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  • Articles  (45,423)
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  • Springer  (45,423)
  • 1980-1984  (45,423)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (45,423)
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  • Articles  (45,423)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic study on propylene polymerization by a high activity catalyst system: MgCl2/TiCl4/PhCO2Et-AlEt3/PhCO2Et (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 479-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Kinetic study was performed in short time propylene polymerization with a high activity-high stereospecificity catalyst system composed of MgCl2/TiCl4/PhCO2Et with AlEt3/PhCO2Et. The concentration of the active centers, [C *], the propagation rate constant, k p, and the chain transfer rate, r tr, were determined. The change of these values by the change of polymerization conditions, the concentration of monomer, AlEt3, and the temperature, were studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265491
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization by phase transfer catalysis (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 493-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyethers from 1,4-bis(chloromethylene)-2,5-dimethoxybenzene and 4,4′-biphenol were obtained by phase transfer catalysis, using different catalysts and solvents. The molecular weights and yields were determined, showing a solvent effect and a influence of the catalysts used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045326
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolymerization of 9-anthrylmethylmethacrylate with maleic anhydride (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 511-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymerization of 9-anthrylmethylmethacrylate with maleic anhydride is presented. The copolymerization reaction appears to be associated with the cycloaddition of maleic anhydride at the anthracene nucleus. It is also shown that for 9-anthrylmethylmethacrylate/maleic anhydride molar ratio lower than 1/2 the copolymers have an alternating structure with 1/2 composition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045329
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes of liquid-crystalline polymer structure with temperature (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 561-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Thermal changes in the structural state of liquid crystalline polymers with mesogenic side groups and the kinetics of mesophase formation were studied by means of smallangle X-ray scattering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045338
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of coalescence processes: secondary fracture, cracks and spherulites (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 579-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Similarity in the shapes of fracture curves and spherulite boundaries makes possible to generalize the respective theories to the case of coalescence of two spreading processes of growth, disturbances or excitations. The geometrical shape of a coalescence curve depends on three parametres: the distance of their spreading centres, the relation of spreading velocities and the time delay of the spreading. According to the character of the process, the shielding effect may take place. In this case, the coalescence curve is composed of two parts which are to be described separately.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045341
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering plastics from lignin (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Low density polyurethane foams (ca. 2 lbs./cu. ft.) with acceptable strength and excellent flammability resistance properties were formulated with a commercial furan polyol containing 20% hydroxypropyl lignin derivative. Propylene oxide-modified lignin from two sources, kraft and organosolv lignin, were employed. The organosolv lignin derivative exhibited better foaming characteristics than the corresponding kraft lignin, which collapsed when the rising foam was touched for testing. The weight contribution of lignin derivative was limited to 20% by compatibility with the fluorocarbon blowing agent, and solubility in polyol. Preliminary tests encourage further research on structural materials containing hydroxypropyl lignin derivatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258264
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical treatment of allophanate crosslinking in the formation of polyurethane networks (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Crosslinking of polyurethanes by a reaction of isocyanate groups with urethane groups leading to trifunctional allophanate branch points is treated statistically using the theory of branching processes. The occurrence of gelation in the diol — diisocyanate system and its dependence on the excess of isocyanate groups and the intensity of allophanate formation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258269
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The penultimate unit effect of radical copolymerization (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 55-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of polar β- and γ-substituents on the selectivity of alkyl radical additions to alkenes has been measured. Although these substituents don't influence the nucleophilicity of radicals they reduce the rate of addition to diethyl fumarate. It is concluded that the penultimate unit effect is a through space repulsive interaction of polar substituents between the radicals and the alkenes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258272
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of α-methylstyrene-butadiene-α-methylstyrene linear block copolymers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 71-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary α-methylstyrene-butadiene- α-methylstyrene linear block copolymers with a ‘pure’ block structure were prepared by sec-butyllithium and coupling agent in a four-step process. Their morphology is built up of microdomains of poly- α -methylstyrene, including the unbonded segments, dispersed in a polybutadiene matrix. Cylindrical domains arranged in a hexagonal lattice or irregularly shaped domains in a disordered phase are observed, depending on the molecular weight of the poly- α -methylstyrene segment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258275
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermotropic polyesters with mesogenic groups based on substituted hydroquinone units and highly flexible siloxan spacer in the main chain (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 93-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary New thermotropic Polyesters having mesogenic groups based on substituted hydroquinone units and highly flexible oligosiloxan spacer in the main chain, are synthesized and characterized. The mesophase formed at low temperature are studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy. The liquid crystalline behaviour of these polyesters, particulary their transition temperatures and the mesophase width could be explained on the basis of their structural features.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258278
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solution copolymerization of ethylene with α-olefins by a MgCl2 supported TiCl4 catalyst (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymerization of ethylene with α-olefins, i.e. propylene, butene-1, 4-methyl-pentene-1(4-MP-1), was carried out by a MgCl2 supported TiCl4 catalyst in combination with Et3Al at a temperature as high as 170 °C at which the polymerization system was homogeneous. This catalytic system showed very a high activity and produced copolymers having a density of 0.91–0.94 g/ml. Of these three kinds of comonomers, propylene showed the highest reactivity and caused most frequently the termination of a polymer growing by chain transfer reaction and produced copolymers having the broadest MWD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263333
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interaction of poly(N-methacryloyl-L-alanine) with copper (II) (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 133-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The poly(N-methacryloyl-L-alanine) (PNMA):Cu system was investigated by potentiometry, conductimetry and Cu(II) specific measurements. After the formation of a 2∶1 PNMA:Cu complex involving only the carboxylate groups, two other complexes are successively formed with additional neutralization of one and two protons per cupric ion respectively. The stability constant of the first complex was determined by the Bjerrum method and was found similar to that of the poly(acrylic acid):Cu complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263336
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lewis acid initiated melt reactions of polystyrene and EPDM rubber (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In order to obtain high impact polystyrene (PS), experiments have been performed on coupling of EPDM rubber and PS in the mixing chamber of a HAAKE plastograph. Lewis acids were added to the melt and the torque increase observed by their addition proved that chemical reactions take place in the system. During the reaction, the rubber proved to be more active, it became crosslinked and/or it was coupled with the PS molecules. Only a small fraction of the PS present coupled to the rubber molecules. No significant degradation process could be detected. Mechanical properties (tensile modulus and strength) improved during the reaction. This can be interpreted by the increased solubility of the coupled rubber molecules in the continuous PS phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263339
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvation of ion pairs with poly(ethylene oxide) (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 181-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Solvation of ion pairs of the alcoxide type with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has been studied by optical spectroscopy. Values of binding constants 200–400 l/mol indicate a sufficiently effective ion-pair cation solvation. Being cross-linked PEO preserves its ability to bind and localize ion pairs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263342
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263344
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guayule rubber centered block copolymers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A synthesis concept has been developed for selective cleavage of cis-1,4-poly(isoprene) — guayule or natural rubber — with synchroneous functionalization, conversion of the telechelics to bifunctional macroinitiators and subsequent polymerization of the hard blocks. Thermoreversibly crosslinked poly(methylmethacrylate)-(b-cis 1,4-poly(isoprene)) threeblock copolymers synthesized in this way have been characterized, and mechanical properties have been measured. In parallel α, ω — poly(isobutylene) diols capable to form bifunctional macroinitiators have been synthesized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275969
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon fiber having isocyanate group on the surface (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 523-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Reaction between diisocyanate and the hydroxyl groups on the surface of carbon fiber oxidized by nitric acid was investigated. It was found that polar solvents were favorable for the reaction. Stronger amines and Ba-laurate catalysts gave good results. Further, rigid polyurethane foam reinforced by the carbon fiber thus prepared was found to show improved bending properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00958658
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of substituants in stilbene upon its reactivity in radical polymerizations (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 531-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polymerizations of methyl methacrylate and styrene have been performed in the presence of thecis andtrans isomers of 4-methoxy-4′-chlorostilbene (SSTL) using as initiators benzoyl peroxide and 2-cyano-2-propylazoformamide, both enriched with carbon-13.13C-NMR spectra of the polymers show that SSTL units are present at many of the sites adjacent to benzoate end-groups but not to a detectable extent at sites adjacent to 2-cyano-2-propyl end-groups. The presence of the substituents in the molecule of stilbene greatly enhances its reactivity towards the benzoyloxy radical.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00958659
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melt-crystallization of n-alkanes and polyethylene in a temperature gradient (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 543-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary When C36H74 was crystallized from a melt-state in a temperature gradient, crystallization proceeded at a crystal-melt boundary plane which is perpendicular to the temperature gradient. The melt-state was studied by striking the incident X-ray near the crystallizing plane. The intensity profile from the melt-state shows weak anisotropy. This fact suggests that the melt-molecules are slightly oriented perpendicular to the crystallizing plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00958661
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study of the conformational mobility of octamethyltetrasiloxane and cyclododecane in the solid state (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 557-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A crystalline mesophase state in which molecules show conformational mobility is discussed for cyclododecane and octamethyltetrasiloxane.13C and29Si solid state NMR spectra show changes of the resonance signals which can be explained by changes of the conformation. The transition temperatures in the NMR spectra are correlated with the thermal transitions detected by DSC. Comparisons with the solution spectra give evidence that in case of octamethyltetrasiloxane, the conformational mobility is determined mainly by the molecular packing in the crystal, while packing effects are neglegibly small for cyclododecane. The data are discussed with concern to the corresponding linear chain molecules, i. e. poly(ethylene) and poly(dimethylsiloxane).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00958664
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of the immobilisation of bovine serum albumin, trypsin, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase to poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate)-co-cellulose and poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate)-co-pectin (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-pectins (107% graft), activated with p-benzoquinone, immobilised 122 mg of bovine serum albumin (BSA) per g of copolymer and 22.4 mg of trypsin per g of copolymer. This latter figure was replicated when p-toluene sulphonyl chloride was used for activating the copolymer. In a separate exercise p-benzoquinone was used to couple diaminohexane to the copolymer. This modified product immobilsed 396 mg of trypsin/g when glutaraldehyde was used in coupling. A 25% grafted, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-cellulose immobilised 39.5 mg of BSA per g of copolymer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401706
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fully oriented non-fibrous crystalline polyacetylene (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 401-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The preparation of fully oriented non-fibrous crystalline polyacetylene is demonstrated. Poly-7,8-bis-(trifluoromethyl)-tricyclo-[4.2.2.0]-deka-3,7,9-triene, poly-(BTFM-TCDT), is polymerized by a ring opening metathetical polymerization. Films cast from a solution of poly-(BTFM-TCDT) (precursor polymer) can be converted to polyacetylene by heating. During this conversion process an uniaxial stress is applied to the precursor polymer film which results in a high orientation of the polymer chains. SEM pictures show a compact and homogeneous morphology, whereas sharp and well defined electron diffraction (HEED) patterns indicate a fully oriented crystalline transpolyacetylene material. Consequently we present polarized infrared spectra, expecially for the C-H out-of-plane deformation vibration (1010 cm−1), which exhibit a tremendous dichroism for infrared radiation polarized parallel and perpendicular to the chain axis (c-axis, orientation direction).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265478
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physico-chemical studies of polymeric carriers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 437-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Aqueous acid-base titration measurements were made on alternating poly/N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic acid/copolymer. It was found, that P/NVP-co-MAc/ behaves as a monobasic polyacid in potentiometric titration. Furthermore it was concluded, that definite dissociation constant can not be determined in the usual way, as the actual value of K depends on the nature of the titrant as well as on the concentration of the polyacid solution. Continous pH-induced conformational transition of polymer chains occured during titration. Stabilizing effect of sodium ion on the ring structure of monoanion units is supposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265484
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MgCl2 supported titanium catalyst prepared by mechanical pulverization (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 471-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary MgCl2 supported titanium catalysts were prepared by mechanical pulverization or MgCl2 with titanium compounds using two types of machines, rotatory mill and vibratory mill. Both methods gave substantially the same results, although vibratory mill much saved the milling time. The nature of the fixed titanium compounds was not homogeneous, and the titanium compounds fixed at an earlier stage of milling, which could be located at exposed “active” edge positions of MgCl2 particles, showed higher activity in ethylene polymerization. On the other hand, those fixed at the later stage showed lower activity and caused reaggregation of the particles. Furthermore, chlorine-free titanate compounds, Ti(OBu)4 and Ti(OEt)4, also could be fixed on MgCl2 which showed high activity in ethylene polymerization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265490
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerizations of α-olefins and styrene with MgCl2-supported titanium catalyst system: MgCl2/TiCl4/PhCO2Et with AlEt3PhCO2Et (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 485-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Kinetic analysis was performed in a short time polymerizations of 1-butene,4-methyl-1-pentene and styrene by using a catalyst system composed of MgCl2/TiCl4/PhCO2Et with AlEt3/PhCO2Et which is known as a highly active and highly stereospecific catalyst system in olefin polymerization. The concentration of the active centers, [C *], the propagation rate constant, k p, and the chain transfer rate, r tr, were determined for each monomer. It was found that the values of [C *] were almost same for every monomer, but the values of k p changes widely in the following order: propylene〉1-butene〉4-methyl-1-pentene〉styrene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265492
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emulsion polymerization: some nonionic emulsifier effects (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 497-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The colloidal properties of aqueous solutions of surface active materials have been found to have profound effects on the properties of latexes produced via emulsion polymerization. It has been observed that depending on the polymerization temperature and the concentration of the ingredients it is possible to create either an oil-in-water or a water-in-oil emulsion at the beginning of the reaction. This may, as the polymerization proceeds, undergo phase inversion and lead to two constant rate regions and a bimodally distributed particle size latex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045327
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autooscillating regime of sorption of low molecular weight solvent by ionomers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 229-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of differential and integral sorption of toluene by statistical copolymers of styrene and acrylic acid (3.8 and 8.0 mole %) has been investigated over the temperature range 20–40°C. The observed autooscillating regime of toluene sorption is due to the competition of different relaxation processes. The effect on sorption kinetics of toluene of the morphology of ionomer films was investigated by infrared spectroscopy.
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    Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 299-301 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Liquid crystalline comb-like polymers with spontaneous polarization are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263142
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    Molecular dynamic simulation of motion in solid polymers. Rotator phase of n-alkane (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 303-309 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The method of molecular dynamic computer simulation is applied for the investigation of structure and dynamics of C10-n-alkane in the solid state. Analyzed is the behaviour of individual molecules as well as of a whole crystal. The investigated system consists of 31 molecules of C10-n-alkane at the temperature 150–275 K. The influence of chemical defects, such as methylene group or chlorine atom, on the dynamics of the system is considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263143
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    Evidence by light scattering of hydroxyethylcellulose aggregation induced by solution filtrations (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 327-330 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is reported from light-scattering results that a thermoreversible aggregation may occur when hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) solutions are filtered. The aggregation extent depends on concentration and filter porosity but not on filtration pressure. The aggregates are in part responsible for filter plugging and could arise from a cellulose type interchain association of unsubstituted anhydroglucose units.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263147
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    Synthesis and thermal analysis of styrene and α-methylstyrene multiblock copolymers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 331-335 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Multiblock copolymers of styrene and α-methylstyrene (¯Mn ≦ 70.000 g.mole−1) with various α-methylstyrene contents were synthetized by anionic polymerization. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of these copolymers have been measured by D.T.A. A single Tg was observed over the whole composition range. This Tg obeys the derived GORDON and TAYLOR equation. Moreover these copolymers are heat resistant up to temperatures of at least 280°C.
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    Anomalous copolymerization behavior of styrene and ethyl methacrylate at high conversion (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 343-348 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Styrene and ethylmethacrylate were copolymerized in bulk at 62°C and several monomer feed ratios. At moderately high conversion, anomalous copolymerization behaviour occurred. Although the onset of the departures from expected copolymerization behaviour seems to be related to the onset of the gel-effect, this relation did not hold when mimicking higher conversion by adding an amount of homopolymer. Obviously the propagation reactions are not only affected by changes in diffusion characteristics but also by changes in other medium characteristics e.g. interactions between monomeric and copolymeric species.
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    Kinetics of the cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole by trityl salts in nitrobenzene (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 359-362 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole by trityl salts in nitrobenzene at 20°C has been studied. The kp values are independent of initiator concentration and an average value of 8.9.104M−1s−1 has been obtained which, according to the reaction conditions, has been interpreted in terms of propagation by free ions.
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    Characterization of polycyclohexene by high field 13C-NMR spectroscopy (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 475-479 
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    Notes: Summary 13C NMR spectrum of polycyclohexene is recorded at 50.5 MHz and interpreted in terms of its different stereoisomers. The ratio of threo to erythro forms in the polymer is 2∶1. The spectrum is also sensitive to tacticity of the polymer chain.
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    Reactions of dialkoxicarbenium ions with styrene and 1.1-diphenyl ethene (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 7-11 
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    Notes: Summary Several dialkoxicarbenium ions have proved to initiate the cationic polymerization of styrene. In order to elucidate the mechanism of initiation, some of these dialkoxicarbenium ions were reacted with 1.1-diphenyl ethene and the reaction products are described.
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    Polyisobutylene model elastomers prepared using demonstrably complete end-linking reactions (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 19-24 
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    Notes: Summary Cationic polymerizations with a trifunctional initiator-chain transfer agent were used to prepare three-arm polyisobutylene [C(CH3)2CH2] (PIB) molecules with hydroxyl groups at all three chain ends. Extensive spectroscopic analyses confirmed the essentially perfect trifunctionality of the polymers, which were then end-linked using an aromatic diisocyanate to give trifunctional model networks. The PIB elastomers were found to have negligible sol fractions, which demonstrates that the end-linking reactions used to prepare them were essentially complete. They were studied, swollen, with regard to their equilibrium stressstrain isotherms in uniaxial extension at 25°C. As was found to be the case for trifunctional and tetrafunctional PIB networks prepared from the linear chains, the results were in satisfactory agreement with theory and yielded no evidence that inter-chain entanglements contribute to the modulus at elastic equilibriums.
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    3. Telechelic diene prepolymers: (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 25-27 
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    Notes: Abstract A one step synthesis of butadiene telechelic prepolymer is reported here. Butadiene is reacted with metallic lithium in tetrahydrofurane in the presence of dimethylchlorosilane. This typical synthesis leads to α,ω-dihydrogenodisilane dimers, trimers and tetramers of butadiene, which can be used as crosslinkers for the synthesis of rubber like networks. These oligomers have been characterized by usual methods such as 1H.NMR, IR spectroscopy, gel permeation and gas chromatography.
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    Soluble polymers in organic synthesis (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 49-54 
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    Notes: Summary The reversible attachment of C-terminal amino acids to poly(ethylene glycol) supports succeeds in high yields by reaction of amino acid derivatives with 4-(2-bromopropionyl)phenylacetic acid N-hydroxysuccinimidester and subsequent coupling to the polymer.
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    Determination of the microstructure of acrylonitrile-butadiene and styrene-butadiene copolymers using carbon-13 NMR (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 63-67 
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    Notes: Summary The microstructures of copolymers such as acrylonitrile-butadiene and styrene-butadiene are determined directly from the 13C NMR spectra without resorting to “empirical factors.” Experimental parameters were devised to overcome the difficulties due to long spin-lattice relaxation times or to different nuclear Overhauser effects.
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    Temperature dependence of self diffusion of polystyrene and polyethylene in the melt an interpretation in terms of the free volume theory (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 75-80 
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    Notes: Summary The temperatur dependence of the self diffusion coefficients of polystyrene and polyethylene in the melt was measured with the pulsed field gradient nmr technique. The temperature and molar mass dependences of the self diffusion coefficients can be described by the free volume model. Taking into account the matrix effect we detected the beginning of the break of the reptation process for polystyrene at low molar masses. The activation energies of the self diffusion process are comparable with those observed for viscosity.
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    Active centers of TiCl3 catalysts for propene polymerization1) answer to Bukatov et al. 2) pol. bull. 11, 91–92, 1983 (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 91-92 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Cationic polymerization of isobutylene initiated by diol/boron trichloride systems (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 99-104 
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    Notes: Abstract Cationic polymerizations of isobutylene initiated by 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexane diol (HMD) and bis-para-2-hydroxy-2-propylbenzene (BPP)/BCl3 were carried out in CH2Cl2 solution at −30 °C, in presence or in absence of 2,6-ditert-butylpyridine (DtBP).IR, 1H NMR and C13 NMR analysis of the resulting polyisobutylenes (PIB) show the insertion of the diol skeleton in the polymers. GPC chromatograms show that the presence of DtPB prevents protonic initiation. The synthesis of PIB with phenolic end groups was carried out by alkylation of α, ω unsaturated oligoisobutylene in CH2Cl2 at −30 °C initiated by SnCl4. Previously,the alkylation was carried out on a model:2,2,4-trimethyl pentene (TMP). Spectroscopic analyses show that the alkylation takes place mainly on para-position. UV titration of phenyl ring and chemical titration of chlorine show that the functionality of PIB is 2.
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    Synthesis and characterization of polyvinylpyridine macromonomers (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 115-120 
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    Notes: Summary Macromonomers of polyvinylpyridine were obtained anionically, by reacting unsaturated electrophiles onto a “living” polyvinylpyridine solution. The end-standing unsaturation is either a methacrylic ester function or an α-methylstyrene group. Several experimental problems had to be solved to get polymers of adequate and predetermined molecular weight and of low polydispersity, and to have the molecules fitted quantitatively with unsaturation at chain end. A careful characterization procedure was used to check the ability of the method to yield well defined macromonomers.
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    Living mono- and biradical polymerizations in homogeneous system synthesis of AB and ABA type block copolymers (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 135-142 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary To design the structure of the block copolymers by radical polymerization, benzyl N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (BDC) and p-xylylene N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate(XDC) were used as mono- and bifunctional photo-iniferters, respectively, for the polymerizations of styrene(St) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). These polymerizations proceeded via a living radical mechanism. When the ratio of the concentration of the diethyldithiocarbamate group to that of a photo-iniferter molecule was kept constant, the yields of the polymers obtained by both BDC and XDC were identical, and their molecular weights (¯M) by XDC were two times as high as those by BDC. This observation strongly suggested that the polymerizations by BDC and XDC were performed by living mono- and biradical mechanisms, respectively. By using the polymers obtained by BDC and XDC as polymeric photo-iniferters of the polymerization of second monomers, the AB and ABA type block copolymers were obtained, respectively.
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    Polymer-supported dimethyl sulfoxide as phase-transfer catalyst (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 215-221 
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    Notes: Summary Crosslinked polystyrenes with pendant -CH2SOCH3 grouping are efficient phase-transfer catalysts in liquid-liquid reactions of 1-bromooctane with several inorganic nucleophiles. Direct introduction of -CH2SOCH3 grouping into polystyrene by the reaction of a halogenated polystyrene with methylsulfinyl-methylsodium is described.
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    An unusual route to 1,4-diphenyl-2,3-dimethylbutadiene-1,3 (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 237-239 
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    Notes: Summary Treatment of 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-diphenylbutanediol-1,4-ditosylate with tetra-n-butylammonium bromide in dimethyl-acetamide did not give the expected 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-diphenyl-1,4-dibromobutane but, rather, by a double phenonium ion rearrangement, 1,4-diphenyl-2,3-dimethylbutadiene-1,3. 2,3-Dimethyl-2, 3-diphenyl-1,4-dibromobutane was required as starting material for the synthesis of head to head poly(α-methyl-styrene) by Grignard coupling.
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    Kinetics and mechanism of cationic polymerization of 5-methyl-2-oxazoline. Concurrent propagation through ionic and covalent species with methyl iodide initiator (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 253-260 
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    Notes: Summary Kinetic analysis of the cationic polymerization of 5-methyl-2-oxazoline (5-MeOZO) was performed with methyl tosylate(MeOTs) and methyl iodide(MeI) initiators by using 1H NMR spectroscopy. With MeOTs the polymerization of 5-MeOZO proceeded through oxazolinium tosylate species 3 and 4 and the rate constant of propagation (kp) was determined. With MeI, on the other hand, the propagating ends are present in equilibrium between alkyl iodide (covalent) species 7, 9 and 11 and oxazolinium(ionic) species 6, 8 and 10. Two model reactions enabled to determine the equilibrium constant (K) of 6/7 and to evaluate the reactivity of covalent species 9 (reflected by kp(c)) and of ionic species 8 (reflected by kp(i)). Both species 8 and 9 propagate concurrently and contribute to the whole propagation at comparative extents.
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    Effect of free radicals generating compounds towards the flammability of w-phosphonated polystyrenes — V (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 275-280 
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    Notes: Summary Effect of some free-radicals generating compounds, such as organic peroxides, hydroperoxides and polysulfides, on the Oxygen Index of end phosphonated polystyrenes is investigated. It is shown that some combinations of end phosphonated polystyrene with free-radicals initiators, may be said to have a synergestic effect on flame-retardant properties of standard polystyrene.
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    A study of molecular orientation in one-way drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) films by means of polarized infra-red spectroscopy and birefringence measurements (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 287-292 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polarized infrared spectroscopy and birefringence measurements have been used to study the changes in molecular orientation which occur on homogeneous hot (T=80°C) and cold (T=20°C) drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) sheets. Excellent agreement was obtained between the infrared orientation functions for absorption bands associated with 1507 cm−1, 1580 cm−1 and 1615 cm−1, C-C stretching mode of the benzene ring, and average orientation functions obtained from optical birefringence. It was confirmed that the Gauche conformer of the ethylene glycol residue in the amorphous phase could be oriented perpendicularly to the draw direction (λp〈4). The development of molecular orientation along the specimen axis in the necked sample confirms the entangled nature of the polymer chains in which the natural draw-ratio corresponds to the response of a network stretched up to its maximum of extensibility.
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    Relaxation fluctuations in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) gels swollen in butanol (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 223-227 
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    Notes: Summary Quasielastic light scattering measurements on transparent poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) gels were performed under temperature equilibrium conditions at several temperatures from 40 to 80°C. All observed correlation functions departed from the single exponential decay with a long-time limit. The asymptotic value relaxation frequency Γa decreased steeply with decreasing temperature. The observed temperature dependence of Γa is interpreted as resulting from polymer fluctuations near the glass transition of weakly swollen PHEMA gels.
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    Functional polymers (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 237-243 
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    Notes: Abstract Acrylates and methacrylates of 1,3(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-di(2H-benzotriazole) and 1,3(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-di(2H-benzotriazole) have been prepared by treating acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with N,N′-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide and then allowing this mixture to react with the phenolic ultraviolet absorbers to give 1,3[2-hydroxy-4-acryloxy(methacryloxy)phenyl]-di(2H-benzotriazole) and 1,3[2,6-dihydroxy-4-acryloxy(methacryloxy)phenyl]-di(2H-benzotriazole). The yield of the esters was from 10 to 30%; they were characterized by their infrared, 1H, and 13C NMR spectra; their polymerizability was demonstrated. The compounds had X of 330 to 335 nm with extinction coefficients ranging from 3.0 to 3.5×104 L/mol·cm.
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    Lamellar structure in melt crystallized low density polyethylene (1984)
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    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 269-274 
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    Notes: Summary A combined X-ray diffraction and DSC investigation of the crystalline phase in lamellar low density polyethylene after conventional chlorosulfonation treatment has been carried out. Our results indicate that the acid attack does not involve any heavy group penetration within the lattice. The location of these groups at the basal crystal surface contributes, however, to an enhancement of the melting temperature of the modified lamellae. It turns out that the destruction level of crystalline material at 45°C, after 15–20 h is of the order of 20% and progressively increases for longer periods of time.
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    Molecular weight-viscosity relationship for amylopectin, a highly branched polymer (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 283-285 
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    Notes: Summary Rate of acid hydrolysis of amylopectin is discussed from molecular weight variation; a two step mechanism is found. The highly branched amylopectin fractions obtained by partial acid hydrolysis allow experimental determination of Mark-Houwink's law exponents. Theoretical and experimental “a” values are compared.
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    Crystallization kinetics of the monoclinic modification of poly(3,3-dimethyl oxetane) (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 913-918 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Poly(3,3-dimethyl oxetane) ; isothermal crystallization ; crystallization kinetics ; crystallization temperature coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Poly(3,3-dimethyl oxetane) fractions ranging in number average molecular weights from 18500 to 130000 have been isothermally crystallized from the relaxed melt state in the temperature range from 12 to 44 °C, where only the monoclinic modification is formed. The influence of molecular weight and undercooling in crystallization kinetics has been analyzed. The level of crystallinity is very slightly dependent on molecular weight but the influence of this parameter on the time scale of the crystallization is relatively pronounced. The crystallization temperature coefficient was determined and it was found a constant value of the product of the interfacial energies in the range of molecular weights which has been analyzed. Growth rate measurements were carried out for fraction ¯M n=130000 and it was found that the temperature coefficients for overall and growth rates are equal. Finally, the comparison of the experimental results for this polymer with those reported for poly(oxetane) shows two main differences: first, the crystallization rate is slower for poly(3,3-dimethyl oxetane) and second, the temperature coefficient is smaller for this polymer.
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    On the evaluation of adhesion between phases in fiber composites (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 929-938 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Fibrous composites ; mesophase ; unfolding models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical model was introduced for the evaluation of the boundary layer developed between the main phases during the preparation of unidirectional fiber composites. It has been shown that this thin layer influences considerably the physical properties of the composite. It was assumed that the physical properties of themesophase unfold from those of the hard-core fibers to those of the softer matrix. Thus, a multicylinder model was assumed improving the classical two-cylinder model introduced by Hashin and Rosen for the representative volume element of the composite. Based on thermodynamic phenomena appearing at the glass transition temperatures of the composite and concerning the positions and the sizes of the heat-capacity jumps there, as well as on the experimental values of the longitudinal elastic modulus of the composite, the extent of the mesophase and the mechanical properties of the composite may be accurately evaluated. This version of the model is based on a previous one concerning a multilayer model, but it is considerably improved in order to take into consideration, in a realistic manner, the physical phenomena developed in fiber reinforced composites.
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    Thermodynamic consideration of the mixed micelle of surfactants (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 948-955 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Critical micelle concentration ; mixed micelle ; surfactant mixture ; thermodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In conformity with the conclusion obtained previously, the mixed micelle formation of surfactants was treated thermodynamically as the appearance of a macroscopic bulk phase with the aid of the excess thermodynamic quantities similar to those used for the adsorbed film. The composition of surfactant in the mixed micelle and the thermodynamic quantities of micelle formation were found to be evaluated by applying the thermodynamic equations derived. These equations were extended so as to be applicable to any kind of surfactant mixture. It was shown that the critical micelle concentration vs. composition of surfactant curves form a diagram analogous to the phase diagram of binary mixture. Applying the equation to the published data on typical surfactant systems, this thermodynamic approach was proved to be useful to clarify the miscibility of surfactants in the micellar state.
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    ESR linewidth broadening of a hydrophobic probe in some surfactant solutions (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 978-981 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Micelles ; solubilization ; spin probe ; linewidth broadening ; Poisson distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract ESR linewidth of tetradecanoyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyl-l-oxyl was observed in aqueous solutions of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and sodium alkyl (C12 and C14) sulfates at 30 °C. The linewidth increases quadratically with the spin probe concentration to various extents, depending upon micellar properties. The diversity of the linewidth broadening is, however, reduced by plotting the relative linewidth, W/W0, vs. the average solubilization number, m, where W0 is the linewidth at the extremely dilute spin probe concentration. All the experimental points fall on a curve regardless of the diverse micellar properties. The broadening is interpreted in terms of a bimolecular and multimolecular collisions between the spin probes exclusively concentrated in micelles in accordance with the Poisson distribution of the spin probe.
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    Computer simulation of interfacial polarization in stratified dielectric systems (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 967-977 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: interfacial polarization ; bilayer dielectric ; thermally stimulated currents ; local field equations ; computer simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract After the isothermal time — and frequency-dependent study of the bilayer dielectric in Part I of this article (1), here the treatment of non-isothermal dielectric properties is presented. First the temperature dependence of the effective dielectric parameters ( $$\bar \varepsilon _\infty ,\bar \varepsilon _s ,\sigma and\bar \tau $$ ) is discussed and the effect of measuring frequency and some selected material parameters is demonstrated by numerical examples. Composite materials are thermorheologically complex, and the time-temperature superposition does not hold. Thermally stimulated polarization and depolarization currents are calculated numerically. The dependence of TSD currents on the experimental parameters (polarization temperature, cooling and reheating rates) is discusssed for the bilayer with nonrelaxing components. The effect of conductivities and relaxation strengths is shown on bilayers with relaxing components. The temperature dependence of the MW relaxation strength is considerable and non-monotonous so the bilayer can show peculiar behaviour different from normal dipolar dielectrics. TSD curves are qualitatively similar to the ultra-low frequency dielectric losses, but the relative peak heights are different. Since the effective dielectric parameters are not enough for the appropriate description of thermally stimulated currents, the local field equations must be used.
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    Conformational properties ofn-alkanes (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 115-118 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: n-alkanes ; conformational entropy ; melting ; specific volumes ; thermodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Values of the conformational entropy contributionΔS c to the melting entropyΔS m are calculated from a recently reported equation of state (Jain and Simha), and compared with theoretical valuesS c derived from the rotational isomeric state approximation. For the shortern-alkanesΔS c is considerably larger thanS c , whereas for the longern-alkanes the conformational entropy contribution can approximately be described with the rotational isomeric state model. Equations are presented for the calculation of specific volumes at the melting temperature as a function of chain length.
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    Substituent effects in the reaction between acetophenones and polyacrylonitrile radicals (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 119-121 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The reactivity of substituted acetophenones towards polyacrylonitrile radical has been correlated with Swain and Luptons field and resonance parameters inclusive of the unique positional weighting factors suggested by Williams and Norrington. From the sign and magnitude of the reaction dependent regression constants, the transition state has been found to be essentially ‘non-polar’ in character.
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    Diffuse phase boundary in blockcopolymers-comparison of mechanical model results with thermodynamic theory (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 466-469 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: blockcopolymers ; interphase ; phase separation ; thermodynamic theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract From mechanical model calculations the ratio of domain radius and interfacial thickness in SBS-blockcopolymers is obtained. The results for blockcopolymer systems varying in molecular weight and polymer-polymer interaction parameter are compared with predictions of the statistical thermodynamic theory. For the absolute value of the interfacial thickness values of 3 nm and 2 nm are calculated for nonhydrogenated and partially hydrogenated blockcopolymers.
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    Dielectric properties of quaternary ammonium ion-exchange beads dispersed in aqueous phases (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 477-480 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Dielectric property ; permittivity ; electrical conductivity ; ion-exchanger ; interfacial polarization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Dielectric measurements were carried out for dense sediments of quaternary ammonium type anion-exchange resin beads dispersed in deionized water over a frequency range of 30 Hz to 130 MHz. According to a method proposed in previous studies the relative permittivities and electrical conductivities of ion-exchange beads were evaluated from the relaxation data observed in a megahertz region on the basis of a theory of interfacial polarization. The permittivities of the ion-exchange beads were found to be unchanged irrespectively of the salt form and somewhat lower than that of a continuous medium, while the conductivities of the ion-exchange beads were characteristic of the salt form. The equivalent ionic conductances of different counter anions in the beads were estimated from the conductivities of the ion-exchange beads. These results indicate an ion-binding effect in the resin beads.
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    The microfibrillar swelling of α-keratins (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 507-508 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Low-angle X-ray investigations ; α-keratins ; microfibril-matrix-complex ; matrix compositon ; microfibrillar swelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    The influence of temperature on the elastic behaviour of structured dispersions (1984)
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    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 509-509 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Book reviews (1984)
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    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 510-512 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    The deformation behaviour of polyethylene shish-kebabs produced by stirring-induced crystallization (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 521-525 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: polyethylene ; shish-kebabs ; stirring-induced crystallization ; deformation ; scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Polyethylene mats of shish-kebab fibrils were prepared from solution by stirring-induced crystallization, and subjected to deformation. A morphological study by scanning electron microscopy showed that the elementary shish-kebabs are elongated during drawing. For low draw ratios, the average distance between the lamellae on the fibrils increases proportionally to the draw ratio. The invariance of the fibril diameter upon drawing indicates a transformation of lamellar into fibrillar material. The molecular topology which underlies this deformation mode is discussed and related to the crystallization process.
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    A new formula for the entropy of mixing in polymer systems and free volume (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 526-537 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: glass transition ; free volume ; entropy of mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The famous equations of Flory-Huggins for the entropy of mixing with one highmolecular component are of great importance for polymer physics. But Gujrati stated in 1980 [12] that these equations cannot be exact. This is why we derived a new formula for the dependence of the entropy from the fraction of vacant sites in a quasi-lattice. It differs significantly from that of Huggins and still more from that of Flory in the case of low free volume. The equations of Flory-Huggins are correct with reference to low polymer content only. If our formula for entropy is used instead of that of Huggins an important result of the theory of Gibbs-DiMarzio is called in question. The increase of thermal expansion at the glass transition cannot be explained by an increase of vacant sites. A growth of the number of unoccupied sites according to the thermodynamic equilibrium condition would bring about a far too great thermal expansion coefficient. From estimations of the energy of interaction between polymer molecules, which can be found in literature, it follows that the increase of entropy is far too small to enable the formation of vacant sites above the glass transition. It is unambiguously shown that the free volume, commonly regarded to be the decisive quantity with respect to glass transition, cannot consist of holes as considered in the quasi-lattice model and in many theoretical treatments.
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    The effect of processing additives on the surface properties of polyvinyl chloride (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 551-556 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polyvinyl Chloride ; Processing Additives ; Surface Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Stabilizers, plasticizers and lubricants play an important part in the formulation of polymer materials for use in manufacturing. For polyvinyl chloride, they are used to achieve stability, together with suitable flow and release behavior, during extrusion, molding, and other processing steps. However, the additives remain after manufacturing and may affect the properties of the product for the rest of its useful life. We have investigated the surface properties of polyvinyl chloride containing organotin stabilizers and calcium stearate, and the surface properties of the additives themselves. We used zeta-potential measurements to determine the charge on the surface of additive-containing polyvinyl chloride and have related this to chemical reactions of the additive materials. This chemistry is important for understanding what goes on during the period when the polymer product comes in contact with a humid environment. The major chemical reactions are those involving hydrolysis of tin-ester linkages in the organotin compounds and dissociation of carboxylic acid groups. These groups may be the carboxylic acid groups originally present or those formed by hydrolysis. As a result of these reactions, the surface charge of the polymer depends strongly on the pH of the aqueous medium in contact with the surface.
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    Evidence of lateral surface structure changes in transferred multilayer systems by electron microscopy (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 566-573 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: surface structure ; electron microscopy ; transferred multilayer system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The substance-specific stability properties of transferred multilayer systems on germanium and quartz supports have been examined in the electron microscope. Typical micrographs with magnifications between 8 000 x and 40 000 x show that the surface structure of cadmium octadecanoate and octadecylammonium phosphate layer systems is dependent on the investigated parameters: type of substance, material of support, number of layers. Lateral structure rearrangement processes have been observed in the octadecanoate systems forming crystallites on both support materials and all layer numbers. Similar irreversible transformations did not occur in transferred octadecylamine layer systems. The influence of the support material on the surface structure is interpreted as interaction differences between the support and the polar group of the first layer.
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    Time-dependent deposition of anionic detergents in a-Keratins (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 596-596 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: a-Keratins ; low-angle X-ray investigations ; time-dependent detergent ; deposition ; two stage mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01452448
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    CPS 768 Formation of anisotropic ice-agar composites by directional freezing (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 589-595 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Crystallization ; water ; agar ; gel ; vitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Aqueous agar gels were directionally frozen in a temperature gradient of 10 °C/ cm at rates between 8.8×10−5 cm/sec and 8.8×10−4 cm/sec to form highly anisotropic ice-agar composites. Observations of the vitrified agar domains which were localized at the ice grain boundaries were made and the ice domain size was measured as a function of the solidifying conditions. The segregation of the noncrystalline agar was dominated by the vitrification character of the agar gel. Thermal analysis indicated that ice crystallization rate decreased to a negligible level as the water content of the gel decreased to approximately 50 percent by weight agar.
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    Effect of molecular weight and temperature on the isothermal crystallization of poly(oxetane) (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 605-610 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Poly(oxetane) ; poly(oxacyclobutane) ; isothermal crystallization ; bulk crystallization ; crystallization temperature coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Poly(oxetane) fractions ranging in number-average molecular weights from 7800 to 157000 have been isothermally crystallized in the temperature range from −50 to 19
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    Book reviews (1984)
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    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 834-836 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Nachruf Prof. Dr. Günther Rehage (1984)
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    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 837-838 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01452211
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    In memoriam Henry John Woods (1984)
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    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 839-840 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Thermooxidation rate of diacetate terminated polyoxymethylene with various morphological structures (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 841-850 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Thermooxidation ; weight loss ; IR morphology effect ; polyoxymethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Thermooxidative degradation of POM films with different morphological structures was investigated in air in the temperature range of 145–160
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    Secondary structure of peptides 16th. Characterization of proteins by means of13C NMR CP/MAS spectroscopy (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 856-861 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: 13C NMR CP/MAS spectroscopy ; secondary structure keratins ; cytochrome C ; myoglobin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract 50.3 or 75.4 MHz13C NMR cross-polarization/magic angle spinning spectra of human hair, horse hair, horse hoof, parrot feather, sperm whale myoglobin, and horse heart cytochrome C were measured. The spectra of human hair and horse hair indicate nearly equal mole fractions ofΒ-sheets andα-helices and a low percentage of amorphous regions, whereas horse hoof contains a higher fraction of amorphous proteins. The parrot feathers contain a smallα-helix fraction (ca. 10±5 %) in additon to a largeΒ-sheet fraction whereas cytochrome C contains 70–90%α-helices. The spectrum of myoglobin could not interpreted in terms of defined secondary structures. The usefulness of the13C NMR CP/MAS spectroscopy for the characterization of proteins is compared with that of IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.
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    A ductile-brittle zone in polyimides depending on the reaction temperature (1984)
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    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 867-875 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polyimides ; polymers ; ductile fracture ; caustics ; K I -factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The mechanical and optical properties of polyimides were studied in this paper and the influence of the variation of the reaction temperature on the physico-chemical properties of the polymers was evaluated. From this the dependence of the stress-strain diagrams on the reaction temperature, as well as the stresses and strains at fracture were experimentally determined. Moreover, the elastic moduli and Poisson's ratios, as well as the refractive index of the polymers were evaluated for different temperatures of imidization. In order to define also the behaviour of the polymers as thin membranes at fracture, simple tension tests with edge-cracked thin strips were executed up to fracture. The method of caustics was used, with the specimens loaded inK I mode of deformation at different stress-levels to evaluate the stress intensity factors of the materials in the non-linear zone of loading. TheK I -factor was evaluated by applying the simple Dugdale-Barenblatt model for the ductile materials, whereas for brittle samples the elastic theory was used. Interesting results concerning the physico-mechanical properties of the polyimides were derived.
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    Structure and properties of macromolecules in shearflow (1984)
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    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 876-884 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Light scattering ; photometer ; rheooptic ; polystyrene in solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A laser light-scattering photometer is presented, the construction of which is based on the principle of a searle-type viscosimeter. It permits registration of the wideangle distribution of the scattered light in an area of 1 π sr around the direction of the negative velocity gradient with high resolution (49 · 10−6 sr). In the investigated range (0–3000 s−1) the scope of shear-induced intensity changes of diluted solutions of polystyrene in benzene is 0.5–5 %. The alignment, control and measurement of several influencing factors, e. g. the positional and intensity stability of the primary beam, required a relatively high degree of performance. The relation of the intensity changes of the scattered and transmitted light are measured and illustrated as a function of shear cycles. In this way it is possible to recognize both the orientation and the deformation as well as the relaxation of shear-stressed PS-molecules. The discussion of the curves is guided by a simple instructional preview.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01452218
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    Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic interactions in alcohol solutions of high molecular weight poly(n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 892-895 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Inter- and intra-molecular association in alcohol solutions of poly(n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) with molecular weight of 670,000 is investigated by viscometric techniques. While the limiting viscosity number, [η], of the polymer was observed to remain almost constant in methanol, ethanol and n-propanol solutions, the Huggins constant,k H showed an increase with increasing carbon content of the alcohols studied. Addition of denaturing agents, such as urea and guanidine hydrochloride, (GC) caused a decrease in both of the above values. The changes brought about in these parameters by the denaturing agents were found to be a result of the changes taking place in the hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions among polymer, solvent and additive molecules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01452220
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    Conformational studies of poly(N5-Ω-hydroxyalkyl-L-glutamine)s in reversed micelles (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 896-901 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Reversed micelle ; poly(N5-Ω-hydroxyalkyl-L-glutamine)s ; circular dichroism measurement ; conformational transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The molecular conformations of poly(N5-dihydroxyethylaminopropyl-L-glutamine) and poly(N5-dihydroxyethyl-L-glutamine) were investigated in reversed micelles of AOT as well as in aqueous solutions. Both poly(α-amino acid)s assume disordered structures in pure water. The conformation of poly(N5-dihydroxyethylaminopropyl-L-glutamine) transits intoα-helix in the reversed micelles as the molar ratio of water to AOT (w0=[H2O]/[AOT]) becomes smaller. A similar conformational transition was also observed in aqueous solutions when a certain amount of AOT was added. Under these conditions, however, poly(N5-dihydroxyethyl-L-glutamine) did not undergo a conformational transition intoα-helix.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01452221
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    Announcements (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 911-911 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01452224
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    Book reviews (1984)
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    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 912-912 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01452225
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  • 84
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    Reaction of water soluble polymers with oxidising agents: reaction of dextran with tetravalent cerium (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 939-947 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Spectrophotometry ; complex ; degradation ; viscometry ; transient-radical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Dextran, an extracellular bacterial polysaccharide, was subjected to reaction with ceric ammonium nitrate in aqueous nitric acid at varying temperatures. The polymer has been found to be degraded due to the selective oxidative cleavage of vicinal glycol units present in the monosaccharide unit of each chain. The aldehyde groups produced upon cleavage at low temperature were found to undergo further oxidation to acids and formic acid with rise in temperature of the reaction. The course of the reaction has been followed by cerimetry and by spectrophotometrical measurements. The effect of the concentration of reacting components on the reaction has been studied and various kinetic aspects have been evaluated. Depending on the kinetic results, a plausible reaction mechanism for the oxidative degradation and the subsequent reactions have been suggested by the study of the changes of solution viscosity and initiation of graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers by Ce(IV)/dextran mixture. Various thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01490026
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    Computer simulation of interfacial polarization in stratified dielectric systems (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 956-966 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Interfacial polarization ; bilayer dielectric ; relaxing components ; time and frequency dependence ; computer simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Time and frequency dependent dielectric properties of bilayer dielectrics are treated with components showing dielectric relaxation. The time dependent behaviour can be calculated using the Boltzmann superposition principle. The exact integro-differential equations are derived, and the boundary conditions discussed. The analytical formulae resulting for the frequency domain are an extension of those published for bilayer dielectrics with nonrelaxing components. For the time domain the numerical solution is preferred because the analytical solution is very complicated. After a short discussion of the numerical method some examples are presented, and the effect of various component parameters on the dielectric properties is studied. The main conclusion is that two types of interfacial polarization mechanisms must be distinguished: the classical ohmic, and the dielectric. The latter is the consequence of the polarizational surface charge density, and influences strongly the observed relaxation strengths of the components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01490028
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  • 86
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    Impact resistance of unifilled and filled bimodal thermosets of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 990-992 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Bimodal networks ; thermosets ; poly(dimethylsiloxane) ; impact strength ; filled elastomers ; rupture energies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01490032
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  • 87
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    Current transmission and charge deposition in polyethyleneterephthalate (PETP) irradiated with 10–50 keV electrons (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 93-98 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polyester ; current transmission ; charge deposition ; electron-beam irradiation ; electrets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Electron transmission through and charge deposition in polyethyleneterephthalate (PETP) are investigated by means of current measurements on and behind 2 to 46μm thick absorber foils. The results obtained for electron-beam energies ranging from 10 to 50 keV can be represented in one single reduced transmission curve (master curve). The normalised charge-deposition profile in thin PETP is calculated from this curve. Electronrange and charge-centroid values are determined and compared to literature data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417538
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    Dynamical SAXS investigations on oriented polyethylene by synchrotron radiation: reversible variation of superstructure (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 99-102 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Synchrotron radiation ; small angle scattering ; reversible variation of superstructure ; oriented polyethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Using the synchrotron radiation SAXS facilities at DESY, the reversible variation of the small angle diagram of LDPE during heating and cooling cycles was measured. There are changes of the intensity, location and widths of the small angle reflections. The experimental results and a qualitative discussion are given.
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    Mechanical properties of oriented polyvinylchloride composites filled with ultrafine particles (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 103-109 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Ultrafine SiO2 ; Oriented PVC composites ; Anisotropic mechanical properties ; compliance tensor ; Hill's yield criterion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The tensile stress-strain behaviour of undrawn and drawn polyvinylchloride (PVC) composites filled with ultrafine SiO2 and micron sized glass particles were discussed as functions of filler content and size. For the undrawn PVC composites filled with ultrafine SiO2 particles, Young's moduli, yield and breaking stresses increased with filler content and decreasing filler size. Whereas for the composites filled with micron sized glass particles, their Young's moduli slightly increased with filler content but both the yield and breaking stresses decreased. Oriented PVC composites were made by uniaxially drawing to × 2.5 at 100 °C. Anisotropic mechanical properties of oriented specimens were discussed in terms of compliance tensor and yield stress measured in the direction of 0°, 45° and 90° to the original stretching direction at room temperature. In the case of 70A SiO2, all the compliance decreased with filler content, whereas those of 65μ glass, this relation was reversed. The yield stress of the oriented PVC composites showed filler size dependence similar to Young's moduli. The anisotropic yield stress of oriented PVC composites were reasonably analysed by Hill's yield criterion.
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    Influence of exudation on the properties of PVC plasticized with blends of phthalate and chlorinated paraffin (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 122-126 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Exudation ; plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) ; chlorinated paraffin ; physicomechanical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The method for quantitative determination of exudation have been worked out. Furthermore investigations of the critical solution temperature, volatility, migration, volume resistivity, tensile strength, and 100% modulus are reported. It is stated that the annealing and exudation influence the change of majority of the investigated properties. It is also observed that small quantity of stearin influences them quite considerably.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417544
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  • 91
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    Strukturbildung von homologen wasserfreien Lecithinen in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Kristallisationsbedingungen (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 131-138 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: X-ray diffraction ; phase transitions ; polymorphism ; lecithins ; influence of crystallization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The influence of temperature and crystallization of homologous lecithins on the phase transition was studied by X-ray diffraction. The different conditions of crystallization effect various structures. The structural differences between various samples of dimyristoyl-phosphatidyl-choline, di-palmitoyl-phosphatidyl-choline and di-stearoyl-phosphatidyl-choline were discussed and their lattice parameters compared. The results show that the polymorphism of the lecithins are depended on the chain length and the conditions of crystallization.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der Kristallisationsbedingungen und der Temperatur auf die Strukturbildung von wasserfreiem Dimyristoyllecithin, Dipalmitoyllecithin und Distearoyllecithin verschiedener Herkunft wurde röntgenografisch untersucht und in Form von Gitterparametern ausgewertet. Die aufgefundenen Strukturen der verschiedenen Proben wurden in Form eines allgemeinen Polymorphieschema zusammengefaßt. Aus diesem geht hervor, daß die Kristallisationsbedingungen und die Kettenlänge der KW-Gruppen der Lecithine die Strukturbildung und -abfolge determinieren. Die verschiedenen Strukturen und deren Gitterparameter werden angegeben und verglichen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417546
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    Study of the system “partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamidesodium dodecyl sulfate” in the presence of salts of divalent metals (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 146-158 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Sodium dodecyl sulfate ; calcium chloride ; partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide ; solubility diagrams ; ion binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In a first part of this paper, the phase diagram of the CaCl-SDS system in aqueous solution is discussed and the different critical concentration as well as the electrical conductivity of the mixtures are calculated from a simple model. In the second part, we study the influence of an added polyelectrolyte partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide on the solubility boundaries, by conductimetry and turbidimetry. The binding of Ca++ cations onto the polymer chain explains that the higher concentration and hydrolysis degree of the polymer, the greater an effect of stabilization of the mixture CaCl2-SDS by the polyelectrolyte. A simple calculation model give a rather good account of this phenomenon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417548
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    Comments on: High pressure dilatometry on polybutene-1 (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 171-171 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417550
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    Book reviews (1984)
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    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 173-176 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417552
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    Die Volumenaufweitung beim uniaxialen Dehnen gefüllter Netzwerke (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 177-181 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Dilatometer ; Dehnung ; Elastomere ; Füllstoffe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A model is presented which allows one to calculate the increase in volume during uniaxial extension of a matrix containing a spherical filler. A simple relationship between volume increase and strain is found, where the filler concentration enters as the only parameter. Measurements on a model substance confirm this calculation. On the other hand, investigations of a carbon-black filled rubber show that the filler causes no additional volume increase over and above that for unfilled rubber. In the case of carbon-black filled rubber, however, straininduced crystallization sets in at lower degrees of elongation. This effect can be clearly observed by means of strain dilatometry.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das es gestattet, die Volumenaufweitung zu berechnen, die beim unaxialen Dehnen einer Matrix mit kugelförmigen Füllstoffpartikeln auftritt. Es wird ein einfacher Zusammenhang zwischen Volumenaufweitung und Dehnung gefunden. Das relative Volumen nimmt mit der Dehnung zu, wobei der Füllstoffgehalt als einziger Parameter eingeht. Messungen an einer Modellsubstanz bestätigen die Richtigkeit der Rechnung. Bei der Untersuchung von rußgefülltem Gummi ergibt sich dagegen, daß der Füllstoff keine zusätzliche Volumenaufweitung gegenüber dem ungefüllten Gummi bewirkt. Wohl aber setzt bei rußgefülltem Kautschuk die dehnungsinduzierte Kristallisation früher ein als im ungefüllten System. Dies läßt sich mit Hilfe des Dehnungsdilatometers gut beobachten.
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    Light induced refractive index changes in PMMA films doped with styrene (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 213-216 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Photopolymerisation ; PMMA/styrene films ; light induced refractive index changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Solutions of poly(methyl methacrylate) in styrene are used to produce thin polymer films (1μm–20μm) saturated with styrene monomer. In the illuminated areas refractive index changes up to 10−2 are achieved by photoinduced polymerisation. The index patterns may be fixed by annealing treatments removing the residual monomer.
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    GPC, CD and sedimentation analysis of poly-Lys and branched chain poly-Lys-poly-DL-Ala polypeptides (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 208-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Poly-L-Lys ; branched polypeptides ; poly-L-Lys-poly-DL-Ala ; GPC of synthetic polypeptides ; sedimentation analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Three different poly-L-lysine (pLys) samples and a branched polypeptide poly-[L-Lys-(DL-Ala)m] (poly-L-Lys-poly-DL-Ala, AK) were synthetized. Relative molar mass distribution, its average and the degree of polymerisation were determined by sedimentation analysis and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The conformation of the polymers in solution was studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy at various pH values and ionic strengths. The data obtained by different methods were compared.
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    Electron microscope observations of fibrillar-to-lamellar transformations in melt-drawn polymers (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polybutene-1 ; fibrillar crystals ; lamellar crystals ; morphology transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Electron-transmissible polybutene-1 films were produced by drawing from an already thin molten film on a microscope slide. The films exhibitab initio a microstructure composed of fine fibrils of the stable (hexagonal) phase. Films from various stages of heat-treatment in air were examined in the transmission electron microscope. Two types of microstructural charge were seen. In one, crystallites appearing within the fibrils gradually order themselves to lie in rows normal to the chain (fiber) axis. The laterally aligned crystallites do not merge to form crystallographically homogeneous lamellae. In the other observed process, patches of fully lamellar metastable phase crystals form. These lamellae are oriented normal to the surface and grow both parallel and normal to the surface. These crystals grow by the incorporation of relaxed chains and require substantial molecular diffusion. It is suggested that entanglements or other physical pinning of the long molecules used here inhibit the full lamellarization of the intrafibrillar crystallites and cause the system to transform by means which utilize the chains which are most easily disengaged and transported.
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    Micromechanics of fatigue crack propagation in glassy thermoplastics (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 230-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Fatigue ; crack propagation ; thermoplastics ; craze length ; fracture surface markings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract By the aid of the optical interference method the size of the craze zone at the crack tip has been measured during fatigue crack propagation (FCP) in two glassy thermoplastics thus giving a basis to re-examine proposed models. In contrast to previous assumptions it has been found, that in PMMA of high molecular weight crack propagation occurs only during a short interval of the loading cycle when the fibrils are stretched most severely and it is not limited by crack tip blunting; between the dimensions of the craze zone and the crack advance per cycle which is also reflected by markings on the fracture surface no simple correlation has been found. In PVC first the craze grows continuously during many loading cycles up to its final size and then the crack propagates by a jump separating the craze zone only partly. Thus at all stress intensity levels investigated the length of the final craze zone has been found to be distinctly larger than the jump spacing on the fracture surface. By aid of SEM-photography it is shown that in PVC during FCP cracking occurs by separation of fibrils instead of void coalescence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01458966
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    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 254-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01458970
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