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  • growth
  • Springer  (48)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • Institute of Physics (IOP)
  • Rockport, TX
  • 1980-1984  (48)
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (48)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • Institute of Physics (IOP)
  • Rockport, TX
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (4)
Years
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 75-81 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nezara viridula ; insect dietetics ; growth ; fecundity ; flight capacity ; Heteroptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets du régime alimentaire pendant le 5ème stade sur les performances imaginales de N. viridula ont été déterminés en comparant la croissance, la fécondité, la durée du vol captif, et l'accumulation de corps gras chez des insectes élevés sur 4 régimes stérilisés. A partir de la formation des larves de 5ème stade, elles ont été alimentées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou transférées sur un régime formé exclusivement d'arachides, ou de haricots verts, ou de graines de soja ‘trempées’, cependant la durée du 5ème stade. Les insectes ont été transférés sur un régime de haricots verts et arachides à leur émergence. Les femelles élevées continuellement de haricots verts et arachides étaient plus lourdes (P〈0,01) à l'émergence (161,6 mg) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (146,3 mg) pendant le 5ème stade, et pondent plus d'oeufs (P〈0,08) pendant une durée de 34 jours (100,9 oeufs) que celles élevées sur arachides (54,7 oeufs). Plus de femelles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (76,2%) pondent que celles élevées sur arachides (61,1%), soja ‘trempé’ (62,5%), ou haricots verts (60,9%). Les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient plus longtemps (P 〈 0,01) (42,9 mn) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (19,8 mn) pendant des vols captifs le 3ème jour après l'émergence. 78% de toutes les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient 〉-30 mn, contre 50% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou soja ‘trempé’, et 35% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts. Seulement 7% des femelles élevées sur haricots verts volaient à la 60ème minute à la fin du test, contre 25% pour les femelles soja ‘trempé’, 33% pour les femelles haricots verts et arachides, et 47% pour celles élevées sur arachides. Les femelles ont été disséquées 34 jours après l'émergence pour déterminer l'importance du corps gras. Les indices de corps gras (Kiritani, 1963) montraient que les femelles élevées sur arachides (1,8) et graines de soja (1,7) ont apparemment un corps gras plus développé que celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (1,5), our haricots verts (1,2), pendant le 5ème stade. Ces résultats montrent que l'alimentation pendant le dernier stade larvaire de N. viridula affecte irréversiblement la croissance, la fécondité et l'aptitude au vol des femelles. En estimant que des résultats semblables auraient été obtenus avec des insectes élevés sur ces 4 aliments depuis l'éclosion, haricots verts et arachides constituent le meilleur aliment pour l'élevage de N. viridula. Ce régime fournit une graine mûre, vraisemblablement nécessaire pour l'accumulation d'un corps gras suffisant et une aptitude au vol migratoire, et une plante verte qui fournit les aliments apparement essentiels à l'ovogenèse.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of diet during the fifth stadium on performance of adult N. viridula were determined through comparing growth, fecundity, and duration of tethered flight of insects reared on four axenic diets: fresh green bean, raw-shelled peanut, a combination of the two and soaked soybean seed. Females reared on the combination diet were heavier than those reared on green beans and oviposited more than those reared on peanuts. Three-day-old adult females reared on peanuts flew longer than those reared on green beans. More females reared on diets containing mature seed showed a capacity for extended flight and had larger fat bodies at 34-days postemergence. Thus, inadequate diet during the fifth stadium irreversibly affected growth, development, reproduction and flight capacity.
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  • 3
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 29 (1981), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteronychus arator ; Scarabaeidae ; larvae ; consumption ; utilization ; growth ; feeding ; roots ; Paspalum dilatatum ; Lolium perenne ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Futteraufnahme, die Futterverwertung und das Wachstum von Drittstadiumlarven von H. arator beim Fressen von Wurzeln von Paspalum dilatatum, Raygras (Lolium perenne) und Weissklee (Trifolium repens) wurden gravimetrisch gemessen. Der durchschnittliche Futterverzehrindex auf Gräsern war 0.65 mg/mg Larve/Woche verglichen mit 0.18 auf Weissklee. Die relative Wachstumsrate auf Paspalum und Raygras was 0.158 und 0.124 mg/mg Larve/Woche verglichen mit 0.043 auf Weissklee, was den geringen Verzehr an Weisskleewurzel widerspiegelt. Die Verwertung der gefressenen Wurzel war 22%, 18% und 24% für Paspalum, Ryagras und Weissklee. Das Fehlen gesicherter Unterschiede in der Futterverwertung der drei Pflanzenarten deutet darauf hin, dass die geringe Wachstumsrate auf Weissklee bloss durch geringe Futteraufnahme verursacht ist. Es wurde gezeigt, dass in Weisskleewurzel Frasinhibitoren für H. arator vorhanden sind. Die erhaltenen Schätzungen für Futteraufnahme durch Scarabaeiden sind die besten Daten für wurzelfressende Arten und liefern eine Basis, um den Einfluss der Weidepflanzen auf H. arator Populationen zu verstehen.
    Notes: Abstract The consumotion, utilization and growth of third-instar larvae of black beetle, Heteronychus arator (F.) feeding on roots of ryegrass (Lolium perenne), paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) and white clover (Trifolium repens) were studied. Consumption was greater on the grasses than on white clover when assessed by gravimetric methods. Larvae had a higher growth rate on the grasses. Utilization of the roots of the three species was similar indicating that poor growth on white clover is the result of low consumption probably induced by the presence of feeding deterrents in the roots.
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  • 4
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 1 (1980), S. 177-190 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: winter wheat ; nitrogen uptake ; autumn dressing ; split-dressing ; growth ; grain yield ; protein content ; harvest-index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment with the winter wheat cultivar Donata was carried out on a fine-textured river clay soil in 1978. The rates of nitrogen dressing ranged from 0 to 160 kg N per ha and were split over from one up to three application times: autumn, early spring and late spring. Total above-ground dry matter and grain dry-weight yields ranged from 9.1 to 13.7 tons per ha and from 4.17 to 6.35 tons per ha, respectively. Late top-dressings increased the harvest-index, whereas an autumn dressing had the opposite effect. Number of culms per m2, grain weight (mg) and grain number per m2 increased from 350 to 430, from 35.5 to 36.8 and from 11 680 to 16 980, respectively, as the nitrogen dosage was raised from 0 to 160 kg N per ha. The linear rate of grain growth ranged from 111 to 172 kg dry matter per ha per day with nitrogen doses from 0 to 160 kg N per ha. Differences in rate of grain growth per unit area were mainly related to number of grains per m2. The association between grain number and grain yield was reflected by a correlation coefficient of 0.97 (n = 32). A higher level of nitrogen dressing enhanced the leaf area index and leaf area duration. However, we could not derive an effect of nitrogen on the duration of grain growth. Total nitrogen yield ranged from 71 to 166 kg N per ha and grain nitrogen yield from 54 to 122 kg N per ha with nitrogen dosages of 0 and 160 kg N per ha, respectively. The nitrogen concentration of the grains varied between 1.3 and 2.0 N. An autumn dressing of 40 kg N per ha generally showed only minor effects on yield and yield components. Top dressings during spring resulted in a higher recovery and efficiency of the applied nitrogen. Therefore, it may be concluded from this experiment and literature that on fertile soils an autumn dressing of nitrogen will not be economical, but split-dressings in spring are very beneficial. In particular, a late nitrogen application during the boot stage increased grain number, harvest-index and grain yield as well as protein concentration of the grain.
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  • 5
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 25-36 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: iodine ; lucerne ; ryegrass ; growth ; chemical composition ; nutrient-solutions ; ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen ; acidity ; volatilization ; fertilizers ; grazing animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of lucerne was inhibited by sodium iodide even more than that of ryegrass above a concentration equivalent to 1µg cm−3 of iodine in an applied solution. In sand-culture the extent to which the iodide depressed yield of dry matter depended on the type of nutrient-solution used to stimulate and maintain vigorous growth. In contrast, where the plants were grown in soil the depression was independent of the nutrient-solution used. This difference between solutions is a reflection of the extent to which growing plants can modify pH in the root-zone of a sandy unbuffered substrate and leads to a conclusion that acidity greatly enhances the toxic effect of the iodine. There are reasons for believing that in sunlight iodine may be lost by volatilization even from living plant-tissue. The implication of these findings is discussed in relation to using either iodized fertilizers or iodized salt-blocks in order to maintain iodine in pastoral systems at levels satisfactory for animal-health.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: growth ; differentiation ; mammary epithelium ; collagen gel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mammary glands are enzymatically dissociated and the resulting tissue digest enriched for epithelial cells by isopycnic banding on a density gradient of Percoll. The cells are embedded within a rat tail collagen gel matrix and fed with the appropriate medium. Growth and differentiation are superior in such a system when compared to culture on plastic, using identical media.
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  • 7
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    Potato research 24 (1981), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: growth ; yield ; fertilizer mixes ; solubilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The growth of potato plants and yield of tubers were poor in plots fertilized with rock phosphate alone but the addition of pyrites so improved its efficacy that it outyielded superphosphate in one season. A mixture of rock phosphate and superphosphate, in equal proportions on a P basis, was found to be 85–93% as effective as suerphosphate in increasing tuber yield.
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  • 8
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 98 (1984), S. 1159-1161 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: motor response ; growth ; catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 9
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 10 (1982), S. 335-348 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; growth ; literature growth ; logistic function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The literature growth in pharmacokinetics and bioavailability between the years 1964 and 1980 is analyzed. During much of this period, the literature doubled approximately every 1.6 years. However, during the period 1978–1980, little or no growth was observed. During the period 1950–1967, the total chemical literature increased exponentially with a half-life of 8.28 years; between 1968 and 1980, the half-life was 12.4 years. Thus, the pharmacokinetic literature increased at a much more rapid pace than did the total chemical literature in general. The subject of growth is considered in a general context, particularly as influenced by psychological, sociological, political, and economic factors. It is concluded that while mathematical functions may adequately describe past literature trends, they have little if any utility in predicting future trends in specific research areas such as pharmacokinetics.
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  • 10
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1981), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: children ; growth ; high protein rice ; nitrogen retention ; rice-based diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of high protein milled rices (IR480-5-9 and IR2153-338-3, 10% protein) on the nitrogen retention and growth of preschool Indian children was assessed in two feeding trials in a residential home. The children were offered, ad libitum, a rice-based diet in four meals daily without vitamin and mineral supplement. The children in the experimental group were given the high protein rice; those in the control group were given a local rice (7% protein). The groups had similar percent apparent digestibility and retention of dietary nitrogen. Statistically significant differences in increase in height and weight between the two groups were not consistently observed at the end of 4.5 to 5 months or 1 year. Possible factors contributing to these results are discussed.
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  • 11
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    Hydrobiologia 110 (1984), S. 241-245 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sudan ; pearl oyster ; feeding ; growth ; Red Sea ; Sudan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plankton samples and gut contents of P. margaritifera were analysed monthly from April 1972 to March 1973. Coscinodiscus sp. was the most ingested food by pearl oysters of all ages. However, food variety increased as the oyster grew older. Experiments confirmed the absence of food selectivity in P. margaritifera. Unlike the young ones, the adult showed reduced growth during summer (July–September), which coincides with its spawning season.
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  • 12
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    Hydrobiologia 119 (1984), S. 227-233 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ephemerella subvaria ; autochthonous ; allochthonous ; algae ; diatoms ; macrophytes ; organic matter ; diet ; growth ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In two laboratory tests at 15 °C early-instar nymphs of the mayfly, Ephemerella subvaria were kept on different diets and their survival and growth recorded. The diets were either conditioned maple leaf discs; maple leaf disc remnants + Gammarus faecal material; maple leaf disc remnants + Hesperophylax faecal material; a clump of Cladophora strands or periphytic growth on small stones. A control group received no food. In both the tests, nymphs kept on Cladophora showed significantly (P ⩽ 0.05 or P ⩽ 0.01) higher percentage survival than for those on any other diet and the growth of these nymphs was second only to nymphs given periphyton as a diet. Although the nymphs on a diet of periphyton showed significantly (P ⩽ 0.01) higher growth as compared to those on other food sources, the survival percentage of these nymphs was the poorest, presumably because of food limitation. As expected, a diet of maple leaf discs resulted in significantly higher survival and growth of nymphs as compared to the nymphs not given any food. The results clearly demonstrated that autochthonous sources of organic matter can serve as excellent food for stream invertebrates.
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  • 13
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    Hydrobiologia 111 (1984), S. 193-200 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic pressure ; aquatic macrophyte ; growth ; depth distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method was tested for growing aquatic vascular plants at elevated hydrostatic pressure so that the influence of other factors will not mask the specific plant-pressure interaction. Eighteen species of submersed vascular plants, belonging to twelve families and several distinct growth forms, were subjected to series of hydrostatic pressures including those well in excess of those encountered by the species when growing at its normal depths in lakes. Under no circumstances was the form of the plant altered even at the highest pressures, equivalent to that at a water depth of 23 m. The removal of confounding extraneous factors depends upon controlling competing algae, on raising the pressure in a series of steps, on maintaining the pressure without fluctuations during the growing period, on suiting the light and temperature conditions to the species and maintaining aquasoil air spaces or allowing them to develop. These preliminary data suggest that the level of hydrostatic pressure in the depth distribution of aquatic plants cannot be either a necessary or a sufficient controlling factor.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: life cycles ; flight-periods ; growth ; production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The life cycle and production of Tinodes waeneri (L.) was examined at five shallow littoral localities in Lake Esrom, Denmark, during 1979/80. Five larval instars were demonstrated. The differences in temporal composition of instars indicated three different life cycles. A bivoltine strategy was shown for the most exposed locality which also had the highest average abundance equal to 11 500 ind. m−2. A univoltine population was found in the more sheltered NW part of the lake with an average density of 1 500 ind. m−2. At the three remaining stations the life cycles were partly bivoltine with wintering populations of mixed cohorts and densities between 10 500 and 3 000 ind. m−3. Two distinct flight periods with maxima in June and August were demonstrated for bi- and partly bivoltine populations. Differences in rates of growth and elimination added to the variability in life cycle. Growth rates peaked in August (5.0–7.4% d−1) at an average temperature of 20°C. Estimates of production ranged from 1.9 to 17.5 g AFDW m−2 a−1 with an average of 8.0 g AFDW m−2. The P/B ratios, which were within the expected range for uni- and bivoltine populations of trichopterans, were 5.73 for the bivoltine population and 3.31 for the univoltine population. Estimates of consumption revealed that the populations could be sustained by autochthonous epilithic production in the habitats. Variability in the quality and seasonal availability of food were judged to influence the type of life cycle.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: modeling ; growth ; tropical fishes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth parameters of the Von Bertalanffy equation have been computed by two methods for 24 populations of Tilapia in Malagasy lakes. The results obtained by the two technics are compared and the possible reasons of the observed differences are discussed.
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  • 16
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 276-281 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Enteromorpha ; sewage treatment ; nutrient accumulation ; growth ; effect of salinity ; light and temperature
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 17
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 321-324 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Macrocystis pyrifera ; giant kelp ; yield ; productivity ; growth ; biomass
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  • 18
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 383-388 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; benthic algae ; diesel oil ; growth ; recolonization
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Biomphalaria ; growth ; sexual maturity ; reproductive apparatus ; reproduction ; starvation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Starvation of immature snails of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and B. glabrata results in an arrest of growth and animals remain immature. Spermatogenesis is limited to spermatogonia (B.g.) or spermatocytes 1 (B.p.). The number and the size of oocytes remain inferior to that of controls. Animals show reduced genital tracts. Once feeding is restored, growth is resumed but wet weight and shell diameter do not reach the same level as in controls. Fecundity and gametogenesis do not differ from that in controls. Genital tracts weight is proportional to body weight.
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  • 20
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    Hydrobiologia 110 (1984), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sudan ; Alestes ; growth ; feeding ; Nile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The food, feeding habits and growth of 0+ Alestes nurse (Rüppel) from the Blue Nile near Khartoum, was investigated. 0+ A. nurse were observed to change their food from phytoplankton and small zooplankton during their pre-metamorphosis stages, to larger zooplankton (Daphnia spp., Chydorus sp.) and insects (larvae, pupae and imagines) during their post-metamorphosis stage. Their growth in length and weight was characterized by two distinct stanzas; during the first stanza, the fish increased in total length at a rate of 0.196 mm mm−1 wk−1, and in wet weight at a rate of 0.430 g g−1 wk−1. These rates were reduced during the second stanza to 0.046 mm mm−1 and 0.080 g g−1 wk−1, respectively. The calculated value of the exponent b in their length-weight relationship suggested that their growth was allometric.
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  • 21
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    Hydrobiologia 110 (1984), S. 295-304 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sudan ; Clarias ; breeding ; maturation ; hormones ; growth ; cultivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal abundance, population structure, reproduction, feeding, respiratory adaptations and tolerance were studied in the catfish Clarias lazera (Cuv. & Val.) in the reservoir of Jebel Aulia on the White Nile, and in the Green-Belt canals near Khartoum. Continuous monitoring of the ripe, spent and spawning females and immature fish in the population revealed that C. lazera breed synchronously in the autumn in the reservoir and rather sporadically in the canals. Medium-sized females were more fecund than old and young females. Administration of pituitary extract enhanced maturation, induced spawning in mature fish, stimulated body growth, especially in maturing specimens, and produced, as a side-effect, a diuretic response. Mature fish depended on pulmonary respiration for about 45% of the total oxygen requirement. C. lazera fed preferentially on its fry and on decayed proteinaceous food. The suitability of this species for economic cultivation is discussed.
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  • 22
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 105-107 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Naididae ; growth ; experimental
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The peculiarities of the growth in weight and length of Stylaria lacustris (L.) on the basis of observations in experimental vessels are considered. The growth of this species fits a parabolic curve. The equations relating weight to absolute growth rate as well as weight to duration of life are given.
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  • 23
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Psammoryctides barbatus ; growth ; cocoon production
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tubificid Psammoryctides barbatus is common in the sediments of English chalk streams. The species is primarily a spring and summer breeder with the most intense period of reproduction from April to June throughout its distribution in the river. Recruitment of juveniles takes place chiefly from June to August and most of the worms attain maturity in the following spring. In culture at 15 °C worms had attained 38 mm within 90 days of hatching and showed early signs of maturity. Growth rates and rates of cocoon production in culture are presented.
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 456-462 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; kelp ; light ; growth ; biomass production
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 471-474 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Macrocystis ; Phaeophyta ; growth ; nutrients ; composition ; morphology ; mariculture
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  • 26
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 547-550 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Sargassum ; alginate ; growth ; seasonality ; fertility ; yield
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  • 27
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    Hydrobiologia 119 (1984), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: life-history ; production ; growth ; Chironomus riparius ; Glyptotendipes paripes ; Chironomidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C. riparius and G. paripes exhibited univoltine life-cycles in Stephenson Pond; pupation, emergence and oviposition occurred mainly during May, and both species overwintered as mature fourth instar larvae. The marjority of larval growth for both species took place during the fourth instar stage (August–October), and growth and production were very low during late May to mid July when only young instars were present. Low production occurred during an interval when sestonic chlorophyll a concentration was very low, and the high production period corresponded to the Aphanizomenon bloom (August) and the autumn diatom pulse. None of the growth and production parameters investigated were correlated with temperature at the mud-water interface. Tube structure and behavior of the larvae indicate that G. paripes larvae are filter-feeders, whereas, C. riparius larvae are deposit-feeders.
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  • 28
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    Hydrobiologia 72 (1980), S. 125-129 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; respiration ; photosynthesis ; growth ; feedback mechanism
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the eutrophic Bautzen reservoir (German Democratic Republic) the compensation light intensities (photosynthesis = respiration of the phytoplankton) have been found to be extremely low if no free carbon dioxide is available. This result is interpreted as a minimization of the cell respiration under CO2-limitation of the photosynthesis.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: catfish ; feeding rates ; growth ; body composition
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Food intake, growth, conversion efficiency and body composition of the non-air breathing catfish Mystus vittatus (Bloch) were studied in relation to different feeding levels. Fish weighing 817.9 ± 104.00 mg was found to consume a maximum of 156.0 mg live Tubifex worm/g day-1. Geometrically derived feeding rates of 6.75, 23.00 and 26.00 mg dry food/g live fish day-1 represent the maintenance, optimum and maximum levels respectively. The SDA increased from 6.75 mg/g day-1 at maintenance to 13.50 mg/g day-1 at maximum feeding rate. Starvation brougt about increase in body water content, while there was concomitant decrease in fat and crude protein.
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    Hydrobiologia 79 (1981), S. 239-244 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic pressure ; depth distribution ; growth ; Myriophyllum ; Watermilfoil
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract These experimental studies have shown that this plant will grow successfully at pressures encountered in water at depths as great as 17 m. When there were suitable levels of light, temperature, nutrients and aeration, the plants grown under constant hydrostatic pressure for three weeks showed variations in the measured amounts of new growth but no measure could be associated with the constant increased hydrostatic pressure. Sudden changes in pressure are thought to play a significant role in aquatic plant growth under experimental conditions.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Macrobrachium ; eyestalk ablation ; growth ; Conversion of food
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bilateral eyestalk ablation in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lanchesteri results in high mortality, while unilateral eyestalk ablated prawns exhibited a high survival rate. There was marked increase in the growth of bilateral eyestalk-ablated prawns (47.70 mg/prawn) as compared to those that were unilaterally ablated (19.19 mg/prawn).
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    Hydrobiologia 79 (1981), S. 15-20 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mineral nutrition ; growth
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of composition of the medium and pH on the growth of Pediastrum duplex Meyen and Dictyosphaerium pulchellum Wood was studied. Both species showed preference to alkaline conditions. The ammonium nitrate grown colonies of D. pulchellum lacked mucilage and showed a more compact form, resembling D. pulchellum var. minitum Deflandre. From this it appears that D. pulchellum var. minitum is a nutritional variant of the species and not a stable variety.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Salamandra ; Urodela ; metamorphosis ; growth
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Salamandra salamandra larvae originating from a single batch (layed by one female) were raised at different temperatures and on ion-rich or distilled water. Temperature, but not the presence or absence of ions affected growth. Larvae originating from one batch or from several batches born on the same day, were kept without food for long periods of several months in order to observe cannibalistic predation under such conditions. This phenomenon is known in natural populations of salamanders inhabitating either rain pools in rocks or permanent springs poor in aquatic life. It was found that cannibalism increased under experimental conditions proportionally to the increase in size between the larvae.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bream ; growth ; condition ; fecundity ; zooplankton ; chironomids
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bream (Abramis brama L.) population of Tjeukemeer was studied for three successive years. The growth, condition, gonad development, diet and feeding conditions of the fish are described. Food competition for two years with the then abundant young planktivorous smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) resulted in a decreased growth rate, condition and gonad development of the larger bream. The biomass of chironomids was too small in relation to that of the zooplankton to be important for the bream population, although they were eaten more efficiently.
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  • 35
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    Hydrobiologia 110 (1984), S. 99-108 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sudan ; water hyacinth ; nutrients ; P, N, Fe ; growth ; White Nile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The possibility that the stunted growth of the water hyacinth in Bahr el Ghazal river in Sudan is influenced by nutrient elements is considered. Greenhouse experiments were carried out to determine the effects of deficiency and mineral nutrient additions on the growth of this plant. The water hyacinth was found to grow at a wide range of nutrient levels. Maximum growth was recorded at 21 mg l−1 N, 62 mg l−1 P, and 0.60 mg l−1 Fe.
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 1 (1981), S. 69-75 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: colchicine ; callus tissue ; adenylates ; growth ; O2 uptake ; Daucus carota
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Colchicine effects on growth, oxygen uptake, and adenosine phosphates level of carrot (Daucus carota L.) callus tissue were determined over a period of 18 days after subculture. Colchicine at 10−3 and 10−4 M inhibited the increase in oxygen consumption which was observed with the initiation of callus tissue. Initially the same levels of colchicine stimulated AMP and ADP levels above those of the control, but later the levels returned to those of the control. Colchicine at 10−4 and 10−6 M reduced ATP levels; however, at 10−3 M there was no effect. Growth was not severely affected by the same concentrations during the same treatment period. Oxygen consumption and nucleotide metabolism were more sensitive to colchicine than was growth. Energy charge was calculated to be 0.7–0.8 in both treated and control tissue during 3–15 days in culture.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Vicia faba ; fieldbean ; genetic variation ; stomatal characteristics ; water use ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five genotypes of Vicia faba L. with contrasting frequencies were grown in a controlled environment in soil moisture regimes of 100%, 78% and 61% of field capacity. Growth, water use and leaf conductance characteristics were measured. Stomata were more frequent on abaxial than adaxial surfaces, the abaxial/adaxial ratio ranging from 1.12 to 1.34. There were significant (P〈0.001) correlations between calculated stomatal conductance, based on measurements of stomatal frequency and length, and leaf conductance measured with a diffusion porometer, in the two higher soil moisture treatments. In the 100% regime only, abaxial stomata opened wider than adaxial. Ranking of the genotypes for leaf conductance and plant transpiration was similar in all three regimes with large leaved types having the lowest conductance and greatest water use efficiency. Growing plants with reduced soil moisture availability improved water use efficiency, the ranking for which was also similar in all treatments. Relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were greatest with full watering, less in the 78% and least in the 61% regime. Leaf area ratio was less affected by available soil moisture and only in some genotypes.
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  • 38
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    Photosynthesis research 1 (1981), S. 217-231 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: growth ; maintenance ; Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; reserve materials ; respiration ; structural dry matter
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The patterns of the CO2 exchange of single vegetative bean plants were monitored during steady state exchange and after lowering the irradiance, the CO2 concentration, or the temperature. The measured patterns were used to calculate the dynamics of the rate of synthesis of structural dry matter and of the amount of the reserve materials during the experiments. The rate of synthesis of structural dry matter was assumed to be proportional to growth respiration (total minus maintenance). The growth conversion efficiency was assumed to be independent of the treatments. The maintenance respiration coefficient was taken to be dependent only on the temperature. Change in the amounts of reserve materials was calculated as a difference between the net CO2 input and the amount converted into new structural dry matter. During the first day of a low CO2 uptake a substantial depletion of reserve materials took place also during light hours, since the rate of synthesis of structural dry matter lagged behind the decrease of photosynthesis. On the second day the rate of synthesis was adapted to the low CO2 input and there occurred little change in the amount of reserve materials. There was a rapid increase in the amount of reserve materials after the irradiance was increased again or after temperature was lowered. A saturating dependence of the specific growth rate on the content of reserve materials was found to exist irrespective of the mode of changing the content of reserve materials. A hysteresis-like retardation of the specific growth rate took place after the reserve had already been exhausted for some time. During retardation a replenishment of reserve materials took place. It is suggested that adaptation processes tend to keep the content of reserve materials within a certain (probably optimal) range.
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    Hydrobiologia 70 (1980), S. 37-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: blue-green algae ; Alloxan ; growth ; pigments
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effect of Alloxan was studied on a nitrogen-fixing blue-green alga: Westiellopsis prolifica in pure cultures. Concentrations of Alloxan, 10 μg to 50 μg/ml stimulate the growth of the alga and increase the chlorophyll, carotin and phycocyanin content of the cultures.
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    Hydrobiologia 71 (1980), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chara ; rubidium ; caesium ; requirement of nutrients ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le rubidium et le césium introduits à l'état de chlorure dans le milieu de culture ont à faible dose un effet stimulant sur la croissance de Chara fragilis et de Chara vulgaris. La résistance de ces végétaux à l'action toxique des deux ions est accrue par l'addition de potassium au milieu. Les analyses chimiques confirment que le rubidium et le césium sont antagonistes vis-à-vis du potassium et du sodium alors qu'ils ne modifient pas de manière significative le taux de calcium.
    Notes: Abstract Chara fragilis and Chara vulgaris were cultivated in a natural medium containing rubidium and caesium as chloride. The growth of Characeae was increased after culture in the solutions containing Rb and Cs in small amount. The resistance to the toxic effects of these two ions is enhanced if potassium chloride is added to the medium. Quantitative analyses indicate that Rb and Cs decrease the rate of Na and K but have no significative influence on the rate of Ca.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Turbellaria ; Dugesia ; cell types ; growth ; degrowth ; regneration ; maceration-technique
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method of tissue maceration (dissociation) of planarian tissues into single cells was used to characterize the basic cell types in the planarians Dugesia mediterranea and Dugesia tigrina, and to determine the total cell number and distribution of cell types during growth, degrowth and regeneration. Using this method, 13 basic cell types have been determined for both species. The total number of cells increases with body length and volume whereas the distribution of cell types is only slightly affected. Growth and degrowth occur mainly through changes in total cell number leaving cell distribution only moderately affected. During regeneration, an increase in neoblast density in the blastema followed later on by increases in nerve cells are the more significant changes detected. These results are discussed in relation to mechanisms of cell renewal, blastema formation and maintenance of tissue polarity.
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    Hydrobiologia 97 (1982), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: growth ; Sacramento blackfish ; Orthodon ; Cyprinidae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth rates of juvenile (1–8 g) Sacramento blackfish, an omnivorous California cyprinid which grows to 〉1.5 kg, were measured at three temperature ranges in laboratory aquaria where several diets were offeredad lib. and at four stocking densities in small ponds where natural food was available. Growth rates generally increased with elevations in environmental temperature. Growth in aquaria was possible with strictly plant-based diets, but was faster with pelleted diets higher in protein, lipids, and total calories. Growth rates in ponds increased with decreased stocking densities and approximated or exceeded those measured in laboratory aquaria for blackfish fed pelleted diets. The data also support the importance of energy-rich food organisms (e.g., zooplankton) in the diet of young-of-the-year blackfish in Clear Lake, California.
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    Hydrobiologia 101 (1983), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: forest water ecosystems ; perch ; growth ; forest lake ; population density ; bottom fauna ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth patterns and food composition of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., was studied in two small forest lake populations in southern Finland. Size and morphometry of the lakes and physical and chemical properties of water are similar. There is a clear difference in the growth rates of perch between the two lakes. The difference in growth is highly significant in all age groups. In the first lake there is a perch population of 2 000 (1750 ind · ha−1) adult fishes. In the second lake there is a small population of pike, that keeps the perch population down: 200 adult perch (530 ind · ha-1). The main food items of perch are crustacean zooplankton, Asellus aquaticus L. and Trichoptera larvae in the first lake and zooplankton, Odonata larvae, Ephemeroptera larvae and Heteroptera in the second. It is concluded that the main reason for the growth difference of studied perch populations is the different population density. There are also differences in species composition of bottom fauna of the lakes, maybe owing to the floating Sphagnum peat moss vegetation in the second lake. This can also affect the growth difference between the two populations of perch.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 325-328 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; Keratella cochlearis ; growth ; size ; culture ; food algae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Keratella cochlearis (Gosse) was cultured non-axenically in Carefoot medium diluted with Erken water at 5 °C, 15 °C and 20 °C with Rhodomonas minuta (Skuja) as a food alga. The rotifer reached ca. 120 ind. ml−1, having generation times of 2–7 days, a Q10-value of ca. 2, and at the lowest temperature 〉20% longer posterior spines. When co-cultured with Chlorella sp., at 0–30 mg Ca l−1 and 1.6 meq NaHCO3 l−1 in medium L 11 at 20 °C, the maximum generation time and individual numbers were 3–4 days and up to 100 ind. ml−1, respectively. Animal numbers increased in relation to nutrient multiples, up to two multiples, of the culture medium L 16. Growth and length were reduced, although the width increased above two multiples of this culture medium. The trace metal tolerance was broad and increased additions of a metal mixture (L 11) slightly increased the length of the rotifers. No major changes in the length were observed when HCO3 or Ca were varied in the culture medium (L 11), although a decrease in the length was noted in old cultures.
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    Hydrobiologia 94 (1982), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Gammaridae ; distribution ; survival ; growth ; salinity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field collections from an inland saline lake indicated that a rapid increase in numbers of a population of Gammarus tigrinus was positively correlated with high summer temperatures and salinities. The laboratory experiments on growth are an attempt to determine whether high summer temperatures or optimum salinity were primarily responsible for the rapid increase in numbers. Furthermore, G. tigrinus was not found in either of two adjacent lakes; one non-saline, the other at a higher salinity. The laboratory experiments on survival are an attempt to determine whether the restricted distribution of G. tigrinus was related to salinity. The implications of the field and laboratory studies are discussed and compared with other data from Europe and North America.
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    Hydrobiologia 93 (1982), S. 189-194 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Mysidacea ; aquatic toxicology ; toxicology ; Mysidopsis bahia ; silver ; endosulfan ; growth ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chronic toxicity of silver and endosulfan to the opossum shrimpMysidopsis bahia was determined using continuous-flow bioassays. The 28-day bioassays measured survival, fecundity, and growth (length and weight measurements). Maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations (MATC) were estimated from measured toxicant concentrations. MATC values were similar using either brood size or growth as a criterion for sublethal effects. As an alternative to the determination of fecundity impairment, measurement of growth reduction in response to exposure to toxicants may provide a useful tool in the assessment of chronic toxicity inMysidopsis life-cycle bioassays.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 33 (1983), S. 279-285 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Ragi husk ; N-retention ; growth ; body composition ; feed efficiency ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of including ragi husk in the diet, at the 8 per cent level, on growth and body composition of pair-fed albino rats was studied. Even on equal food intake by both control as well as the experimental animals, the incorporation of ragi husk promoted better growth, nitrogen retention and protein efficiency ratio. Protein content of the carcass and liver of rats fed diets containing ragi husk was higher than the control group. The growth response of rats fed ragi husk appeared to increase with the content of nitrogen in the husk.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1591-1593 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: electromagnetic field ; fluctuation ; growth ; carcinogenesis
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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