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  • Articles  (66)
  • 61.70  (39)
  • 85.30  (32)
  • Springer  (66)
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  • 1980-1984  (66)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (66)
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  • Articles  (66)
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  • Physics  (68)
  • 1
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    Springer
    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 303-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 61.70 ; 61.80 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A significant contribution to the degradation of GaAs-based lasers and light-emitting diodes arises from the formation of so-called dark line defects. It is shown that these defects are accumulations of non-radiative recombination centres around dislocations. The centres are identified as As vacancies, which are emitted by climbing dislocations, concomitantly with the absorption of Ga interstitials. From scanning deep-level transient spectroscopy observations it is concluded that the so-called DX centres are Ga interstitials. The driving force for dislocation climb and thus for dark-line-defect formation is a supersaturation of Ga interstitials originating from the growth of the GaAs crystals under Ga-rich conditions as a consequence of the high volatility of As. Phenomena in other III–V compound semiconductors related to the formation of dark line defects in GaAs are also discussed.
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  • 2
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    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 39-43 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 34,61 ; 80 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The range parameters of boron in silicon have been measured using the10B(n,α)7 Li-nuclear reaction. The results indicate that the distributions can be perfectly modeled using Pearson IV distributions with 4 moments. The range is very well described by theoretical calculations, whereas the higher moments show a strong deviation from theory.
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  • 3
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    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 117-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 72.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fluctuations in the number of vacancies in metals in thermal equilibrium lead to resistivity fluctuations. Analysis of these fluctuations permits measurement of both formation and migration enthalpy of the vacancies. The power spectrum of the fluctuations is calculated using a series of statistically independent pulses. It can be derived from the diffusion equation for any geometry of the vacancy sinks. Vacancy diffusion to the surface of a thin plate or of a sphere are treated as examples. The measurability of vacancy noise is assessed. It should also be possible to measure vacancy noise during irradiation. It is predicted that correlated vacancy creation, which may occur during irradiation, will cause an increase in the power spectrum.
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  • 4
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 78.70
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The isothermal recovery rates of vacancy-impurity complexes in an aluminium-1% magnesium alloy are measured in situ at eight temperatures from variations of colinear annihilation γ-rays versus time. These data analysed in terms of a time dependant β+-trapping model yield two apparent migration energies of 0.8 eV±0.1 eV and 0.9 eV±0.05 eV. The nature of the complexes is discussed and their binding energy is estimated.
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  • 5
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    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 19-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 61.80 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with the effect ofγ-radiation from a Co60 source on the electronic properties of amorphous silicon field effect transistors. These thin film devices, deposited by the glow discharge technique, are being developed for addressable liquid crystal displays, logic circuits and other applications. 1 Mrad (Si) and 5 Mrad (Si) doses were used and the transistors were held at gate voltages between −8V and +8V during irradiation. Measurements on irradiated specimens showed shifts in threshold voltage of less than 3 V and a change in transconductance below 10%, both of which could be removed by annealing above 130 °C. These results are compared with presently available “radiation hardened” crystalline silicon device structures and it is concluded that in spite of the thicker gate insulation layer (0.3 μm of silicon nitride) of the amorphous devices, the latter are remarkably radiation tolerant, with little degradation in performance. Measurements on irradiatedα-Si films deposited on glass show pronounced conductivity changes, not observed in the transistors. It is suggested that these effects arise at the Si/glass interface, and are prevented by the presence of the silicon nitride film in the devices.
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  • 6
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    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 66.33 ; 61.70 ; 82.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The proton conductivity in H3OUO2AsO4·3H2O (HUAs) has been measured below the transition temperature at 299 K. A consistent picture of the elementary process taking place is developed from separate electrochemical, spectroscopic and calorimetric measurements. The conductivity is proposed to occur by the “vehicle mechanism” of proton transport, i.e. the cooperative motion of H3O+ and H2O. This mechanism is compared with the Grotthuss and the simple ion hopping mechanism.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 42.80 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analytical treatment of the thermal phenomena during free-running ruby laser annealing of boron implanted silicon is presented. The heat equation was solved for a simplified shape of the pulse train consisting of a uniform succession of triangular spikes, identical in energy. During one spike the optical and thermal parameters of the sample were taken constant, but for each new spike, new values of these parameters were calculated taking into account their temperature dependence. Such a model predicts the melting of the top surface before the laser pulse has ended, for energy densities higher than 9×104 J/m2. RHEED confirms the presence of recristallization at about the same value of the laser-pulse energy densities.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66.30 ; 85.3085.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In- and out-diffusion of gold in silicon were investigated with the aid of a neutronactivation analysis in combination with mechanical sectioning or by the spreadingresistance technique. In-diffusion profiles in the range 1371–1073 K show that Au diffuses in Si mainly via the so-called kick-out mechanism. From the Au diffusion and solubility measurements the interstitialcy contributionD I SD to the Si self-diffusion coefficient was determined, which shows that the self-diffusion occurs to a considerable extent via selfinterstitials. Out-diffusion profiles at 1173 K were measured on wafers homogeneously supersaturated with Au. The observed decrease of the electrical activity of Au in the bulk indicates that during the out-diffusion anneal the majority of Au atoms originally dissolved substitutionally changes its configuration.
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  • 9
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 167-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 68 ; 74
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple method is presented to prepare very low pinning niobium foils on which geometrically well defined Nb3Sn-pinning structures of arbitrary shape are deposited. This facilitates the fabrication of samples for guided vortex motion experiments some of which are reported.
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  • 10
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    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Antiphase domains occur in thin GaAs epitaxial films grown on Ge(001) by molecular beam epitaxy. The domains have been imaged by transmission electron microscopy using 200-type reflections in dark field. The carefully chosen imaging conditions with convergent illumination ensure that doubly diffracted beams from a pair of first order Laue zone discs contribute to the singly diffracted 200-type beams. The three Bragg reflections may add in or out of phase to give domains in either light or dark contrast depending on their polarity.
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  • 11
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66 ; 85.30 ; 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The gettering efficiency for Au induced by Ne+ and Ar+ implantation has been studied. The depth distribution of gettered Au as a function of annealing temperature and dose of implanted Ne+ and Ar+ ions are presented. The experiment shows that the maximum efficiency of gettering occurs when the implantation doses are comparable with amorphization dose.
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  • 12
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 99-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 81.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Supersaturated surface alloys produced by very high dose (0.8−2.6×1017cm−2) implantation of As-ions into silicon and subsequent pulsed electron-beam annealing have been investigated by means of the channeling technique. The maximum solubility limit of 7×1021 As/cm3 has been determined. It exceeds the equilibrium solubility limit by more than a factor of 4. Angular scan measurements indicated that for doses above 1×1017cm−2 As atoms are displaced by about 0.12 Å from the regular lattice sites.
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  • 13
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Positron annihilation measurements of the coincidence count rate at the peak of the angular correlation curve (CCR) have been performed as a function of temperature for the alloy systemFeTi in a concentration range up to about 1.3 at. %. The concentration dependence of the effective vacancy formation enthalpy (H 1V F )eff suggests the existence of an attractive interaction between vacancies and the impurity atoms. It will be shown that the description of the vacancy concentration in an alloy according to the Lomer model is not valid in this case, because it neglects binding of vacancies to solute atom pairs and to higher agglomerates. The application of a model proposed by Dorn and Mitchell gives evidence that beyond the binding of a vacancy to a single solute atom in the concentration range investigated also aggregates of a vacancy bound to two and three foreign atoms must be taken into account. The analysis of the measurements according to the method of Hehenkamp and Sander gives values for the respective vacancy-solute-atom(s) binding enthalpies H 1 B =0.25eV, H 2 B =0.53eV and H 3 B =0.91eV. The discussion of the temperature and solute-atoms concentration dependence of the vacancy concentration suggests a much more complicated behaviour than for pure metals even at low solute-atom concentrations.
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  • 14
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    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 195-198 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 76.80 ; 81.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Polycrystalline samples of LiNbO3 doped by the enriched57Fe isotope have been studied at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures by nuclear γ-resonance (NGR). Iron impurity concentrations were 0.07, 0.30, 1.02, 2.06 at.%, the Li/Nb ratio being 0.935, 0.990, 1.000. An asymmetry of the quadrupole doublet of NGR experimental spectra has been found. Acceptable hypotheses are discussed to explain the nature of the asymmetry: the Goldanskii-Karyagin effect, the effect of sample texture, and the electron and nuclear spin-lattice relaxation effect. On the basis of computed NGR spectra and thorough analysis of the models we can conclude that there is tendency to form coupled pairs of Fe2+ cations in neighbour lithium and niobium sites. The probability of the formation of such pairs exceeds considerably the statistical value.
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  • 15
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 393-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 85.30 ; 61.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The implantation of nitrogen into silicon to produce Si3N4 layers was investigated to find an alternative to CVD-Si3N4 layers used in ISOPLANAR-and LOCOS-technology. The technological properties of the implanted Si3N4 layers in respect to oxidation inhibition and etching are comparable or superior to CVD-Si3N4 layers. The implanted layers are more resistent against oxidation for nitrogen doses of 2.4×1017 cm−2 at 30keV. The etching behavior is comparable for both types of Si3N4-layers. In the implanted layers no pinholes are found and threre is no formation of a bird's beak, as is well known in the case of CVD-nitride.
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  • 16
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 415-419 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 61.60 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The positron lifetime in electron-irradiated undoped and doped silicon crystals is studied as a function of temperature between 90 and 300 K. We show that the temperature dependence of the two lifetime components does not arise from the escape, but from the trapping rate at defects. The temperature dependences of the capture cross sections are deduced. It is concluded that in undoped crystals the positrons interact with negatively charged and neutral defects, probably divacancies and vacancy-oxygen complexes, respectively. In strongly P-doped crystals positron trapping occurs preferably in negatively charged centers.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analytical expression of the modified form of the Einstein relation in heavily doped semiconductors in which Gaussian band tails are formed near the lower limit of heavy doping is derived for studying the temperature dependence of the diffusivity-mobility ratio of the carriers in such semiconductors. It is found that, with increasing temperature from relatively low values, the ratio first increases in a nonlinear manner and then decreases till, at high temperatures, it approaches its value corresponding to the non-degenerate condition resulting in a peak over a narrow range of temperatures.
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  • 18
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73 ; 85.30 ; 06
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Al2O3−CdSe interface of a thin-film transistor is investigated in the frequency range 30 Hz-30 kHz under weak depletion and accumulation. The surface states are, most likely, located in the insulator Al2O3 with a concentration varying from 4·1018 to 1019 cm−3 eV−1. The surface states have a negligible influence on the thin-film transistor operation.
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  • 19
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 361-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The diffusion of Au in Si is known to take place via the interchange of Au atoms between substitutional (Au s ) and interstitial (Au i ) sites. So far it has generally been believed that this interchange involves lattice vacancies (V) and that it occurs via the Frank-Turnbull mechanism V+Au i ⇆Au s . It is stated in the literature that this model explains the observation that the Au s concentrationC s m in the centre of Au-diffused Si wafers increases with timet according to $$C_s^m \propto \sqrt t $$ . We show that this statement is incorrect, i.e., the Frank-Turnbull model cannot account for the $$C_s^m \propto \sqrt t $$ law. Such a dependence is expected in the case of Si wafers with a sufficiently low density of internal sinks for self-interstitials if the Au i −Au s interchange is controlled by the so-called kick-out mechanism Au i ⇆Au s +1. Since this mechanism involves self-interstitials (I) the present result is in accordance with the fact that under high-temperature equilibrium conditions the dominating intrinsic point defects in Si are self-interstitials and not vacancies as in Ge or metals.
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  • 20
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 95-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 77.20 ; 79.20 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the frequency of the applied voltage on the breakdown of semiconductors is investigated. Unlike earlier observations, our experiment yields, in some cases, a breakdown voltage versus frequency curve which is similar in nature to the high-frequency breakdown characteristics in gas devices wherein the breakdown voltage shows a minimum at a certain frequency. A possible theoretical explanation for the above behaviour of semiconductor devices based on dielectric heating is given, which is in fair agreement with the observations.
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  • 21
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 155-160 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 76 ; 61.70
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The high-field susceptibility of a cylindrical EuS single crystal was measured in the temperature range between 2.5 K and 16.5 K with applied magnetic fields up to 45 kOe. The measured field dependence of the susceptibility was explained by taking into consideration thermally excited spin waves and the influence of microstructural defects on the spin arrangement. The exchange integral with nearest neighbour and next-nearest neighbour atoms,J=J 1+J2, was determined to be (0.14±0.02)k B(K). This result is in good agreement with the value derived from neutron scattering experiments. The analysis of the influence of different types of crystal defects on the law of approach to ferromagnetic saturation shows that the nonmagnetic inclusions play a dominant role in our case. The deduced density of nonmagnetic inclusions according to the micromagnetic theory agrees well with the result of scanning elecron microscope (SEM) observations.
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  • 22
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 185-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 06 ; 07 ; 61.70
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract New methods for thermal-equilibrium investigations of atomic vacancies or of dislocation movements in metals require measurements of minute resistance fluctuations. The accuracy of such measurements is limited by thermal noise from the resistor. The present paper proposes a method for analysing resistance fluctuations independent of voltage noise.
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  • 23
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 385-388 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 81.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of pulsed electron-beam annealing of high-dose As implanted {111} Si single crystals has been studied. The depth distributions and lattice location of the As atoms were obtained using MeV4He+ backscattering and channeling technique. The implantation energy was 100 keV with a total dose of 3.5·1016/cm2. Above the threshold energy of 0.9 J/cm2 the single-crystal transition was observed with about 95% of the As atoms on substitutional lattice sites. This leads to an As concentration of 2·1021/cm3 which was demonstrated to be a metastable one.
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  • 24
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    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 197-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 ; 73 ; 85.30
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The diffusion behavior of implanted arsenic in polycrystalline silicon was investigated, using backscattering and electrical measurements. The diffusion coefficient isD=8.5×10−3 exp (−2.74/kT) for polycrystalline silicon deposited on freshly-etched silicon andD=1.66 exp (−3.22/kT) for the deposition on silicon having natural oxide. At the interface to the single-crystalline silicon, a pile-up of arsenic occurs, which depends also on the surface treatment prior to the deposition of the polycrystalline silicon.
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  • 25
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    Applied physics 25 (1981), S. 13-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73 ; 85.30
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A photoelectrochemical etching technique which was formerly used to improve the performance of CdSe1 and Cd(Se, Te)2 based photoelectrochemical cells (PEC's) was further used to improve the short-circuit current and the fill factor of CdS based PEC's. It is suggested that this method can be used to improve photovoltaic cells having CdS as one of their components.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.70 ; 61.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The sensitivity of positrons to point defects created by the irradiation of V3Si with neutrons is demonstrated. We found no indication of thermal vacancies by thermal equilibrium measurement up to 1273 K which indicates that the monovacancy formation enthalpy for V3Si isH 1V F ≧(1.84±0.14) eV. Investigations within the range of homogeneity for excess vanadium suppot the idea that substitutional defects are the dominating defect type, whereas for excess silicon a direct confirmation of existing structural vacancies as the dominating defect type is given.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 85.30 ; 72.20 ; 72.15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to study the effect of a quantizing magnetic field on the effective electron mass in degeneraten-type narrow-gap semiconductors at low temperatures. It is found, takingn-Hg1−x Cd x Te as an example, that the effective electron mass shows an oscillatory magnetic-field dependence as is expected because of the dependence of the effective mass in degenerate non-parabolic bands on Fermi energy which oscillates with changing magnetic field. The amplitude of oscillations is, however, found to be significantly influenced by the alloy composition whereas the period is found to be independent of the band non-parabolicity, i.e. of the compositional parameter in ternary semiconductors.
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  • 28
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    Applied physics 25 (1981), S. 119-125 
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    Keywords: 72.40 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An infinite stack ofp—n junctions with smoothly varying bandgap from ∞ to 0 is considered. AnI —V characteristic is derived, which is more correct than the classical exponential characteristic. It is shown that open-circuit operation is a reversible process and leads to the Carnot efficiency, if one defines the efficiency in the way that is usual in the theory of thermodynamic engines. If instead one uses the definition of efficiency usual in photovoltaics, open-circuit mode gives rise to zero efficiency. Then operation at maximum efficiency equals operation at maximum power and is not reversible.
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  • 29
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    Applied physics 25 (1981), S. 139-142 
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    Keywords: 61.80 ; 78.30 ; 85.30
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract High power density electron beams offer new opportunities for studies of epitaxial growth of semiconductor materials. Assuming that the mechanism of epitaxial growth can be understood as a surface melting followed by supercooling regrowth, the heat flow equation has been applied to calculate the temperature reached after an electron beam pulse of power density between 0.5–2 J/cm2. Comparison with laser annealing is made.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The work described in this paper is concerned with the possible applications in integrated circuits of thin-film field effect transistors (FETs) made from glow discharge amorphous (a-) silicon and silicon nitride. The construction and performance of inverter circuits, employing integrated a-Si load resistors, are described in some detail. The extension of this basic circuit to NAND and NOR gates, to a bistable multivibrator and to a shift register is reported. Based on the excellent photoconductive properties of a-Si an integrated addressable photosensing element has been constructed, which could have potential applications in imaging arrays.
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  • 31
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    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 195-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 81.10 ; 66.30
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    Notes: Abstract The rapid solidification of silicon layers melted by high-power laser pulses lead to an enhanced incorporation of implanted dopants in substitutional lattice sites. A review of experimental results, heat and mass transport calculations, is presented together with the latest models for solute redistribution during rapid solidification. Interfacial instabilities, leading to cell structure and other factors limiting the maximum concentration of incorporated dopants are also presented.
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  • 32
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    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 233-235 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 71.55
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    Notes: Abstract It is found from DLTS measurements that plastic deformation of GaAs single crystal creates a new kind of electron traps with an activation energy of 0.37 eV, and gives rise to an increase in the concentration of main electron traps with an energy of 0.80 eV. By comparing the concentrations of the main electron traps before and after deformation with analogous concentrations of AsGa paramagnetic centers, found by EPR experiments, it is concluded that the centers observed in both cases are of the same origin. A nonstandard feature of the main traps is discovered: linear dependence of the DLTS-peak amplitude on the logarithm of the filling-pulse duration time. This feature can be explained in terms of the barrier-limited capture rate, assuming the traps are arranged in rows.
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  • 33
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71.55 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract The space charge analysis within depletion layers in semiconductors containing deep trap levels is reconsidered. A simple approach to the frequency dependence of the admittance ofp +/n junctions is properly generalized in order to deal with the effect of interface states at heterojunctions and Schottky barriers, as well as with a special case for the space distribution of the trap density. The density of interface states atp-Ge/CdS heterojunctions is so derived. Approximate analytical solutions accounting for a spatially distributed time constant are obtained for the admittance ofp +/n junctions with a single trap state. A comparison with experimental data is given and discussed.
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  • 34
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    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 155-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 66.30 ; 61.70 ; 82.65
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    Notes: Abstract The proton conductivity in tetragonal H3OUO2AsO4·(3-δ)H2O has been measured above the transition temperature at 299 K. The conductivity, calorimetric and spectroscopic data depend on the water content and the transition is suggested to be a peritectic reaction setting free a small amount of solution, which stays strongly adsorbed between the layers of the structure and gives rise to the high conductivity.
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  • 35
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 257-261 
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    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.70 ; 81
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    Notes: Abstract The positron lifetime was measured in cadmium in the temperature range between 80 K and 500 K. For the first time a plateau was observed by this method in polycrystalline samples. The obtained data are well explained by depletion of shallow traps forT≤180 K and by self-trapping in the prevacancy region.
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  • 36
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    Keywords: 73 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to investigate the effect of a quantizing magnetic field on the capacitance of MOS structures of small-gap semiconductors havingn-channel inversion layers under the weak electric-field limit. It is found, takingn-channel InSb as an example, that both the MOS and surface capacitances show spiky oscillations with changing magnetic field. It is further observed that the sharpness and the depths of the spikes increase with increasing magnetic field whereas the depths are found to decrease with increasing thickness of the insulating layer.
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  • 37
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    Keywords: 68.50 ; 61.70
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    Notes: Abstract A summary of the theoretical and experimental investigations carried out to understand the problem of epitaxy is given. The effect of deposition conditions and the nature of the substrate-deposit combination on the orientation of the final film is discussed. The importance of the nucleation and growth stages, reorientation and recrystallization effects and the influence of the impurities and defects in the substrate surface on the quality of the films deposited are presented.
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  • 38
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    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 161-167 
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    Keywords: 61.70 ; 61.80 ; 68.55
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we want to show by means of Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) techniques that the recrystallization processes taking place on amorphous germanium films irradiated with low-power superimposed ruby laser pulses occur gradually. Furthermore, in implanted α-Ge films the amorphous-crystalline front moves from the surface of the specimen towards the substrate, while the opposite occurs for glow-discharge deposited films. Moreover, electron microscope observations carried out with a double-stage carbon replica technique at different depths in the specimen show that defect migration is one of the competitive mechanisms in low-power laser annealing.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to investigate the effect of size quantization on the diffusivity-mobility ratio of the carriers in ultrathin films of semiconductors having Kane-type nonparabolic energy bands. It is shown, takingn-type InSb as an example, that the ratio oscillates both with increasing film thickness and with increasing carrier concentration under degenerate conditions and remains unaffected otherwise. The corresponding results for parabolic semiconductors are also obtained from the expressions derived.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments aimed at improving the performance of amorphous silicon field effect transistors has been carried out. The dc and dynamic characteristics of the optimised devices are described. Stable devices capable of ON-currents of the order of 100 μA with OFF-currents ≃10−11 A can be fabricated which could, in principle, be used to address more than 1000 lines of a liquid crystal display. The properties of the highly conducting ON-state channel have also been studied. The field effect mobility, 0.3 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature, has an activation energy of 0.1 eV at the higher gate voltages. The possible reasons for the improvement in performance over earlier devices are discussed.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.20 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract Photovoltaicp-n junctions inn-type Pb1−xMn x Sx≦0.04, have been made by sulphur diffusion. Current-voltage and resistance-voltage characteristics have been examined at various temperatures. The spectral responses of the diodes have been measured within the temperature range from 5 to 300 K at a zero bias. From these measurements the energy band gap of Pb1−x Mn x S solid solution has been determined as a function of temperature and manganese content. A phenomenological expression describing the variation of the energy gap of Pb1−x Mn x S with temperature and alloy composition has been proposed.
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  • 42
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 HJ ; 73.60 F ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract Carrier heating is shown to be responsible for unusualI(V) characteristics observed in small-sizep + nn + silicon on sapphire (SOS) devices. The classical quadratic law of the “semiconductor” regime becomes linear for high fields. The influence of dimensions and doping is experimentally checked and a model, based on the regional approximation method, is proposed. The key role is assumed by the hot-carrier region, growing from the cathode, where the electron and hole mobilities are field dependent: µ~E−γ. A full agreement with the experiment in SOS is found forγ=0.5. The operating of hot carrierp + nn + devices can be described concretely with usual formalism by using the concept of “effective” carrier mobilities, which depend on the applied voltage.
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  • 43
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 105-111 
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    Keywords: 71.55F ; 61.70 ; 73.40Q
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    Notes: Abstract The annealing behavior of trap-centers was studied in float-zone silicon wafers containing A-swirl defects. Samples from areas of high and low A-swirl density were annealed in nitrogen ambient between 100° and 900 °C, and analysed using the Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy. The results indicate, that two levels atE c }-0.07 eV,σ n=4.6×10−16 cm2, andE c−0.49eV,σ n=6.6×10−16cm2 are caused by one defect, for which the silicon di-selfinterstitial is a likely interpretation. A level atE c }-0.11 eV was assigned to interstitial carbon. Both defects annealed out at about 170 °C. After 600 °C annealing an additional level atE c−0.2 eV was detected, which was attributed to an interstitial silicon carbon complex. Heat treatment at 800 °C generated a new level atE c−0.49 eV,σ n=2.9×10−16cm2 only in the area of high A-swirl defect density. This level was also observed after oxidation and subsequent annealing of silicon.
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  • 44
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 249-253 
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    Keywords: 61.70 ; 61.80 ; 71.35 ; 78.55
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    Notes: Abstract The topograms revealing the anisotropic distribution of defects in the volume of monocrystalline YAG samples have been obtained by the thermoluminescence (TL) technique. It has also been shown that the anisotropic distribution of the lattice defects affects strongly the shape of the TL curves. The greatest changes in the TL intensity were observed in the areas of the samples distributed symmetrically every 120°. It was noted that the selective distribution of the TL intensity is caused mainly by the presence of the (211) facets as well as growth striations formed during the growth process. The groups of lines observed in the TL spectrum have been ascribed to the Tb3+ ions, excited owing to the radiationless energy transfer from the bound exciton states (BES).
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  • 45
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 123-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 85.30 ; 81.10 ; 73.60
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    Notes: Abstract GaAs MIS field effect transistors with a Ge3N4 dielectric gate have been investigated. No hysteresis loop and drain current drift has been observed in theI D -V Dcharacteristics. However, performance of the devices have been found to be limited by the contact resistance. FromI DS 1/2 -V G plot, the threshold voltage and effective channel mobility of the transistor have been obtained as -4.5V and 2800cm2v−1s−1, respectively. A maximum dc transconductance of 68 mS/mm of gate width has been achieved.
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  • 46
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that thin-film field effect transistors (FETs) made from amorphous (a-) silicon deposited by the glow-discharge technique have considerable potential as switching elements in addressable liquid crystal display panels. The fabrication of the elements and their characteristics with steady and pulsed applied potentials are discussed in some detail. Two important points are stressed: (i) a-Si device arrays can be produced by well-established photolithographic techniques, and (ii) satisfactory operation at applied voltages below 15VV is possible. Small experimental 7×5 transistor panels have been investigated and it is shown that with the present design up to 250-way multiplexing could be achieved. The reproducibility of FET characteristics is good and in tests so far no change has been observed after more than 109 switching operations.
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  • 47
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    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 257-261 
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    Keywords: 61.70 ; 71.55
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    Notes: Abstract Deformation-produced deep levels, both of electron and hole traps, have been studied using deep level transient capacitance spectroscopy (DLTS) for an undopedn-type GaAs (HB grown) compressed at 440°C. Concentrations of two grown-in electron trap levels (E c −0.65eV andE c −0.74eV) and one grown-in hole trap level (E v +∼0.4eV) increase with plastic deformation, while that of a grown-in electron trap level (E c −∼0.3eV) decreases in an early stage of deformation. While no new peak appeared in the electron trap DLTS spectrum after plastic deformation, in the hole trap DLTS spectrum a broad spectrum, seemingly composed of many peaks, newly appeared in a middle temperature range, which may be attributed to electronic energy levels of dislocations with various characters.
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    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 123-126 
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    Keywords: 61.70
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    Notes: Abstract The displacement field around a dislocation loop had been calculated to give the diminishing factor of X-ray diffraction intensity from a fatigued Al sample. Experimentally had been measured this factor on the samples fatigued at room temperature and at low temperature. From these the size and density of dislocation loops can be deduced. Results show that in the sample fatigued at room temperature there is no significant change in dislocation structure while at low temperature in fatigued sample occurs a large amount of dislocation loops whose density is 1014−1017cm−3 while their radii are between 100 and 1000 Å.
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  • 49
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    Notes: Abstract An extensive analysis of the substitutional dopant diffusion phenomena in silicon during oxidation is presented. The analysis covers qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of the oxidation-enhanced and -retarded diffusion (OED and ORD) phenomena, and examines three different possible assumptions that can be made on the nature of the silicon thermal equilibrium point defect species: silicon self-interstitials (I) only, vacancies (V) only, coexistence of I and V. The only consistent way to interpret all properly documented OED/ORD data is to assume that I and V coexist under oxidation as well as under thermal equilibrium conditions at high temperatures.
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    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 109-114 
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    Keywords: 61.70 ; 65
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    Notes: Abstract Distribution and morphology for dislocations introduced in (001) Si wafers subjected to bending stress at 800°, 900°, and 1100°C were investigated. For wafers bent around a [110] axis at 900° and 1100°C, straight dislocations appeared along the [110] direction only near the neutral plane, and were absent at the surfaces where bending stress is greatest. However, for wafers bent at 800 °C, such straight dislocations were not formed. Dependence of the dislocation distribution and morphology on heat treatment temperature is explained on the basis of interaction between bending stress and SiO2 precipitates introduced in bulk. Also, it was found that the straight [110] dislocations remained still near the neutral plane, even when additional reverse bending stress was applied around an axis parallel to the dislocations, but were transfered toward the tensile surface by bending around an axis normal to the dislocation direction.
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    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 147-152 
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    Keywords: 61.80 ; 85.30 ; 71.20
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    Notes: Abstract Deep-level transient spectroscopy has been used to investigate the defects remaining in ion implantedp-n junctions in silicon after various pulsed annealing techniques, including ruby and YAG lasers as well as pulsed electron beams (PEBA). The nature and distribution of the various identified levels are discussed for each procedure as a function of various experimental parameters.
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    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 183-185 
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    Keywords: 61.80 ; 85.30 ; 71.20
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    Notes: Abstract The N2, O2, H2O, and CO2 molecules that have condensed on the surface of a pyroelectric tourmaline crystal were degassed successively by means of electron bombardment. The temperature dependence of the electrostatic field strength on the specimen surface was observed by electron diffraction; it decreased as the degassing advanced. The tourmaline surface behaved as a gas Chromatographic adsorbent.
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    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 159-161 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 66.30 ; 61.70 ; 42.60
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    Notes: Abstract The entire sodium ion content of sodiumβ″ alumina (Na1.67Mg0.67Al10.33O17) can be replaced with a variety of lanthanide ions by simple diffusion reactions at moderate temperatures (500–700°C). Lanthanideβ″ alumina crystals are hard, clear, chemically stable, and have well-defined crystal structures. The fluorescence spectrum of Nd3+ inβ″ alumina is similar to that in YAG. The lifetime of the4 F 3/2 state of Nd3+ in completely-exchangedβ″ alumina (350μs at 1021 Nd3+ cm−3) is about 45% longer than in YAG (240μs at 1020Nd3+ cm−3). The lanthanideβ″ aluminas may be of considerable interest as new phosphor and laser host materials.
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  • 54
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    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.70 ; 81
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    Notes: Abstract For the first time the positron lifetimes in polycrystalline tin have been measured as a function of temperature in the whole range from 80 K to the melting point. The temperature dependence of the mean lifetime could be divided into four regions which can be attributed to the depletion of shallow traps, normal thermal expansion, prevacancy effects, and trapping by vacancies, respectively. In one of the samples the phase transition fromβ- toα-Sn clearly could be detected at 230 K by a sharp increase in the mean lifetime.
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  • 55
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    Notes: Abstract Trapping of positrons at vacancy-type defects in magnesium was studied by positron lifetime and Doppler-broadening measurements. Vacancy defects were produced by quenching, electron irradiation and deformation at low temperatures as well as by thermal agitation at elevated temperatures. In the first three cases we observed trapping at multiple vacancies, which anneal out between 77...400 K. Thermal equilibrium measurements show S-shape behaviour originating from positron trapping at magnesium monovacancies. However, changes in the positron parameters were very small, which is due to the weakness of the positron-vacancy interaction. A detrapping analysis yielded a positron-vacancy binding energy of the order of 0.3...0.4 eV.
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  • 56
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    Keywords: 61.70 ; 61.80
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    Notes: Abstract In (100)p-Si radiation damage was produced by implanting B+ ions with an energy of 80keV, 90keV and 1.6MeV. The specimens were annealed by scanned electronbeam irradiation (20keV, 1–2mAcm−2). The formation, evolution and annihilation of defects during the irradiation process were investigated by employing DLTS and RBS measuring techniques. The results show a minimum of defect concentration and an efficiency of the electrical activation of B higher than 80% at an annealing time of 4.5 s. For irradiation times longer than 5 s it becomes evident, that the crystal surface acts as source of defects and contributes to an increase in defect concentration.
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    Notes: Abstract Positron-annihilation lineshape parameter measurements were performed during isothermal annealing of room temperature deformed iron. An isothermal annealing effect is seen in impure iron while in pure iron no effect is measured.
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 149-152 
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    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.70
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    Notes: Abstract A simple model is developed for the trapping of positrons at grain boundaries. It is shown that there is a linear relationship between any linear annihilation parameter and the inverse grain size. An effective grain boundary width is defined, which depends on the positron diffusion length and on the strength of the grain boundary for positrons. The effect of detrapping on this effective width is also considered. The model is tested by using the experimental results available in the literature.
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 171-176 
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    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66 ; 85.30
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    Notes: Abstract The paper presents a theoretical study of the diffusion of gold into dislocated silicon wafers in terms of the kick-out mechanism Au i ⇄Au s +I, where Au i , Au s , andI mean Au interstitials, substitutional Au atoms, and Si self-interstitials, respectively. In agreement with experiments it is found that the Au s concentration in the centre of a wafer,C s m , increases with the durationt of the diffusion anneal according toC s m =C s eq (k 0 t)1/2 except forC s m values in the vicinity of the solubility limitC s eq of Au s . Approximate analytical expressions fork 0 as a function of the densityN I of the dislocations acting asI sinks are given for the entire regime 0≦NI〈+t8.
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    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 175-178 
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    Keywords: 61.40 ; 85.30 ; 85.60
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    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the design and development of an amorphous silicon (a-Si) image sensing element that combines the excellent photo-conductive properties ofa-Si with the proven switching performance ofa-Si field effect transistor (FET) devices. In the present design the switching element is fabricated on top of the photoconductor, making possible an imaging element that is compact, and capable of being produced in linear or two-dimensional arrays. The output current of an integrated elementary device varies from about 10 ΜA at a white light intensity of 1017 photons s−1 cm−2 to about 10 nA at 1013 photons s−1 cm−2. This large dynamic range, providing an excellent grey scale, can be achieved with read-times of about 20 Μs.
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 109-114 
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    Keywords: 61.70
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    Notes: Abstract Dislocation configurations and stacking faults in commercial copper rods after 20% and 70% cold-rolling, fatigue and unidirectional tension here studied by x-ray line profile analysis. The analysis of dislocation is based on the Stokes method, the Warren-Averbach analysis and the Wilkens theory for Gaussian or mixed type of strain broadening profiles. For the Cauchy type the range of stress field of dislocations is small, and a model of regular distribution of dislocation dipoles is proposed instead of the Wilkens model of a restrictedly random distribution of dislocations. Due to the obvious texture in all four kinds of deformed samples, the possible glide systems are obtained by using a biaxial stress system. The analysis of stacking faults is based on theories of Patterson, Warren, and Wagner by measuring profile peak shifts, asymmetry and broadening. The broadening due to perfect dislocations and stacking faults can easily be separated. The configuration parameters and density of dislocations, the probabilities of intrinsic, extrinsic and twin stacking faults were deduced in all cases.
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of mobile space charge on avalanche zone width and conversion efficiency of single drift region (SDR) indium phosphide impatts at 12 and 60 GHz has been investigated. The results show thatp +nn+ InP diodes have a narrower avalanche zone and a higher conversion efficiency compared ton +pp+ diodes for both the frequencies at normal operating current densities. The expansion of avalanche zone and efficiency degradation at high current levels are more pronounced inp +nn+ at 12 GHz and inn +pp+ at 60 GHz.
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  • 63
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 145-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 85.30 ; 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A current oscillation phenomenon in SOGICON type Si device fabricated by the use of a planar process is studied. The oscillation is generated in the region between anode and notch which is located at the center on the sample. A considerably high electric field is observed in the notch region. Considering the hot-electron effect due to the high electric field, the mechanism underlying the current oscillation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 64
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 199-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Conditions are discussed under which an interstitial atom absorbed in the core of a gliding 60° dislocation belonging to the glide set can be transformed into an antisite defect. The mechanism considered may be responsible for an increase in the concentration of AsGa defects observed in GaAs single crystals after their plastic deformation.
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  • 65
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 225-231 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71.55 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Admittance measurements have been performed to reveal trap levels within the space charge region of CdZnS/p-GaAs heterojunctions prepared by chemical vapour deposition in the close-spaced geometry. The presence, between GaAs and the CdZnS layer, of a transition region containing a high concentration of acceptor-like traps is hypothesized. Taking into account electric field effects, a ionization energy greater than 0.28 eV is estimated for the trap state.
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  • 66
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 79-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 66.30 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The information available on the diffusion of oxygen and on the formation of thermal donors in silicon is critically reviewed. In this context the effects of intrinsic point defects on the diffusion-controlled growth of oxygen precipitates is investigated in some detail. Seemingly contradictory experimental results on the diffusivity of oxygen in silicon at temperatures around 400° C are explained in terms offast-diffusing gas-like molecular oxygen in silicon. The concept of molecular oxygen is also invoked in a newly suggested model of thermal donor formation in silicon. The diffusivity of molecular oxygen in silicon is estimated to be around 10−9cm2s−1 at 450° C, almost nine orders of magnitude higher than the diffusivity of atomic oxygen in interstitial position.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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