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  • Chromatographie, Dünnschicht  (90)
  • Scanning electron microscopy  (77)
  • Adaptation
  • Springer  (179)
  • 1975-1979  (179)
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Keywords
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Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SEM analysis of amphibian mesodermal migration (1977)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 181 (1977), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell migration ; Mesoderm ; Gastrulation ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary At the end of gastrulation, the lateral mesoderm of amphibian embryos migrates ventrally between the ectoderm and the endoderm. The present study is an examination of the morphology of the leading cells of the mesodermal sheet and of the substratum over which they move (the inner surface of the ectoderm). The cells of the leading edge of the mesoderm are generally round, with very short and narrow flattened projections in the forward direction. These projections do not have a “ruffled” morphology, regardless of whether fixation is carried out before or after the ectoderm and mesoderm are dissected away from the endoderm. The inner surface of the ectoderm is covered with fine (450–500A) filamentous extracellular material and the ectoderm cells sometimes extend cytoplasmic processes (approx. 0.1 μ wide) onto the leading surface of the mesoderm or onto adjacent ectoderm cells. These studies indicate that the morphology of cell migration in amphibians is closer to that seen inFundulus than to that characteristic of chick or mammalian cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00857266
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of embryonic chick tibiae in ovo and in vitro: A scanning electron microscope study (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Bone ; Organ culture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The study describes the ultrastructure of the mineralized portion of chick tibiae from 10 days in ovo to 2 days post-hatch. At 10 days a single mineralized cylinder surrounds the diaphysis. On its outer surface columnar trabeculae join to form ridges parallel to the long axis of the bone. These ridges are covered by another cylinder and form the haversian canals. At 11 days vascular invasion of the marrow cavity occurs and resorption of the endosteal surface begins. This type of periosteal deposition and endosteal resorption is repeated during and subsequent to embryonic development. The mineralized portion of 10-day chick tibiae cultured for 2 days in modified BGJ medium was compared with 10-, 11-, and 12-day tibiae in ovo. Cultured tibiae were similar in length and calcium content to 11-day tibiae in ovo. The form of mineral deposited in ovo and in culture was the same, namely, aggregates of spherical mineral clusters. Differences in culture included the following: (a) few concentric cylinders were deposited as compared with tibiae in ovo; (b) trabeculae were not arranged in rows and ridges in culture; (c) osteocytic lacunae were restricted to bases of trabeculae rather than uniformly distributed as in ovo; and (d) the endosteal surface of tibiae in culture appeared etched.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441158
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscopy of epiphyseal chondrocytes (1978)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Epiphyseal chondrocytes ; Freezefracture ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell processes ; Membrane particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chondrocytes in epiphyseal cartilage were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using freeze-fracture techniques. Freeze-fracture replicas showed large numbers of fingerlike, 0.11–0.15 μm diameter, projections from the chondrocyte surface, with numerous 95–180 Å diameter intramembranous particles associated with both the cell membrane surface and these projections. With SEM, these cytoplasmic projections were also obvious, but appeared collapsed into clusters of globular-shaped projections on the surface of the chondrocytes. With freeze-fracture techniques, in which shrinkage artifacts were essentially eliminated, the cytoplasmic projections were often seen in intimate contact with the extracapsular matrix. However, with chondrocytes prepared by both SEM and conventional TEM, there was evidence of shrinkage, the cytoplasmic projections having little contact with the extracapsular matrix. These findings show that the cytoplasmic processes are not artifacts of tissue processing and provide morphological evidence in support of the hypothesis that matrix vesicles are of cellular origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02013264
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopical study on the fluorosis of enamel in rats (1978)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Fluorosis ; Enamel ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Low temperature incineration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sixteen 58-day-old male rats of Wistar strain, with a mean body weight of 179 g, were divided into two equal groups. Each group of eight animals was maintained for 70 days on drinking water, ad lib., containing no fluorine (control group) and 100 ppm of fluorine (experimental group). All specimens examined were obtained from the incisal portions of the incisors. The following types of enamel specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy: (1) acid-etched specimens; (2) acid-etched specimens followed by low temperature microincineration; and (3) fractured specimens. The enamel formed during high fluoride exposure showed marked hypocalcification, that is, the crystallite density in the prism core and interprismatic region was lower than that of control animals. The organic substances appeared to increase in these regions. These changes were prominent in the outer and middle enamel layers. Such changes following fluoride administration appear to indicate an inhibition of enamel maturation, that is, an inhibition of the mineral deposition and/or an inhibition of organic matrix withdrawal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02010754
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and association of wall fibrils produced by regenerating tobacco protoplasts (1979)
    Springer
    Planta 146 (1979), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cellulose ; Microfibrils ; Negative staining ; Nicotiana ; Protoplasts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of the wall fibrils produced by tobacco protoplasts, using scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with negative staining. It has been shown that the fibres seen in scanning electron microscopy correspond to aggregates of microfibrils. These aggregates are only visible where they are lifted clear of the protoplast surface. Negative staining of fixed protoplasts shows that the aggregation of microfibrils into the fibres visible in scanning electron microscopy is probably produced by air-drying. Gentle disruption of microfibrils produces both random broken fragments and bundles of short pieces of fibrillar material about 60 nm in length. This material is present in undisrupted young walls, but not in undisrupted older walls. The microfibrils in young walls seem much more fragile and liable to breakage than those in older walls. These results are discussed in terms of the interpretation of scanning electron microscope images and the mechanism of cellulose microfibril formation by higher plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388233
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium ion, a putative intracellular messenger for light-adaptation in Limulus ventral photoreceptors (1977)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 141-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Calcium ; Limulus ; Photoreceptors ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Calcium ion fulfills several criteria for identifying an intracellular messenger for light-adaptation in Limulus photoreceptors. Direct injection of Ca++ mimicks two aspects of light-adaptation; sequestration of intracellular calcium tends to prevent light-adaptation; and light induces an increase in intracellular Ca++ as demonstrated by two independent techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00535809
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dark adaptation processes in the amphibian rod (1977)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 171-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Frog ; Retina ; Rhodopsin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rod dark adaptation in the amphibian retina appears to be due to three processes: 1. background adaptation, occurring immediately after the extinction of an adapting or bleaching light, 2. intermediate adaptation, that frequently lasts 30 min or more and 3. opsin adaptation, which in the isolated retina where regeneration of rhodopsin is insignificant, is observed as a permanent loss of sensitivity after the completion of intermediate adaptation. Intermediate adaptation is characterized by a linear relation between log threshold and the amount of “retinal” present, a similar relation is obtained between log threshold and the amount of rhodopsin bleached in opsin adaptation. These adaptation processes are discussed in terms of a model of the rod outer segment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00535814
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorylation of rhodopsin as a possible mechanism of adaptation (1977)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 3 (1977), S. 175-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Rodopsin ; Phosphorylation ; Adaptation ; Retina ; Cyclic nucleotides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Light-induced phosphorylation of rhodopsin has been extensively studied by a number of investigators from a biochemical point of view. However, little is known about the physiological function of this reaction. The slow rates measured for phosphorylation and dephosphorylation suggest that it may be involved in visual adaptation rather than in excitation. This paper presents biochemical data obtained from phosphorylation experiments in isolated photoreceptor membranes as well as in the more physiological system of whole retinas and living animals. An attempt is made to compare the phosphorylation reaction with visual adaptation hypotheses taken from the electrophysiological literature. Finally, effects of cyclic nucleotide metabolism on the sensitivity of photoreceptors are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00535815
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of rod outer segment adaptation based on a simple equivalent circuit (1978)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 4 (1978), S. 115-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Rod outer segment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This model of rod outer segment adaptation is based on the hypothesis that transmitter substance released by bleached rhodopsin closes sodium channels in the outer segment plasma membrane, leading to hyperpolarization of the receptor. The outer segment adaptation processes of the model are associated with the transmitter release, the transmitter background concentration and the plasma membrane leakage. Changes in the three model parameters correspond to the three types of outer segment adaptation processes. According to the model the stimulus-response function is in every adaptational state U/U max −I/(I+I H ). The model predicts how each adaptation process affects I H and U max. Specifically, when the number of liberated transmitter molecules per isomerizing quantum decreases, the amplitude U max remains constant but I H increases. A short description of this model has been published in a paper reporting experimental results on background adaptation (HemilÄ, 1977).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00539226
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absorption of light by metarhodopsin modifies the effect of a conditioning light on the barnacle photoreceptor (1979)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 5 (1979), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Visual pigment ; Photoreceptor ; Metarhodopsin ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We show that the effect of an adapting light on the sensitivity of barnacle photoreceptors depends on the direction of net pigment transfer [rhodopsin (R) to metarhodopsin (M) or reverse] occasioned by the adapting light. For stimuli giving no net pigment transfer the state of the pigment appears irrelevant, R → R having the same effect as M → M. With respect to these, R → M gives enhanced facilitation and M → R depressed facilitation. This suggests a correlation with the prolonged depolarising after-potential (PDA) and the anti-PDA, which follow R → M and M → R stimuli respectively. These effects appear mainly in less sensitive cells and for higher amounts of conditioning light — but still well within the physiological range and well below the threshold for PDA and anti-PDA induction. The special interest of these results is that they appear to be interpretable only by assuming that absorption of light by metarhodopsin exerts an effect on the stimulus coincident response (LRP), the first demonstration of such an effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00535451
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative model for the electric response of invertebrate and vertebrate photoreceptors (1977)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 2 (1977), S. 333-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Photoreceptor model ; Receptor potential ; Vertebrate ; Invertebrate ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We propose that the same mechanism which leads to light-adaptation in invertebrate photoreceptors is responsible for the excitation of the receptor potential in vertebrates. Several qualitative and quantitative features of the vertebrate receptor response support this hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00537503
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of Nitrobacter in the presence of organic matter (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrobacter ; Mixotrophic growth ; Cell-yield ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Culture filtrates of heterotrophic bacteria were tested for their stimulatory effect on nitrification of three strains of Nitrobacter. 2. Yeast extract-peptone solution, in which Pseudomonas fluorescens had grown, after removal of the cells was added to autotrophically growing cultures of Nitrobacter agilis; it caused a stimulated nitrite oxidation and growth of Nitrobacter agilis. 3. The degree of stimulation depended on: a) the proportion of the culture filtrate to the autotrophic medium; b) the composition of the complex medium in which Pseudomonas fluorescens had been grown; c) the time the heterotrophic bacterium had been grown in the complex medium. 4. The stimulatory effect was highest with Nitrobacter agilis, less with Nitrobacter winogradskyi and negligible with Nitrobacter K 4. 5. It was possible to adapt nitrifying cells of Nitrobacter agilis to higher concentrations of yeast extract and peptone. After the nitrite had been completely oxidized the cell-N still increased up to 30% before growth stopped.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454856
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of α-galactomannan on the surface of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells by scanning electron microscopy (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 123-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bandeiraea simplicifolia ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Colloidal gold ; Cytochemistry ; α-Galactomannan-lectin ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Galactomannan was localized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy on the cells and cell walls of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The markers were prepared from colloidal gold granules labelled with an α-galactopyranosyl-binding lectin isolated from the seeds of Bandeiraea simplicifolia. Part or all of this α-galactomannan was present in the outer layer of the cell wall and was uniformly distributed even on the fission scars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429323
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alterations of alkaline phosphatase activity during adaptation of Escherichia coli to phosphite and hypophosphite (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 103-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Alkaline phosphatase ; Adaptation ; Derepression ; Repression ; Phosphite ; Hypophosphite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When Escherichia coli cells were grown in media containing either phosphite or hypophosphite as the sole source of phosphorus, they responded to this situation primarily in the same way as phosphatelimited cultures: The activity of alkaline phosphatase increased drastically, which under natural conditions would enable the cells to compklensatae for the shortage increased drastically, which under natural conditions would enable the cells to compensate for the shortage of phosphate. Subsequent transfers, however, resulted in a quite different response: While the phosphatase activity of phosphate-limited cells stays at a high derepressed level, its increase was followed by a gradual decline in organisms grown on phosphite or hypophosphite. After eight to ten transfers on these P-compounds, phosphatase activity was back to its initial, repressed, low level, indicating that the cells were fully adapted to these substrates. Adaptation to either PO 3 3- or PO 2 3- was completely abolished if the cells were again grown with PO 4 3- as P-source, whereafter the entire process of adaptation had to be repeated. The observed adaptation pattern, reflected by the alterations of phosphatase activity, was qualitatively equal with PO 3 3- and PO 2 3- , but quantitatively different, because the response to hypophosphite gave much higher values than the increase obtained with phosphite. Phosphite-adapted cells are not simultaneously adapted to hypophosphite, but their response to the latter was less intense than observed after direct transfers from PO 4 3- to PO 2 3- . Adaptation to hypophosphite, however, led simultaneously to phosphite adaptation, so that these cells can utilize both P-compounds as a substitute for phosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446661
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Localization of mannan at the surface of yeast protoplasts by scanning electron microscopy (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Candida utilis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Colloidal gold ; Cytochemistry ; Mannan ; Plasma membranes ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The β(1→3)glucanase of Basidiomycete QM 806 was used to prepare Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis protoplasts. Plasma membranes isolated from S. cerevisiae contained a small amount of mannose and traces of glucose and ribose. Randomly distributed α-mannan was detected by scanning electron microscopy at the surface of prefixed protoplasts using colloidal gold labelled with Concanavalin A as a marker. C. utilis protoplasts were also marked with anti-mannan antibodies. Again the distribution of mannan was random. This experiment indicated also that plasma membrane mannan has the same immunochemical determinants as cell wall mannan. It is hypothesized that mannan is mainly located in the outer layer of plasma membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425106
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  • 16
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    Mating in Chlamydomonas eugametos (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 31-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Chlamydomonas ; Cell agglutination ; Cell fusion ; Flagella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A technique has been developed by which mating gametes of Chlamydomonas eugametos can be studied in the Scanning Electron Microscope. A detailed description of the mating process, from the initial flagellar agglutination until the release of free vis-à-vis pairs, is presented. Flagella appear to agglutinate at random points on their surface. This is followed by a rapid increase of the contact area such that they “line-up” tip to tip. Flagella always exhibit a typical position prior to cell fusion. After cell fusion the flagella of a pair separate rapidly while the female have shortened about 33%. In a vis-à-vis pair the plasma bridge has contracted. The observations are interpreted in terms of a specific reorganization of the sexuale aggregate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425109
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  • 17
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    Adaptation by hot spring phototrophs to reduced light intensities (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 111-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Reduced light ; Chloroflexus ; Synechococcus ; Ecological studies ; Yellowstone ; National Park ; Hot springs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthesis was measured by the 14C method on natural as well as low light adapted populations of Chloroflexus (a photosynthetic bacterium) and Synechococcus (a blue-green alga) from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming U.S.A.), to test the ability of these phototrophs to photosynthesize at a variety of light intensities. The herbicide 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) was used to distinguish uptake of the blue-green alga from that of the photosynthetic bacterium, while measurements of chlorophyll a and bacterio-chlorophyll c served to quantitate the standing crops of these organisms. Natural populations of Synechococcus were found to be slightly inhibited by full sunlight intensities (summer values can surpass 90000 Lux), whereas the Chloroflexus populations were not. Populations of both phototrophs subjected to reduced light intensities through the use of neutral density filters were found to adapt to low light, and then become severely inhibited by high light intensities. Adaptation to various light regimes may be an important ecological phenomenon to the survival of these hot spring phototrophs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428590
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  • 18
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    The surface of the pecten oculi in the pigeon (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 157 (1975), S. 457-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pecten oculi ; Pigeon ; Surface ; Function ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A scanning electron microscopic study of the pecten reveals the rib-like character of the pectinal folds, the nature of their connections with the base and bridge of the pecten as well as the presence of interconnections between the bundles of superficial collagenous fibres. It has been suggested that the pecten may have a mechanical significance, namely protection of the retina from the excessive movements of the vitreous humour. The relationship between the superficial membrane of the folds which is continuous, the intercellular spaces and the process of diffussion has also been discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222599
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  • 19
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    Scanning electron microscopic studies on the development of the chick retina (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 145-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Retina ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fixed retinae of chick embryos and chicks of the first week after hatching were fractured and examined with the scanning electron microscope. The matrix cells of the retina proliferate up to the beginning of the second week. The migrating cells are oriented in cell cords. This columnar organization prevails up to the development of the plexiform layers formed as a consequence of the outgrowth of the dendritic and axonal cell processes. Special attention was paid to the differentiation of the ganglion, bipolar and receptor cells, and the radial fibers (Müller cells). Two main morphological patterns are significant for the organization of the retina during neurogenesis: a) the cell to cell contacts of migrating cells and b) the spatial arrangement of Müller cells which could provide guidelines for migration of neuronal elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224296
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  • 20
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    Osteoblasts and collagen orientation (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 73-80 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoblasts ; Collagen orientation ; Parietal bone ; Rat, Rhesus monkey ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bone was removed from the calvaria of anaesthetized 70 g rats or freshly killed young monkeys and the fibrous periosteum dissected off the inner, formative surface under 0.15 M cacodylate buffer. The bone and undisturbed osteoblasts were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde in the same buffer for 24 to 48 hours, critical point dried and coated with evaporated carbon and gold for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fields of osteoblasts were photographed and chosen cells dissected off the osteoid using a tungsten needle. The control of the dissection was made possible by the use of a system of real-time stereo TV-speed SEM. The fields were rephotographed and the orientations of the osteoblasts were compared with that of the underlying collagen fibres. 62% of all osteoblasts lay with their long axes within 15° of the collagen fibre orientation below and 80% within 30°. Montages of large areas of osteoblasts were also made, and then compared with ones of the same area after the cells had been stripped off on adhesive tape. In general, the orientation of the collagen tended to be the same as the cell that formed it. Collagen fibres below cells at the periphery of a domain sometimes had the orientation of the cells in the adjacent patch. It is not possible to determine whether the cells controlled the orientation of the collagen, or vice versa, from this experiment, but other SEM evidence suggests that the collagen orientation in hard tissue matrices depends on the freedom of cells to move with respect to the matrix surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231996
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  • 21
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    Scanning electron microscopic studies of the rat incisor odontoblastema (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 233-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Odontoblasts ; Predentine ; Dentine ; Calcification ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A scanning electron microscopic technique was used to investigate the surface structure of dentinogenically active odontoblasts. Thin pieces of rat incisors were fixed, rapidly frozen, freezedried at -70° C and fractured to expose new surfaces prior to examination in the SEM. Differences in the appearance of odontoblastic cell surfaces were seen, with the most extensive ridge formations at the distal part of the sides of the odontoblasts. The predentine area displayed a spongy structure which contrasted to the compact appearance of dentine. Results are discussed in relation to previous studies at the light microscopic and transmission electron microscopic levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219159
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  • 22
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    Electron microscopic studies of the lung of the frog (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 160 (1975), S. 399-410 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung ; Frog ; Alveolar epithelium ; Mucus layer ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the inner architecture of the frog lung. In some specimens the alveolar surface mucus layer was removed to permit the examination of underlying features. The inner surface of the frog's lung is covered by a layer of microvilli belonging to only one type of epithelial cells. The boundaries of these epithelial cells are demarcated by small ridges. Different degrees of lung expansion cause variations of the surface topography. The morphology of certain surface features is examined in detail. Several methods of drying the specimens are compared.
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    Comparative scanning electron microscope study of boar, bull and ram spermatozoa (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 329-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Boar, bull, ram ; Surface ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La morphologie comparée des spermatozoïdes éjaculés de Verrat, Taureau et Bélier a été étudiée au microscope à balayage. Le sperme lavé est fixé dans le glutaraldéhyde ou le mélange acide picrique-formaldéhyde-glutaraldéhyde. Les échantillons sont le plus souvent désséchés par la méthode du point critique (Fréon) sur un filtre et aussi dans l'air sur une lamelle de verre. La tête des spermatozoïdes de ces trois espèces présente la même forme en pagaie aplatie formée de trois régions principales: les deux segments, antérieur, entouré d'un épaississement marginal, et équatorial de l'acrosome et la région postacrosomique. La plupart des differentiations de la lame postacrosomique décrites en microscopie électronique à transmission sont visibles à travers la membrane plasmique, particulièrement après dessication à l'air. La morphologie superficielle du cou et des différentes parties du flagelle est aussi observable. Des différences spécifiques sont mises en évidence: chez le verrat seulement, par exemple, la surface de l'acrosome apparaît granuleuse, et aucune bordure antérieure dentelée de la lame postacrosomique n'est visible. La microscopie à balayage permet d'observer les grands traits et de fins détails de la morphologie superficielle d'un échantillon de sperme et aussi d'étudier les effects de traitements sur des spermatozoïdes (congélation, extraction de l'acrosome).
    Notes: Summary The comparative ultrastructure of ejaculated boar, bull and ram spermatozoa is studied by scanning electron microscopy. After washing, the spermatozoa are fixed in glutaraldehyde or in picric acid-formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde mixture. Samples are prepared either by critical point drying (Freon) on Millipore filters or by air drying on glass cover slips. In all the species studied, three regions may be distinguished in the paddle-shaped head of the sperm: an anterior segment (surrounded by the marginal thickening) and an equatorial segment constituting together the acrosome, and the postacrosomal region. Most of the feature of the postacrosomal lamina described in transmission electron microscopy are visible through the plasma membrane, particularly after air drying. The surface morphology of the neck and of the different segments of the flagellum is also evident. Some species differences are encountered, e.g. rough surface of acrosome and absence of serrations in postacrosomal lamina of boar spermatozoa only. The techniques employed result in good general morphology and fine resolution of surface detail of the sperm samples; they also permit analysis of spermatozoa treated by freezing or submitted to acrosomal extraction.
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    A combined scanning and transmission electron microscopic study and electron probe microanalysis of human pineal acervuli (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 129-137 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ, human ; Acervuli ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Electron probe microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Untreated, decalcified and trypsinized acervuli from human pineal bodies were studied with the scanning and transmission electron microscope as well as by electron probe microanalysis. The mulberry-like acervuli are composed of a various number of spherical lobes (135–800 μm) between which clustered groups of globuli (4–14 urn in diameter) are observed. The acervular lobes are very probably formed by an aggregation of these globuli. Small round particles 125–500 Å in diameter are observed on the surface of the pineal concretions. These are not influenced by either decalcification or trypsin treatment. The acervular mineral corresponds morphologically to hydroxyapatite. The electron probe microanalysis reveals the existence of calcium and phosphorus as main components of the acervuli. Small quantities of magnesium and strontium were also detected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222155
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    Scanning electron microscopy of dissociated pancreatic acinar cell surfaces (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 493-504 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Acinar cells ; Cell surface ; Dissociation ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreatic acinar cell surfaces have been studied by SEM with a dissection technique and correlated with results obtained by TEM. The SEM results demonstrate characteristic arrangement of microplicae which in some areas are densely packed. In many areas, the microplicae are distributed in such a manner that they create zones with typical geometrical shapes and show a relatively smooth surface. These smooth areas may coincide, as indicated by correlated TEM results, with the limits of intimate contact between adjacent acinar cells which, in turn, represent part of the junctional complex. Another aspect revealed by these SEM preparations concerns the presence of groups of densely packed microplicae, arranged in regular rows and distributed along some grooves and/or infoldings of the cellular surface. On the basis of SEM and TEM information, it is likely that these structures correspond to intercellular (and possibly, in some cases, intracellular) canaliculi which topographically form a kind of extensive microlabyrinthine arrangement running along all the cell sides. One final point revealed by fractured samples concerns the finding of spherical zymogen droplets within the vesicles of the Golgi complex. Because in many scanning images these vesicles appear connected by small openings, it is suggested that they may represent a system of intercommunicating chambers (vacuoles) through which the zymogen droplets can be continuously accumulated and discharged into the acinar lumen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231404
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    The third ventricle of monkeys (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 307-316 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Third ventricle ; Mature monkeys ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Ependyma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surface features of the ependymal lining of the third ventricle in mature male and female monkeys have been investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Broad aspects of third ventricular morphology from three species of monkey are similar regardless of sex. The lateral walls are heavily ciliated whereas the ventral floor and most ventral parts of the lateral walls are not. Clumps of cilia on the lateral walls are so dense that underlying surface details are usually obscured. There is a transition zone between the ciliated lateral wall and nonciliated ventral floor. The floor and lower part of the lateral walls of the third ventricle exhibit a characteristic polygonal pattern upon which surface specializations such as microvilli, blebs and polymorphous membrane protrusions are superimposed. Ependyma of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle also display membrane specializations. Supraependymal cells are more visible in nonciliated regions.
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    The surface fine structure of the bovine subcommissural organ (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 125-132 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bovine subcommissural organ ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The bovine subcommissural organ was studied by using scanning electron microscopy. The most prominent finding was the existence of protruded and dilated endings of the ependymal cells. The majority of these cells were ciliated with two or more cilia; only a few unciliated cells were seen. Some pore-like structures were also seen on the surface. From the functional point of view, the most interesting finding was an amorphous heterogeneous material on the subcommissural ependyma. Especially in the caudal part of the organ this material accumulated in abundance. No real filamentous structures such as Reissner's fibre could be seen, however, it was assumed that the heterogeneous material corresponds to this formation. No supraependymal neurones were demonstrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221721
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    Neuronal migration during the early development of the cerebral cortex (1975)
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 313-325 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Cerebral cortex ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fixed cerebral vesicles of mouse foetuses were fractured and examined with the scanning electron microscope. This method provides a study of the three dimensional developmental features of the pseudostratified columnar epithelium up to the formation of the early cortex plate. Matrix cells are a cell population of homogeneous shape, however, mitotic cells are easily identified by their spherical form. The external surface of the brain is formed by the closely packed end feet of these cells covered by a basal membrane. The formation of the cortical plate is the result of a continuous cell migration in columnar arrangement towards the pia. Glioependymal cells extend along the whole brain wall and most likely provide guidance for the migrating cell cords. The formation of the so-called migratory zone is a consequence of the growth of the basal and the horizontal prolongations of emigrating cells. The significance of the cell to cell contacts for the neuronal migration processes is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219466
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    Morphology, morphometry and electron microscopy of HeLa cells infected with bovine Mycoplasma (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tissue culture cells ; Mycoplasma ; Light microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The host-parasite relationship of HeLa M cells artificially infected with a bovine species of Mycoplasma was studied by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The use of morphometry to quantitate some of the findings was explored. The parasites were seen in locations extracellular to the cell surface. The detection of small numbers of organisms by light microscopy was well demonstrated by use of the fluorescent antibody technique. Scanning electron microscopy proved to be an excellent method for revealing the surface details of cell-parasite morphology. Ultra-thin sections showed that the parasites are aligned mostly parallel to the plasma membrane of the host cell but separated by a gap of 10 nm. Morphometry indicated an average of 69 organisms per cell surface occupying 1.7% of the surface area. An increase of 26% in diameter of the HeLa cells, possibly as a result of infection, was observed.
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    A scanning electron microscope study of the development of free axonal sprouts at the cut ends of dorsal spinal nerve roots in the rat (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 507-513 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axons ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Neurones, afferent ; Nerve regeneration ; Spinal nerve roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat dorsal spinal nerve roots were cut and the tip on the ganglionic side of the cut was examined by scanning electron microscopy at 0, 7, 20 and 48 h after operation. Seven hours after cutting, free axonal sprouts had started to protrude from the cut end of the nerve. After 20 h the free sprouts were more profuse than at 7 h but were smaller and had a rougher surface. At both 7 and 20 h many of the sprouts consisted of a stalk 2–7 μm in diameter with a bulbous end 5–20 μm in diameter. A few branching sprouts were seen. At 48 h the sprouts were shrunken with a deeply furrowed surface. The significance of the surface structure of the sprouts is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00361708
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    Effects of castration and androgen-substitution on the morphology of the epididymal epithelium of the Japanese monkey, Macacus fuscatus, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 515-521 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epididymal epithelium ; Castration ; Androgen-substitution ; Japanese monkey ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caput epididymidis from castrated and androgen-supplemented, castrated Japanese monkeys was observed with the scanning electron microscope. The experimental findings were compared with the normal structures in control animals. The epididymal lumen of control animals was lined by a tall, pseudostratified columnar epithelium possessing long, slender stereocilia which were densely arranged in a tuft-like form. After castration, the epididymal epithelium was decreased in height to one-fifth of controls. The stereocilia were also considerably reduced in length and in number, resulting in a flattened epithelial surface with polygonal boundaries. Frequent projection of a long, single cilium from an epithelial cell into the lumen was also a prominent feature in the epididymal ducts of the castrated animals. Administration of testosterone to the castrated animals resulted in almost complete recovery of the epididymal epithelium as well as regeneration of the stereocilia which regained a tuft-like arrangement.
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    The distal ommatidium of the compound eye of the housefly (Musca domestica): A scanning electron microscope study (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 379-385 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound eye ; Musca domestica ; Ommatidium ; Distal retinula ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Corneal lens ; Corneal pigment cell ; Pseudocone ; Semper cell ; Basement membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distal aspect of the housefly ommatidium was surveyed by the scanning electron microscope. Attention was directed to the somal eminence of the superior central cell and the lens to large pigment cell junction. The underside of each lens facet exhibits six hexagonally arranged incisures. Into each of these indentations are fitted several large pigment cells. This hexagonal indentation appears to be a tenacious anchorage. Two corneal pigment cells laterally encircle the pseudocone and at their proximal extension they enclose the Semper cells and neck of the retinula. The somal eminence of the superior central cell is about 10 μm from the base of the corneal pigment cell enclosure. Micrographs were used to construct a diagram of the ommatidium above the basement membrane. Suggestions are made as to the functional correlates of the observed ommatidial structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221784
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    The aesthetes of chitons (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 379-388 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chitons ; Receptors ; Shell surface ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The shells of the chitons Lepidochitona cinereus, Sypharochiton pelliserpentis, Amaurochiton glaucus and Onithochiton neglectus were examined by scanning electron microscopy. In all species the surface terminations of the megalaesthete and micraesthete organs could be identified lying flush with the shell surface, as well as, lenses of the shell eyes in O. neglectus. Periostracal debris and encrusting diatoms were a usual feature of the shell surfaces. The micraesthete subsidiary caps normally appear featureless, but the megalaesthete apical caps sometimes appear to be perforated. The reasons for this perforate appearance are discussed and it is concluded that it provides no evidence for the normal passage of substances out of or into the megalaesthete.
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    Light- and scanning electron microscopical studies of the hypothalamo-adenohypophysial portal vessels of the toad Bufo bufo (L.) (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 131-139 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-adenohypophysial region Bufo bufo (L.) ; Portal vessels ; Methyl-methacrylate casts ; Light microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vascularization of the hypothalamo-adenohypophysial region of the toad Bufo bufo (L.) (Amphibia, Anura) was studied by means of light- and scanning electron microscopy. Special attention was given to the portal vascular system of the median eminence and the pars distalis. Course and arrangement of these vessels are described.
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    Surface fine structure of the globiferous pedicellariae of the regular echinoid, Psammechinus miliaris gmelin (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 377-385 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Globiferous pedicellariae ; Psammechinus miliaris ; Microvilli ; Chemoreceptor ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The globiferous pedicellariae of Psammechinus miliaris are described. Two fixation methods giving minimal distortion and rapid tissue hardening were adapted for soft tissue preparation for scanning electron microscopy. The pedicellarial valves are covered by a microvillous epithelium. The outer valve epithelial microvilli overlying red spherulocytes in the epidermis are characterized by a filament matrix radiating out from each microvillus. These microvilli may function in epidermal absorption of organic solutes. The inner valve microvilli are more densely packed and the filament matrix is absent. Ciliation is confined to the inner valve surface where the cilia are concentrated to form a distal sensory pad and sensory hillock. Behavioural evidence suggests a chemo- and mechanosensory role for the inner valve surface.
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    A scanning electron microscopic study of the rat liver sinusoid (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 371-385 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kupffer cell ; Endothelial cell ; Sinusoid ; Liver ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface ultrastructure of Kupffer cells in the rat liver has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that Kupffer cells are both significantly different and clearly distinct from endothelial cells. Kupffer cells have neither pores (and/or “sieve plates”) nor fenestrations, all of which are present in endothelial cells. They possess a stellate shape, and only indirectly, with slender and irregular evaginations, contribute to the lining of the sinusoidal wall. Furthermore, the luminal surface in some areas contains a large population of short microvilli, microplicae and invaginations. These elements form a kind of microlabyrinth which may correspond to the “worm-like” structures described by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the present study, transition forms between endothelial and Kupffer cells were never found. On the contrary, considering the highly fenestrated nature of the endothelial cells, the Kupffer cells may, by ameboid movements, easily cross the overlapping barrier of the sinusoid and protrude into the lumen. Thus, acting as activated macrophages, the Kupffer cells might function to prevent the entrance of foreign material into the tissues of the liver through the fragile and highly fenestrated endothelium. Finally, the topographical reconstruction of the sinusoid by correlated SEM and TEM studies demonstrates that Kupffer cells, with their protruding cytoplasm and ability to extend into the lumen of the sinusoid, may actually change the caliber of the vessel, and thus function as a “sphincter” which causes a temporary arrest of the blood flow when the diameter of the sinusoidal lumen is reduced.
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    Scanning electron microscope observations on the muscle innervation of Oikopleura dioica fol (appendicularia, tunicata) with notes on the arrangement of connective tissue fibres (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 357-369 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junctions ; Appendicularia (Oikopleura dioica) ; Connective tissue fibrils ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Critical point dried and fractured appendicularia of the species Oikopleura dioica have been examined in the scanning electron microscope. The dorsal nerve cord with ganglion cells and peripheral nerve fibres could easily be observed. Thick peripheral nerve fibres leave the nerve cord as bilateral pairs at constant intervals along the tail. Most of these fibres branch from the naked nerve cord, but some evidently originate in ganglion perikarya bulging out from the nerve cord itself. These paired peripheral nerves always have elaborate end-arborizations on the medial surface of the lateral muscle cells. They are accordingly interpreted as motor axons. Some thinner peripheral nerve fibres originate at irregular intervals from both the nerve cord and the ganglion cells. Due to the numerous extracellular fibrils that connect the bilateral layers of the epidermal fins and the muscle cells to each other, these thin nerve fibres can seldom be traced to their termination. A few ones can, however, be traced ventrally between the notochord and the muscle cells and seem to end in singular bulb-like expansions. Clusters of synaptic vesicles are present in transmission electron micrographs of such nerves, and they are accordingly believed to carry efferent impulses. The extracellular fibrils are arranged in a highly ordered pattern with thick bundles crossing the gap between the structures to be interconnected and with numerous radiating insertions on the surface of the tissues.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of bone cells in culture (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen ; Bone ; Cell culture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Embryonic and young rat bone cells have been grown in culture and examined in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Compared with cells fixed in situ and taken directly from the animal, the cultured osteoblastic cells were smoother, flatter and more extensive and showed tighter intercellular contacts. Some matrix is formed in culture and undergoes at least partial mineralization as judged by the accumulation of Ca and P measured by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Findings concerning the morphology of the collagen arrangement were indecisive. Some superficial cells, free of surrounding matrix, resembled osteocytes in normal in vivo bone. This may indicate that a proportion of the extracellular matrix produced by the cultured cells failed to polymerise into recognizable bone matrix, and that osteocytic morphology is not dependent upon the physical characteristics of the bone matrix.
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    Interaction of rabbit sperm and egg (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 277-287 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit gametes ; Cryofractography ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Zona pellucida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rabbit ova fertilized in vitro were prepared for scanning electron microscopy by ethanol-cryofracturing and critical-point drying methods and were also embedded and sectioned for transmission electron microscopy. Study of a region of interaction between sperm and zona pellucida with scanning electron microscopy reveals the latter to be composed of a complex network of fibers interspersed with numerous pores. Transmission electron microscopy of the same region reveals a “typical” homogeneous composition of the zona pellucida. Ultrastructural observations of thin sections passing through the region of sperm-egg interactions or through other regions of the ovum or its investments reveals very little methodological distortion of the various intracellular organelles or matrix. Application of the procedures described provides not only an elucidation of surface detail but also reveals intracellular cytoplasmic information about the same specimen during in vitro fertilization.
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    Experimental study of changes in osteoblastic shape induced by calcitonin and parathyroid extract in an organ culture system (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 449-465 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteoblasts ; Cell surface ; Cell shape ; Calcitonin ; Parathyroid extract ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neonate rat endocranial osteoblasts were cultured on their bone surfaces in control medium (CC) or medium to which either parathyroid extract (PTE) or calcitonin (CT) had been added for 2, 4, 8 or 24 h. Some were cultured for 24 h in CC, then for 2, 4, 8 or 24 h in either CT or PTE medium; or for 24 h in PTE, then for 2, 4, 8 or 24 h in either CC or CT; or 24 h in CT and 2, 4, 8 or 24 h in CC. The dorsal ruffling of the cells in CC was found to be suppressed by later culturing with PTE and the disoriented cells reorganized to form arrays of parallel cells. The effects of PTE were also reversed by CC or CT: the osteoblasts in the second culture (CC) lost elongation and order, and proceeded through a proliferative phase before exhibiting the ruffling form similar to a single CC 24 h culture. PTE-cultured osteoblasts showed an increase in cell overlap and contact so that a more competent barrier was formed separating the bone from the medium. In control or CT medium, however, intercellular gaps were greater than in vivo.
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    The Surface structure of isolated pancreatic islet cells (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 467-471 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Islets ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surfaces of isolated pancreatic islet cells were studied with the scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Islets were isolated from the pancreas of Wistar rats by collagenase treatment and were incubated either in glucose-free medium or in 300 mg% glucose for one hour. Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in the media of both control and experimental preparations was assayed. Islets were then transferred to 4% glutaraldehyde, buffered with cacodylate, pH 7.4, and prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cell masses average 200 μ in diameter. Alpha cells appear pyramidal in shape, are about 8 μ in diameter and appear in groups. Beta cells are round or oval in shape and have an average diameter of 10 μ. Glucose stimulation raised the IRI value tenfold and increased the number of blebs and other surface irregularities per unit area of beta cell surface. Comparison with transmission electron micrographs suggests that the blebs are related to the process of emiocytosis.
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    A critical reevaluation of the structure of the rat uriniferous tubule as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 91-100 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney (rat) ; Uriniferous tubule ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of luminal surface of clearly identified portions of uriniferous tubules has been studied by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate some controversies concerning the topography of certain surface formations. The results show a characteristic pattern of the luminal surface in the region of Henle's loop, which was assumed by previous authors, to belong to the collecting tubule. Furthermore it is demonstrated that no cilia are present within the terminal portion of the collecting tubules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215128
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    Aggregation-induced alterations in fibroblast morphology (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 499-518 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fibroblast ; Human ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The different stages during aggregation of diploid human skin fibroblasts have been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. As a result of aggregation, fibroblasts form a complex tissue configuration. Numerous intercellular junctions can be observed, while the cells remain polygonal and do not develop an organised intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell division occurs only rarely. After aggregation, signs of progressive auto-digestion develop. Adhesion to a substrate results in outgrowth of the cells and monolayer formation, even when extensive cell damage had occurred. The morphology of fibroblasts in aggregates and in the monolayers, from which they were derived, is compared and the contribution of the aggregate system to the study of fibroblast behavior is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232835
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the glomerular filtration membrane in the rat kidney (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 299-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Renal glomerulus (Rat) ; Endothelial cells ; Blood capillaries ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat kidney was perfused with saline and glutaraldehyde, treated with Murakami's tannin-osmium impregnation method, ethanol-freeze cracked and dried by the critical point method. Gold-palladium evaporated specimens were observed in a field-emission scanning electron microscope. The glomerular filtration membrane, fractured in different planes was observed with the following results: 1. Adjacent pedicles originate from different podocytes. No interpedicular bridges of apparent cytoplasmic nature could be found. 2. The basement membrane, in grazing fractures shows a horizontally layered architecture. 3. The attenuated endothelial sheet (lamina fenestrata) is divided into compartments, which we suggest should be called “areolae fenestratae”, by cytoplasmic crests radiating from the nucleated portion of the endothelial cell. A crest also occurs along the cell margin, which contacts a similar crest at the margin of the adjacent cell. 4. The pores in the areolae fenestratae are variable in size (30−150 nm diameter). A knob-like projection from the apparently naked basement membrane is found in a portion of the pores. 5. Numerous microvilli may occur on the endothelium. Some of them anastomose and fuse with one another to form a net whose meshes appear identical with the endothelial pores. Domes and shelves formed of a fenestrated cytoplasmic sheet also occur above the ordinary level of the endothelial lining. A hypothesis implicating microvilli in partial renewal of the endothelial sheet is proposed. This study was assisted by Mr. K. Adachi of the SEM Laboratory at the Niigata University School of Medicine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220127
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    Three-dimensional development of luminal projections and junctional complexes in the developing central nervous system blood vessels of the rat (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 175 (1977), S. 541-549 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood vessels ; High voltage electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The luminal surface features and Junctional complexes from developing blood vessels in the rat central nervous system have been studied by high-voltage electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Developing blood vessels exhibit three types of luminal projections; marginal folds or ridges at Junctional complexes, ridges not at Junctional complexes and microvilli. Both types of ridges are associated with troughs or depressions in the luminal surface of the endothelial cell. Those ridges not associated with Junctional complexes take part in the production of enclosed tunnels in the endothelial cell cytoplasm. Fusion of the external leaflets of Junctional complexes between adjacent endothelial cells occurred, initially, near the luminal surface of the blood vessel with other small fusion sites forming in the direction of the basal lamina secondarily. Further fusion activity to produce the zonula occludens type junction appeared to spread outwards from the smaller fusion sites.
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    Separation of Ni, Mn, Co, Cu, Fe and Zn by thin-layer chromatography (1976)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 363-363 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn, von Nickel, Mangan, Kobalt, Kupfer, Eisen, Zink ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00531101
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    Dünnschicht-Chromatographie der Methylolmelamine (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 276 (1975), S. 205-207 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Methylolaminen, Melaminharzen ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Celluloseschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Identifizierung der Komponenten in einem Methylolmelamin-Gemisch mittels Dünnschicht-Chromatographie wurde möglich, nachdem die einzelnen Methylolmelamine (Mono-, Di-, Tri-, Tetra-, Penta- und Hexamethylolmelamin) rein dargestellt werden konnten. Aus der zweidimensionalen dünnschichtchromatographischen Entwicklung des Methylolmelamin-Gemisches folgt, daß während der Dauer der Entwicklung keine Änderung der Zusammensetzung des Methylolmelamin-Gemisches stattfindet. Die Chromatographie wurde auf Celluloseschichten mit Butanol/Äthanol/Wasser (4∶1∶2) als Fließmittel und ammoniakalkalischer Silbernitratlösung als Nachweisreagens durchgeführt.
    Notes: Abstract Identification of the components in a methylolmelamine mixture by thin-layer chromatography was facilitated after obtaining each of the individual methylolmelamines (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexamethylolmelamine). By the use of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography it was noted that no change in the composition of the mixture takes place during the time of Chromatographic development. Separation was achieved on cellulose layers using butanol/ethanol/water (4∶1∶2) as solvent and ammonia-alkaline AgNO3 solution as detection reagent.
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    Identification and detection of carbamate pesticides in autopsy tissues using thin-layer chromatography (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 287-287 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Carbamatpesticiden in biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481656
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    Information content and equivocation of TLC identification procedures (1979)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 361-365 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Informationsgehalt und »Äquivokation«
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method has been developed for the calculation of information contents of one-channel identification procedures, which is especially applicable in the area of thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The method can be considered as a refinement of the one proposed by Massart and can easily be extended to the combination of one-channel procedures. In addition, the quantity ‘equivocation’, which is complementary to the information content, is introduced. As an example the best TLC-systems and the best combinations of two TLC-systems for the identification of DDT and twelve related compounds are selected by using information contents or equivocations. The results for the individual systems are compared with those obtained by Massart.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode zur Berechnung von Informationsgehalten von Einkanal-Identifizierungsverfahren wurde entwickelt, die besonders gut für das Gebiet der Dünnschicht-Chromatographie (DC) anwendbar ist. Sie kann als eine Verfeinerung der von Massart vorgeschlagenen Methode angesehen werden und kann auf einfache Weise für Kombinationen von Einkanal-Verfahren erweitert werden. Dabei wird der Begriff »Äquivokation«, komplementär zum Informationsgehalt, eingeführt. Als Beispiel wurden die besten DC-Systeme und Kombinationen von zwei DC-Systemen für die Identifizierung von DDT und zwölf verwandten Verbindungen unter Benutzung von Informationsgehalten oder »Äquivokationen« ausgewählt. Die Ergebnisse für die einzelnen Systeme werden mit den nach Massart gefundenen verglichen.
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    TLC separation of potential antithyroid agents: N-aryl-N′-benzenesulphonylthiocarbamides (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 407-407 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Arylbenzolsulfonylthiocarbamiden ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00468534
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    Universelle, halogenfreie DC-Fließmittel für Arzneisubstanzen (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 398-401 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von pharmazeut. Produkten ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; halogenfreie Fließmittelsysteme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit 2 sauren, 2 basischen und einem neutralen Fließmittel mit unterschiedlichen Polaritäten und guten Trennleistungen konnten 151 von 157 geprüften Arzneisubstanzen mit hRf-Werten zwischen 10 und 90 chromatographiert werden.
    Notes: Summary Using two acidic, two alkaline and a neutral mobile phase of different polarities and high separation efficiencies 151 of 157 tested drug substances could be chromatographed with hRf-values between 10 and 90.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00539712
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    Quantitative dünnschicht-chromatographische Bestimmung von aromatischen Aminen nach der Remissionsmethode (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 381-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aminen, aromat. ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Remissionsmessung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung von aromatischen Aminen beschrieben. Diese werden dünnschicht-chromatographisch auf Kieselgel 60 F254 Fertigplatten in den Laufmitteln n-Propanol/Methanol/Wasser/Eisessig (65∶15∶15∶20; Vol.) oder n-Butanol/Wasser/Eisessig (66∶17∶17; Vol.) von den Begleitstoffen abgetrennt. Die getrennten Aminflecke werden entweder im Ultraviolett-Bereich oder nach Diazotierung im sichtbaren Bereich mit dem Chromatogramm-Spektralphotometer PMQ II nach der Remissionsmethode gemessen und anhand der auf derselben Platte aufgestellten Eichgerade ausgewertet. Die quantitative Bestimmung wird anhand der beiden Amine 5-Amino-2,4,6-trijod-isophthalsäurebis-(2,3-dihydroxy-propyl-N-methylamid) (I) und 2,4,6-Trijod-3-aminobenzoesäure (II) in Röntgenkontrastmittelpräparaten (RKP) demonstriert. Sowohl im UV- als auch im sichtbaren Bereich, läßt sich in 3000 μg RK-Säure (RKS) noch 0,1 μg freies aromatisches Amin, das sind 0,003%, bezogen auf die eingesetzte Menge RKS, mit einer maximalen relativen Standardabweichung von 4% bestimmen. Diese Methode ist spezifischer und empfindlicher als die der Diazotierung in Lösung.
    Notes: Summary The aromatic amines are separated from impurities by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel 60 F254 precoated plates in the mobile solvents n-propanol/methanol/water/glacial acetic acid (65∶15∶15∶20; vol.) or n-butanol/water/glacial acetic acid (66∶17∶17; vol.). The separated amine spots are measured by the remission method by means of the TLC densitometer PMQ II, either in the u.v. region or, after diazotization, in the visible region, and evaluated on the basis of the linear calibration curve set up on the same plate. Quantitative determination is demonstrated by means of the two amines, 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid-bis-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl-N-methylamide) (I) and 2,4,6-triiodo-3-aminobenzoic acid (II), in radiopaque contrast media (RCM). Both in the u.v. and visible regions, it is still possible to determine 0.1 μg of free aromatic amine in 3000 μg of radiopaque contrast medium acid (RCA), or 0.003% in terms of the amount of RCA used, with a maximum relative standard deviation of 4%. This method is more specific and more sensitive than that of diazotization in solution.
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    Analyse von Desodorantien in kosmetischen Präparaten (1978)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 135-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Desodorantien, Phenolderivaten in Kosmetika ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Phenolische Desodorantien in kosmetischen Präparaten lassen sich durch Umsetzung mit Echtrotsalz Al (Anthrachinondiazonium-chlorid-1) in wäßrig-alkalischer Lösung, Extraktion des gebildeten Azofarbstoffes mit einem organischen Lösungsmittel und anschließender Dünnschicht-Chromatographie schnell identifizieren. In den meisten Fällen ist die Abhängigkeit zwischen der Extinktion der Farbstofflösung und der eingesetzten Menge des betreffenden Desodorants linear, wodurch dann auch quantitative Bestimmungen möglich sind.
    Notes: Summary Phenolic compounds, used as deodorants in cosmetic products can be identified quickly by reaction with anthraquinonediazonium chloride-1 (Echtrotsalz Al) in aqueous alkaline medium, extraction of the azo dye with an organic solvent and separation by thinlayer chromatography. The relation between the absorbance of the coloured solution and the concentration of the deodorant concerned is generally linear; in these cases quantitative determinations are always possible.
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    Trennung und Nachweis von N-Heterocyclen auf CuSO4-imprägnierten Schichten (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 366-368 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von N-Heterocycl. Verbindungen ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; CuSO4-imprägnierte Schichten, Fluorescenz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch die charakteristischen Fluorescenzfarben und die Fluorescenz-Thermochromie der CuJ-Komplexe lassen sich N-Heterocyclen auf Chromatogrammen meist einwandfrei identifizieren. Eine wesentliche Vereinfachung wird durch die Verwendung CuSO4-imprägnierter Kieselgelschichten erreicht. Die Nachweisempfindlichkeiten insbesondere bei tiefer Temperatur ändern sich im Vergleich zur ursprünglichen Technik kaum.
    Notes: Summary N-Heterocycles can usually be identified with certainty through the characteristic fluorescence colours and fluorescence-thermochromism of the CuI-complexes. The use of CuSO4-impregnated silica gel layers facilitates the procedure considerably, and scarcely reduces the sensitivity of detection, particularly at low temperature.
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    Zur Veränderung der Fluorescenzintensität polycyclischer Aromaten auf Dünnschichtplatten (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 24-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Polycyclen in Wasser ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Änderung der Fluorescenzintensität
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach der Verordnung über Trinkwasser und Brauchwasser für Lebensmittelbetriebe (Trinkwasserverordnung) vom 31. Januar 1975 müssen 6 Einzelverbindungen aus der Gruppe der polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe nachgewiesen werden. Das empfohlene Analysenverfahren basiert auf der Messung der Fluorescenz nach vorangegangener chromatographischer Trennung auf Adsorberschichten. Sowohl bei dieser Trennung als auch in der anschließenden Zeit verändert sich die Fluorescenzintensität einzelner Verbindungen z.T. beträchtlich. Systematische Untersuchungen an Kieselgel und an Mischschichten aus Aluminiumoxid und Acetylcellulose sollen die kritischen Punkte und die möglichen Fehlerquoten offen legen.
    Notes: Summary According to the regulation on the use of drinking and industrial water in food industry (Drinking Water Regulation) of 31 January, 1975, six individual compounds of the group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons must be traced. The analytical procedure recommended is based on the measurement of fluorescence after preceding Chromatographic separation on adsorber layers. In the course of this separation and during the time that follows, the fluorescence intensity of various compounds changes, in some cases considerably. Systematic studies with silica gel and mixed layers of aluminium oxide and acetyl cellulose are intended to reveal critical points and possible ranges of error.
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    Zur Chromatographie von Metallchelaten (1979)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 138-143 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn, der Metallchelate von 8-Mercaptochinolin ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 8-Mercaptochinolin (Thiooxin) eignet sich zum Nachweis und zur Trennung von Metallen mit Hilfe der Dünnschicht-Chromatographie. Es bildet Neutralkomplexe definierter Zusammensetzung, die in wäßriger Phase schwerlöslich sind und in Chloroform extrahiert werden können. Fällung und Extraktion sind vom pH-Wert abhängig, wodurch eine Vortrennung der Metalle möglich ist. Beschrieben wird das dünnschicht-chromatographische Verhalten von 17 Metallchelaten. Die intensive Eigenfärbung der Komplexe erübrigt den Gebrauch von Anfärbereagentien. Die visuelle Nachweisgrenze der Metalle liegt zwischen 5 und 20 ng (Fluorescenzlöschung bei 254 nm). Spektralphotometrische Auswertung der Chromatogramme läßt eine Erniedrigung der Nachweisgrenze um etwa eine Zehnerpotenz erwarten.
    Notes: Summary 8-Mercaptoquinoline (thiooxine) is qualified for the detection and separation of metals by thin-layer chromatography. It forms neutral complexes in definite composition, which are insoluble in aqueous solution, but readily soluble in CHCl3. Precipitation and extraction are dependent on the pH value, whereby pre-separation of metals is possible. The thin-layer chromatographic behaviour of 17 metal chelates is described. No spraying is necessary for detection, since the complexes show different, characteristic colours. The visual detection limits of the metals are between 5 and 20 ng (fluorescence quenching at 254 nm). Spectrophotometric determination of the chromatograms lowers the detection limit by one power of ten.
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    Zur Chromatographie von Metallchelaten (1979)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 144-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. der Metallchelate von 1-Hydroxy-2-pyridinthion ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1-Hydroxy-2-pyridinthion (HPT) bildet mit den Metallen der 8. Nebengruppe des Periodensystems intensiv gefärbte Chelatkomplexe. Führt man die Reaktion in wäßriger Phase bei pH 7 aus, so werden alle Elemente der Gruppe erfaßt und als schwerlösliche Neutralkomplexe gefällt. Diese lassen sich mit Chloroform extrahieren und dünnschichtchromatographisch trennen. Die Nachweisgrenze der Metalle liegt zwischen 3 und 40 ng (Fluorescenzlöschung bei 254 nm). Spektralphotometrische Auswertung der Chromatogramme läßt eine Erniedrigung der Nachweisgrenze um eine Zehnerpotenz erwarten.
    Notes: Summary 1-Hydroxy-2-pyridinethione (HPT) forms highly coloured chelate complexes with the metals of the 8th sub-group. If the reaction is carried out in aqueous solution at pH 7, all elements of the group precipitate as insoluble neutral complexes. They can be extracted with CHCl3 and separated by thin-layer chromatography. The detection limit is between 3 and 40 ng (fluorescence quenching at 254 nm). Spectrophotometric determination of the chromatograms lowers the detection limit by one power of ten.
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    Rapid T.L.C. separation of some closely related potential antidiabetic guanylpyrazole nitrates (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 44-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Guanylpyrazolnitraten ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00470050
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    TLC separation of some inorganic ions on p-toluidine impregnated layers (1978)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 415-416 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Anorgan. Ionen ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; mit p-Toluidin imprägnierte Schichten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481570
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    Classification of human placental villi (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 409-423 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Classification of villi ; Histology ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The classification of human placental villi was reviewed on the basis of material prepared by means of special methods. The material from in situ normal-term placentae was biopsied by aspiration into glutaraldehyde. The classification was made on the basis of light-microscopic observations of semithin sections, reconstructions from serial sections, and scanning-electron micrographs. The peripheral villous tree is roughly divided into stem (ramuli), intermediate and terminal villi. The intermediate villi may be further subdivided as mature and immature types, which are found between the stem and terminal villi. Some of the terminal villi possess a local specialization described as the neck region. The histological characteristics and the branching pattern of each type are described, and the basis of the proposed classification is discussed.
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    A scanning electron microscopic study of rabbit spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract following coitus (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 29-44 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Capacitation ; Uterus ; Acrosome Reaction ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface morphology of rabbit spermatozoa, fixed in situ (female reproductive tract) and prepared for scanning electron microscopy by critical point drying, was studied for as many as 36 hours post coitum. The findings demonstrate that 1) spermatozoa in the reproductive tract following coitus exist as a heterogenous, morphological population and 2) with time, shifts within this population from one predominant morphology to another take place. In the fresh ejaculate, most spermatozoa have intact surfaces free of membranous disruptions. With time, a process of labilization (denudation) of the membranes covering the acrosomal region occurs in a progressively larger proportion of spermatozoa. The labilization originates by a process of vesiculation and/or vacuolation and leads to the appearance of a series of small fenestrations or perforations of the surface membranes. The perforations coalesce, and gradually larger areas of the surface membranes are eroded such that by 15 hours post coitum, the outer acrosomal membrane, as well as other acrosomal areas, are to varying degrees, directly exposed to the uterine milieu. Secretory granules, picked up by cilia and transferred to the spermatozoa become localized over the acrosomal region shortly after coitus. The possible significance of these time-dependent, morphological events with the phenomena of capacitation and the “true” and “false” acrosome reactions are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218589
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    The reality of arthropod cuticular laminae (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 411-413 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cuticle ; Laminae ; Arthropod ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Examination of etched pyramids of decapod crustacean cuticles with the scanning electron microscope indicates that laminae are continuous around the angles of the pyramids. This observation is in direct contrast to the result expected on Bouligand's (1965, 1971) hypothesis and suggests that laminae may be real structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219475
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    Photoreceptor-like outer segments in the pineal organ of the lovebird, Uroloncha domestica (Aves: Passeriformes) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 139-143 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Uroloncha domestica (Aves, Passeriformes) ; Photoreceptor-like cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pineal organ of the lovebird, Uroloncha domestica, bulbous, cup-shaped and elongated outer segments of photoreceptor-like pinealocytes are demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. These scarce outer segments, 4–11 μm in length, extend into the pineal lumen. The present structural observations speak in favor of photosensitive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of Uroloncha domestica. The relation of the photoreceptor-like pinealocytes to acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve cells and a nervous connection between the pineal and the brain indicate that the pineal organ of this passeriform species may be the site of neuroendocrine and photoreceptive functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222062
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    Surface morphology of lens fibers from eyes of normal and microphthalmic (Browman) rats (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 167 (1976), S. 425-438 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Crystalline lens ; Microphthalmos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface features of cortical fibers from lenses of normal adult rats and microphthalmic rats of the Browman strain have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. In the normal lenses, superficial cortical fibers follow a straight course from inner to outer pole whereas the deeper cortical fibers, while straight near the poles, pursue an undulating or zig-zag course at and near the equator. Almost all of the fibers are hexagonal in cross section and all fibers throughout their entire length are bound by interdigitating processes at each corner of the hexagon to corners of two adjacent fibers. Some fibers are also affixed by a single row of ball and socket junctions located on their broad outer and inner surfaces. Lens fibers from Browman rats display both minor and major abnormalities. These included segmentation, formation of incisures and lateral protrusions, corrugation and villous-like alteration of the broad fiber surface and development of parallel ridges on broad surfaces in a basket-weave pattern.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215175
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    Scanning electron microscopy of photoreceptor cells in the light- and dark-adapted retina of Haplochromis burtoni (Cichlidae, Teleostei) (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 175 (1976), S. 123-130 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Haplochromis burtoni ; Photoreceptor cells ; Light-adaption, dark-adaption ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The photoreceptor layer in the retina of Haplochromis burtoni (Cichlidae, Teleostei) was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Three types of receptors were identified: rods, single-cones and double-cones. The three-dimensional arrangement of these photoreceptors is described in the light- and dark-adapted retina. The surface of the inner segment of the photoreceptor cells displays fine vertical fissures which give rise to slender processes. These so called calycal processes which are of different lengths in rods and cones, surround the beginning of the smooth-surfaced outer segment. The myoid, the contractile part of the receptor, which is located beneath the ellipsoid, was examined in the single-cones of the dark-adapted retina. It is a slender structure with surface infoldings. The myoid, studied by transmission electron microscopy, contains bundles of parallel myofilaments, which are thought to be contractile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220828
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    The salivary glands of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 525-534 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Insects ; Innervation ; Light microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the salivary gland of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier) has been investigated with the use of light and scanning electron microscopy. Light microscopy of methylene blue stained glands reveals the presence of a dual innervation arising from the ventral nerve cord and the stomodeal nervous system; the principal innervation is that from the ventral nerve cord which passes to the gland via the reservoir ducts. Branches of these nerves form a plexus on the acinar surface, the axons of which exhibit swelling at irregular intervals. The presence of this surface plexus and the axonal swellings was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy both in normal glands and in those in which the basal lamina had been removed by means of an HCl-collagenase digestion method. No acinar plexus was seen to be formed by branches of the stomatogastric nerve that were associated with the gland. However, other branches of this nerve were clearly connected with a complex network of multipolar neurones on the surfaces of the anterior regions of both salivary reservoirs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229617
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    The human rete testis (1978)
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 409-433 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rete testis ; Human ; Histophysiology ; Chordae retis ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The human rete testis was examined with regard to 1) the number and distribution of entrances of seminiferous tubules, 2) the light microscopic topography and 3) details of the passages as revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In a newborn 1474 entrances were counted, approximately 50 % entering from the right and 50 % from the left of the central long axis. Three major subdivisions of the rete were distinguished and described: a septal (or interlobular) part represented by tubuli recti, a tunical (or mediastinal) part which is a true network of channels, and an extratesticular part characterized by dilatations (up to 3 mm wide) which we have called bullae retis. In SEM, cylindrical strands running from wall to wall in the tunical and extratesticular rete spaces are a prominent feature. We have called these chordae retis. They are covered by epithelium and are 5–40 μm wide and 15 to more than 100 μm long. They contain a peculiar tissue consisting of central myoid cells in a fibroelastic matrix. The smaller chordae are avascular. In the light of these findings the rete is interpreted as a highly complex myoelastic sponge. Its function is discussed.
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    Model of skin vascularization in Rana esculenta L.: Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 539-548 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Frog skin ; Respiratory capillaries ; Capillary networks ; Microcorrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microcorrosion casts of blood vessels in the skin of Rana esculenta L. were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy with particular reference to the subepidermal network of respiratory capillaries. Due to the fact that arteries and veins lie in the deeper layers of the stratum spongiosum of the corium, the respiratory vessels form a morphologically homogeneous network. Functionally, however, this network is subdivided into small areas with a centripetal direction of blood flow. The deep capillary net, situated at the base of the stratum compactum of the corium, is not so dense as the respiratory network and does not directly communicate with it. Alveolar glands of the skin have no effect on the distribution of capillaries in the two networks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219816
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    Scanning electron microscopy of peripheral blood leukocytes of the chicken (1979)
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    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 147-153 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Granulocytes ; Lymphocytes ; Monocytes ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, e.g., neutrophilic granulocytes, were enriched from heparinized blood by a Ficoll-step-gradient centrifugation procedure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a surface morphology of narrow ridge-like profiles and small ruffles with occasional microprocesses. Mononuclear leukocytes were isolated by centrifugation over a Ficoll-Metrizoat gradient. The lymphocytes showed varying numbers of microvilli of different length, size and shape. B lymphocytes, characterized by their capability of “sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-rosette formation”, displayed a similar surface morphology. Completely smooth lymphocytes, described in the literature as T lymphocytes, could not be detected, although many lymphocytes with few microprocesses were observed. Thus, SEM is not a useful tool for distinguishing between B and T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of chickens. Monocytes were characterized by prominent membrane-like ruffles, but in some cases they closely resembled granulocytes. An influence of the various separation media on the surface morphology of the isolated cells could not be detected when compared with cells isolated by the buffy-coat method.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the renal corpuscle of the mesonephros in the lamprey, entosphenus japonicus martens (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 105-113 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mesonephros ; Lamprey ; Renal corpuscle ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The renal corpuscle of the lamprey mesonephros was studied under the scanning electron microscope. Bowman's capsules with individual spaces are chockshaped sacs closely packed together along a medial artery. The lateral walls of the capsules are apposed to those of neighbouring capsules. Glomerular capillaries from the medial artery extend radially between the apposed walls of neighbouring Bowman's capsules. Bulgings of capillaries into the capsular space are associated with mesangial folds of the capsular epithelium. The transitional zone of the visceral layer with podocytes and the parietal layer of squamous epithelium is bounded by linearly arranged rod-shaped epithelial cells. Apertures of the urinary tubule are lined by cells equipped with a fascicle of cilia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220622
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    Cytochalasin B and water transport (1978)
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 375-388 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder ; Skin ; Toad, frog ; Water flow ; Na transport ; Vasopressin ; Cytochalasin B ; Microfilaments ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A morpho-functional study of the effects of cytochalasin B (CB) on Na and water transport was made in amphibian epithelia. The functional studies confirmed the dissociation of the natriferic and hydrosmotic effects of vasopressin in toad urinary bladders exposed to CB and showed in addition that the block of the hydrosmotic effect was reversible and could still be induced in epithelia maximally stimulated with the hormone. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that CB, per se, did not alter the apical surface of the bladders. An almost total loss of microvilli of granular cells was seen, however, if CB was associated with vasopressin and an osmotic gradient. The results suggest two points: a) the block of the hydrosmotic flow induced by CB is due to factors beyond the apical membrane; b) microfilaments may be important mechanochemical transducers in the chain of events leading to the hydrosmotic effect of vasopressin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219779
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    On the development of midpiece mitochondria of mouse spermatozoa (1979)
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 349-352 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Mitochondria ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As seen by scanning electron microscopy, the mitochondrial helix in the developing midpiece of mouse testicular spermatozoa is dextral in direction and consists of spherical mitochondrial units arranged in an orderly array of four units per gyre: three appearing in face view and a fourth hidden from view at the back of the gyre. As the spermatozoa mature, the dextral helix is transformed into a sinistral helix. Its constituent spherical mitochondria either change direction abruptly without changing shape; or having first become semilunar or diamond-shaped, they change direction gradually. Mitochondrial division follows the change in helical pitch producing a double sinistral helix. The spherical (or semilunar/diamond-shaped) mitochondria presumably elongate to form the units of the mature midpiece.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236144
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    Scanning electron microscopic study of the freeze-fractured pineal body of the rat (1979)
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 129-135 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal body ; Freeze-fracturing ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Wistar rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The three-dimensional ultrastructure of the pineal body of the rat is described on the basis of freeze-fractured preparations. The pineal capsule consists of irregular cells with very flat and perforated processes. Through these openings, extremely branched canaliculi, extending to almost every pineal cell, communicate with the tissue compartment outside the organ. The pericapillary spaces contain, in juxtaposition with capillaries of the fenestrated type, nerve fibers as well as a flocculent granular and filamentous material of unknown origin and chemical nature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238052
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the wall of the third ventricle in the brain of Rana temporaria. Part IV. (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 53-64 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Third ventricle ; Rana temporaria ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface specializations of the wall of the third cerebral ventricle of Rana temporaria were investigated with the scanning electron microscope. These specializations can be divided into three types: cilia, large bulbous protrusions, and microvillus-like protrusions. Most parts of the ventricular surface are densely ciliated. In contrast, other regions are either scantily ciliated or devoid of cilia. Four areas of the ventricular surface are studded with numerous large bulbous protrusions. These large protrusions can be divided into two types: One type consists of intraventricular end bulbs of dendrites of secretory neurons. The other type is represented by large cytoplasmic extensions of ependymal cells. In the third ventricle of Rana, microvillus-like surface specializations of ependymal cells are ubiquitous structures. Generally, filiform protrusions of varying length are the predominant type. The microvillus-like specializations are transient structures, the number of which varies according to different physiological states of the ependymal cells.
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    In situ-Auswertung von Dünnschicht-Chromatogrammen über die Kubelka-Munk-Funktion (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Auswertung über die Kubelka-Munk-Funktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine quantitative Auswertung von Dünnschicht-Chromatogrammen über die Kubelka-Munk-Funktion wird beschrieben. Die mathematische Ableitung erfolgt über zwei Ansätze: Differentialgleichung und hyperbolisch-trigonometrische Funktionen. Es zeigt sich, daß beim Zweiwellenlängen-Densitometer die Bestimmung absoluter Remissionswerte entfällt, und das erhaltene Meßsignal mit geringem Aufwand linearisiert werden kann. Die Auswertung erfolgt über die Peakhöhe, ermittelt durch Zig-Zag-Scantechnik (Shimadzu CS 900). Meß- und Vergleichswellenlänge sollen dicht beieinander liegen, um ähnliche Streukoeffizienten zu erhalten. Vermessen wird Coffein im Bereich von 0,25–20 μg, in dem die Linearisierung noch einwandfrei arbeitet. Der Fehler liegt als relative Standardabweichung bei 1,9% (c=4–20μg,n=15) bzw. 2,7% (c=0,25–2 μg,n=22).
    Notes: Abstract The mathematical derivation is given by two different statements: differential equation and hyperbolic-trigonometric functions. It is shown that measurement of absolute values of remission is inapplicable. The signal is easily to be linearized. The evaluation is given by the maximum peak value obtained by the zig-zag scan technique (Shimadzu CS 900). To get similar scatter values sample and reference wave-length should be tuned as close as possible. Caffeine is measured from 0.25 to 20 μg. In this range the linearizer works unobjectionably and the error as relative standard deviation is in the order of 1.9% (4–20 μg,n=15) and 2.7% (0.25–2 μg,n=22), respectively.
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    Diphenylamin im DC-Fließmittel als universelles Detektionsmittel (1979)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 45-45 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Diphenylamin als Detektionsmittel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00481170
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    Thin-layer chromatography of inorganic ions as xanthates (1975)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 126-126 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Anorgan. Ionen als Xanthate ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00602085
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    Nachweis von Diphenylpyralin und Metaboliten im menschlichen Urin (1975)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 277 (1975), S. 208-208 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Diphenylpyralin im Urin ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; UV-Bestimmung, N-Oxid und Desmethylderivat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00462242
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    Vollautomatische rechnergesteuerte Auswertung von Dünnschicht-Chromatogrammen (1979)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 369-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; vollautomat. Auswertung von Chromatogrammen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden vollautomatische DC-Photometer beschrieben, bei denen ein Rechner die optimale Positionierung der DC-Flecke im Meßspalt steuert. Es lassen sich nicht nur die normalen Meßkurven, sondern auch die gemäß der Kubelka-Munk-Funktion transformierten Kurven für die Auswertung heranziehen. Infolge der Steuerung des Wellenlängenantriebes lassen sich auch Zweiwellenlängentechniken simulieren. Für die Auswertung eignet sich auch die 1. Ableitung der Meßkurve. Die Genauigkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit wird gesondert nach Auftragefehler, Meßfehler, Positionierfehler und Fehler der Chromatographie ausgewiesen.
    Notes: Summary Automated photometers for evaluating TLC plates by an optimized positioning of the spots in respect to the centre of the light beam are described. The evaluation can be performed by using the original measuring curve or a transformed one in respect to the Kubelka-Munk function. Two-wavelength techniques can be simulated, for the monochromator is controlled by the computer. This method has an advantage in measuring not well separated spots. In this case also an evaluation of the first derivative is often successful. The accuracy and reproducibility is given in respect to the different sources of errors: spotting, measurement, positioning and chromatography.
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    The evolutionary significance of fire in the mediterranean region (1975)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 29 (1975), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Ecological diversity ; Evolutionary strategies ; Fire ; Mediterranean region ; Regeneration ; Rootsprouters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Il est admis que le feu a joué un rôle décisif dans l'évolution biologique et culturale de l'époque postglaciaire dans la région méditerranéenne. Son impact sur l'évolution des plantes s'est manifesté par des réponses de ‘rétroaction’ (feedback). Dans celles-ci, les effets de l'élément feu et de ses répercussions ont effectué une sélection des plantes pour certaines activitées physiologiques et autres mécanismes, ce qui entraîne une tolérance directe au feu ou une protection et une régénération par voie végétative et reproductrice. Les phanérophytes dominants du maquis, sclérophylles, tolérants à la sécheresse, présentent obligatoirement des rejets de souche, alors que les chaméphytes dominés fuyant la sécheresse aussi bien que les plantes herbacées vivaces se multiplient à la fois par voie végétative et reproductrice, et sont bien adaptés aux nouvelles habitats dénudés par les feux. Les herbes annuelles et vivaces qui suivent le passage des feux sont aussi capables d'échapper aux températures élevées des feux grâce à des mécanismes de torsion, oudes graines. Les tendances évolutives pour surmonter l'effet du feu sont étroitement liées à celles d'autres ‘contraintes’ (stresses) de l'environnement comme la sécheresse et la pression du pâturage. Certaines combinaisons des contraites ont entraîné une convergence de forme et de fonction. Le feu a donc joué un rôle important dans l'évolution des pelouses plus xériques, des forêts, des maquis plus mésiques et des communautés d'arbustes. Contrairement au point de vue actuel sur le rôle destructeur du brûlage, le feu et le pâturage ont favorisé la diversité génétique aussi bien qu'écologique. Ils devraient être étudiés comme des composantes intégrantes des écosystèmes de Méditerranée et de leur évolution.
    Notes: Summary Fire has played a decisive role in Post-Glacial biological and cultural evolution in the Mediterranean Region. Its evolutionary impact on plants has been manifested by feedback responses, in which the fire and its after-effects selected plants for physiological and other mechanisms that enable direct fire tolerance or permit avoidance followed by vegetative and reproductive regeneration. The dominant, sclerophyll, drought-tolerant phanerophytes of the maqui are obligatory rootsprouters, whereas the subordinate, drought-evading chamaephytes, as well as herbaceous perennials, are both vegetative and reproductive regenerators and are well adapted to new, fire-denuded habitats. Annual and perennial grass fire-followers are also able to escape high surface fire temperatures with the aid of torsion devices on seeds. Evolutionary strategies to overcome fire are closely interwoven with those against other environmental stresses such as drought and grazing. These combinations of stresses have brought about convergence in plant form and function in mediterranean climates. Fire has thus been important in the evolution of more xeric grasslands and woodlands and more mesic maqui and shrubland communities. Contrary to the present view of fire as simply destructive, both fire and grazing have favored genetical as well as ecological diversity. They should be studied as integral components of Mediterranean ecosystems and their evolution.
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    Effect of adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in early ontogeny on higher nervous activity (1976)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 82 (1976), S. 1119-1121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: Adaptation ; hypoxia ; conditioned reflexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Newborn male and female Wistar rats were adapted to hypoxia in a pressure chamber. Adaptation began at an “altitude” of 1000 m for 1 h daily, after which the duration and intensity of exposure were gradually increased so that, starting from the 17th day, the animals were adapted to an altitude of 5000 m for 5 h on 5 days a week. After adaptation for two months, a conditioned active avoidance reflex was produced in the animals. In the adapted males a tendency was observed for the reflex to be formed more rapidly and for it to be preserved to a much greater degree than in the control animals. In females adapted to hypoxia under similar conditions no changes were observed in the formation and preservation of the reflex.
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    Influence of environmental factors on the development of the valve in diatoms (1979)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 99 (1979), S. 99-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Diatoms ; Environment ; Resting-spores ; Sexual reproduction ; Valve formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The species-specific form and structure of the diatom shell is variable within a given genetical reaction-norm, depending on the dynamic interrelation between cell and environment. The appearing modifications—based on quantitative disarrangement of construction-units as well as on a change in size and outline—can be understood as the morphological expression of a changed metabolism which has become necessary for adaption to adverse conditions. The diatoms react very sensitively, especially to the salinity factor, whereby actually two alternatives of adaption occur: a vegetative, in building resting spores (f.i., Navicula cuspidata) and a generative (f.i., Anomoeoneis sphaerophora, Surirella peisonis). Teratologies have been found in totally unbalanced surroundings (especially under conditions of ion unbalance), where the usually symmetrical forms have lost the coordination of the construction-units to each other (f.i., Surirella peisonis). They supply good criteria in clarifying the problems concerning pattern development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01274072
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    The surface fine structure of the ependymal lining of the lateral ventricle in rats with hereditary hydrocephalus (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral ventricle, rat ; Hydrocephalus ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ependyma of the lateral ventricle of rats with hereditary hydrocephalus was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Normal rats from the same litters were used as control animals. The surface morphology of the lateral ventricle of normal rats corresponded to results reported by other authors. The most prominent changes in the surface morphology of the ependyma of the hydrocephalic rats were seen in the cilia. They were shortened, fewer in number and clumped or matted. The surface of the ependymal cells was flattened and contained small, irregular projections. The number of large supraependymal cells, regarded as neurons, appeared to have diminished in the hydrocephalic rats. The number of supraependymal macrophages was greatly increased in these rats, suggesting the existence of an ependymitis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278467
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    Ciliary function of the frog oro-pharyngeal epithelium (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 267-278 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliated epithelium, frog ; Cilia ; Coordination ; Mucous transport ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The palate epithelium of the frog was examined by scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy and high speed cine micrography. The cilia remain stationary for much of the time in the end-of-effective stroke position. Each beat cycle begins with a forwardly-directed recovery stroke lasting about 60 ms, followed by an effective stroke towards the oesophagus lasting about 12 ms. Activity can often be correlated with the presence of mucus, which is carried as strands on the tips of the ciliary effective strokes whilst the recovery strokes move beneath the mucus. Coordination of ciliary activity was very variable; local antiplectic metachrony of the recovery strokes could almost always be seen, and on very active epithelia effective strokes were associated with approximately diaplectic waves (either to left or right), but any particular pattern of coordinated activity was transient and quickly transformed to another pattern. Beating and coordination of these short cilia were compared with those of cilia propelling water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219053
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    Surface morphology of taste buds in catfish barbels (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 375-384 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Taste buds ; Fishes ; Neuroepithelium ; Microvilli ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary External taste buds abound on barbels of the adult catfish Corydoras arcuatus. When examined by scanning electron microscopy, they are visualized as a series of punctate, conical elevations projecting from the general surface epithelium. All taste buds were found to be of one type. Both their external and internal surface features could be clearly elucidated on intact barbels and in barbels fractured transversely at various positions along their length. An extensive nerve terminal network penetrates the base of each taste bud. Two populations of elongated cells bearing prominent microvilli project through the central pore at the tip of each bud. One set of microvilli is thicker, longer and more club-shaped than its counterpart. While both are randomly distributed within each central pore, the small, short microvilli appear to outnumber the larger ones. A third population of cells, devoid of any apical microvilli, was also seen in some of the taste buds examined internally. These cells do not project to the external surface and are interpreted as “basal” cells described in previous light and transmission electron microscope studies of taste buds in other vertebrate species. The functional significance of some of these morphological findings is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218701
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    Vascularization of the pars distalis of the hypophysis in the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) (Amphibia, Anura) (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis, pars distalis ; Bufo bufo (L.) ; Vascularization ; Corrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vascularization of the pars distalis of the hypophysis of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.), was studied by the traditional method of injecting a mixture of India-ink and gelatine into the circulatory system of the head via the arteria carotis communis. Further, methyl-methacrylate corrosion casts of the brains were made; the hypothalamo-adenohypophysial region of these corrosion casts was studied with the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the portal vessels which arise from the median eminence do not supply distinct areas in the pars distalis as is supposed by the point-to-point-hypothesis. The portal vessels enter the ventro-median region of the pars distalis and branch off into a three-dimensional network of the secondary capillary plexus of the pars distalis. The plexus is made up mostly by four- to six-sided meshes. This angioarchitecture guarantees an optimal supply of the glandular cells of the pars distalis with nutritional factors and releasing hormones, on the one hand, and facilitates the removal of the hormones which are released by these cells, on the other hand. The venous drainage of the pars distalis is exerted mainly by two large veins, which bilaterally leave the dorso-lateral region (venous pole) of the pars distalis and by a few small veins, which drain into the wide, sinus-like vessel, which curves around the dorso-caudal region of the pars distalis and joins bilaterally the vena hypophysea transversa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278459
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    A scanning electron microscopic survey of the brain ventricular system of the female armadillo (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 183 (1977), S. 531-539 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ventricles ; Armadillo ; Ependyma ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The scanning electron microscope was used to survey the brain ventricular system of the female armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) with emphasis on the third ventricle. The walls of the lateral ventricles, aqueduct, and fourth ventricle are covered by long cilia. In the lateral ventricle, the cilia are arranged in groups; but in the aqueduct and fourth ventricle, they are evenly placed over the cellular surfaces. The ependymal cells of the third ventricle are densely ciliated except for the organum vasculosum and infundibular recess. The non-ciliated luminal surface of these areas has a pebblestone appearance punctuated by numerous microvilli and two types of supraependymal cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225665
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    Discocilia—A new type of kinocilia in the larvae of Lanice conchilega (Polychaeta, Terebellomorpha) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 271-280 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kinocilia ; Discocilia ; Lanice conchilega ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein modifizierter Typ von Kinocilien wurde bei der Aulophoralarve des sedentären Polychäten Lanice conchilega gefunden. Für ihn wird die Bezeichnung „Discocilium” vorgeschlagen. Der einzige strukturelle Unterschied zu konventionellen Kinocilien besteht in der Ausbildung eines Köpfchens. Dieses Köpfchen wird vom distalen Ende des Cilienschaftes gebildet, der zu einer Öse gebogen ist, die von der Cilienmembran überzogen wird. Drei Haupttypen von Discocilien können unterschieden werden: a, Cilien mit geradem Axonem, deren Köpfchen durch eine Anschwellung der Membran entstehen, b, Cilien mit Köpfchen mit seitlichem gebogenem Axonem, c, Cilien, in denen das Axonem eine geschlossene Öse bildet. Die Discocilien sind nach dem verbreiteten 9+2 Filamentmuster aufgebaut. Ihr Köpfchen enthält keine Sekrete, es erscheint elektronenoptisch leer. Aufgrund ihrer Anordnung können zwei Typen von Discocilien unterschieden werden, nämlich isolierte Büschel, besonders am Vorderende, und segmentai angeordnete Cilienreihen. Ein möglicher Bildungsmodus der Discocilien wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A modified type of kinocilia has been found in the Aulophora-larva of the sedentarian polychaete Lanice conchilega. For this newly described cilium type the term “discocilium” is proposed. The only structural difference from usual locomotory cilia is the tip, which possesses a discoidal head. The head is formed from the terminal part of the cilium shaft, which is bent to give rise to a loop-like ring covered by the ciliary membrane. Three types of discocilia can be distinguished: a) discocilia having swollen, bulblike heads with a central straight axoneme; b) discocilia having heads with a curved lateral axoneme and c) discocilia in which the axoneme forms a loop. The internal structure shows the usual 9+2 arrangement of the filaments. The head shows no signs of secretion; it appears structureless in electron microscopical examination. There are two kinds of discocilia arrangements: 1) isolated bunches of cilia especially at the tentacles and in the frontal region, and 2) segmental dorsal rows of cilia. The possible formation of discocilia is described.
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    Scanning electron microscopic analysis of the linings of the fourth ventricle in the domestic fowl (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 169-173 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fourth ventricle ; Ependyma ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surface features of the ependymal linings of the fourth ventricle in the fowl were analyzed employing the scanning electron microscope (SEM). On the floor of the median sulcus, each ependymal cell has a solitary cilium, whereas on both sides of the sulcus, cilia are so densely distributed that the details of the underlying cell surface are usually obscured. On the roof of the fourth ventricle, except for the surface of the ciliated groove where numerous cilia are present, the ependymal cells are polygonal in shape, and the center of each cell possesses an aggregate of ten to twenty cilia. Cell surfaces of the choroid tela are entirely covered with delicate microvilli and possess clumped cilia. The ependymal cell surfaces of the area postrema are dome-like in shape. Each ependymal cell has a solitary cilium and shows a smooth surface free of microvilli.
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    Electron microscopic studies on radular tooth formation in the snails Helix pomatia L. and Limax flavus L. (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 283-289 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Radula ; Tooth formation ; Pulmonates ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The radular teeth are secreted at the posterior end of the radular gland and move slowly towards the buccal cavity where they start to function. Helix pomatia and Limax flavus were examined to determine whether the newly formed teeth already show their definite species specific shape, or whether they are gradually finished and moulded in the radular gland. Scanning electron micrographs of Helix pomatia show that teeth are secreted in the odontoblast region in their final form. Their surface is still uneven at the outset; the same is true for the newest teeth of Limax flavus. Older teeth ready for use have a smooth surface. This change seems to be brought about by secretory activity of the superior epithelium of the radular sac. Air-dried radulae, previously isolated by KOH maceration, show considerable artefacts at their posterior end. Maceration leads to shrinking of the newest teeth, but does not change their contours. The newly secreted but as yet unhardened teeth become greatly deformed during the drying process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237242
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    The surface connected canalicular system of carp (Cyprinus carpio) thrombocytes: Its fine structure and three-dimensional architecture (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 355-365 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fish thrombocyte ; Open canalicular system ; Three-dimensional architecture ; High voltage electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence and the three dimensional distribution of the surface connected canalicular system (SCCS) in thrombocytes of a teleost, Cyprinus carpio, were studied using a transmission electron microscope, a high voltage electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope. When the specimens were fixed routinely in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide, numerous electron lucent vesicles and canaliculi were distributed throughout the cytoplasm. As ruthenium red-positive reaction product was observed on the inner surface of the vesicles and canaliculi, these are defined as the SCCS of carp thrombocytes. In the stereo-pair of the photographs of thick sectioned specimens and the plastic reconstruction of serially sectioned thrombocytes, we succeeded in finding the whole structure of the SCCS which is composed of numerous anastomosing canaliculi. Scanning electron micrographs revealed many crater-like depressions throughout the cell surface which seem to be the openings of the SCCS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233264
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    Surface changes during development and involution of the cement gland of Xenopus laevis (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 303-313 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cement gland ; Xenopus laevis ; Secretion ; Mucus ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cement gland was studied from stage 17, when the anlage is established, to stage 49, shortly before its disappearance. At early stages, the apical membrane is covered by small microvilli that are more abundant than in the surrounding epiblast cells. Vesicular protrusions along the cell boundaries are also more numerous in the gland cells. When the gland reaches maturity, the apical membranes of gland cells differentiate into two regions. In the cranial, kidney-shaped region, the membranes are very narrow and protrude above the level of cell boundaries. Long and slender villi raise from the surface adjacent to cell boundaries. Apical surfaces in the caudal portion are larger and flattened. Cell boundaries are lined with shorter and thicker surface projections. At these stages, the bordering cells are covered with secretion vesicles. During involution the number of cells is progressively reduced. The area of the caudal portion increases relative to the area of the cranial portion. Apical surfaces become more flattened. Surface projections become much shorter and invade the whole of the apical surface. Bordering cells lose their secretion vesicles and their apical surface becomes ruffled with numerous short wrinkles. The significance of the apical structures and their evolution is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220397
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the respiratory surfaces of Saccobranchus (=Heteropneustes) fossilis (Bloch) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 99-109 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gills ; Air-breathing organs ; Catfish, Saccobranchus fossilis ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gill secondary lamellae are generally covered with epithelial cells whose outer surfaces form numerous microvilli. The surface of the primary lamellae is characterised by microridges. A particular type of surface sculpturing seems to be associated with given cell boundaries. Further evidence for the derivation of the air tube and fans which guard its entrance by modification of the basic gill structure has been obtained from both the gross surface architecture and microstructure of the individual cell surfaces. Secondary lamellae are represented by stubby projections which generally have a biserial arrangement. The outer surfaces of the epithelia overlying the capillaries of these respiratory islets are coated with microvilli as in the secondary lamellae. On the other hand, the relatively smooth-surfaced ‘lanes’ between groups of respiratory islets have a microridged surface similar to that of the primary gill lamellae. It is suggested that previous estimates of surface area, and consequently diffusing capacities of the air-breathing organ, have been low in view of the increased surface, due to both their gross and microstructure. Estimates for gill surface area may need very little correction as the spaces between the microvilli and microridges are probably filled with mucus under normal conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233679
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    Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts of the vascular bed in the skin of the spotted salamander, Salamandra salamandra L. (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 153-162 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salamander skin ; Skin capillaries ; Poison gland capillaries ; Microcorrosion casts ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microcorrosion casts of blood vessels in the skin of the spotted salamander, Salamandra salamandra L., were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The investigated vessels include a subepidermal network of respiratory capillaries and the vessels of poison glands. A hypothesis is proposed, according to which both types of vascular beds possess a common origin. Probable factors involved in the differentiation of the primary netword of the subepidermal vessels in larvae are indicated and speculation concerning the supposed mosaic type of circulation in the capillaries of the subepidermal respiratory bed is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236356
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    Observations on the marginal ruffles of an established fibroblast-like cell line (1977)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 179 (1977), S. 225-234 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Marginal ruffles ; Fibroblast-like cells ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary LW13K2 cells, a clone of a spontaneously in vitro transformed derivative of embryonic Lewis rat fibroblastic cells, were studied by phase contrast cine-light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ruffles found at the advancing edge of cells grown on glass substrates in vitro form and recede in a period of less than one min if they do not make an attachment of the substrate. If they fail to make an attachment they may form pinocytotic channels near the leading edge as described by Price (1972) and/or collapse, generally backwards, towards the cell body. The ‘spines’ which appear to reinforce the membranous ruffles are the last structures to disappear, and accumulate in an irregular array behind the ruffling edge; this area is behind that in which pinocytosis occurs. In comparison with the sparse numbers of ribosomes found in the trailing edge, they are present in notable concentrations near the leading, ruffling edge of the cell. No membrane vesicles have been found in or near the ruffling edges at the ruffle-spine concentration zone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219798
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    The outer segments of photoreceptive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of the funa, Carassius gibelio langsdorfi (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 259-268 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Carassius gibelio langsdorfi (Teleostei) ; Photoreceptive cell ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The form and size of the outer segments of photoreceptive pinealocytes in the pineal organ of the funa, Carassius gibelio langsdorfi, were observed with the scanning electron microscope. The height of the outer segments measures between 1 and 3 μm and the diameter varies widely from 1.5 to 8 μm. Various forms of outer segments, i.e. a slender type, a dome-like type, a cap-like type and a helical type, were demonstrated. The parallel-oriented filamentous processes of the inner segments have the same length as the outer segments and a diameter of approximately 100 nm; they are projections from the apical border of the inner segment and surround the cone-like outer segments. The processes make a right angle with the lamellar disks. The distance between two processes averages 100 nm. The lamellar disks of the outer segments are oriented at right angles to the modified cilium in the basal part, but the angle often changes in the peripheral part, where the lamellar disks are raised and become parallel to the cilium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225535
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    Fenestration of the epithelium lining the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle in amphibia (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 129-136 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral ventricles ; Ependyma ; Pores ; Subarachnoid space ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Amphibia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of the caudal end of the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle in four amphibian species shows that numerous pores occur between the ependymal cells. These pores have diameters ranging from 5–100 μm; they permit bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid out of the ventricular system into the subarachnoid space.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234840
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    Surface fine structure of the subfornical organ in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 389-404 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subfornical organ ; Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface ultrastructure of the subfornical organ (SFO) was investigated in the Japanese quail. The SFO consists of a body and a stalk. The body of the SFO can be divided into rostral and caudal parts. On the rostral part, each ependymal cell possesses a short central solitary cilium; clustered cilia are also occasionally seen. Microvilli are abundant. On the caudal part, cells with a solitary cilium are fewer in number, and clustered cilia are rarely found. Microvilli are not as abundant as on the rostral part. In addition, large bulbous protrusions, tufts of small protrusions, deep funnel-shaped hollows, small pinocytotic invaginations and possible cerebrospinal fluid-contacting axons are sporadically observed on the surface of various regions of the body. Each ependymal cell of the stalk has a wide apical surface. A central solitary cilium, microvilli and other structures are observed more rarely on the stalk than on the body, while clustered cilia are not seen on the stalk. These structures are compared with those of the mammalian SFO and further discussed in relation to the possible dipsogenic receptor function for angiotensin II.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219804
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    The epidermis and sensory organs of Dugesia tigrina (Turbellaria: Tricladida) (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 35-40 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Planarian ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Epidermis ; Sense organs ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epidermis of D. tigrina was examined using the scanning electron microscope. Both dorsal and ventral surfaces are extremely irregular in contour, as well as being permeated by large numbers of pores. Cilia are restricted to the ventral surface, the auricles and that part of the dorsum adjacent to the auricles. Club-shaped receptors, as well as cilia, were seen in the auricles. The epidermis anteriad to the eyespots is indistinguishable from that covering the remainder of the dorsal surface. Light rays could not enter the eyespot through this rough epidermal surface without becoming diffracted in an irregular fashion. It was therefore concluded that visual image perception is not a function of the planarian eyespot.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221599
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    Bovine olfactory and nasal respiratory epithelium surfaces (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 503-524 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cryo-ultramicrotomy ; High-voltage electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Olfactory epithelium ; Respiratory epithelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary High-voltage transmission electron microscopy and cryo-ultramicrotomy together with scanning electron microscopy and some conventional transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections have been applied to the mucous surfaces of bovine olfactory and respiratory epithelia. Distal segments of olfactory cilia tend to run in parallel and could be followed over distances up to about 30 μm using high-voltage electron microscopy. This technique and scanning electron microscopy showed that on average 12–13 of such cilia could be observed per nerve ending. After correction for obscured cilia this number becomes about 17. High-voltage micrographs and micrographs made from sections prepared with a cryo-ultramicrotome showed the presence of electron-lucent pockets inside the olfactory mucus. The latter technique also showed that the mucus itself is not fibrous, but rather a continuum varying in electron density. The mucus layer contains various granular structures. Ciliary and microvillar membranes appear thicker with cryo-ultramicrotomy than when the sections are prepared with conventional techniques. The cores of the axonemal microtubules in olfactory as well as in respiratory cilia are darkly stained with this technique. Vesicles present inside the nerve endings are also darkly stained. Dimensions and some other numerical values of interest in olfaction are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225347
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