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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 57-70 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der landwirtschaftlichen Universität von Norwegen (59δ 40′N, 10δ 46′E) wurde mit vier verschiedenen Lysimetern die potentielle Evapotranspiration (PET) von Gerste und von kurzgeschnittenem Gras gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß in der aktiven Wachstumsperiode die PET von Gerste der PET von Gras gleich ist in Bestätigung der Tatsache, daß die Evapotranspiration von kurzer Vegetation in erster Linie durch meteorologische Faktoren beeinflußt wird, wenn die Wasserzufuhr nicht beschränkt ist. Mit der Formel von Priestley und Taylor PET =α Δ/Δ + γ R n, wo Δ den Abfall des Sättigungsdruckes mit der Temperatur,γ die Psychrometerkonstante undR n die Strahlungs. bilanz bedeuten, kann mit a gleich 1.25 die PET für zehntägige Perioden mit einer Genauigkeit von 10% geschätzt werden. Eine bessere Schätzung wird mit der Formel PET (mm pro 10 Tage) = −5,4 + 6,18 · 10−7 Δ/Δ + γ Rn (J/m2) erhalten.
    Notes: Summary Potential evapotranspiration (PET) from barley and short cut grass have been measured using four different lysimeters at the Agricultural University of Norway (59δ 40′N, 10δ 46′E). In the active growing season the results show that PET for barley is equal to PET for grass, confirming the fact that evapotranspiration is primarily controlled by meteorological factors for short vegetation when water supply is non-limiting. Using the Priestley-Taylor formula PET =α Δ/Δ + γ n, where Δ is the slope of the saturation pressure versus temperature curve,γ is the psychrometric constant andR n net radiation, PET can be estimated to an accuracy of 10% (67% level) for ten-day periods withα equal to 1.25. Even better estimates is obtained by using the formula PET (mm per 10 days) = − 5.4 + 6.18 · 10−7 Δ/Δ +γ R n (J/m2).
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  • 2
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 89-97 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Sonnenscheingeber und seine Eichung wird beschrieben. Er ist gekennzeichnet durch folgende Merkmale: Sein elektrischer Spannungsausgang liegt hoch (〉 4,5 V) für den Fall „Sonnenschein” und tief (〈 0,4 V) für den Fall „kein Sonnenschein” Seine Eichung auf eine Schwellwertintensität von 200 W/m2 folgt der Sonnenscheindefinition durch die World Meteorological Organization. Er erfordert keine nennenswerte Wartung und er enthält keine beweglichen Teile.
    Notes: Summary A sunshine monitor and its calibration is described. Its important characteristics are: it has an electrical DC level output which is high (〉 4.5 V) for “sunshine” and low (〈 0.4 V) for “no sunshine”; it is calibrated for a threshold sensitivity of 200 W/m2, which meets the sunshine definition of the World Meteorological Organization; it requires very little service and contains no moving parts.
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  • 3
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 99-109 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß auf Grund von Angaben in der Literatur die Konstanten für die statistische Beziehung zwischen der Globalstrahlung und der Sonnenscheindauer für Ostafrika nun hinreichend gesichert angegeben werden können. Werden die Unterschiede der Fehler bei der Datenerfassung mit anderen einfachen Meßmethoden der solaren Einstrahlung berücksichtigt, kann gezeigt werden, daß Campbell-Stokes Meßwerte gut geeignet sind zur Überprüfung, Kalibrierung oder zum zeitweisen Ersatz sonstiger Meßmethoden, wo in den Tropen keine geeichten Pyranometer verfügbar sind. Ein Beispiel wird gegeben für Gunn-Bellanis.
    Notes: Summary It is shown from literature research that constants in the statistical relationship between total global solar radiation and sunshine duration are now well established for East Africa. Taking into account the differences in data collection errors with other simple methods of solar radiation determination, we show Campbell-Stokes data to be suitable for checking, calibrating or temporarily replacing these other methods where no calibrated pyranometers are available in the tropics. An example is given for Gunn-Bellanis.
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  • 4
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 129-135 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Globalstrahlung in GeU und GeMCap analysiert, womit es im Zusammenhang mit den thermo-pluviometrischen Angaben ermöglicht wurde, die klimatischen Charakteristiken eines am Meere gelegten Ortes (GeU) und eines auf den Appenninen gelegenen Ortes (GeMCap) zu beschreiben. Auf GeMCap weisen diese klimatischen Faktoren im Winter-Herbst einen kontinental-maritimen Charakter und im Frühling-Sommer einen streng kontinentalen Charakter auf.
    Notes: Summary It has been analysed the global solar radiation at GeU and GeMCap, that in connection with the thermo-pluviometric data has also allowed to outline the climatic characteristics of a coastal site (GeU) and of a site on Apennin ridge (GeMCap). At GeMCap these climatic parameters show a continental-maritime behaviour in winter-autumn and strictly continental feature in the remaining half year.
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  • 5
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 111-128 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Zusammenhang zwischen Globalstrahlung und Sonnenscheindauer wird für 132 Stationen in Ostasien untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß die Regressionskoeffizienten in der modifizierten ÅngströmgleichungQ/Qa = a + b n/N systematisch über das Gebiet verteilt sind, so daß sich niedrige Werte vona und hohe Werte vonb im Wintermaximum/Sommerminimum-Regime vonQ/Qa undn/N ergeben, hohe Werte vona und niedrige Werte vonb dagegen im Winterminimum/Sommermaximum-Regime vonQ/Qa undn/N anfallen. (Die Symbole werden in der Einleitung definiert.) Es ergibt sich daraus, daß Verteilungen der Regressionskoeffizienten eher an Terraingegebenheiten und an das lokale und jahreszeitliche Strahlungsklima geknüpft sind, das durch den vorherrschenden Wintermonsun, Baiu, kontrolliert wird, als an die geographische Breite und an Mittelwerte vonn/N.
    Notes: Summary The relationship between solar radiation and sunshine duration is studied for 132 stations in East Asia. Regression coefficientsa andb in the modified Ångström formulaQ/Qa = a + b n/N are found to be systematically distributed in the area with low values ofa and high values ofb in the winter maximum/summer minimum regime ofQ/Qa andn/N, and high values ofa and low values ofb in the winter minimum/summer maximum regime ofQ/Qa andn/N. This shows that the distribution of regression coefficients is more closely related to the local seasonal radiation climate controlled by the prevailing winter monsoon, Bain, and the terrain features rather than to latitude or meann/N.
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  • 6
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 137-155 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit bringt eine Zusammenfassung der mit einem zweiteiligen Modell des täglichen Niederschlags zum Vergleich des Regenklimas von 11 Orten in einem Nord-Süd-Schnitt durch Westafrika erhaltenen Ergebnisse. Die Zahl der Regentage wurde gesondert von den Regenmengen analysiert. Es wurden Kurven der Wahrscheinlichkeit von Regen angepaßt; diese Kurven sind geographisch vereinbar. Die mittlere Länge der Trockenperioden und der Feuchteperioden variiert systematisch im Jahresgang. In der Regenzeit besteht ein nahezu konstantes mittleres Intervall von 4 Tagen zwischen dem Beginn aufeinanderfolgender Regenperioden. Regenmengen werden durch Gamma-Verteilungen beschrieben. Die mittlere Regenmenge pro Regentag ist verhältnismäßig konstant und die Änderung der Regenwahrscheinlichkeit ist daher die bedeutendste Komponente der jahreszeitlichen Änderung und der Differenzen zwischen den Orten.
    Notes: Summary This paper uses the concise summary obtained from a two part model of daily rainfall to compare the rainfall climate of eleven places on a north-south transect in West Africa. The number of rainy days is analysed separately from the amounts of rain. Curves are fitted to the probability of rain and these curves are geographically consistent. The mean length of dry spells and of wet spells vary systematically during the year. In the rainy season there is a nearly constant mean interval of about 4 days between the start of successive rainy spells. The amounts of rain are described by gamma distributions. The mean rainfall per rainy day is relatively constant and variation in the probability of rain is therefore the most important component of seasonal variation and of differences between places.
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  • 7
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 167-179 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Abhängigkeit von feuchten und trockenen Tagen vom Zustand an vorhergehenden Tagen für sechs Stationen in Ost- und West-Afrika und in Südost-Asien untersucht. Während eine Anzahl von Untersuchungen in höheren Breiten darauf hinweisen, daß häufig nur der Zustand am vorhergehenden Tag in Betracht zu ziehen ist, zeigt das Ergebnis dieser Studie an, daß in den Tropen mindestens die zwei vorhergehenden Tage von Bedeutung sind. Für manche Stationen mag es angezeigt sein, in bestimmten Zeiten des Jahres die drei vorhergehenden Tage in Betracht zu ziehen.
    Notes: Summary Dependence of the occurrence of wet and dry days on the situation on previous days was tested for six stations in East and West Africa and South East Asia. Although a number of studies in higher latitudes suggest that often only the situation on the previous day needs to be taken into account, evidence from this pilot study indicates that in the tropics, at least the previous two days are important. For some stations at certain times of the year, it may be wise to consider the previous three days.
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  • 8
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This study, inspired by previous works, tries to establish a synthesis on a limited aspect: that is the variability of average precipitations over the Aegean Sea. Moreover, we consider variability parameters mostly used, as well as the most satisfactory technics for plotting this variability on the map.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird die Veränderlichkeit des Niederschlages im Ägäischen Meer zur Darstellung gebracht. Ferner werden die gebräuchlichsten Variabilitätsparameter und die am meisten befriedigenden Techniken der Kartendarstellung dieser Veränderlichkeit in Betracht gezogen.
    Notes: Résumé Cette étude qui s'inspire de travaux antérieurs tente d'établir une synthèse sur un aspect limité: selui de la variabilite des precipitations moyennes tombées dans la mer Egée. En outre, nous considérons les parameters de variabilite les plus utilisables, ainsi que les techniques les plus satisfaisantes pour la représentation cartographique de la variabilite.
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  • 9
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Windgustiness at the top of a tree which is relevant to tree vibrations within forests is described for a spruce forest (Ebersberger Forst near Munich) applying simple characteristic values of turbulence and gustiness.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung von Baumschwingungen innerhalb von Wäldern ist die Windböigkeit an der Baumoberhöhe von großer Bedeutung. Für einen Fichtenwald, den Ebersberger Forst bei München, wird sie mit einfachen Turbulenz- und Böigkeitskenngrößen beschrieben.
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  • 10
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In früheren Untersuchungen langer atmosphärischer Wellen von niedriger Frequenz in der polaren Atmosphäre wurden Zylinderkoordinaten angewendet, wobei die Ebenez=0 die Erdoberfläche am Pole berührt. Dabei wurde mittels numerischer Beispiele gefunden, daß die in Zylinderkoordinaten erhaltenen Resultate gute Annäherungen an die mit Kugelkoordinaten berechneten darstellen. Hier wird gezeigt, daß die Formeln für die Wellenfrequenzen in beiden Koordinatensystemen angenähert gleich sind.
    Notes: Summary In earlier studies of long low-frequency atmospheric waves in the polar atmosphere a cyclindrical coordinate system had been used with the planez=0 tangential to the earth's surface at the pole. It had been found by numerical examples that the results obtained with a cylindrical coordinate system approximate quite well those obtained with a spherical coordinate system. Here, it is shown that the formulae for the wave frequencies in both coordinate systems are the same to a good degree of approximation.
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  • 11
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 269-277 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Auswirkungen der Einbeziehung der vertikalen Scherung in das Problem der stetigen Strömung einer nichtviskosen rotierenden und geschichteten Flüssigkeit um ein isoliertes topographisches Hindernis besprochen. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei Baroklinität in der fern von dem Hindernis ungestörten Strömung, bei dem hier betrachteten Parameterbereich, ein antizyklonaler an das Hindernis gebundener Wirbel erzeugt wird, ähnlich wie im Fall ohne Scherung aber mit durch die Scherung modifizierter Intensität. Im besonderen nimmt, wenn die Geschwindigkeit der Grundströmung mit der Höhe zunimmt, die Intensität des Wirbels im Vergleich zum barotropen Fall wegen der horizontalen Advektion potentieller Temperatur ab. Für den Fall einer geringen Größe der Hindernisse werden analytische Lösungen gebracht.
    Notes: Summary The effects of inclusion of vertical shear in the problem of steady flow of an inviscid, rotating and stratified fluid past isolated topography are discussed. It is shown that the presence of baroclinicity in the undisturbed flow far from the obstacle, in the parameter range considered here, produces an anti-cyclonic vortex bound to the obstacle, like in the unsheared case, but whose intensity is modified by the shear. In particular, if the velocity of basic flow increases with height, the intensity of the vortex is decreased with respect to the barotropic case, because of the horizontal advection of potential temperature. Analytical solutions are presented in the case of small amplitude obstacles.
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  • 12
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 205-217 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe approximierter ageostrophischer Windkomponenten und iterativer Integration in einem quasi Lagrangeschen System werden Trajektorien abgeleitet. Die Verifikation erfolgt an Hand der Verlagerung charakteristischer Wolkensysteme mittels Satellitenbilder.
    Notes: Summary Trajectories are computed with the help of approximated ageostrophic windcomponents and the iterative integration method in a quasi Lagrangian system. The displacement of distinctive cloud systems localized from satellite images is used for verification.
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  • 13
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 219-233 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Parameter zur Feststellung des Minimalbereiches der übergeostrophischen Komponente der zonalen Strömung in einem westlichen Jet Stream aus der Bedingung bestimmt, daß eine geostrophische Bewegung nur in stabil geschichteten Medien möglich ist. Die Größe des übergeostrophischen Zonalwindes im Kerngebiet eines durchschnittlichen westlichen Jet Stream mittlerer Breiten wurde bei nahe von 60% der beobachteten zonalen Windgeschwindigkeit festgestellt. Die durch diese übergeostrophischen Zonalwindkomponenten verursachten nicht geostrophischen Querzirkulationen werden als thermisch indirekt und für die Entwicklung von einigen beobachteten Erscheinungen wie der Jet Stream Front, der Unterbrechung der nördlichen Tropopause quer zum Kern und der Clear air turbulence-Zonen in bestimmten Regionen eines westlichen Jet Stream als günstig erwiesen.
    Notes: Summary A parameter, for determining the minimum super-geostrophic component of zonal flow in a westerly jet stream, was identified, by invoking the condition that geostrophic motion is possible only in stably stratified media. The magnitude of super geostrophic zonal wind in the core region of an average mid-latitudinal westerly jet stream was found to be nearly 60% of the observed zonal wind speed. The non-geostrophic transverse circulations induced by this super-geostrophic zonal wind components were shown to be thermally indirect in nature and favourable for the formation of some of the observed features like jet stream front, break of the northern tropopause across the core and CAT (clear air turbulence) zones in certain regions of a westerly jet stream.
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  • 14
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 249-267 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Verwendung von in der zweiten Phase der Venezueler internationalen meteorologischen und hydrologischen Experimente (VIMHEX-1972) gesammelten Radar-Daten wurde eine Klassifikation von Unwettern in Böenlinien, in Gewittergruppen und in isolierten Gewittern vorgenommen. Die Verhältnisse in der nahen Umgebung während des Vorrückens dieser Typen von Unwetter werden untersucht. Die Modifikation der Umgebung wird, abgeleitet aus der trocken-statischen Energie, aus der feucht-statischen Energie, aus dem latenten Wärmegehalt und aus den relativen Winden, ebenfalls studiert und ein für die Unwetter entwickeltes Modell wird vorgelegt. Schließlich werden einige Aspekte der Bewegung der Unwettergebilde beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A classification of storms in squall lines, thunderstorm clusters, and isolated thunderstorms was made using radar data collected during the second phase of the Venezuelan International Meteorological and Hydrological Experiments (VIMHEX-1972). The near-environmental conditions in advance of these types of storms are examined. The modification of the environment, as deduced from the dry static energy, moist static energy, latent heat content and relative winds is also studied, and a conceptual model for the storms is presented. Finally, some aspects of storm movement are described.
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  • 15
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 235-247 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung wurde an einem äquivalenten barotropen Modell zum Studium der Stabilität des meridionalen Windes im 200 mb-Niveau im Sommer in den Tropen durch-geführt. Das von Wiin-Nielsen für mittlere Breiten eingeführte äquivalente Modell wurde mit einigen Änderungen auch für die Tropen angenommen. Es wurde gefunden, daß der meridionale Wind einer Anzahl von überlagerten Rossby-Wellen äquivalent ist, so daß sich das Stabilitätsproblem der meridionalen Strömung auf das Stabilitätsproblem von Rossby-Wellen zurückführen läßt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde die Stabilität einer Rossby-Welle mit einer Störung, die einen zonalen Wind ergibt, geprüft. Es wurde gefunden, daß kurze Rossby-Wellen instabil sind, so daß die kurzen Rossby-Wellen ihre kinetische Energie auf den zonalen Wind übertragen. Das von Lorenz hinsichtlich der Instabilität der Rossby-Welle für mittlere Breiten gewonnene Ergebnis wurde mit dem äquivalenten barotropen Modell verbessert.
    Notes: Summary The present study is conducted in the equivalent barotropic model to study the stability of meridional wind at 200 mb level in tropics during summer. The equivalent barotropic model, which was introduced by Wiin-Nielsen [1] for midlatitude, is accepted for tropics after some possible changes. The meridional wind is found to be equivalent to a number of superposed dispersive Rossby waves, so the stability problem of meridional flow reduces to the stability problem of Rossby waves. In the present study, the stability of single Rossby wave is tested with a perturbation which gives zonal wind. It is found that the short Rossby waves are unstable, so the short Rossby waves release their kinetic energy to the zonal wind. Thus, the short waves of the spectral meridional flow release their kinetic energy to the zonal wind. For midlatitude, Lorenz's problem regarding the instability of Rossby wave is improved using the equivalent barotropic model.
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  • 16
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 279-299 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die monatlichen und jahreszeitlichen Mittel, die Extreme und die Veränderlichkeit des Meereises der Süd-Hemisphäre aufgrund 5jähriger Beobachtungen untersucht. Seine Veränderlichkěit ist am größten in den geographischen Längen der Küsteneinbuchtungen der Antarktis; es wurde auch eine kleine aber allgemeine Abnahme seiner Ausdehnung in allen Jahreszeiten dieser Beobachtungsperiode festgestellt. Zum Maximum der Eisausdehnung (Juli bis November) nimmt das 5jährige Mittel der zonalen Westwinde im Norden des Eises mit zunehmender Eisausdehnung zu; in einzelnen Jahren besteht jedoch zum Maximum der Eisausdehnung keine deutliche Korrelation zwischen der zonal gemittelten Eisausdehnung und der Stärke der zonalen Westströmung im vorhergehenden oder folgenden Monat. Der Vergleich mit dem 5jährigen Mittel der Längenverteilung der atmosphärischen Druck-Maxima und Minima in der Breite des antarktischen Trogs weist allgemein auf Asymmetrien im Eisrand hin, derart, daß er in Gebieten mit häufigem Tiefdruck weiter nördlich liegt und veränderlicher ist und in Gebieten mit relativ hohem Druck weiter südlich liegt. Die Untersuchung einer spezifischen Längenzone zeigt, daß die Verteilung der Eisausdehnung deutlich regional ist und offenbar mit Änderungen in der kombinierten ozeanischen und atmosphärischen Zirkulation in den antarktischen Einbuchtungen in Beziehung steht.
    Notes: Summary The monthly and seasonal means, extremes and variability of the Southern Hemisphere sea ice are examined for a five year period. Its variability is found to be greatest in the longitudes of the Antarctic coastal embayments, and a small but general decline in extent at all seasons throughout the period is observed. At near maximum ice extent (July to November), the 5 year mean of the zonal westerlies to the north of the ice increases with increasing ice extent; however for individual years, at maximum ice extent, there is no clear correlation between zonally averaged ice extent and the strength of the zonal westerlies in the preceding or succeeding month. Comparison with the 5 year mean longitudinal pattern of atmospheric pressure maxima and minima at the latitude of the Antarctic trough points generally to asymmetries in the ice edge, such that it is further north and more variable in regions of frequent low pressure, and further south in regions of relatively high pressure. Examination of a specific longitudinal zone indicates that the pattern of ice extent is clearly regional, and apparently related to variations in the combined oceanic and atmospheric circulation particularly in the Antarctic embayments.
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  • 17
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 215-228 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Anwendung der Hauptkomponentenanalyse zur Abgrenzung von Gebieten mit ähnlichen säkularen Tendenzen im Niederschlag berichtet. Eine Alternativmethode der Regionalisierung wird vorgeschlagen und auf eine Reihe von Beobachtungsdaten angewendet, die bereits früher mit der Hauptkomponentenanalyse analysiert worden ist.
    Notes: Summary The use of principal components analysis to delimit regions with similar secular trends in rainfall totals is reviewed. An alternative method of regionalization is proposed and is applied to a data set previously analysed using principal components analysis.
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  • 18
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Maximalwellen energiereicher Erdbeben mit Herd in der oberen Kruste rufen im äußeren Schütterbereich häufig Resonanzeffekte hervor, die eine örtliche Steigerung der Bebenintensität zur Folge haben. Eine Bewertung solcher Intensitäten nach den gebräuchlichen makroseismischen Skalen ist derzeit nicht möglich. Geht man davon aus, daß die primären Bebenwirkungen an der Erdoberfläche eine Folge der vom Bebenherd abgestrahlten Schwingungsenergie sind und daß die makroseismische IntensitätI (oMSK oder MM) ein logarithmisches Maß für die Bebenwirkungen ist, dann gilt offenbarI=log10 E+const, wennE die örtliche Energiestromdichte (Flächendichte der seismischen Energie) ist. Während im Epizentralbereich wegen der Unregelmäßigkeit der Erdstöße ausgeprägte Resonanzeffekte fehlen, muß man in herdfernen Gebieten, wo die Sg-Maximalwellen des Bebens schon weitgehend harmonisch sind, bei schwingungsanfälligen dünnen Bodenschichten und/oder Bauwerken mit entsprechender Eigenperiode Resonanzschwingungen erwarten, die eine Anhebung der lokalen Bebenintensität um ΔI (oMSK oder MM) bewirken. Mit Hilfe von empirischen Näherungsformeln kann man zu einer Abschätzung dieser Intensitätssteigerung kommen. Sie beträgt ΔI=0,28M s+0,4, mitM s als Oberflächenwellen-Magnitude. Die von der Epizentraldistanz und Magnitude abhängigen Resonanzfrequenzen liegen in der Regel zwischen 0,5 und 2 Hz. Die denkbare Intensitätssteigerung durch Resonanz im Falle eines Bebens der Magnitude 4,0 (7,0) liegt bei 1,5° (2,4°) MSK oder MM. Daraus folgt z. B., daß viele der in Hochhäusern bemerkten und mitI=IIo bewerteten Beben eigentlich mitI=Io zu klassifizieren sind und daß das Anschlagen kleiner Glocken oder das Stehenbleiben von Pendeluhren am Rande des Schüttergebietes eines energiereichen Bebens nichtI=Vo (−VIo), sondernI=IIIo (−IVo) entspricht. Die 12teiligen makroseismischen Skalen sind daher in entsprechender Weise zu ergänzen.
    Notes: Summary In the epicentral area of an earthquake with the focus within the upper crust the rocking is irregular and therefore resonance effects are lacking, but far off the hypocentre, where theSg maximum waves are nearly sinusoidal, thin layers of soil and/or buildings with an appropriate natural period react with resonance oscillations, by which the local macroseismic intensity is increased by ΔI (oMSK or MM). The resonance frequencies — functions of magnitude and hypocentral distance — mostly range from 0.5 to 2 Hz. The increase of intensity can be assessed by the aid of the formula ΔI=0.28M s+0.4, found by the author (M s=surface wave magnitude). Hence, in case of an earthquake withM s=4.0 (7.0) the marginal increase of intensity by resonance amounts to 1.5° (2.4°) MSK or MM. This implies, e. g., that many earthquakes perceived in tall buildings and considered asI=IIo has to be classified asI=Ic correctly, and the ringing of small bells or the stopping of pendulum clocks in the outskirts of the shaken area of a strong earthquake corresponds toI=IIIo (−IVo), and not toI=Vo (−VIo). A valuation of such intensities by the aid of the usual macroseismic scales is not possible, and therefore these scales are to be supplemented in an appropriate way.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 229-237 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Sichtbeobachtungsdaten der Periode 1968 bis 1972 in Phönix, Arizona, wurden analysiert, um zu zeigen, wie Änderungen im Laufe der Woche und im Tagesgang durch charakteristische Verunreinigungsquellenstärke und durch meteorologische Erscheinungen beeinflußt werden. Die Ergebnisse bilden eine Grundlage für künftige Untersuchungen zur Klärung von Nachwirkungen einer technologischen Modifikation von Verunreinigungscharakteristiken.
    Notes: Summary Visibility data for the period 1968–1972 at Phoenix, Arizona were analyzed to show how variations among days of the week and hours of the day may be influenced by both pollutant source strength characteristics and meteorological phenomena. The results form the basis for future studies designed to decipher subsequent effects of technological modification of pollutant characteristics.
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The time dependent order parameter concept of the glass transition is used in a description of the relaxation behaviour of the glassforming material. The connection between the macroscopic theory and the measured glass transition temperature has been determined. It has been found that in a case when the Prigogine-Defay ratio is greater than unity, different values of the relaxation functions of entropy and volume obtained by different experiments (e.g., isobaric dilatometry and isothermal compression) should be used in order to obtain the identical Tg. The Prigogine-Defay ratio is found to be a decreasing function of the observation time reaching values between unity in the limit of infinite time and a limit which corresponds to extremely short experiments.
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Summary An instrument for High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was modified by relatively simple means for working in the field of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). By use of this modified apparatus three different gradient methods were tried with respect to their applicability for the analytical separation of oligomers. Especially by using a gradient in eluent composition or by a pressure gradient good resolution could be obtained.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 643-649 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary α,ω-p-Toluensulphonic acid ester of poly(ethyleneglycoladipate) was synthesized and used to initiate the cationic isomerization polymerization of 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline, 2-(β-N-Carbazolylethyl)-2-oxazoline and 2-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-2-oxazoline. ABA triblock copolymers containing poly(N-benzoylethylenimine), poly [N-β(N-carbazolyl)propionyl ethyleneimine] or poly(3,5-dinitrobenzoylethylenimine) blocks (A block) and poly (ethyleneglycoladipate) blocks (B block) have been synthesized.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 635-641 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of various nucleating agents on the crystallization parameters of polybutene-1 is reported. Isothermal crystallization is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The morphology induced by the differents nucleating agents has been observed by hot stage polarizing microscopy. It has been stated that the addition of nucleating agent affects the crystallization rate, dimension and homogeneity of spherulitic sizes. The induction time ti, the semicrystallization time t1/2, the crystallization rate constant K, and the Avrami coefficient n were measured and related to the different characteristics of the specimens. Because of the fractional values of n obtained in this study, it is not possible to propose well determined mechanisms of crystallization.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 667-672 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Broad line NMR spectra have been measured at room temperature of the binary system Arkopal (C9H19C6H4O(CH2CH2O)15H) -heavy water (40 % to 60 % by weight) and of the ternary systems Arkopal — heavy water — paraffin at different paraffin concentrations at constant Arkopal — heavy water ratio. It has been established how the additives change the lyotropic phases.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Investigations carried out in plasma-induced polymerization (copolymerization) led to the idea of the existence of “living” macroradicals. Their presence in both homogeneous and heterogeneous media was experimentally proved and theoretically explained and their use as macromolecular initiators in polymerization processes is exemplified.
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Critical interpretation of the various conceptions concerning the problems in characterization of linear polyelectrolyte type polymers containing maleic acid as a comonomer is given. Proper conditions to avoid the fundamental experimental difficulties are proposed. Our conception is supported by molecular light scattering measurements of hydrolysed, fractionated poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic anhydride) samples. It was found that the problems were eliminated by the reduction of the degree of dissociation of carboxyl groups to a minimum value.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 67-74 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Summary The relation proposed between the preferential adsorption coefficient, λ, and the intrinsic viscosity, ¦η¦ λ¦η¦=λ∞¦η¦+AKθ has been applied in this paper to previously published data. This equation is found to be valid in theta condi tions and far away from them. The obtained results are compared to the ones calculated with the Dondos-Benoit equation.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 81-86 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the acid and enzymic hydrolysis of Kappa carrageenan and the gel permeation chromatography of the charged oligosaccharides.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary On the basis of experimental data for blends of polyethylene with different polymers an empirical equation is proposed to describe the dependence of melt viscosity of blends on component viscosities and composition. The model ensures the continuity of viscosity vs. composition curves throughout the whole composition range, the possibility of obtaining extremum values higher or lower than the viscosities of components, allows the calculation of flow curves of blends from the flow curves of components and their volume fractions.
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Summary Starch copolymers with polyacrylonitrile grafts were prepared using the Mn3+ initiation method and different amounts of acrylonitrile. The product was hydrolyzed in aqueous alkali (nitrile groups to amide and carboxyl groups) to enhance the hydrophilic character of the copolymer and achieve “superabsorbent properties”. At relative humidities (RH) up to 95–97 % the modified starch shows “normal” water vapor absorption like cellulose and other polysaccharides. When in contact with liquid distilled water, the modified starch forms a “superabsorbent” gel which retains very large amounts of water (up to 800 g/g). At low and high pH and in aqueous salt solutions (NaCl, CaCl2 and synthetic urine) the water retention is strongly reduced. This is interpreted as due to the ionic strength (salt effect) and for Ca2+ ions probably also crosslinking by salt formation with carboxyl groups on adjacent chains or chain segments.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 95-101 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that the inverse velocity of a fallingball in, or ηm the apparent minimum viscosity of, anisotropic solutions of poly(n-hexylisocyanate) in toluene, are molecular weight dependent. The molecular weight dependence follows two linear branches. Below Mw=42600 the apparent minimum viscosity is very weakly dependent on Mw. Above Mw=42600 the apparent minimum viscosity of the anisotropic solution is strongly dependent on the molecular weight.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 111-116 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sulfinate functional groups have been introduced on selected positions of the aromatic rings of soluble or crosslinked polystyrene via lithiation reactions followed by quenching with sulfur dioxide. The sulfinate polymers have good stability, can be stored at room temperature, and can be used for ion-exchange or as nucleophiles to produce polymer-bound sulfones. Good functional yields of polystyrene resins with sulfone pendant groups can be obtained by reaction of the polymeric sulfinates with various alkyl halides under phase transfer or classical conditions.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Kinetic studies of crosslinking vinyl polymerizations are usually only applicable to the initial stages of the reaction, prior to the gel point, due to the subsequent insolubility of the polymer and the great increase in viscosity. We have demonstrated the suitability of laser Raman spectroscopy for quantitative analysis over the entire conversion range in an investigation of the polymerization of diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate) in bulk, with benzoyl peroxide initiation, between 70 and 85°C. The rate of consumption of vinyl bonds could be approximated by first-order kinetics up to ca. 80% depletion. Lower rates were observed at higher conversions.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 117-117 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 151-157 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Summary Based on a reconsideration of the packing conditions in amorphous polymers, a modification of the statistical theory of rubber elasticity is derived. The main assumption is, that the mean square end-to-end distance of a free chain in the bulk state depends on the dimensions of the surrounding chains. The theory describes quite well the deformation behaviour of real elastomeric networks.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Summary Cyclotetracosane exhibits complex phase behaviour in the solid state as well as in the melt as evidenced by complementary methods, DSC, BRILLOUIN scattering, dielectric constant and PE-MAS 13c-NMR. Three solid phases have been verified, one of them — within the range from 299.5 to 312 K — exhibits extremely high molecular mobility. Between the start of melting, 312 K, and the first order transition at ∼ 321 K a mesomorphic type region develops. Two additional transitions have been detected in the melt. That occuring at 361 K (DSC), 356 K (BRILLOUIN data) resembles the Tu as observed in n-alkanes.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Summary Monomeric Bis-(4-hydroxybutyl) terephthalate has been synthesized and characterized. Titanium iso-propoxide has been found to be a superior catalyst for transesterification compared to metal acetates. Further polycondensation of Bis (HBT) yields poly (1,4-butylene terephthalate). The effect of various titanium derived catalysts on the polycondensation of Bis (HBT) has been studied. The catalytic efficiency of these derivatives is ascribed to their relative hydrolytic stability and the degree of interaction between the carbonyl oxygen and the metal.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 167-174 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A radiochemical method was used to study PVC chlorination. A reaction mechanism was proposed based on the results obtained from chlorination of 36chlorine labeled PVC. A mechanism was proposed also for chain transfer reaction to polymer in vinyl chloride polymerization.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 175-177 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Summary The longitudinal acoustic modes (LAM) of several cycloalkanes ((CH2)14 to (CH2)96) measured by Raman spectroscopy are described. The frequency differences between the LAMs of the cycloalkanes and the corresponding n-alkanes are explained by a simple linear chain model. It is shown that the LAM-modes are practically not affected by the gauche conformations of the two folds in the cyclic molecule.
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    Notes: Summary An analysis is made of a system of many interacting chains confined between a pair of surfaces which exert a short range attraction on the chains. The free energy of the system is determined from the partition functions of the confined chains which are, in turn, determined by solutions to the self consistent field form of the diffusion equation with mixed boundary conditions. The incorporation of the analysis into the ‘sandwich’ model of bulk polymers is discussed.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 195-200 
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    Notes: Summary The permeation and separation characteristics of methanol/n-pentanol systems and n-propanol/n-heptane systems through nylon 12 membranes were studied by changing the feed composition of the binary organic mixtures. These characteristics were discussed from the viewpoints of physical and chemical nature of the permeating molecules and the membrane.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 187-194 
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    Notes: Summary Random terephthalate copolyesters of ethylene glycol and butane-1,4-diol of various compositions were prepared by trans-esterification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with butane-1,4-diol (BD). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was used to elucidate the structure and compositions of copolyesters. The thermal behaviour of the copolyesters were investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Intrinsic viscosities were measured in orthochlorophenol at 30°C.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 201-207 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Abstract This paper concerns the cationic modification of polystyrene by the electophilic substitution of polystyrene with S-methylthiocarbcxonium.The substitution is quantitative and gives poly p-(methylthio) carbonylstyrene. After hydrolysis and purification poly (p-carboxystyrene is obtained. The polymers are formed without degradation after this cationic modification.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 255-261 
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    Notes: Summary 13C spin-lattice relaxation rates R1 in samples of solid PMMA have been measured with CP MAS NMR. Isotactic, atactic, syndiotactic, and the 1∶2 i-s PMMA complex were measured, along with atactic samples containing bisdioxan or the monomer as a plasticizer. The reorientation of the α-methyl protons is the dominant relaxation source for the methylene, α-methyl and quarternary carbon nuclei. Increased mobility of the polymer in the presence of a plasticizer is not reflected in significant changes in R1.
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    Notes: Summary Magnetic resonance techniques yield important information on different coordination behaviour of Mn(II) in the presence of biomacromolecules. A preliminary study on model systems is necessary to have a deeper insight on dynamics and structural aspects. The EPR technique is not able to identify a binding interaction between Trp and manganous ion when the metal is bonded to the Imidazole. Proton shift NMR studies on the Mn(II)-5′ATP-Imid complex evidenziate a ternary system formation and a stacking interaction between the imidazole-ring and the nucleotide purine-moiety. An EPR and NMR combined analysis on the Mn(II)-5′ATP-Trp system points out a stacking interaction and the simultaneous presence of a covalent binding between the metal ion and the biomolecules. The role of the metal ion to favour this coordination is suggested.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 277-284 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that the transverse magnetic component of protons bound to polystyrene chains in solutions is sensitive to the slow chain diffusion through entanglements. A theoretical interpretation of the dynamical polymer coil overlap observed by NMR is proposed.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 271-275 
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    Notes: Summary Proton second moment and spin-lattice relaxation times T1, T1e and T1D for helical poly (ethylene oxide) 5000 over a wide temperature range are measured. The results of CW and pulse experiments corroborate the existence of a motional process in the crystalline region of the polymer interpreted as oscillation or rotation of molecules around their helical axes. The activation energy for this type of motion is found to be 12 kcal/mole.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 285-289 
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    Notes: Summary Measurements of proton spin-lattice relaxation time T1 for thylakoid membranes of wheat chloroplast suspensions as a function of proton concentration in solvent are performed. The solvent was a mixture of H2O and D2O. Different contributions to the proton relaxation process due to dipolar interactions are considered. The dipolar interactions p-p′ and p-i between exchangeable protons /p/ of membrane of solvent and non-exchangeable ones of membrane /p′/ and paramagnetic ions /i/ give predominant contribution to the relaxation process.
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    Notes: Summary A cyclic phosphonite(1) was copolymerized with 4, 4′-diphenoquinones (2a–2c) to give 1∶1 alternating copolymers (3a–3c) consisting of a carboxylic acid ester and a triaryl phosphonate ester. Copolymerization took place without added initiator. During the reaction 1 was oxidized whereas 2 was reduced (“redox copolymerization”). A mechanism involving a genetic zwitterion intermediate (4) is proposed for the copolymerization.
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    Notes: Summary This paper reports new cationic ring-opening polymerization of a spirophosphorane, 5-phenyl-1, 4, 6, 9-tetraoxa-5-phosphaspiro (4, 4) nonane, 1. The polymerization of 1. was induced by cationic initiators such as methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (MeOTf), BF3·OEt2, and Et3O+-BF4 − to give polymer 2 consisting of two different units, 2a and 2b. During the reaction cyclic phosphonate 3 and 1,4-dioxane were simultaneously produced. The formation of unit 2b is considered to be due mainly to the cationic ring-opening polymerization of 3.
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    Notes: Summary Well-defined graftcopolymers were prepared by radical copolymerization of methyl methacrylate macromonomer with perfluoroalkyl acrylate. Contact angle of the solvent cast films of poly(methyl methacrylate) containing various amount of the graftcopolymer was measured against water droplet. Addition of 0.2 wt% of the graftcopolymer was sufficient to improve the polymer films to water repellent surfaces, while 10 wt% was necessary to modify the polymer surfaces to the same level of water repellency.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 347-354 
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    Notes: Summary We present the results of a calculation of the spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation for dipolar solid when it is irradiated by the WAHUHA and MREV-8 pulse sequences. The spin-spin relaxation rate which is determined by the second-order dipolar interaction term of the average Hamiltonian depends on thermal motion of four atoms. It has been shown that from the temperature dependence of this relaxation rate the degree of correlated atomic motion can be estimated.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 355-360 
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    Notes: Summary The decomposition of the solid-echo curves of crystalline polymers into the crystalline and the amorphous component is discussed. The crystalline component is experimentally determined by using a special method of measurement. The amorphous component is assumed to correspond to a distribution of correlation times.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 341-346 
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    Notes: Summary Proton relaxation time measurements of chemical crosslinked polystyrenes swollen in protonated and deuterated benzene have been done in order to get informations on the microdynamic behaviour of polystyrene as well as of benzene molecules under the influence of the polymeric network. By means of additional T1d-measurements further evidences for a slow anisotropic motion could be obtained, which cause a T2-“plateau” in the high temperature region. The results are compared with those of MAR-experiments.
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  • 55
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    Notes: Summary Dicarboxyl-terminated macromolecular monomers (macromonomers) were synthesized by radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of thiomalic acid as a chain transfer agent. This macromonomer and sebacic acid were condensed with diamines (p,p′-diaminodiphenyl ether, p,p′-diaminodiphenylmethane and m-phenylenediamine) by triphenylphosphitepyridine system. Thus, graft copolyamides of well-defined structure and composition were readily prepared. This is the first example of the polycondensation reactions of macromonomers.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 367-372 
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    Notes: Summary The 1H-NMR-spectra of raw poly (vinyl chloride) obtained at atmospheric pressure (U-PVC) have revealed the presence of high concentrations of branches. The content of labile chlorine was determined by reaction with phenole in order to estimate the branch points with tertiary chlorine. The branch length of reductively dehalogenated U-PVC by13C-NMR analysis have provided evidence for both short chain branches including chloromethyl groups and 2.4-dichloro-n-butyl groups and long chain branching. For a number of U-polymers the total amount of branching ranges from 7.5 to 13.5/1000 C. The 13C-NMR measurements point to a ratio of methyl/butyl branches of 1 ∶ 1 and short chains/long chains of 6 ∶ 1 .
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 373-377 
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    Notes: Summary The membrane composed of gluconolactone-containing polymer was prepared by the following three steps, (1) the copolymerization between acrylonitrile and a styrene derivative carrying a protected glucose substituent, (2) casting a membrane from the DMF solution of the copolymer, and (3) a sequence of reactions for the membrane. It exhibited active transport of Na+ ion against the concentration gradient.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 379-384 
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    Notes: Summary This paper concerns the synthesis and characterization of new Si-Cl and Si-H end-groups containing polyisobutylenes. The syntheses involved 1) The preparation of polyisobutylenes carrying one or two -CH2C-(CH3)=CH2 termini, ii) Hydrosilylation with H(CH3)2-SiCl, H(CH3)SiCl2, and HSiCl3, and iii) Reduction of the Si-Cl groups to yield the corresponding -Si-H termini. A series of model compounds mimicking the end-groups have been synthesized and employed for end-group characterization. These Si-Cl and Si-H containing mono- and difunctional polyisobutylenes may be useful intermediates for the preparation of block and graft copolymers or for the synthesis of various terminal functional groups.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 83-87 
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    Notes: Summary The monomer, N-4'-fluorophenylmethacrylamide (FPMA) was polymerized for the first time using benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. The IR and NMR spectra of FPMA and the polymer, poly(N-4'-fluorophenylmethacrylamide) (PFPMA) are discussed. Viscosity measurements of PFPMA was carried out in dimethylformamide medium at 25°C. The number average molecular weight of PFPMA was determined to be 690 using vapour pressure osmometer. The formation of low molecular weight of PFPMA is explained on the basis of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the monomer.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 105-110 
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    Notes: Summary Constitutional and configurational structure of oligomers from poly (styrene) have been determined by joint liquid chromatography and C-13 nmr spectroscopy.
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  • 61
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    Notes: Summary An increase in light scattering intensity was observed throughout the curing of diepoxides with amines. The value of such an increase depends on the chemical structure of the reagents and on the curing temperature. This phenomenon was explained by polycondensation reaction peculiarities and the glass state transition nature.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 133-139 
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    Notes: Abstract For application as components in an adhesive layer in photographic movie-films, five copolymers of methylmethacrylate and butylacrylate each with a different multifunctional comonomer, have been synthetized. Depending on the copolymerizability of the multifunctional comonomers, adhesive layers with different mechanical properties were obtained. An approach towards an explanation for the diverging results from swelling and modulus measurements was worked out.
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  • 63
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    Notes: Summary If styrene-divinylbenzene copolymerization is performed at certain conditions of network formation, regions of relative high segmental density may occur. The segmental density can be monitored directly by the microstructure sensitive fluorescence polarization method. Measurements were made in the pre- and post-gel state at various degrees of conversion depending on the initial composition of the reaction mixture. The results, particularly in situations of high crosslinker content support the currently used models of network formation mechanisms during crosslinking copolymerization.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 577-582 
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    Notes: Summary Synthesis of p-bromomethylstyrene (3) and p-iodome-thylstyrene (4) is reported. 3 was obtained by the bromomethylation of 2-phenylethyl bromide followed by dehydrobromination of the resultant p-(2-bromoethyl) benzyl bromide (2) with t-BuOK, as well as by cleaving p-vinyl-benzyl methanosulfonate with LiBr in the presence of 18--crown-6. 4 was obtained from p-chloromethylstyrene (1) via the Finkelstein reaction. 3 was polymerized successfully in the presence of free-radical initiators, but 4 was found to be too unstable to give a well-defined polymer.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 417-424 
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    Notes: Summary Two inherently coloured polyamides containing aromatic azo unit in their backbone were synthesised from 4,4′-diaminoazobenzene (1) and two aliphatic dicarboxylic acid chlorides (2a, 2b) using N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) and N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) as solvents by the low temperature solution polycondensation method. The polymers were characterised by inherent viscosity, solubility, infra-red and UV-visible spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polymers was carried out to study polymer stability.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 429-435 
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    Notes: Summary The methods of GPC calibration proposed by WEISS and COHN Ginsberg (1969) and by MAHABADI and O'DRISCOLL (1977) has been applied. Their restriction and a possibility to overcome it has been demonstrated.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 437-441 
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    Notes: Summary The theories of KRATKY, DEBYE and BUESCHE and POROD have been applied to evaluate macromolecular parameters which speak of the fine structural characteristics of raw silk — a natural polymer in the solid state. The small-angle KRATKY camera has been utilised for the measurements of the scattering intensities. The macromolecular parameters evaluated are the percentage of void (w1), the specific inner surface (O/V), length of coherence (1c), range of inhomogeneity (1r), transversal length −s − $$\bar l_l$$ and $$\bar l_2$$ which were found to be equal to 0.13%, 25.15 × 10−4 Å−1, 21.84 Å, 2.11 Å, 1.59 × 103 Å and 2.11 Å respectively The physical properties as evaluated by Scott's IP2 Tester have been reported.
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    Notes: Summary The alanine residue of poly-DL-alanine (DP=120) was converted to Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu and Gly residues by means of contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) in a formic and an acetic acid solution. The total conversion of alanine residues to other amino acid residues was almost 20%.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 457-461 
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    Notes: Summary Experimental evidence is presented indicating that intermolecular oligomerization of CN groups (leading to crosslinked structures) takes place, and possibly has an even greater importance than the intramolecular reaction (leading to “ladder polymer”), at higher temperatures. The easy, quasi “built-in” crosslinking upon heat treatment is considered the most significant single feature with regard to making polyacrylonitrile and its copolymers unique among synthetic polymers as a carbon fiber precursor.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 635-640 
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    Notes: Summary In order to study the role of -SH group of wool in graft copolymerization, an attempt has been made to study grafting of acrylic acid (AAc) onto reduced wool in aqueous medium using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as redox initiator. HNO3 was found to catalyze the graft copolymerization. Reduction of wool was effected with thioglycolic acid (TGA) in aqueous medium. Percentage of grafting was determined as a function of concentration of (i) CAN, (ii) vinyl monomer (AAc), (iii) nitric acid, (iv) time and (v) temperature. Under optimum conditions, poly-(acrylic acid) was grafted to the reduced wool to the extent of 9.14%, the unreduced wool under optimum conditions afforded maximum grafting of poly(AAc) to the extent of 12.24%. Reduction of wool does not promote grafting of AAc in the presence of CAN.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 645-651 
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    Notes: Summary Some polyoxalactones were synthesised from the dichlorides of glycolic acids and polyethyleneglycoles in the presence of pyridine. The polyoxalactones were also complexed with some of alkaline and alkaline earth salts and quite stable polyoxalactone-salt complexes were obtained including the Ca++ cation. Complexes obtained exhibited mostly 1∶1 type of complex stoichiometry regardles from radius of the cation and the nature of lactone ring.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 669-675 
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    Notes: Summary The reactivity ratios of 6-methyl and 4,7-dimethyl indene were determined with respect to styrene, at various temperatures, and the relative activation parameters calculated and discussed.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 683-683 
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 684-684 
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    Notes: Summary The conformation of single chains in bulk polymer materials can be evaluated from coherent neutron scattering on mixtures of normal and deuterated polymers. It is shown that the single-chain structure factor can be also obtained from measurements of highly concentrated mixtures and the procedure of evaluation is described. The application to amorphous polycarbonate demonstrates the advantages of the method.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 693-698 
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    Notes: Summary Molecular scattering functions at intermediate scattering vectors, of μ=(4π/λ sinϑ/2) in the range 0.03 to 1.0Å−1, are found to be extremely sensitive to the local configurations of polymer chains in both semicrystalline and amorphous states. Available experimental results of intermediate angle neutron scattering (IANS) from melt-crystallized polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene provide compelling evidence that adjacent re-entry is rare. The rotational isomeric state model satisfactorily accounts for IANS and chain dimensions of polycarbonate in the amorphous state.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 711-715 
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    Notes: Summary Two polymerizable derivatives of 4-aminoazobenzene, viz., 4-methacryloylaminoazobenzene (MA-AAB) and 4-(12-methacryloylaminododecanoyl) aminoazobenzene (MA-12-AAB) were prepared and copolymerized with methacrylic acid (MA) and N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA). The cis-trans thermal isomerization of these copolymers was investigated as a function of temperature, side chain length and character of the polymer carrier.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 731-733 
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    Notes: Summary Two methods of the introduction of aldehyde group into polystyrene skeleton are described.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 735-742 
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    Notes: Summary The cationic copolymerization of isobutene (I) and trans-1,3,5-hexatriene (HT) at low temperature occurs randomly (rI=0.59, rHT=1.57). The prevalent 1,6-opening of the triconjugated system of HT was ascertained mainly by 1H- and 13C-NMR analysis. The formation of gelled products was avoided by working in a homogeneous medium and the cyclization of the triene units by copolymerizing I and HT in bulk.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 743-750 
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    Notes: Summary The cationic homogeneous Copolymerization at low temperature of 2,4,6-octatriene (OT), 1,3,5-heptatriene (HPT), 2,5-dimethyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DMH) and alloocimene (AO) with isobutene (I) was performed and the structure of the resulting copolymers examined spectroscopically. OT reacted mainly by 2,7-opening of the triene system yielding soluble copolymers with block character and containing a low amount of cyclized units. Soluble I-HPT copolymers containing 2–4 mol % of conjugated double bonds were obtained. DMH alway gave insoluble copolymers and only traces of conjugated unsaturations were found in I-AO copolymer.
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    Notes: Summary Copolymerization of ethylene with propylene was conducted over the thermally-reduced γ-Al2O3-supported TiCl4 catalyst both in the absence or presence of AlEt3 (or AlEt2Cl). It was found that the structure of the polymer drastically changed from a random copolymer to polyethylene with an increase in the concentration of AlEt3. A plausible mechanism was proposed for the copolymerization.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 171-177 
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of the external constant and alternating electric field on the crystallization from melt has been studied for poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(vinylidene fluoride). No real effect has been found. The orientation of crystals due to the external constant electric field has been established in one of the two liquid crystal polymers studied. The results point out that the external electric field could only influence the crystallization of species having very large resultant dipole moment.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 185-191 
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    Notes: Summary The ring-opening polymerization of 2-phenyl-1,3,-6,2-trioxaphosphocane (4), an eight-membered cyclic phosphonite, has been investigated. Cationic initiators of PhCH2-Cl and MeOTf gave polymers, whereas anionic and radical initiators did not yield polymer. The structure of polymer was examined by IR, 1H, 31P, and 31C NMR spectroscopy of polymers and elemental analysis as well as the alkaline hydrolysis products. The polymer consisted of two different units, i.e., the major part is the “normal” phosphinate structure 5 and the minor part is the isomerized unit 6 in 7% with PhCH2Cl initiation and in 34% with MeOTf initiator. The difference in nature of propagating species from these two initiators are discussed in connection with their reactivities.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 205-210 
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    Notes: Summary The various methods of synthesis which can be used to prepare ω-carboxy polyoxyethylenes are reviewed. The synthesis and the purification of α-methoxy ω-carboxy polyoxyethylenes ( $$\overline {Mn} \simeq 1000$$ ) are reported. The process consists of the reaction of halogenoacetic acids with an α-methoxy ω-sodium hydroxylate polyoxyethylene followed by a purification by extraction. α ,ω-dimethoxy and α-methoxy ω-ethyl carboxylate polyoxyethylenes were synthesized.
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 219-223 
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    Notes: Summary Pretreatment of kraft pulp with nitrogen dioxide and oxygen before conventional oxygen bleaching with magnesium sulfate as protector leads to markedly decreased lignin contents after a given duration of the oxygen bleaching. An increased temperature during the pretreatment favours the delignification. The most striking effect of the pretreatment is that it leads to a suppressed rate of depolymerization of the cellulose during the oxygen bleaching.
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    Notes: Summary Alternating copolymers of poly(phenylvinyl alkyl thioethers) and maleic anhydride covalently labeled with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-oxyl and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-aminopiperidine-1-oxyl free radicals in different solvents were investigated. The alkyl groups were Me, Et, sec-Bu and n-Bu. The rotational correlation times, τ R, characterizing the rate of rotation of spin label, are not significantly affected by the alkyl group at low solvent concentration. However, at higher dilution (above Tg) τ R is increasing with the increased bulkiness of the alkyl group. The motion of the two spin labels attached to the copolymer segment through different chemical linkage and an implication on the effective correlation time was discussed.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 521-527 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymerization of 2, 3-dimethylmaleic anhydride was accomplished with vinyl ethers, particularly n-butylvinyl ether and isobutyl-vinyl ether and gave exactly alternating copolymers in all proportions of feed comonomer compositions. 2,3-Dimethylmaleic anhydride has not yet been copolymerized with vinyl comonomers with less electron donating properties.
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  • 88
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 529-534 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary For the first time, a living lactam polymerization was proved by choosing the proper type of polymerization, lactam, growth center as well as initiator. The anionic polymerization of the disubstituted four-membered lactam (I) initiated with its lithium salt in the presence of the N-pivaloyl derivative of I acting as the growth center yielded almost monodisperse polymers of I. Subsequent additions of monomer I increased the molecular weight proportionally without appreciable changes of the MWD and number of polymer molecules.
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  • 89
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 335-341 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polymerization of 2-(3-mercaptophenyl)propene (3) and 1-(4-mercaptophenyl)propene (4) was studied. The polymerization proceeds by an Anti-Markovnikov addition of the SH-group to the C=C-bond.
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  • 90
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 351-356 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The viscoelastic behaviour of a bisphenol A polycarbonate after yielding is described by means of empirical superposition of coordinates along both time and stress axis, which allow collecting stress relaxation data, taken both in tension and in compression, into a master curve.
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  • 91
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The effect of chemical network on the diffusion and reaction rates of end-labeled polystyrenes in semidilute region has been measured by phosphorescence quenching technique with a 10-ns nitrogen-laser pulse, and is discussed in comparison with the results for linear polystyrene solution. The quenching rates between end-labeled polymers in semidilute region are influenced much by the formation of chemical crosslinks between the inert polymer chains.
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  • 92
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 391-397 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The 300 MHz pmr, 282 MHz fmr and 20 MHz cmr spectra of poly (methyl α-fluoroacrylate) that was prepared by free radical initiated polymerization have been recorded. They indicate the polymer to have a Bernoullian distribution of stereosequences, with σ = P(m) = 0.41. Pentad stereosequence distributions were measurable from the 282 MHz fmr spectra of this polymer, but only dyad and triad distributions could be determined from the pmr and cmr spectra, respectively.
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  • 93
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 399-405 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Results obtained by measuring dielectric absorption spectra in a 10−3 up to 107 Hz frequency region as well as depolarisation currents, showing the existence of a high-temperature maximum in both natural and synthetic cis-1, 4-polyisoprene, are given. The influence exerted by the network density and the degree of quenching of the sample upon this maximum is explained by the orientation of the microblock arrangements in the polymer.
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  • 94
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 421-421 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 95
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 415-419 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Plasma-induced low conversion bulk homopolymerization of styrene was studied at room temperature. Experimental data show that a self-acceleration process, appearing due to the existence of very high molecular weight macromolecular chains, has to be considered for a kinetic approach. The presence of oxygen in the reaction milieu increases the molecular weight.
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  • 96
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    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 425-427 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The reactivity ratios for the radical Copolymerization of N-tert-butyl acrylamide with acrylonitrile and with methyl methacrylate were determined at 60°C.
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  • 97
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Novel oxycarbonyl isocyanate telechelic polyisobutylenes have been prepared by conversion of hydroxylterminated polyisobutylenes with N-chlorocarbonyl isocyanate. This reaction is free from side-reactions and provides highly reactive isocyanate-terminated polyisobutylene prepolymers. Conversion of these prepolymers with glycol, urea, pentaerythritol, and polyethylene glycol led to linear chain extension, crosslinking, and multiblock copolymer formation, respectively.
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  • 98
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Polymerizations of vinyl acetate were carried out with AIBN in benzene, chlorobenzene and ethyl acetate, and the resultant polymers were analyzed for terminal group by using 1H NMR technique. The results revealed that a part of the polymer molecules prepared in aromatic solvent contained one solvent fragment at the chain end, indicating the incorporation of aromatic molecule through the chain transfer reaction and not by the copolymerization. It was found that there existed at least 0.7 branching per a molecule in the polymer prepared in ethyl acetate, whereas almost no branching in the polymer prepared in aromatic solvents.
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  • 99
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary From diffusion data of xylose in poly (acrylic acid) and in poly(sodium acrylate) aqueous solutions, the behaviour of these polymers in solution is discussed. When these polyelectrolytes are ionized and expanded in water, consequently, the diffusion phenomena of xylose in these solutions follows the theory of linear macromolecules in solution. When NaCl is added in poly (acrylic acid) solution, the polymer chain contracts and becomes spherical. Therefore, xylose cannot pass through the polymer domain. With poly(sodium acrylate), however, an effect of salt has not been found. Furthermore, effects of neutralization are discussed.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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