbons were detectable in cured samples.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200724
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    Stress growth and relaxation of a molten polyethylene in a modified weissenberg rheogoniometer (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1355-1370 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A Weissenberg rheogoniometer was modified1-3 to improve sample temperature uniformity and constancy (to within ±0.5°C) and to give a quicker response to normal thrust changes (estimated gap change ≤0.1 μm/kg thrust; gap angle = 8.046°; gap radius = 1.2 cm; servomechanism replaced by an open-loop cantilever spring of 10 kg/μm stiffness). Low-density polyethylenes (IUPAC samples A and C, melt index at 190°C = 1.6) at 150°C were used in step-function shear rate experiments. Inspection of marked sectors in the samples showed substantial uniformity of shear at values of Ṡ = 0.1, 2, and 5 sec-1; for Ṡ = 10 sec-1 and S ≤ 2 shear units (S = Ṡt), the shear was highly nonuniform at and near the free boundary. Using selected premolded samples A, scatter in seven replicate tests at Ṡ = 1.0 sec-1 did not exceed ±6% for N1(t) and ±5% for σ(t) (N1 = primary normal stress difference; σ = shear stress; t = time of deformation from the initiation of experiment at zero time). N1(t) and σ(t) data agreed with Meissner's1; for Ṡ = 0.1, 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 sec-1, torque maxima occurred at S = 6 shear units, and thrust maxima occurred in the range of 10 to 20 shear units. σ(t) and N1(t) data do not satisfy the van Es and Christensen4 test for rubber-like liquids with strain rate invariants included in the memory function. On cessation of shear (after a shear strain S at constant shear rate Ṡ), initial values of -dσ(t)/dt and -dN1(t)/dt were found to depend strongly on S, in some cases passing through maxima as S was increased. After shearing at Ṡ = 0.1 sec-1 for 500 sec, such that stresses became constant, stress relaxation data satisfied Yamamoto's5 equation of dN1(t)/dt = -2Ṡσ(t).
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200518
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    Orientierung von nylon-6-fäden beim Schmelzspinnen (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1421-1424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200523
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  • 84
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    Photo-induced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate on oxidized poly(vinyl alcohol) fiber (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1413-1419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Photo-induced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate on oxidized poly(vinyl alcohol) fiber was investigated. Oxidation of the fiber sample with sodium hypochlorite or periodic acid led the radical formation by photo-irradiation to intensify markedly. ESR spectra of the irradiated oxidized sample proved that a considerable amount of triplet component radical was contained in it, whereas the unoxidized sample mostly indicated a singlet. The spectra found in the irradiated unoxidized sample was assigned to two radicals, I and II, and for the oxidized sample, to III and IV. The spectrum for I must be a singlet, and a triplet for II, III, and IV. Among the last three, II was less stable toward heat. As the oxidized sample has a high activity for photoinitiation, the radicals of III and IV are presumed to be the sites of graft copolymerization:
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200522
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  • 85
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    Falling coaxial cylinder viscometer for polymer solutions (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1467-1473 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple, inexpensive glass viscometer can be constructed to time the rate at which a rod falls into a liquid held in a concentric closed-end glass cylinder. This equipment can be used to measure absolute values of apparent viscosities of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Calibration is not required. The technique is an adaptation of a method used previously with polymer melts at elevated temperatures. The present article describes the modifications needed for lower-viscosity fluids, such as paints, and validates the flow analysis with results of study of a characterized Newtonian fluid.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200605
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  • 86
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    Some transport characteristics of aromatic polyamide membranes in reverse osmosis (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1491-1499 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of solute concentration in the range of 0.0013 to 1.051 molality in the feed solution and operating pressure in the range of 100 to 900 psig on solute transport parameter DAM/Kδ in reverse osmosis have been studied for a class of laboratory-made aromatic polyamide membranes and aqueous sodium chloride feed solutions. The results showed that DAM/Kδ for NaCl increased both with increase in operating pressure and solute concentration in the concentrated boundary solution on the high-pressure side of the membrane. A general expression for DAM/Kδ for NaCl including the effects of both the above operating variables is given. These results are different from the corresponding results obtained for cellulose acetate membranes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200608
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  • 87
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    Investigation on curing and destruction of crosslinked modified phenolformaldehyde polymers (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1533-1541 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Curing and destruction of crosslinked phenolformaldehyde polymers modified with a varying quantity of polycaprolactam were studied by means of IR and ESR spectra and by derivatography. In the curing process of the polymers, hexamethylenetetramine was found degrading, with formation of dimethyleneimine, and other groups causing spatial crosslinking of the polymers. Incorporation of nitrogen in the polymer chains was proved by means of IR spectra and elemental analysis. The activation energy of destruction was determined by the thermogravimetric curves, and it varied in the range of 25 to 32 kcal/mol. On the ground of the investigations made, it was presumed that in hardening and destruction of the polymers under study a definite role was played also by free-radical processes. An evidence of this was the presence of free radicals in the products during hardening and destruction as well as the kinetic data - the low activation energy of destruction.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200611
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  • 88
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    Some mechanical properties of particulate-filled thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1597-1606 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A semiempirical, single-parameter equation describes the modulus of particulate systems \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{E_c }}{{E_p }} = \frac{1}{{K\left( {1 - \phi ^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 3}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 3}} } \right)}}. $\end{document} This equation has been found applicable for thermoplastic/glass bead systems, and it is further verified for particulate thermosetting systems (epoxy and polyester matrices). The temperature effect on the modulus of epoxy/glass bead composites is also analyzed. Crazing characteristics calculated from tensile data of thermoplastic/glass bead composites are summarized and compared with literature results on the corresponding unfilled polymers. The effect of coupling agents and preliminary results on rigid foams are also presented.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200616
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  • 89
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    Electrochemical polymerization of acenaphthylene in nitrobenzene and nitromethane (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1711-1713 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200629
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    The synthesis of acetals of poly(vinyl alcohol) which show lower consolute temperature behavior in water (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1721-1722 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200632
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  • 91
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    Semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1753-1764 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate with a constant rate of feed of monomer emulsion was investigated. The integral composition of the copolymer at the end of the feeding was different from the feed composition, and the difference was proportional to the monomer feeding rate. The closer the feed composition was to the composition at the azeotropic point, the lower was the sensitivity of the system to the feeding rate. At low feeding rates, the copolymerization proceeded at conversions of about 90-95%, and the composition of the copolymer was practically equal to that of the monomer feed. The reactivity ratios determined under these conditions were probably influenced by diffusion inside the growing polymer-monomer particles.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200704
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  • 92
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    Effect of filler on the relaxation time spectra of filled polymers (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1787-1794 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The temperature and frequency dependences of the complex shear modulus G* and tan δ of mechanical losses of epoxy compositions with various fillers were studied. The method of Ninomiya-Ferry applied to the reduced curves of frequency dependence of the effective part of the shear modulus was used to draw up relaxation time spectra for specimens with various concentrations of the filler. Regularities in the change of type and position of the spectral curves with increase in filler concentration were indicated. The findings make it possible to draw conclusions about the effect of the filler on the properties of the polymer matrix in the boundary layer and about changes in the conditions of the deformation of the polymer interlayers between the filler particles as compared with the deformations in bulk specimens.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200708
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  • 93
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    Analysis of cotton fiber maturity. II. Glycerol retention value of cotton (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2329-2338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The imbibition of glycerol by cotton has been used as a measure of fiber porosity which includes a major contribution from the fiber lumen. Cotton is swollen in glycerol to saturation and subjected to centrifugation until constant weight is attained. The glycerol retention value (GRV) is calculated from the increase in weight of cotton after swelling and centrifugation. This method is applied to determine GRVs and pore space of 12 American cottons which have different wall thicknesses but more or less the same fiber perimeter. A high negative correlation is obtained between GRV and the percentage of mature fibers for various raw and extracted cottons. Effect of fiber wax content of GRV was studied. It has been shown how the average lumen area in swollen state can be calculated from GRV and gravimetric fineness. The significance of pore space is discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200903
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  • 94
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    Thermal degradation of polystyrene (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2355-2365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The importance of the study of thermal degradation of polymeric fuels arises from their role in the combustion of solid propellants. Estimation of the condensed-phase heat release during combustion can be facilitated by the knowledge of the enthalpy change associated with the polymer degradation process. Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to obtain enthalpy data. Kinetic studies on the polymeric degradation process have been carried out with the following objectives. The literature values of activation energies are quite diverse and differ from author to author. The present study has tried to locate possible reasons for the divergence in the reported activation energy values. A value of 30 kcal has been obtained and found to be independent of the technique employed. The present data on the kinetics support to chain-end initiation and unzipping process. The activation energies are further found to be independent of the atmosphere in which the degradation of polymer fuel is carried out. The degradation in air, N2, and O2 all yield a value of 30 kcal/mole for the activation energies.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200906
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  • 95
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    Photodegradable polymers. II. Preparation of styrene copolymers with alkyl and phenyl β-styryl ketones and their photodegradability (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2429-2440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Photodegradable polymers having pendent carbonyl groups attached directly to the polymer chain were prepared by copolymerization of styrene (St) with alkyl and phenyl β-styryl ketones (RCOCH=CHC6H5), where R = CH3, C2H5, n-C5H11, n-C11H23, t-C4H9, cyclo-C6H11, and C6H5. The photodegradability of these copolymers was traced by viscometric and IR spectroscopic measurements. The degradability of St-benzalacetophenone (BAPh) copolymer is greater than that of St-alkyl styryl ketone copolymers under the irradiation of a high-pressure Hg lamp. The photodecomposition behavior St-BAPh copolymer was investigated in detail by a spectoirradiation technique. The changes in molecular weight and its distribution by photodegradation were measured by gel permeation chromatography, and the quantum yield for bond scission along the main chains of the copolymer was estimated to be about 5 × 10-3 by 328 nm irradiation in a benzene solution. Examination of the effect of wavelength of the radiation on the bond scission showed that 328-nm light is most effective. The photochemical degradation process was shown to occur chiefly via triplet state of carbonyl groups by the quenching technique using 1,3-cyclohexadiene as a triplet quencher. The quantum yield of decarbonylation process was also estimated to be about 4.2 × 10 -2 in benzene.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200912
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    Conversion factors in dilatometric data of polymerization reactions (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2473-2481 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Various factors in the conversion of dilatometric data to the extent of polymerization have been considered. These factors are volume additivity, density additivity, difference between the thermal coefficients of monomer and polymer, molecular weight, and degree of crosslinkage. Equations relating the dilatometric readings to the extent of polymerization have been derived. These equations can be used for reactions where the polymerization may be stopped short of complete polymerization. They can also be used for polymerization where the initial portion of the reaction is difficult to record.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200916
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    Determination of diffusion constants by sorption of solute from a constant, finite volume (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2557-2560 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200923
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  • 98
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    Polyelectrolyte complexes of heparin with chitosan (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2561-2563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200924
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    Comments on the paper by J. B. Lawrence and N. A. Weir, “The kinetics of atactic polystyrene oxidation in solution”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 18, 1821 (1974) (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2581-2582 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200928
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  • 100
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    Further observations of the interface shape of conjugate fibers (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2609-2614 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200935
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