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  • Evolution
  • temperature
  • Springer  (77)
  • Frontiers Media SA
  • 1975-1979  (77)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 7 (1978), S. 373-383 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Ferric ; hydrolysis ; ionic strength ; temperature ; enthalpy ; ferric hydroxide ; ultraviolet ; spectroscopic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ultraviolet absorbance spectra of ferric ions in 0.68m NaClO4 were studied as a function of pH at 4.0, 14.9, and 25.0°C. The results provided an evaluation of the stability constant for the formation of FeOH2+ which is *β1=[FeOH +][H +]/[Fe 3+]. The enthalpy change for the reaction Fe3++H2O⇌ FeOH2++H+ was calculated as 10.0±0.3 kcal-mole−1. Increasing temperature was also found to promote the reaction Fe3++2H2O⇌ Fe(OH) 2 + +2H+. Our results were combined with the results of other to produce an expression describing the first hydrolysis equilibrium at ionic strengths between 0 and 3m and temperatures between 4.0 and 45.0°C at 1 atm total pressure. At 25°C and 0.68m the ionic strength *β1=1.90×10-3
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 5 (1975), S. 187-197 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Cytochrome C ; Substitution ; Covarion ; Monte-Carlo Simulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A statistical analysis aimed at obtaining some informations on a possible correlation between simultaneous amino acid substitutions is proposed. This method is applied to a set of cytochromes C, at the level of tandem and triple substitutions separated along the peptide chain by 1 to 15 peptide bonds. Monte-Carlo simulations are performed and the results are compared. We find a significant occurence of three adjacent amino acid substitutions in which the first replacement requires a two nucleotide substitution. A possible explanation of this fact is proposed on the basis of covarions.
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  • 3
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    Journal of molecular evolution 7 (1976), S. 133-149 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: 5S rRNA ; Nucleotide Sequence Homology ; Evolution ; Mutation Frequencies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The problem of choosing an alignment of two or more nucleotide sequences is particularly difficult for nucleic acids, such as 5S ribosomal RNA, which do not code for protein and for which secondary structure is unknown. Given a set of ‘costs’ for the various types of replacement mutations and for base insertion or deletion, we present a dynamic programming algorithm which finds the optimal (least costly) alignment for a set of N sequences simultaneously, where each sequence is associated with one of the N tips of a given evolutionary tree. Concurrently, protosequences are constructed corresponding to the ancestral nodes of the tree. A version of this algorithm, modified to be computationally feasible, is implemented to align the sequences of 5S RNA from nine organisms. Complete sets of alignments and proto-sequence reconstructions are done for a large number of different con-figurations of mutation costs. Examination of the family of curves of total replacements inferred versus the ratio of transitions/trans-versions inferred, each curve corresponding to a given number of in-sertions-deletions inferred, provides a method for estimating relative costs and relative frequencies for these different types of mutation.
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  • 4
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    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 5 (1975), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Gene Duplication ; Dipeptides ; Posterior Pituitary Peptide ; Evolution ; Protein Sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have compiled the dipeptide frequencies in 100 known protein sequences. We suggest that dipeptides which occur with low frequencies can be used to locate proteins where partial gene duplication may have taken place. The 48 residue sequence of posterior pituitary peptide contains two Cys Trp pairs. The adjacent portions of the sequence are compatible with a partial gene duplication in the evolutionary history of posterior pituitary peptide.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 6 (1975), S. 309-320 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Aminoacyl Transfer ; Amino Acid Adenylate ; Imidazole Catalysis ; Evolution ; Peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Imidazole catalysis of phenylalanyl transfer from phenylalanine adenylate anhydride to the hydroxyl groups of homopolyribonucleotides was investigated as a chemical model of the biochemical aminoacylation of tRNA. Imidazole catalyzed transfer of phenylalanine to poly (U) increases from pH 6.5 to 7.7 and decreases above pH 7.7. At pH 7.7 approximately 10% of the phenylalanyl residues are transferred to poly (U). At pH 7.1, transfer to poly (U) was five times as great as to poly (A) and transfer to a poly (A) poly (U) double helix was negligible. At pH 7.1 approximately 45 mole percent linkages to poly (U) were monomeric phenylalanine; the remainder of the linkages were peptides of phenylalanine. The number of linkages and their lability to base and neutral hydroxylamine indicates that phenylalanine and its peptides are attached as esters to the 2′ hydroxyl groups throughout poly (U) and the 2′ (3) hydroxyl groups at the terminus of poly (U). These results do model the contemporary process of aminoacyl transfer to tRNA and continue to suggest that a histidine residue is in the active site of aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases.
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  • 6
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    Journal of molecular evolution 7 (1976), S. 111-131 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Crustacea ; Evolution ; Repeated DNA ; Molecular Hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of data obtained from molecular hybridization of3H-labeled repetitious DNA has been utilized to reconstruct the broad outlines of phylogenetic relationships among decapod Crustacea. This molecular reconstruction agrees reasonably well with the paleontological record, and with other schemes obtained by comparative morphological and serological approaches. Preliminary evidence is in line with the hypothesis that continuous addition of new repeated sequence families to the genome over long periods of time may in part account for the correlation observed between percent repetitious DNA hybridized and divergence time. It is tentatively concluded that a core of DNA base sequence homology has been highly conserved throughout the evolution of theCrustacea. Demonstration of inter-species sequence homology has important implications to models which relegate a genetic regulatory function to repeated DNAs.
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  • 7
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    Journal of molecular evolution 7 (1976), S. 185-195 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Randomicity ; Counter-Example
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Specific counter-examples are derived theoretically to the hypothesis that a random amino acid composition signifies a random evolutionary process.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Bacilli, 16S rRNA ; Phylogeny ; Thermophile ; Evolution ; Oligonucleotide Fingerprint
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two modifications in the Sanger two dimensional electrophoretic procedure for RNA analysis are reported. One increases resolution on the primary fingerprint to the point that digests of large RNAs, of the size 1500–3000 nucleotides yield well resolved fingerprint patterns. The other is a novel endonucleolytic procedure that proves useful in determining sequences of the large oligonucleotides produced by T1 ribonuclease. These modifications have been used in determining the catalogs of oligomers produced by T1 ribonuclease digestion of 16S rRNAs from three related organisms,Bacillus subtilis, B.pumilus andB.stearothermophilus. The possible effects of adaptation to a thermophilic niche on ribosomal RNA primary structure and the phylogenetic relatedness of the two mesophilic Bacilli are discussed.
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  • 9
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    Journal of molecular evolution 6 (1975), S. 149-163 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Electrophoretic Detectability ; Neutral Mutation Theory ; Evolution ; Mutation Rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Routine electrophoretic surveys for genetic variation in natural populations depend primarily upon detecting differences in the net charge carried by a protein. We have calculated the proportion of base substitutions which would yield an electrophoretically detectable mutant protein, and the relative mutation rates among different charge classes, under a variety of simplifying assumptions. These calculations indicate that: (i) only 25 per cent of all single base mutations would lead to a charge change on a protein molecule. (ii) five distinct classes of electrophoretic variants can be generated from a specified protein by single base substitutions. (iii) the relative mutation rates differ markedly among the different charge classes which can be generated by single base substitutions. The estimates of the proportion of electrophoretically detectable mutant proteins and relative mutation rates among charge classes were relatively robust to changes in assumptions concerned with the kind and site of base substitutions and the amino acid composition of the protein.
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  • 10
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    Journal of molecular evolution 8 (1976), S. 79-94 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Histones ; Evolution ; Prokaryotes ; Lower Eukaryotes ; Higher Eukaryotes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The occurrence of basic chromosomal proteins in lower eukaryotes provides a useful approach to the study of histone evolution and function in higher eukaryotes. The histones of higher plants and animals are very similar and some are nearly identical, suggesting a high degree of evolutionary conservation within this group of proteins. However, a literature survey reveals that in the lower eukaryotes the histone situation is quite variable. The ciliates, and the true and cellular slime molds possess basic chromosomal proteins that are very similar to the histones of higher plants and animals. Various other lower eukaryotes possess basic chromosomal proteins that resemble at least some of the major histone fractions, and some microorganisms possess basic chromosomal proteins that bear little or no relationship to higher plant and animal histones. Since histones play a major role in the control of gene expression and the maintenance of chromosome structure in higher organisms, the evolution of these proteins represents a major change in the packaging of DNA and the mode of regulating gene expression in eukaryotes.
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  • 11
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    Journal of molecular evolution 8 (1976), S. 387-388 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Nitrate Respiration ; Fermentation ; Energy Metabolism ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary E. Broda's recent argument against our concept that nitrate respiration antedated oxygen respiration is criticized.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Repetitive DNA ; SI Nuclease ; Sequence Organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The organization of repetitive and single copy DNA sequences in sea urchin DNA has been examined with the single strand specific nuclease Sl fromAspergillus. Conditions and levels of enzyme were established so that single strand DNA was effectively digested while reassociated divergent repetitive duplexes remained enzyme resistant. About 25% of sea urchin DNA reassociates with repetitive kinetics to form Sl resistant duplexes of two distinct size classes derived from long and short repetitive sequences in the sea urchin genome. Fragments 2,000 nucleotides long were reassociated to Cot 20 and subjected to controlled digestion with Sl nuclease. About half of the resistant duplexes (13% of the DNA) are short, with a mode size of about 300 nucleotide pairs. This class exhibits significant sequence divergence, and principally consists of repetitive sequences which were interspersed with single copy sequences. About one-third of the long duplexes (4% of the DNA) are reduced in size after extensive Sl nuclease digestion to about 300 nucleotide pairs. About two-thirds of the long resistant duplexes (8% of the DNA) remains long after extensive SI nuclease digestion. These long reassociated duplexes are precisely base paired. The short duplexes are imprecisely paired with a melting temperature about 9°C below that of precisely paired duplexes of the same length. The relationship between length of repetitive duplex and precision of repetition is confirmed by an independent method and has been observed in the DNA of a number of species over a wide phylogenetic area.
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  • 13
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    Journal of molecular evolution 9 (1977), S. 131-158 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Parvalbumins ; Evolution ; Maximum parsimony ; Troponin-C ; Myosin alkali light chain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Phylogenetic trees requiring the lowest sum of nucleotide replacements and gene duplicative events were constructed from the amino acid sequence data on ten gnathostome parvalbumins (PAR) and two related myofibrillar proteins troponin-C (TNC) and myosin alkali-light-chain (ALC). The origin and differentiation of the structural domains within these proteins were also investigated by the maximum parsimony method and by an alignment statistic for identifying evolutionarily related protein sequences. The results suggest, in agreement with the Weeds-McLachlan model, that tandem duplications in a precursor gene caused a primordial one-domain polypeptide (consisting of two helices with a calcium binding region in between) to double and then quadruple in size. Duplications of the gene coding for this four domain (I–II–III–IV) protein in an early metazoan, pre-gnathostome lineage gave rise to the separate loci for TNC, ALC, and PAR. TNC, which alone retained the Ca-binding function in each of its four domains, evolved much more slowly than either the ALC or PAR lineages. In the PAR lineage the I–II–III–IV structure was degraded, presumably by a partial gene deletion, to the II–III–IV structure during descent to the gnathostome ancestor of parvalbumins. Also during this period the mid region in domain II lost its Ca-binding function and, as it did so, evolved at an accelerated rate over other regions, a pattern indicative of positive selection for a change in function. In turn, from the gnathostome ancestor to the present, the mid regions of domains III and IV, which each retained Ca-bindung function, evolved much more slowly than other regions, a pattern indicative of stabilizing selection for preservation of function. Between the gnathostome and teleost-tetrapod ancestor a gene duplication separated the parvalbumins into anα-lineage and aβ-lineage. During this early vertebrate period PAR genes evolved at the extremely fast rate of 89 nucleotide replacements per 100 codons per 108 years (i.e. 89 NR %), but from the teleost-tetrapod ancestor to the present, bothα- andβ-PAR lineages evolved at a much slower rate, about 8 NR %. The use ofβ-parvalbumins as phylogenetic markers was complicated by presumptive evidence that paralogous (i.e. duplication dependent) gene lineages occur within this group. As a final point, in the genealogy of TNC, ALC, and PAR lineages, a non-random pattern of nucleotide replacements was observed between the reconstructed ancestral and descendant mRNA sequences. The pattern was similar to that observed for other protein genealogies and seems to reflect a bias in the genetic code for guanine to adenine and adenine to guanine transitions (especially at the first nucleotide position of the RNA codons) to produce amino acid substitutions which are compatible with the preservation of protein three-dimensional structure.
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  • 14
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    Journal of molecular evolution 6 (1975), S. 61-76 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: 5S ribosomal RNA ; Translation ; Evolution ; Molecular Architecture ; Conformational Changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An extensive comparative analysis of the available primary sequence data on 5S rRNA has been made. A universal secondary structure is presented for procaryotic 5S rRNA which contains four helical regions. Eucaryotic 5S rRNAs are found to have only three of these helices and thus have a somewhat different architecture. In addition, a highly conserved segment of more than thirty nucleotides is identified in the 5′ half of the procaryotic molecule. This segment includes the oligonucleotide-CGAAC- which presumably binds to the t-RNA “common” sequence-GTΨCG-. Among the eucaryotes, the plants display a procaryotic nature in this region, but no eucaryote has the sequence -CGAAC- in this segment. A functional role for the procaryotic 5S rRNA molecule is discussed in which it is envisioned to undergo conformational change, i.e., coiling and uncoiling of one of the helices, which can result in a cyclic interaction of the 5S rRNA molecule with two t-RNA molecules. A general principle also emerges: the natural rotational motion inherent in coiling and uncoiling of nucleic acid helices can be converted quite simply to linear mechanical motion.
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  • 15
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    Journal of molecular evolution 5 (1975), S. 279-290 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: E.coli ; Mutagenesis ; Evolution ; Gene Transposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The lactose fermenting genes inE.coli have been transposed to various chromosomal locations. The bacterial strains were mutagenized with different chemical mutagens and the frequency of Lac negative mutant colonies was measured as a function of lactose gene location in the chromosome. There appears to be a highly mutable location between 58–60 minutes on theE.coli map. This region does not appear to be correlated with the origin of DNA replication or with the terminus. The possible significance of this mutable region in the evolution of new bacterial genes is discussed.
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  • 16
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    Journal of molecular evolution 8 (1976), S. 143-153 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: 5S rRNA ; Comparative Analysis ; Secondary Structure ; Evolution ; Tuned Helix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The available comparative data on procaryotic 5S rRNA was extended through sequencing studies of eight gram positive procaryotes. Complete nucleotide sequences were presented for 5S rRNA fromBacillus subtilis, B. firmus, B.pasteurii, B.brevis, Lactobacillus brevis andStreptococcus faecalis. In addition, 5S rRNA oligonucleotide catalogs and partial sequence data were provided forB.cereus andSporosarcina ureae. These sequences and catalogs were discussed in terms of known features of procaryotic 5S rRNA architecture.
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  • 17
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    Journal of molecular evolution 9 (1976), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genome organization ; Evolution ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial genome of yeast (S. cerevisiae orS. carlsbergensis) appears to be formed by 60–70 genetic units, each one of which is formed by (1) a GC-rich sequence, possibly having a regulatory role; (2) a gene, and (3) an AT-rich spacer, which probably is not transcribed. Recombination in this genome appears to underlie a number of important phenomena. The organization of the mitochondrial genome of yeast and these recombinational events are discussed in relationship with the organization and evolution of the nuclear genome of eukaryotes.
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  • 18
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    Journal of molecular evolution 9 (1977), S. 343-347 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Haemoglobin ; Cooperativity ; Lamprey ; Maximum parsimony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The sequences ofPetromyzon andAplysia globins are compared with the postulated vertebrate and mollusc-vertebrate ancestors to see if differences exist in the rates of evolution of different types of residue positions. Between the mollusc-vertebrate ancestor andAplysia globin there is no very striking pattern of changes except that the interior positions are relatively conserved. In the evolution ofPetromyzon haemoglobin, theα 1 β 2 contact area is relatively conserved. The homopolymeric binding of lamprey Hb seems to be a primitive function.
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  • 19
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    Journal of molecular evolution 9 (1977), S. 369-371 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Methanogenic bacteria ; Primitive atmosphere ; Evolution ; Ecology ; Methane-carbon dioxide cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The phenotype and antiquity of methanogenic bacteria suggest them to have been one of the major factors determining a dynamic balance between CO2 and CH4 in the primitive atmosphere.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Ribosome ; 5S RNA ; Conformation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fox and Woese (1975a) have shown that a model of 5S RNA secondary structure similar to the one originally derived forChlorella 5S RNA can be generalized with relatively minor variations to all sequenced 5S RNA molecules, i.e. that corresponding base paired regions can be formed at approximately the same positions. We present experimental data in favour of this hypothesis and show that the points at which ribonucleases T1, T2 and pancreatic ribonuclease cleave six different 5S RNA molecules under ‘mild’ conditions (high ionic strength, low temperature, low RNAase concentration) nearly always fall in the proposed single-stranded regions. We conclude that this model is a good approximation to the conformation of 5S RNA in solution.
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  • 21
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    Journal of molecular evolution 10 (1977), S. 123-135 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Ancestral sequence ; Eye lens protein ; Evolution ; Phylogenetic tree
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The sequences of the A chains of the eye lens proteinα-crystallin from seventeen mammalian species were compared. They showed a generally slow rate of evolution, but with marked variations in different lineages. Most substitutions have occurred in the C-terminal part of the chain, which probably forms part of the surface of theα-crystallin aggregate. The ancestral sequence method of Dayhoff revealed interesting indications about the phylogenetic relationships between the eleven mammalian orders that were represented by the investigated species. Most evident was the divergence of marsupial and placental orders. A notable resemblance between the hyrax and elephant sequences was observed, setting them apart from the ungulates, including whale. Primates, rodents, lagomorphs, insectivores and tupaiids seem to derive from a common stem group. These phylogenetic inferences are discussed in relation to current palaeontological and taxonomical opinions, and compared to evidence from other protein sequence data.
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  • 22
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    Journal of molecular evolution 11 (1978), S. 109-120 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Origin of Life ; Genetic code ; Protein synthesis ; Evolution ; Prebiotic reactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fact that proteins contain onlya-amino acids and that protein structure is determined by 3′ → 5′ linked ribonucleotides is postulated to be the result of the copolymerization of these molecules in the prebiotic environment. Ribonucleotides therefore represent partial degradation products and proteins represent a side reaction developing from copolymerization. The basic structural unit of copolymerization is a nucleotide substituted with an amino acid at the 2′ position. Characteristics of modern amino and ribonucleic acid structure are all consistent with and necessary for this hypothesis. The characteristics and individual base assignments of the code also provide strong support for origin from the postulated copolymers. All characteristics of the code can be accounted for by this single hypothesis.
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  • 23
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    Journal of molecular evolution 11 (1978), S. 225-231 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Phylogenetic denseness ; Phylogenetic trees ; Topology ; Molecular reconstructions ; Evolution ; Paleogenetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The concept of phylogenetic denseness bears critically on the accuracy of evolutionary pathways inferred from experimentally sequenced proteins isolated from extant species. In this paper I develop an objective measure,ρ, of denseness to supplement previous intuitive concepts and which permits one to use this concept in comparing the quality of different evolutionary reconstructions. This measure is used to examine several published phylogenetic trees: insulin, a-hemoglobin,β-hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromec, and the parvalbumin family. The paper emphasizes 1) the importance of denseness in accurately estimating the number of nucleotide replacements which separate homologous sequences when this estimation is made by the method of parsimony, 2) the value of this concept in assessing the quality of those estimates, and 3) the use of this concept as a biologically practical heuristic method for identifying poorly studied regions in a phylogenetic tree, whether or not the tree was obtained by the parsimony method.
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  • 24
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    Journal of molecular evolution 13 (1979), S. 95-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Oparin Ocean ; Origin of Life ; Evolution ; Runaway greenhouse ; Photosynthesis ; Methanogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The widely accepted Oparin thesis for the origin and early evolution of life seems sufficiently far from the true state of affairs as to be considered incorrect. It is proposed that life on earth actually arose in the planet's atmosphere, however an atmosphere very different from the present one. Because of an extremely warm surface, the early earth may have possessed no liquid surface water, its water being partitioned between a molten crust and a fairly dense atmosphere. Early preliving systems are taken to arise in the droplet phase in such an atmosphere. The early earth, which resembled Venus then and to some extent now, underwent a transition to its present condition largely as a result of the evolution of methanogenic metabolism.
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  • 25
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    Journal of molecular evolution 10 (1977), S. 93-96 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Endosymbiosis ; Mitochondrion ; Photosynthetic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The possibility is put forth that the mitochondrion did not originate from an endosymbiosis, 1–2 billion years ago, involving an aerobic bacterium. Rather, it arose by endosymbiosis in a much early, anaerobic period, and was initially a photosynthetic organelle, analogous to the modern chloroplast. This suggestion arises from a reconsideration of the nature of endosymbiosis. It ex-plains the remarkable diversity in mitochondrial information storage and processing systems.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Lysozyme ; Insect ; Lepidoptera ; Evolution ; Sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sequence studies of the N-terminal halves of the lysozymes isolated fromBombyx mori, Galleria mellonella andSpodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera) allow us to classify these enzymes among the c (chicken) type lysozymes.
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  • 27
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    Journal of molecular evolution 14 (1979), S. 287-300 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Phenylalanine tRNA ; Methionine initiator tRNA ; Evolution ; Mutations ; Conformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sequence data from methionine initiator and phenylalanine transfer RNAs were used to construct phylogenetic trees by the maximum parsimony method. Although eukaryotes, prokaryotes and chloroplasts appear related to a common ancestor, no firm conclusion can be drawn at this time about mitochondrial-coded transfer RNAs. tRNA evolution is not appropriately described by random hit models, since the various regions of the molecule differ sharply in their mutational fixation rates. ‘Hot’ mutational spots are identified in the TψC, the amino acceptor and the upper anticodon stems; the D arm and the loop areas on the other hand are highly conserved. Crucial tertiary interactions are thus essentially preserved while most of the double helical domain undergoes base pair interchange. Transitions are about half as costly as transversions, suggesting that base pair interchanges proceed mostly through G-U and A -C intermediates. There is a preponderance of replacements starting from G and C but this bias appears to follow the high G + C content of the easily mutated base paired regions.
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  • 28
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    Journal of molecular evolution 5 (1975), S. 25-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Rhodopseudomonas spheroides ; 16S Ribosomal RNA ; T1 Ribonuclease Digest ; Phylogeny ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The 16S ribosomal RNA (30S subunit) ofRhodopseudomonas spheroides has been characterized in terms of T1 ribonuclease digestion products. This “fingerprint” ultimately permits the placement ofR. spheroides into a detailed procaryotic phylogenetic tree. Given the number of major procaryotic lines that have been characterized in these terms to date, one can tentatively place the Athiorhodaceae closer to the Vibrio-Enteric group than to the Bacillaceae or Cyanophyta.
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  • 29
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    Journal of molecular evolution 5 (1975), S. 35-46 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Photobacter Strain 8265 ; 5S Ribosomal RNA ; Primary Structure ; Comparative Characterization ; Evolution ; Energetically Constrained Helix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Comparative sequencing studies provide powerful insights into molecular function and evolution. The sequence for 5S ribosomal RNA from Photobacter strain 8265 is eighteen base replacements removed from that ofEscherichia coli. Of these, the vast majority involve a G or C becoming an A or U. These variations also define unequivocally a hexanucleotide base paired region, which appears to be a universal feature of the 5S RNA molecule. The base composition of this helix seems to be under rather stringent, and so unusual, energetic constraints. The possible implications of this are discussed - in particular the prospect of a 5S RNA molecule that undergoes conformational transitions as a part of the overall state changes that constitute the function of the ribosome.
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: 5S RNA ; Drosophila ; Evolution ; Secondary structure ; Development
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    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence ofDrosophila melanogaster 5S RNA has been determined and appears to be homogeneous both in the KC cell line and in the insect at different developmental stages. Experimental evidence on the conformation of this molecule is in agreement with a general class of 5S RNA models.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 9 (1977), S. 305-311 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Comparative cataloging ; Methanogenic bacteria ; Phylogeny ; 16S ribosomal RNA ; Evolution
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    Notes: Summary The 16S ribosomal RNAs from two species of methanogenic bacteria, the mesophileMethanobacterium ruminantium and the thermophileMethanobacterium thermoautotropbicum, have been characterized in terms of the oligonucleotides produced by digestion withT 1 ribonuclease. These two organisms are found to be sufficiently related that they can be considered members of the same genus or family. However, they bear only slight resemblance to “typical” Procaryotic genera; such asEschericbia, Bacillus andAnacystis. The divergence of the methanogeinc bacteria from other bacteria may be the most ancient phylogenetic event yet detected — antedating considerably the divergence of the blue green algal line for example, from the main bacterial line.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 14 (1979), S. 13-31 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Mars ; Evolution ; Planetary geochemistry ; Soil ; Ionizing radiation ; Exobiology
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Physical and chemical considerations permit the division of the near-surface regolith on Mars into at least six zones of distinct microenvironments. The zones are euphotic, duricrust/peds, tempofrost, permafrost, endolithic, and interfacial/transitional. Microenvironments vary significantly in temperature extremes, mean temperature, salt content, relative pressure of water vapor, UV and visible light irradiance, and exposure to ionizing radiation events (100 Mrad) and oxidative molecular species. From what is known of the chemistry of the atmossphere and regolith fines (soil), limits upon the aqueous chemistry of soil pastesmay be estimated. Heat of wetting could reach 45 cal/g dry soil; initial pH is indeterminate between 1 and 10; ionic strength and salinity are predicted to be extremely high; freezing point depression is inadequate to provide quantities of liquid water except in special cases. The prospects for biotic survival are grim by terrestrial standards, but the extremes of biological resiliency are inaccessible to evaluation. Second-generation in situ experiments which will better define Martian microenvironments are clearly possible. Antarctic dry valleys are approximations to Martian conditions, but deviate significantly by at least half-a-dozen criteria.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 10 (1977), S. 155-160 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Cysteine ; Cystine ; Protein ; Evolution
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    Notes: Summary Analysis of published data on the cysteine and half-cystine content of proteins indicates that most intracellular proteins may be classified as sulfhydryl proteins (those containing cysteine but little or no half-cystine) and that such sulf-hydryl proteins have a low cysteine content. The mean cysteine content found for 32 intracellular mammalian proteins was 1.6 % and intracellular proteins of many bacteria have similar or lower values. Extracellular mammalian proteins are primarily disulfide proteins (those containing half-cystine but little or no cysteine) and have a high half-cystine content, the mean value found for some 34 extracellular mammalian proteins being 4.1 %. This is contrasted with many of the extracellular proteins from facultative bacteria which are cyst(e)ine-free proteins, being lacking in both cysteine and half-cystine. These and related observations are interpreted in terms of the evolution of life in a reducing atmosphere and the subsequent transition to an oxidizing environment. It is suggested that disulfide proteins evolved primarily after the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 10 (1977), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Ribosomes ; Genotype-Phenotype ; Cytoplasm ; Endosymbiosis ; Procaryote ; Eucaryote ; Progenote
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    Notes: Summary A central evolutionary question is whether the eucaryotic cytoplasm represents a line of descent that is separate from the typical bacterial line. It is argued on the basis of differences between their respective translation mechanisms that the two lines do represent separate phylogenetic trees in the sense that each line of descent independently evolved to a level of organization that could be called procaryotic. The two lines of descent, nevertheless shared a common ancestor, that was far simpler than the procaryote. This primitive entity is called a progenote, to recognize the possibility that it had not yet completed evolving the link between genotype and phenotype. This concept changes considerably the view one takes toward cellular evolution.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 10 (1977), S. 261-264 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Lysozyme ; Tortoise ; Evolution ; Reptile
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A first series of structural studies allowed a reptilian egg-white lysozyme isolated fromTrionyx gangeticus to be classified among the c (chicken) type lysozymes
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    Journal of molecular evolution 11 (1978), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Halobacteria ; Archaebacteria ; Phylogeny ; 16S rRNA catalog ; Evolution
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    Notes: Summary Comparative cataloging of the 16S rRNA ofHalobacterium halobium indicates that the organism did not arise, as a halophilic adaptation, from some typical bacterium. Rather,H. halobium is a member of the Archaebacteria, an ancient group of organisms that are no more related to typical bacteria than they are to eucaryotes.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 11 (1978), S. 47-56 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genome duplication ; Genome topography ; Evolution ; Gene expression
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    Notes: Summary Genes ofEscherichia coli were grouped according to the “biochemical relatedness” of the enzymes they specifiy, using two schemes to determine relatedness: similarity of reaction or similarity of reactants. The tendency of biochemically related genes as so defined to lie approximately 90° or 180° from one another on the circular genetic map was analyzed statistically. Of the classes analyzed, only the genes for the enzymes of glucose catabolism showed a significant departure from random distribution in this respect. The glucose catabolism genes showed a pronounced tendency to lie either 90° or 180° from one another (P = ca. 10−9), and, furthermore, most of these genes were found to lie in only four gene clusters on theE. coli genome. The significance of this observation is discussed in relation to evolutionary mechanisms and to mechanisms of gene expression.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 11 (1978), S. 313-332 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Optical activity ; Photolysis ; Circularly ; polarized radiation ; Selection
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    Notes: Summary Stereoselective physical phenomena and their possible importance for the prevalence of D-sugars and L-aminoacids in living matter are reviewed. A classification is presented according to which a selective force provides a microscopic or macroscopic selection depending on its generality when taken over a macrosystem (a ‘unitary biosphere’ such as the Earth). The microscopic ‘selections’ are not genuine selections because the final sense of asymmetry is here determined by chance, in other words the initial choice is ‘random’, while it is ‘directed’ in the macroscopic selection. Two macroscopic selections appear possible: 1. selection due to an intrinsic energy difference between enantiomorph configurations, 2. selection accomplished by elliptically polarised radiation.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 13 (1979), S. 295-304 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Restriction endonuclease mappings and mitochondrial DNA
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    Notes: Summary A new estimate of the sequence divergence of mitochondrial DNA in related species using restriction enzyme maps is constructed. The estimate is derived assuming a simple Posisson-like model for the evolutionary process and is chosen to maximize an expression which is a reasonable approximation to the true likelihood of the restriction map data. Using this estimate, four sets of mitochondrial DNA data are analyzed and discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 105-127 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Pattern formation ; Leg ; Bristle ; Evolution
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    Notes: Summary The bristle pattern of the second-leg basitarsus inDrosophila melanogaster was studied as a function of the number and size of the cells on this segment in well-fed and starved wild-type flies, in triploid flies, and in two mutants (dachs andfour-jointed) that have abnormally short basitarsi. The second-leg basitarsi of well-fed, wild-type flies from 22 otherDrosophila species were studied in a similar manner. There are typically 8 longitudinal rows of evenly-spaced bristles on the second-leg basitarsus, and in each row the number of bristles was consistently found to vary in proportion to the estimated number of cells along the segment, and the interval between bristles was found to vary in proportion to the average cell diameter on the segment. These correlations are interpreted to mean that the spacing of the bristles within each row is controlled developmentally, whereas the number of bristles is not. The interval between bristles is evidently measured either as a fixed number of cells or as a distance which indirectly depends upon cell diameter.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Diatom ; Cylindrotheca fusiformis ; Ribosomes ; Ribosomal RNA ; Evolution
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    Notes: Abstract The cytoplasmic and chloroplast ribosomes from the marine diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis were isolated and characterized. The cytoplasmic ribosomes sedimented in sucrose at 84S and dissociated into subunits of 64S and 42S in the absence of Mg2+. It contained ribosomal RNAs with molecular weights of 1.31×106 and 0.70×106. The chloroplast ribosomes sedimented at 70S only in the presence of high Mg2+ concentrations (25–100 mM). No stable subunits were routinely observed and at very high levels of Mg2+ (〉100 mM) the 70S species was converted to a form sedimenting at 55S. At 4°C ribosomal RNAs with molecular weights of 1.1×106 and 0.40×106 were detected on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the RNAs were resolved at room temperature the large molecular weight component disappeared while RNA with molecular weights of 0.65×106 and 0.53×106 were observed. Apparently the large chloroplast RNAs dissociated into two pieces of unequal molecular weight. These properties of the diatom's chloroplast ribosomes are very similar to those of the counter parts in unicellular green algae, which suggests that both types of algae have a common phylogenetic ancestor.
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    Archives of microbiology 110 (1976), S. 27-36 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Immunology ; β-Ketoadipate pathway ; Catabolic enzymes ; Antigenic determinants ; Evolution ; Gene transfer ; Pseudomonas ; β-Carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme ; γ-Carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase
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    Notes: Abstract β-Carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme and γ-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase catalyze sequential reactions in the β-ketoadipate pathway, the subunit sizes of the enzymes from Pseudomonas putida, biotype A, are 40000 and 13000, respectively. The cross reaction of antisera prepared against the enzymes was tested with the isofunctional enzymes formed by representatives of other bacterial species. Despite the differences in the subunit sizes of the enzymes, the antisera revealed the same general pattern: cross reaction was observed with the corresponding enzymes formed by other strains in the fluorescent Pseudomonas RNA homology group I and generally was not observed with enzymes from other Pseudomonas species or from other bacterial genera. Exceptions were provided by representatives of Pseudomonas cepacia. Members of this species are classified outside the fluorescent Pseudomonas RNA homology group. Nevertheless, the γ-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylases from these organisms formed precipitin bands with antisera prepared against the corresponding enzyme from P. putida, biotype A; the lactonizing enzymes from the two species did not appear to cross react. Immunodiffusion experiments with γ-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase indicated that a common set of antigenic determinants for the enzyme is conserved among strains that have been classified together by other criteria; the relative immunological distances of the decarboxylases of each taxon from the reference P. putida, biotype A, enzyme were indicated by spurring patterns on Ouchterlony plates. These results suggested that the interspecific transfer of the structural gene for the enzyme is not a common event in Pseudomonas.
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    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 313-322 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Anacystis ; Anoxygenic photosynthesis ; Reducing agents ; Electron donors ; Anaerobiosis ; Evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Photosynthesis by Anacystis nidulans was studied in presence of reduced sulfur or nitrogen compounds, or of hydrogen. O2 evolution and CO2 fixation were depressed by sulfide, sulfite, cysteine, thioglycollate, hydroxylamine and hydrazine. Sulfite, cysteine and hydrazine inhibited O2 evolution much more strongly than CO2 fixation, indicating ability to supply electrons for CO2 photoreduction; DCMU suppressed these photoreductions. In contrast, some anoxygenic photosynthetic CO2 fixation insensitive to DCMU was found with sulfide, thiosulfate and hydrogen. Emerson enhancement studies confirmed that sulfite, cysteine and hydrazine acted on photosystem II, while photoreduction supported by sulfide, thiosulfate and hydrogen needed photosystem I only. Sulfite was photooxidized to sulfate, sulfide to elemental sulfur, and thiosulfate to sulfate plus elemental sulfur; the sulfur accumulated inside the cells. Results on the stoichiometries of the photoreductions were consistent with the photooxidation products determined. Inhibitor studies suggested photosynthetic CO2 fixation through the Calvin cycle. While photoreduction by all reductants used was found to be constitutive in Anacystis, the process was stimulated by anaerobic preincubation with the reductants only in the cases of hydrogen and thiosulfate; this adaptation was prevented by chloramphenicol and by O2. Anaerobic photoautotrophic growth of Anacystis was, however, not observed; the increase in dry weight with H2 and thiosulfate was not accompanied by cell multiplication or by an increase in chlorophyll content. Parallel short-term experiments with Chlorella did not reveal any constitutive photoreduction in this eukaryotic alga.
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    Journal of mathematical biology 6 (1978), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Selection ; Evolution ; Biological macromolecules
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Summary Starting with Eigen's model we discuss some principles pertaining to the selection of biological macromolecules. The principles have a certain analogy to Fisher's fundamental theorem for natural selection.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 50 (1977), S. 89-101 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Incompatibility ; Evolution ; Flowering Plants ; Fungi ; Complementarity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The restriction of sexual pairing by a specificity gene is considered to be an ancient development in the plant kingdom. The diversity and general parallelism of incompatibility systems seen amongst the phyla at the present time can be rationalized in terms of the association of various derived forms of the ancestral specificity unit with differing spectra of accessory factors controlling sexual physiology in the different phyla. Sexual morphogenesis has become divided into distinct phases under the control of complementary genes. These phases are initiated by a regulatory system of “Co-ordinator genes” which control the order in which groups of morphogenetic genes are expressed during development. The entire sexual cycle will be completed only if all the complementary groups are activated in the appropriate sequence. The present article discusses essential features of the evolution of the breeding locus in different phyla. These features are consistent in themselves with the present data and are not dependent on the proposed ancient origin of the specificity gene. The above hypothesis throws light on the (1) evolution of the complex mating loci in flowering plants and fungi; (2) evolution of complementary incompatibility and heteromorphic incompatibility in flowering plants; (3) anomalous cross-compatibility behaviour of mutants in the fungus Schizophyllum commune; (4) nature of homothallism in higher fungi; (5) mode of origin of new functional self-incompatibility alleles; and (6) “homogenic” and “heterogenic” incompatibility.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 52 (1978), S. 217-220 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Page ; Proteins ; Cultivated potatoes ; Evolution ; Taxonomy
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    Notes: Summary A recently developed polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique for tuber proteins is used to help elucidate the evolution and taxonomy of some cultivated potatoes. The results substantiate the theory that Group Tuberosum evolved from Group Andigena, that Group Andigena evolved from a cultivated diploid × wild diploid hybrid, and that Group Phureja evolved from Group Stenotomum. Furthermore, the results suggest these groups are closely enough related to merit classification within a single species.
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    Cell & tissue research 175 (1977), S. 499-522 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Audition ; Ultrastructure ; Amphibian ; Evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study characterizes the fine structure of the “opercularis” muscles of selected frogs and salamanders (Genera: Hyla; Desmognathus; Ambystoma). The “opercularis” muscle originates on the shoulder girdle and inserts on the opercular plate in the fenestra ovalis of the otic capsule. Each of the three genera used exhibits one of the major gross dispositions of this muscle found in amphibians. In each case the “opercularis” muscle contains large numbers of tonic fibers: 80% in Hyla; 90% in Desmognathus; 45% in Ambystoma. These fibers correspond to the class-5 tonic fibers of Smith and Ovalle (1973). The remainder of the fibers in the “opercularis” correspond to those in the class-3 “phasic” of Smith and Ovalle. The muscle from which the “opercularis” is derived (levator scapulae in Hyla, cucullaris in Desmognathus) is comprised of fibers which correspond to the class-2 phasic fibers of Smith and Ovalle. The fiber composition of the “opercularis” indicates that it is constructed to sustain contraction over long periods of time. This composition is supportive of the functional role in audition proposed for the muscle by Lombard and Straughan (1974). Evidence is presented that indicates that fiber size may be body size dependent and thus is an inappropriate criterion of fiber type identification.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Symptom ; potato virus Y ; temperature ; detection ; serology ; A6 test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Klimakammern wurde der Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Symptomausbildung und die relative Viruskonzentration in Kartoffeln der Sorte Erstling, die mit PVYN und PVYO infiziert waren untersucht. Die relative Viruskonzentration. angegeben als Reziprokwert der grössten Verdünnung, bei der noch Reaktionen beobachtet wurden, wurde mit dem Mikropräcipitintest (van Slogteren, 1972) und dem A6-Biatttest (de Bokx. 1972) bestimmt. Folgende Informationen konnten erwartet werden: 1. über die Beziehung zwischen der Viruskonzentration und der Symptomausbildung. 2. über die Empfindlichkeit des Mikropräzipitin- und des A6-Blatttestes für die Feststellung von PVY. Die Pflanzen standen in Klimakammern (4 Pflanzen pro Kammer) bei einer Tag Nachttemperatur von 10/7, 14/9, 18/12, 22/17 und 26/21°C und einer Photoperiode von 15 Stunden bei 15000 lux. Eine Woche später wurden alle Blätter von 2 der 4 Pflanzen trocken mit PVYN inokuliert, die übrigen 2 mit PVYO. Die Verdünnungsreihen (unverdünnt, 1/4. 1/16, 1/64, 1/256, 1/1024) wurden aus Pressaft der obersten, vollständig entfalteten Blätter infizierter Pflanzen 22, 33, 48 und 61 Tage nach der Inokulation hergestellt. Pflanzen, die bei 22°C und 26°C gewachsen waren, zeigten 2 Wochen nach der Inokulation mit PVYN oder PVYO deutliche Mosaik- und Kräuselsymptome. während in Pflanzen, die bei 14°C und 18°C wuchsen, die Symptome schwächer waren und erst nach ungefähr 4 Wochen auftraten (Abb. 1). Pflanzen, die bei 10°C aufwuchsen, zeigten nach Inokulation mit PVYN bis zum Versuchsende, d.h. 8 Wochen nach der Inokulation, keine Symptome und nach Inokulation mit PVYO nur schwaches Mosaik. In Pflanzen, die bei 14 bis 26°C gehalten wurden, nimmt in den frühen Wuchsstadien die Konzentration von PVYN zu und mit der Abreife der Pflanzen wieder ab PVYN konnte in Pflanzen, gewachsen bei 10°C, serologisch nicht nachgewiesen werden (Tabelle 1), was mit den Ergebnissen von Bode (1959) übereinstimmt. Die Vermehrung von PVYO in Kartoffelpflanzen verläuft wie die von PVYN mit der Ausnahme, dass die Konzentration von PVYO während des gesamten Versuches in Pflanzen, gewachsen bei 14°C und 18°C auf einem hohen Niveau bleibt und die selbe Konzentration von Pflanzen, bei 10°C gewachsen, 61 Tage nach der Inokulation erreicht wird. Das Auftreten der Symptome war mit der relativen Viruskonzentration korreliert. Keine Korrelation wurde zwischen der Zahl der Kokalläsionen auf A6 nach Inokulation mit PVY und der serologischen Nachweisbarkeit des Virus gefunden. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, dass der A6-Test, wie andere biologische Prüfungen (Beemster 1958), für die Nachweisbarkeit von PVY empfindlicher ist als der Mikropräzipitintest (Tabelle 1).
    Abstract: Résumé L'effet de la température sur l'expression des symptômes et sur la concentration en virus chez la variété Eersteling infectée par PVYN et PVYO et cultivée en serre a été étudié. La concentration relative en virus donnée par les dilutions limites. est déterminée par la méthode de microprécipitation (van Slogteren, 1972), et le test foliaire sur A6 (de Bokx, 1972). Le but de cet essai était d'obtenir des informations sur: 1) la relation entre la concentration du virus et l'expression des symptômes: 2) la sensibilité de la microprécipitation et du test foliaire sur A6 pour la détection du virus Y. Les plantes ont été placées dans des chambres de culture (4 plantes par chambre) à des températures jour/nuit de 10/7, 14/9, 18/12, 12/17 et 26/21°C et une photopériode de 15 heures à 15 000 Lux. Une semaine plus tard toutes les feuilles de deux plantes de chaque lot ont été inoculées par projection d'un mélange de carborundum et de PVYN; les feuilles des deux autres plantes ont été inoculées de la même manière avec PVYO. Une gamme de dilution (pur, 1/4, 1/16, 1/64, 1/256, 1/1024) a été préparée à partir des feuilles complètement déployées du sommet des plantes infectées 22, 33, 48 et 61 jours après l'inoculation. Des symptômes de mosaïque et de frisolée ont été observés chez les plantes cultivées à 22 et 26°C deux semaines après l'inoculation avec PVYN ou PVYO, mais les symptômes ont été plus faibles et ne sont pas apparus avant environ quatre semaines, chez les plantes cultivées à 14 et 18°C (figure 1). Les plantes cultivées à 10°C n'ont pas donné de symptômes jusqu'à la fin de l'expérience lorsqu'elles ont été inoculées avec PVYN; infectées par PVYO elles ont présenté seulement une faible mosaïque. Il a été montré que dans les plantes placées à 18 et 26°C, la concentration de PVYN augmente dans les premiers stades de la croissance des plantes mais diminue quand celles-ci arrivent à maturité. PVYN n'a pas été détecté sérologiquement dans les plantes cultivées à 10°C (tableau 1). Ceci est en accord avec les travaux de Bode. 1959. Généralement, le processus de multiplication de PVYO dans la pomme de terre est le même que celui de PVYN. Toutefois, la concentration de PVYO reste à un taux élevé dans les plantes cultivées à 14 et 18°C, pour l'ensemble de l'expérience, et atteint une teneur analogue dans les plantes cultivées à 10°C aprés 61 jours d'inoculation. L'expression des symptômes est en correlation avec la concentration relative en virus. Aucune correlation n'a été observée entre le nombre de lésions locales provoqué par PVY sur A6 et la limite de détection du virus en sérologie. Onpeut en conclure que le test foliaire sur A6. de même que d'autres tests biologiques (Beemster, 1958), est plus sensible pour la détection de PVY que le test de microprécipitation (tableau 1).
    Notes: Summary Potato plants cv. Eersteling, grown in growth chambers with various day night temperatures, were inoculated with PVYN or PVYO three weeks after planting. Two weeks later there were clear symptoms in plants grown at 22/17°C and 26/21°C, but after four weeks there were only weak symptoms in plants kept at 14/9°C and 18/12°C. At 10/7°C 8 weeks after inoculation, only those plants infected with PVYO had developed symptoms. Virus concentration correlated well with the rate of symptom expression, and was similar with both strains, except that it was high 8 weeks after inoculation in plants infected with PVYO and grown at 10/7°C. For both strains the A6 leaf test was more sensitive than the serological test.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Evolution ; Expériences ; Garrigue
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In 1969, several experiments were carried out in a Quercus coccifera garrigue, in order to clear up the role of man's action. Two of these experiments are described here: - one based on the repeated action of fire with two controlled factors (period of fire setting and fire frequency). - the other simulating rational grazing after mechanical scrub-clearing, with two controlled factors (fertilization and cutting period). The experimental results presented here are those obtained from 1969 to 1974, by observation along lines. They concern the species number and the behaviour of certain species; it appears from these results: - Whatever the experiment and the treatment, the number of species increases from 1969 to 1974. - The number of species is higher with ‘autumn fire’ than with ‘spring fire’, and with ‘fire every six years’ than with other fire frequencies (two and three years). - The number of species is the highest with mean fertilization and the latest cutting time. - The number of species in a reference line varies very much year after year, it follows that only the increase of the number of species with mean fertilization and the latest cutting time is higher than that of the reference ones. The stability of the original flora is noteworthy but the species frequency is modified. A few species appear, these ones are rare in the Quercus coccifera garrigue or come from the surrounding vegetation. The experiment ‘fire’ has not yet allowed to obtain by succession, the Brachypodium ramosum sward-hypothesis currently supported — the experiment ‘cutting’ has led towards a formation in which the grasses predominate. These experiments are now in progress.
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    Plant ecology 37 (1978), S. 175-185 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Ecosystems ; Evolution ; Mediterrannean flora ; Mediterranean vegetation ; Paleoecology ; Technological impact ; Vegetational systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Vegetation der Mittelmeerländer bestand ursprünglich aus immergrünen Hartlaubwäldern; während des Pleistozäns breiteten sich sommergrüne Laubwälder aus, besonders in den gebirgigen Teilen. Die dichtere menschliche Besiedlung nach der Steinzeit bewirkte eine Einschränkung des Waldgürtels der zum Grossteil durch anthropogene Vegetationstypen (Macchie, Garigue, Unkrautgemeinschaften) ersetzt wurde. Die Spuren dieses Prozesses spiegeln sich in den Polyploidieverhältnissen. Bis zu diesem Punkt entwickelte sich das vegetationelle System autonom. Mit dem Auftreten des Menschen beginnt eine rege Dialektik zwischen dem vegetationellen und dem sozialen System. Einige Gesetzmässigkeiten werden dargestellt und eine geeignete Terminologie wird vorgeschlagen. Während des Altertums und des Mittelalters war eine gegenscitige Kontrolle zwischen Vegetation und menschliche Einwirkung möglich (zyklisches System), und die Vegetation wurde dadurch in einem Zustand von Fliessgleichgewicht stabilisiert; durch die Technologie wurden diese Verhältnisse verändert und es entstand ein lineares System, sodass nun die Vegetation unter der Drohung einer irreversiblen Aenderung steht.
    Notes: Summary The vegetation of the Mediterranean Basin was originally composed of evergreen forests; during the Pleistocene deciduous forests expanded, chiefly in the mountains. In historical time the forest belt was strongly reduced by human activity and substituted by anthropogenous vegetation types (macchia, garigue, weed-communities). The frequency of polyploids in the present vegetation types support this interpretation. Reciprocal relationships between the vegetational system and social system are discussed and a terminology is proposed. During ancient times and the middle ages a reciprocal control of vegetation and human activity was possible (cyclic system), stabilizing the vegetation in a steady state; the technological impact modified these conditions in a linear sense, and now the vegetation is menaced by irreversible changes.
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  • 51
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 82 (1976), S. 1458-1460 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: myocardium ; relationship between frequency and amplitude of contractions ; adaptation to heat ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract After preliminary adaptation of rats to heat (for 3 h daily at 35°C for 1 month) the amplitude of contractions of the isolated papillary muscles from the left ventricle at 28°C at high frequency was higher than in control animals. This difference persisted at 36°C and disappeared at 25°C. It is postulated that adaptation to heat leaves a definite structural imprint in heart muscle cells.
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  • 52
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    Mathematical geology 8 (1976), S. 305-322 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: finite differences ; mathematics ; numerical analysis ; geophysics ; hydrology ; pressure ; temperature ; compacting sediments
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    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Coupled energy and momentum balance equations are derived for a one-dimensional sequence of compacting sediments. These transient, nonlinear partial differential equations represent the one-dimensional equations of state for an accumulating sedimentary basin. A numerical solution is presented which provides a first-order approximation for porosity, temperature, and fluid pressures in the northern Gulf of Mexico. It seems that compaction disequilibrium is the primary mechanism for development of excess fluid pressures. Furthermore, the coupling of the equations demonstrates that temperature and pressure cannot be treated independently as may have been done in diagenetic studies. Some areas for further investigations are indicated.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lactuca sativa ; butterhead lettuce ; temperature ; analysis of growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Since 1950 growth of lettuce for winter production has been improved considerably by breeding. It has been investigated whether this improvement must be attributed to a more rapid leaf production, to larger leaves or to both. To this end the differences in growth between the cultivars Meikoningin. Proeftuin's Blackpool, Rapide, Deci-Minor and Valentine were analysed at a range of temperatures (10, 14, 17 and 20°C) under natural light conditions in autumn. The last four cultivars represent successive improvements in growth of lettuce for winter production. From the experiments it can be concluded that the improvement in growth of lettuce for winter production was initially brought about through increasing the rate of leaf production and there-after through increasing leaf size. At the same time the heat requirement for optimal growth has become higher.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: algae ; temperature ; growth ; Griffithsia tenuis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Clonal cultures of Griffithsia tenuis were grown for 18 days (Erdschreiber solution, LD 12 : 12, 2200 lux) at 13, 18, 22 and 25°C. The optimum temperature for growth (increase in number of cells) under these conditions was 22°C.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Bosmina ; Ceratium ; Codonella ; density ; food ; Holopedium ; light ; reproduction ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the density of 2 populations of Bosmina longirostris, Holopedium gibberum and Codonella cratera were correlated through multiple regression analyses with shifts in temperature, light, nannoplankton densities and seston weight. Sampling took place every 2 weeks between June 1975 and November 1976 in the Yellowknife River and Yellowknife Bay, both in the Canadian subarctic. Temperature was usually the main factor influencing all 3 species, accounting for up to 60% of the seasonal variability in B. longirostris, 37% in H. gibberum and 62% in Codonella cratera. Seston (the major food source) ranked second overall and in one instance accounted for 60% of density changes in B. longirostris. Nannoplankton were consumed in only small numbers and had little influence on densities. Light was of minor importance to all species. Temperature was also the main factor effecting reproduction and feeding in B. longirostris and H. gibberum (the only species studied). The simultaneous collections of Ceratium hirundinella made in the river and bay indicated that temperature accounted for 30–55% of the seasonal variability of this species, followed by light (4% and nutrients (3–4%).
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  • 56
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    Hydrobiologia 58 (1978), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Reproduction ; clitellum ; spermatogenesis ; oogenesis ; synchrony ; temperature ; photoperiod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Annual reproductive cycle of the protandrous hermaphroditic freshwater leech, Poecilobdella viridis has been traced from August 1974 to July 1975. Spermatogenesis initiated a little earlier than oogenesis. The reproductive programme is as follows; commencement of spermatogenesis in February followed by oogenesis in March. Breeding begins in late March extending upto late May and early June while breeding terminated towards late June. From August to January reproductive quiescence was observed. Among the environmental factors temperature, possibly coupled with photoperiod, plays a key role in synchronising the reproductive cycle.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Embryology ; Development ; Embryonic respiration ; Carotenoids in respiration ; Evolution ; Egg hiding ; Mouth brooder ; Young size ; Cichlids ; Mouth fertilization ; Size on release ; Latimeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis With yolk as a food source, development of Labeotropheus takes place in the buccal pouch of the female until such time as juveniles are formed. Hatching from the vitelline membrane occurs early, after 6 days of incubation, and the eleutheroembryo develops without metamorphic stages directly into a juvenile, forming advanced structures like fins, skeleton and pigments, at a time when a large yolksac is still present. A strong circulatory network on the yolk and anal fin fold, and a yellow carotenoid pigment provide the oxygen supply within the closely packed buccal pouch. A relatively large self-sufficient juvenile, 14% of the adult fish size, is released from the mother's mouth 31 days after fertilization. The evolution of advanced hiding styles in reproductive guilds of fishes is discussed and ends with a speculation that the Latimeria, having had more geological time to refine its hiding style, releases fully developed young, 25 to 30% the size of the adult fish. The advanced style of hiding eggs is accompanied not only with fewer, larger eggs, but also by a successive increase in yolk density in terms of nutrients and respiratory pigments; these in effect determine the size of the released juvenile.
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  • 58
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    Environmental biology of fishes 4 (1979), S. 389-400 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Ecology ; Endocrinology ; Epidermis ; Evolution ; Feeding ; Motivation ; Ontogeny ; Parental behavior ; Physiology ; Prolactin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Parent-touching behavior by young fishes occurs in a number of species. Most reports have been from the family Cichlidae, but this may reflect the major concentration of studies on these species. The behavior appears to serve a trophic function in many species, but may also serve to maintain cohesion of family groups, to keep adults in a parental state, or to communicate the motivational state of the young (e.g. fear, hunger). It has been suggested that prolactin may regulate the behavior and epidermal mucus condition in parental fish involved in such behavior, but the evidence is not conclusive. There appear to be similarities between cases of parent-touching as a trophic behavior, and mucus- and/or scale-feeding by cleaning symbionts or predators. Studies of this behavior hold promise for investigating interrelationships between endocrinology and behavior, and ecology and behavior.
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  • 59
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    Euphytica 28 (1979), S. 697-704 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; gamma-radiation ; temperature ; mutation frequency ; heading date
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dry seeds of rice, Oryza sativa L., containing about 13 percent moisture, were exposed to 60Co gamma raysat extremely low temperature (−196°C). M1 damage on survival rate, seedling height and seed set were found to become much smaller in the cooling treatment than in the not-cooled control. Chlorophyll and heading date mutation frequencies in the M2 generation were not affected by the decreased M1 damage caused by the cooling treatment, and the mutation frequencies could be significantly increased by applying higher doses combined with the cooling treatment. Frequency of sterile or semi-sterile mutants in the M2 generation was found to be significantly lower in the cooling treatment than in the not-cooled control. It is assumed from the experimental results that extremely low temperatures during irradiation could reduce the amount of physiological damage and gross chromosome aberrations. This results in an increased efficiency of producing minute deletions and/or point mutations.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic plants ; surface ; microhabitat ; diurnal ; temperature ; energy ; Lemnaceae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract On clear days the temperature in a mat of floating Lemnaceae was 4° to 11° above that of the surface of the open water. The temperature of the environment 2 cm above or below the plant surface closely followed the surface temperature's quick response to changes in net radiation. The plant surface reflects more enery and transmits less than the open water, therefore there is less fluctuation in temperature in the water 10 cm and more below the floating plant surface. This results in a diurnal thermal stratification. At the surface of the open water changes in temperature tended to be smaller and slower, related to the air temperature; and, with wind disturbance, the water profile maintained relatively homogeneous temperatures.
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  • 61
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    Hydrobiologia 53 (1977), S. 181-192 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Epipelic ; epilithic ; episammic ; epiphytic ; planktonic ; light ; nutrients ; temperature ; grazing ; flooding ; attachment quality
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The epipelic and epilithic algal communities in a small eutrophic stream situated in southern England expanded rapidly during March of both 1973 and 1974 primarily in response to changing light conditions. Although numbers varied greatly during the summer, these fluctuations were probably not due to nutrient, temperature or light conditions. High rates of disappearance of algae from the substrate were correlated with flooding, a deterioration of attachment characteristics and high metabolic rates. The episammic algal community consisted of only a few species, all of which showed maximum development during the summer. Although the well developed attachment mechanism and small size of the species undoubtedly aid in their ability to colonize sand grains, each species must be able to withstand frequent burial in the bottom deposits. Although temperature was probably an important factor controlling the number of epiphytes associated with Cladophora glomerata, light seemed to be of relatively less importance. Large numbers of isopods, amphipods and copepods occurred in the stream but their grazing seemed to have had little effect of the standing crop of the algae.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic ; temperature ; energy ; microhabitat ; bottom ; diurnal
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements made in shallow lakes and tanks have shown that temperatures near and at the surface of substrates respond significantly to changes in solar radiation, water circulation and substrate color. Temperature differences between light and dark colored natural and artificial substrates ranged between 0.8 and 4.0 C°. Diurnal surface temperature ranges on a submerged black wooden disk varied 9C° when incoming solar radiation varied 14% or average daily windspeed changed from 0.9 to 3.6 ms−1. Fluctuations in substrate temperatures were poorly correlated with changes in nearby air or water temperatures.
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  • 63
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    Hydrobiologia 56 (1977), S. 157-174 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: coastal lagoons ; Mukwe and Sakumo lagoons ; temperature ; salinity ; dissolved oxygen ; phytoplankton ; productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two types of lagoon which occur along the West Coast of Africa described as ‘open’ and ‘closed’, were studied using oceanographic methods. The parameters were temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and productivity. It was observed that rainfall, evaporation and the tides have a combined effect on the variations in the temperature and the salinity. The opening of the lagoons into the sea affects the level of the productivity and the rate at which salinity increases with time. Minimum temperatures at the heads of the lagoons were found to be lower than those near the ocean, while the maximum temperatures were higher at the heads. During the dry period, due to continuous evaporation of water, the salinity in the ‘closed’ lagoon usually rises steeply, while those in the ‘open’ lagoon rise gently. The levels of dissolved oxygen concentration in the ‘open’ lagoon are higher than those in the ‘closed’ lagoon. This is the result of the fact that phytoplankton count in the open lagoon is higher than that in the closed lagoon. There is also a greater diversity of phytoplankton and more live phytoplankton cells per cubic centimetre of water in the open lagoon than in the closed lagoon. As a result of all this, the main organic productivity in the open lagoon is higher than those in the closed lagoon.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Bass ; Micropterus salmoides ; temperature ; thermal preference ; telemetry ; thermal gradient
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Preferred deep body temperatures of adult bass were determined in the laboratory using a horizontal temperature gradient and telemetry. The method used allowed continuous monitoring of body temperatures of adult bass in the gradient. The preferred temperature of adults (range = 27–32°C) was similar to preferenda reported earlier for sub-adults.
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  • 65
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    Hydrobiologia 59 (1978), S. 243-259 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Asellus aquaticus ; life history ; growth ; temperature ; degree-days ; evolutionary adaptation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new life history pattern for Asellus aquaticus is described from Lake Østensjøvatn in Oslo. Overwintering specimens (generation A) breed in spring. The next generation B matures, breeds and dies in first summer, giving rise to the overwintering generation C, which breeds next spring and dies. The death of generation B in its first summer could be shown by a study of oostegit development in the females. The end of the breeding season in autumn is thus accomplished by a complete replacement of generations. This pattern can be a) light stimulated, or b) a pre-determined cycle, uninfluenced by environmental factors. Breeding starts in spring when water temperature reaches about 7–8°C. Estimated incubation time was 23–35 days, corresponding to about 300 degree-days above 4°C. No growth took place from November till March–April. Growth started when water temperature reached 3–5°C. Growth increments per degree-day above 3°C were the same for the three generations which were followed, in spite of their different life spans and different temperatures. The total number of degree-days above 3°C available to the generations seemed to regulate the maximum length of the specimens in the respective generations. Comparison with life histories of the species in other lakes suggests that the different patterns described reflect an evolutionary adaptation to major environmental factors.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Respiration ; desiccation ; temperature ; Q10
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of desiccation and temperature on the respiratory metabolism of P. viridis have been investigated. There was a significant (p 〈 0.05) downfall in the respiratory rates as the period of desiccation increased, but for after 18 hours where it was enhanced significantly. The respiration augmented significantly (p 〈 0.03) when the temperature of the medium increased. Q10 was significantly high at 32–28°C and was low between 35 and 32°C and 20–10°C Functional significance of these changes to the leeches in combating environmental hazards is briefly discussed.
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  • 67
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    Hydrobiologia 62 (1979), S. 33-45 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Seasonal cycle ; temperature ; salinity ; phosphate nitrate ; silicate ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal changes in the phytoplankton at four depths off Tema, Ghana were investigated between September 1973 and November 1974. The physico-chemical factors show that there are two marine seasons, the season of major upwelling (July–October), characterized by low water temperatures (〈 25°C), high salinity (〉 35‰) and high nutrient levels, and a non-upwelling period (November–June) when water temperatures are higher and salinity and nutrients are lower. The latter marine season is broken by a small, unpredictable upwelling (December-January). Phytoplankton cell counts are high (〉 1000 × 103 cells/1) during the major upwelling period and can be very low (〈 2 × 103 cells/1) during the non-upwelling period. Dinoflagellates form the main components of the phytoplankton population during the nonupwelling period and diatoms form the dominant components at other times. There is a close relationship between the physicochemical factors and the phytoplankton population especially during the major upwelling period. For example there is a good correspondence between the peaks in phytoplankton numbers and low levels of nutrients such as silicate, nitrate and phosphate with the reverse taking place at other times.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Algae ; density ; depth ; feeding ; molluscs ; oligochaetes ; subarctic ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The factors influencing the composition, structure and density of benthic invertebrate communities in Yellowknife Bay in the Canadian subarctic were determined between June 1975 and April 1977. Attached algae, primarily Fragilaria vaucheriae, Fragilaria pinnata, Cymbella ventricosa and Cocconeis placentula were ingested in large numbers by several dominant species including the oligochaetes Rhyacodrilus sodalis, Lumbriculus variegatus and Limnodrilus claparendeianus and the mollusc Valvata sincera helicoidea. Although up to 7 × 105 cells/oligochaeta, representing 65% by volume of the gut contents, were recorded for littoral zone populations, specimens in the profundal zone contained 〈 7.5 × 104 cells in their guts. V. sincera helicoidea also ingested large numbers of attached algae (up to 2.3 × 104 cells/animal), these representing 15–18% by volume of the gut contents. Consequently, multiple regression analysis indicated that the availability of attached algae was the major factor influencing the benthic communities. While 31–64% of the population variability could be accounted for by this factor, other parameters such as phytoplankton availability, water depth, temperature, dissolved oxygen levels, total amount of food in the gut, and the organic content of the sediments had little if any direct effect on the benthic populations.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Triops longicaudatus ; Notostraca ; California ; rice field ; egg hatch ; desiccation ; pH ; temperature ; salinity ; soil corer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Egg hatch was greatest (78.33%) for eggs not previously desiccated. A reduction in numbers hatched occurred as the relative humidity at which they were dried decreased. Some eggs hatched (0.67–79.33%) at pH levels of 3.10–10.01 with the highest hatch at pH 5.60. Water temperature greatly affected egg hatch. No hatch occurred until temperatures were above 14°C. A constant 29°C significantly inhibited hatching. Egg hatch increased 13.00 to 43.42% as salinity decreased from 2200 to 9.24 micromhos/cm. As little as 13 mm of flooded soil covering the eggs prevented them from hatching for 14 days. Eighteen percent hatch resulted when soil and eggs were redistributed to a 1 mm soil layer. Egg samples from the same parent, even though treated similarly, often hatched at greatly varying rates and only rarely was hatching 100% within a replication.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Eudiaptomus ; year cycle ; sex ratio ; eggs ; spermatophores ; temperature ; development time
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of a population of Eudiaptomus vulgaris (Schmeil, 1896) in the Meeuwenven, a shallow acid guanotrofic moorland pool, has been described during one year. The population hibernates as copepodite 5 stages, adults and, to a small extent as naupliar stages N1, N2 and N3 (which could not develop further at low temperatures in autumn). In spring the population development starts at temperatures above 10°C and shows 3 or 4 pulses a year. An attempt has been made to explain seasonal changes in the size of adult males and females and in the sex ratio. In order to establish the duration of the various development stages, the animals have been cultured at different temperatures under illumination with 2000 Lux at a daylength of 14 hours. An adequate quantity of food from the natural habitat was available. Total egg development and total naupliar and copepodite development have been compared with the results of other workers, especially with those from Eckstein (1964), who studied Eudiaptomus vulgaris in the deep Schluchsee. The duration curves do not differ markedly with those of Eckstein and are strongly temperature dependent. The relation between the development times of the various stages with temperature can be generally expressed as parabolic regressions of the type D = a + b1T + b2T2, the C5 and adult stages being the only exception at higher temperatures. Comparison of the relative duration of the stages at different temperatures did show that younger stages can take a larger share of the total development time at lower temperatures, stage N6 being the most temperature-sensitive.
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    Hydrobiologia 66 (1979), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phytoplankton ; dynamics of growth ; nutrient enrichment experiments ; temperature ; light ; Anabaena oscillarioides ; Microcystis aeruginosa ; Chlorella
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Waikato River (latitude 38°S, longitude 176°E, North Island, New Zealand) is overwhelming y dominated by diatoms (mainly Melosira species) while blue-green and green algae are of minor importance. Both laboratory and in situ nutrient enrichment experiments showed enhanced growth of natural and index blue-green and green algae by addition of phosphate and nitrate. These algae were also shown to require higher temperature and light intensity than the diatoms. On the other hand, Waikato River with its higher silica content, moderate range of temperature and running water habitat was more favourable an environment for diatoms.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 3 (1978), S. 379-384 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Gymnotids ; Fish taxonomy ; Tropical fishes ; Planktivore ; Evolution ; Fish ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Anatomical and ecological studies of the gymnotiformRhabdolichops troscheli (Kaup 1856), one of the weakly electric fish of South America, indicate it to be unique among gymnotiforms in possessing certain characteristics found in characins. These include post-temporal fossae, well developed gillrakers, a planktivorous feeding mode, and diurnal feeding activity. We use these findings to speculate about the evolution of gymnotiform fishes, by assuming that these character states in this most primitive gymnotiform convey information about the group's evolutionary history. We suggest that the electric organs in this group of ostaryophysans have evolved primarily as a means of locating and capturing prey in river habitats of South America whose turbid waters result in low light penetration, ruling out visual sensing systems as an effective means of receiving information. Other aspects of morphology and behavior such as the absence or reduction of scales, and the nocturnal feeding activities characteristic of other gymnotiform, can be explained as consequences of food resource availability and predation pressures in these riverine environments.
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  • 73
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    Environmental biology of fishes 1 (1977), S. 159-169 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Cichlidae ; Field study ; South America ; Reproduction ; Behavior ; Ecology ; Tides ; Oxygen ; Carbon dioxide ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Parental behavior of the substrate-brooding cichlid, Biotodoma cupido, was studied in a small creek entering the lower Essequibo River, Guyana, where the freshwaters are affected by semi-diurnal tides. Physico-chemical variables of the tidal cycle were associated with the parental behavior of B. cupido. During late ebb and early flood tides, while off-spring were nest dependent, parents displayed intense aggression toward brood predators, mainly characins. At low tide, when the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreased to about 4 mg 1−1 and that of free carbon dioxide increased to 28 mg 1−1, parents entered a state of somnolence and brood predators vanished. Early flood tide brought an immediate and dramatic reversal of hypoxic and hypercarbic conditions and an associated renewal of aggressive and predatory activity. At very low tide, parents orally transferred the brood to a secondary nest depression in deeper water. The significance of water-level fluctuation to the evolution of this behavior, as well as that of parent-brood itineracy and the related phenomena of oral incubation and movable nests, is discussed.
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    Behavior genetics 5 (1975), S. 9-16 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; temperature ; spatial distribution ; geotaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature and sex on spatial distribution ofDrosophila melanogaster adults was studied in a specially designed apparatus. It was observed that individuals tend to aggregate in sections of the sphere independently of sex and temperature. Nevertheless, decrease in temperature increase aggregation. The mobility of both males and females indicates a megative geotactic tendency.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 83 (1977), S. 555-557 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: blast transformation ; lymphocytes ; age ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the cultivation temperature on blast transformation of lymphocytes from persons aged 20–35 and 90–102 years induced by phytohemagglutinin was studied. Cultivation at 39°C was found to increase, but at 41°C to reduce sharply the index of blast transformation compared with the control (37°C). The effect of cultivation temperature on the blast-transformation process has certain features which depend on the donors' age.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 84 (1977), S. 1740-1743 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: antibody formation in culture ; antibody-forming cells ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The increase in the number of antibody-forming cells (AFC) and in the incorporation of [3H]thymidine with a rise in the incubation temperature from 2 to 37°C was studied in cultures of spleen cells from immunized and nonimmunized C57BL/6 mice. An exponential increase in the number of AFC was found with an increase in temperature, and the existence of a “critical” temperature was demonstrated, above which the rate of increase in the number of AFC rises sharply. The curves showing increased incorporation of [3H]thymidine with an increase in temperature in some cases diverged from the curves of the increase in the number of AFC. Culture of immune cells at low temperatures leads to the accumulation of factors stimulating AFC formation in the medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 77
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 88 (1979), S. 1245-1247 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: Isolated myocardium ; contractility ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the parameters of mechanical activity of the isolated frog myocardium during a change of temperature were studied. Between 0 and 35° lowering the temperature led to an increase in the force of contractions, but the velocity of contractions reached its optimum at 20°C. The velocity of contractions is a more appropriate and sensitive criterion for the study of the effect of cold on contractility than the force of contractions. It is concluded from analysis of the results that contractility of the myocardium is depressed during cooling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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