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  • Articles  (6,997)
  • Chemistry  (6,951)
  • oxidation  (46)
  • 1980-1984  (5,439)
  • 1955-1959  (1,558)
  • 1925-1929
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (6,997)
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  • Articles  (6,997)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 31-45 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; directionally solidified eutectic alloy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The isothermal oxidation behavior of a directionally solidified Ni-Al-Cr3C2 eutectic alloy in flowing air at 1100° C has been studied using various physical techniques. Initially, the alloy oxidizes relatively slowly as a protective α- Al2O3 layer develops on its surface. However, this layer breaks down mechanically at temperature, enabling a more rapidly growing Cr2O3 -rich scale to develop, the carbide fibers supplying chromium for the oxidation process. The extent of oxidation is further increased by the development of substantial amounts of internal oxide in the alloy beneath this scale, with some preferential oxidation down the alloy-carbide fiber interfaces. The influence of carbide fiber orientation on the oxidation behavior is considered and discussed in relation to proposed oxidation mechanisms.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: titanium ; oxidation ; oxide scale ; solid state diffusion ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of titanium was studied over the temperature range of 600 to 800°C in a pure oxygen atmosphere. A parabolic kinetics period is made up of a succession of short parts whose weight gain is nearly constant and whose beginning is characterized by an alteration of the oxidation rate. The kinetics curve is closely correlated with the morphology of the oxide scale which contains several layers separated by short cracks. These cracks decrease the diffusional flows of oxygen and titanium and alter the oxidation rate. A parabolic-linear kinetics transition is attributed to the formation of a continuous crack between the oxide scale and the matrix. The oxide scale then forms a porous barrier of constant thickness which induces a linear rate law due to the steady-state oxygen diffusion. Titanium cannot diffuse across the continuous crack. During the linear kinetics period several layers of constant thickness, separated by a continuous crack, spread out.
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  • 3
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    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Zircaloy ; oxidation ; oxide layers ; temperature cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation tests of Zircaloy-4 pressurized water reactor tube specimens in steam were conducted for several types of temperature excursions. These tests were used to evaluate the accuracy of predictions of the oxidation behavior based on ideal models that employ isothermal kinetic data. While oxidation during simple transient temperature excursions, where the peak temperature was between 1000 and 1400°C, could be predicted with reasonable accuracy, certain “two-peak” transients resulted in oxide layers considerably less than those anticipated. On the basis of our experiments, we propose that this effect is related to the manner in which the monoclinic-tetragonal phase transformation occurs in the oxide and the fact that the normal (bulk) transformation hysteresis is altered for a growing oxide film.
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  • 4
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    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 517-530 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: CoCrAl ; oxidation ; oxide-scale adherence ; platinum ; rare-earth effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of small Pt additions (1 or 3 wt.%) on the oxidation behavior of Co-10Cr-11Al and a similar alloy containing Hf have been studied. An intermetallic phase was present in the alloy containing Hf and Pt but not in that containing Pt alone. The size and distribution of the intermetallic was comparable to that of similar alloys containing oxide dispersions produced by a controlled internal oxidation treatment. As a consequence it promoted the formation of inwardly growing Al2O3 pegs that helped key the surface scale to the substrate and improve the scale-metal adhesion in both isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests. The improvement in overall oxidation resistance relative to an addition-free alloy was considerable, and similar to that of the best oxide dispersion-containing alloys.
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  • 5
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    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 325-336 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; cyclic ; spalling ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of thermal shock on the spalling of oxides from the surfaces of several commercial alloys was determined. The average cooling rate was varied from approximately 240°C/sec to less than 1.0°C/sec during cyclic oxidation tests in air. The tests consisted of 100 cycles of 1 hr at the maximimum temperature (1100 or 1200°C). The alloys were HOS-875, TD-Ni, TD-NiCrAl, In-601, In-702, and B-1900 plus Hf. All of these alloys exhibited partial spalling within the oxide rather than total oxide loss down to bare metal. Thermal shock resulted in deformation of the metal, which in turn resulted, in most cases, in change of the oxide failure mode from compressive to tensile. Tensile failures were characterized by cracking of the oxide and little loss, while compressive failures were characterized by explosive loss of platelets of oxide. This behavior was confirmed by examination of mechanically stressed oxide scales. The thermally shocked oxides spalled less than the slow-cooled samples with the exception of TD-NiCrAl. This material failed in a brittle manner rather than by plastic deformation. The HOS-875 and the TD-Ni did not spall during either type of cooling. Thus, the effect of thermal shock on spalling is determined, in large part, by the mechanical properties of the metal.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; hot corrosion ; ESCA ; superalloys ; sodium sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A study of the high-temperature oxidation and Na2SO4-induced hot corrosion of some nickel-base superalloys has been accomplished by using ESCA to determine the surface composition of the oxidized or corroded samples. Oxidation was carried out at 900 or 1000°C in slowly flowing O2 for samples of B-1900, NASA-TRW VIA, 713C, and IN-738. Oxidation times ranged from 0.5 to 100 hr. Hot corrosion of B-1900 was induced by applying a coating of Na2SO2 to preoxidized samples, then heating to 900° C in slowly flowing O2. Corrosion times ranged from 5 min to 29 hr. For oxidized samples, the predominant type of scale formed by each superalloy was readily determined, and a marked surface enrichment of Ti was found in each case. For corroded samples, the transfer of significant amounts of material from the oxide layer to the surface of the salt layer was observed to occur long before the onset of rapidly accelerating weight gain. Some marked changes in surface composition were observed to coincide with the beginning of accelerating corrosion, the most striking of which were a tenfold decrease in the sulfur to sodium ratio and an increase in the Cr(VI) to Cr(III) ratio.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; titanium ; Ti-Ni alloy ; Ti-Cu alloy ; kinetics ; oxide scale ; solid-state diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics and morphologic oxidation properties of titanium, Ti-1.5Ni and Ti-2.5Cu were compared. Titanium and Ti-1.5Ni have a similar behavior, concerning the kinetics and the oxide micro structure. Copper additions decrease the oxidation rate of titanium. The oxide scales formed on Ti-Cu are thinner and less cracked than those obtained on Ti or Ti-1.5Ni. Copper is found in the oxide scale of Ti-Cu, whereas nickel is not found in the oxide scale of Ti-Ni. The oxidation of titanium and its alloys is controlled chiefly by diffusional phenomena in the oxide scale. Thus the alterations of the oxide scale structure and the slower oxidation rate of Ti-2.5Cu can be attributed to the copper which diffuses towards the gas-oxide interface.
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  • 8
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    Oxidation of metals 15 (1981), S. 355-373 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Cr-Al alloy ; oxidation ; α-Al2O3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation kinetics of a parent Fe-5Cr-4Al alloy subjected to two types of anneals were investigated at temperatures ranging from 1000°C to 1320°C. The alloy annealed at 850°C exhibited a rapid transient oxidation stage associated with growth of nodules containing iron oxides and internal precipitation of α-Al2O3 in the alloy beneath these nodules. The nodules nucleated and grew from sites located in the regions of the alloy grain boundaries during the period of rapid alloy grain growth. Nodular growth virtually ceased when a continuous α-Al2O3 film formed at the nodule-alloy interface. The alloy subjected to anneal at 1000°C and at the reaction temperature to stabilize the alloy grain size tended upon oxidation to form a protective α-Al2O3, layer by parabolic kinetics at temperatures to 1250°C. If this alloy was oxidized in stages at 1000°C, a protective α-Al2O3 scale was formed up to 1320°C. The temperature coefficient of the parabolic oxidation kinetics was consistent with diffusion processes at boundaries of the α-Al2O3 grains playing an essential role during growth of this protective oxide layer.
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  • 9
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    Oxidation of metals 15 (1981), S. 485-493 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; air ; Cr-Ni steel ; grain growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Comparative oxidation tests with a fine- and a coarse-grain 25Cr-20Ni steel, and cast steel of similar composition in synthetic air between 900 and 1300°C reveal a strong influence of grain growth in the base metal on the oxidation behavior. Metal grain growth destroys the protective Cr2O3-rich scale, and promotes the formation of a scale rich in iron oxides. The result is a higher scaling rate, and a higher Cr depletion at the metal-scale interface of the fine-grain material which undergoes grain growth during oxidation.
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  • 10
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    Oxidation of metals 16 (1981), S. 133-146 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Mild steel ; carbon dioxide ; oxidation ; high pressure ; carburising
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract When steels oxidize in CO2-based atmospheres, they frequently experience an enhanced form of attack known as “breakaway.” It has been suggested that for this to occur, the gas in contact with the metal must be not only oxidizing but also carburizing with respect to iron. This approach implies that as part of the breakaway process either carbon will be deposited in the oxide (a feature commonly observed with some mild steels) or carbides will form. The present work has tested this hypothesis by analyzing the thermodynamics of chemical equilibria between the individual gases in an AGR atmosphere and iron using techniques developed by other workers. The results have been used to predict the oxidizing and carburizing tendencies of various gas mixtures and thus to identify those conditions which are capable of supporting the breakaway process. This theoretical approach has been compared with experimental observations and found to show significant agreement.
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  • 11
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    Oxidation of metals 16 (1981), S. 277-294 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Binary alloys ; copper-cobalt ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of a dilute copper-cobalt alloy at high temperatures has been studied to examine the effect of the cobalt addition on the different aspects of copper oxidation. The alloy oxidizes parabolically with a rate constant generally smaller than that of pure copper but approaching it at higher temperatures. The scale is essentially composed of copper oxides (CuO is observed only at 700°C) containing a small concentration of dissolved cobalt and particles of CoO in the inner region of the scale while internal oxidation is observed at all temperatures. The oxidation behavior of the alloy is examined with reference to the known factors affecting the corrosion of binary alloys. A theoretical calculation of the parabolic rate constant for pure copper and for the alloy with cobalt is also presented. Possible reasons for the observed deviation from the effect of doping as predicted on the basis of a simple model for the defect structure of Cu2O are pointed out.
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  • 12
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    Oxidation of metals 17 (1982), S. 27-41 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: aluminide coatings ; oxidation ; hot corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Aluminide diffusion coatings are commonly used to protect aircraft gas turbine blades and vanes from oxidation and hot-corrosion attack. These coatings are based on NiAl intermetallic compound with other alloying elements like Cr and Ti either diffused from the superalloy substrate or incorporated in a separate coating step. The present investigation is mainly concerned with the development of both aluminide and chromoaluminide coatings on IN-100, a cast Ni-base superalloy. The coating structure and composition have been characterized and the cyclic oxidation and hot corrosion properties have been evaluated for the different types of coatings. The difference in the hot-corrosion properties between the aluminide and the chromoaluminide coatings has been rationalized in terms of the coating chemistry. The mode of coating degradation under hot-corrosion conditions has also been analyzed.
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  • 13
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    Oxidation of metals 17 (1982), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Coatings ; oxidation ; titanium silicide ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Coatings of Ti 5Si3 on titanium have been prepared by means of decomposition of silane SiH4 on heated titanium ribbons. Oxidation of the coated titanium specimens was much slower than that of the noncoated ones. Gravimetric and morphological experiments allowed to propose a mechanism describing the oxidation process.
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  • 14
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    Oxidation of metals 17 (1982), S. 55-76 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; cobalt ; diffusion ; grain boundaries ; Co3O4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Two-phase layered scales comprising CoO and Co 3O4 formed on cobalt during oxidation at 600°, 700°, and 800°C and at oxygen partial pressures in the range 0.001–1 atm. The kinetics, which were obtained by thermogravimetric analysis, obeyed a parabolic rate law after an initial, non-parabolic stage of oxidation. The monoxide consisted of relatively large grains (∼10 μ) and the spinel comprised small grains (⪝3 μ) for all conditions of oxidation. Grain boundary diffusion of cations played a significant role in the growth of the spinel layer. Thermogravimetric data and the steady-state ratio of the oxide layer thicknesses were employed to calculate the rates of thickening of the individual oxide layers and the rate of oxidation of CoO to Co3O4.
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  • 15
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    Oxidation of metals 18 (1982), S. 295-314 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Nickel-manganese alloys ; oxidation ; solid solution scales ; internal oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ni-Mn alloys containing up to 38% Mn have been oxidized in pure oxygen between 873 and 1273 K and the parabolic rate constants measured. The scale morphologies and oxide compositions are interpreted in terms of modifications to the scale on pure Mn caused by the presence of Ni. The scales are composed predominantly of two layers at all temperatures, giving the sequences of phases alloy/cubic monoxide (Ni, Mn)O/ternary spinel, with the cubic (Ni, Mn)O layer always having the greater thickness. There is limited evidence for a third, very thin, outer layer in the scales on all alloys at 873 K and for Ni-38%Mn at 1073 K, which is tentatively considered to be Mn2O3, giving layers in the order alloy/cubic monoxide/ternary spinel/Mn2O3, by analogy with the scale formed on pure Mn. The distribution of the alloy components in the scale is discussed in relation to the Ni-Mn-O phase diagram and in terms of recent theoretical treatments of solid solution scale formation on binary alloys, as far as the available diffusion data allow. The occurrence of internal and intergranular oxidation and the formation of a Mn-depleted zone coincident with the band of uniform internal oxide are considered briefly.
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  • 16
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    Oxidation of metals 17 (1982), S. 235-262 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Carburization ; oxidation ; Fe alloys ; Ni alloys ; Co alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion of iron-, nickel-, and cobalt-base alloys has been studied in atmospheres containing carbon and oxygen in the temperature range 894–1366 K. It was observed that preformed Cr2O3 films are not effective barriers to carbon transport in atmospheres in which the oxide is not stable but that stable, growing Cr2O3 films are excellent barriers to carbon penetration. The presence of Fe-containing oxides on Fe-Ni-Cr and Fe-Cr alloys cause the scales to be permeable to carbon. This phenomenon was found to be sensitive to alloy surface preparation. Carbon transport through oxide scales may occur by two mechanisms: diffusion or molecular transport through physical defects. The present work has evidence of the latter but cannot rule out the former in cases where the carbon activity is sufficiently large. In gases containing CO and CO2 in which Cr carbide is stable Cr2O3 was found to form at the carbide-alloy interface by oxygen transport through the carbide. In A-CH4 Fe-Ni-Cr were found to undergo graphitization attack. The results were consistent with the formation and subsequent decomposition of metastable carbides, as proposed by Hochmann.
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  • 17
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    Oxidation of metals 19 (1983), S. 37-52 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; sulfidation ; penetration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Thermodynamic assessment of sulfur penetration through otherwise protective scales such as Cr2O3, Al2O3 has been carried out for Co-Cr- and Co-Cr-Al-base alloys. Limiting conditions for sulfide formation following gas molecular transport and solution-diffusion transport have been established and the results partially confirmed by experiments carried out on Co-10Cr, Co-25Cr, and Co-10Cr-5Al alloys in sulfurous atmospheres. The results show that molecular transport of sulfurous gas species through the growing oxide scale definitely occurs. It was not possible to confirm or disprove the solutiondiffusion mechanism.
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  • 18
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    Oxidation of metals 18 (1982), S. 115-126 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Iron-silicon ; oxidation ; creep ; scale morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Studies of the simultaneous creep and oxidation of Fe-1Si and Fe-4Si alloys at a constant tensile stress of 16 N· mm−2 at 973–1073 K have shown that scales formed at oxygen partial pressures of 20–1013 mbar were thicker by a factor of 2 than those formed on uncrept specimens. Scales on uncrept alloys comprised alternate layers of wustite and fayalite, whereas scales on crept alloys exhibited an additional external layer of magnetite. Only intergranular oxidation (fayalite) was observed in uncrept alloys, but crept alloys showed both intra- and intergranular oxidation (silica). Uniquely nodular scales were formed only on the Fe-4Si alloy on crept and uncrept specimens. Oxidized, uncrept Fe-1Si showed a fine-grained ferrite substrate which was absent in the crept alloy. It is believed that oxide growth stresses stimulated a recrystallization process.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; stainless steel ; cold work
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract AISI 304, 314, 321, and Incoloy 800H have been subjected to several pretreatments: polishing, milling, grinding, and cold drawing. In the temperature range 800–1400 K, cold work improves the oxidation resistance of AISI 304 and 321 slightly, but has a relatively small negative effect on the oxidation resistance of AISI 314 and Incoloy 800H. Milling results in an enlargement of the surface area with a factor 2.5.
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  • 20
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    Oxidation of metals 22 (1984), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; multiphase oxides ; steam ; 9Cr steel ; hematite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The diffusion controlled oxidation of a metal to produce two-layer oxides and one type of three-layer oxide is analyzed. It is proved that the relative thicknesses of the oxide layers must tend to a limiting constant value for all oxidizing conditions. The analysis for the three-layer oxide is applied to the oxidation of 9Cr steel in high pressure steam at 500°C. The proportion of hematite expected within the outer oxide layers produced in steam with oxygen partial pressures ≥10−20 bar is calculated to be very dependent on the metal oxidation rate and not on the oxygen partial pressure.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cobalt ; oxidation ; sulfidation ; transport ; tracer ; autoradiographs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The composition and morphology of scales formed on cobalt in sulfur dioxide atmospheres (1.013 × 105 Pa) at 850 and 900°C and transport phenomena occurring in the growing scales have been investigated. The transport phenomena have been studied by the marker method and with the use of SO2 labeled with the oxygen isotope18O and sulfur isotope35S. The scales were composed of sulfide and oxide mixtures and grew due to the outward diffusion of cobalt and inward transport of SO2 molecules through the discontinuities in the scale. These molecules, as well as the oxidant originating from the dissociation of the outer scale layer, take part in the formation of the inner scale layer.
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  • 22
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    Oxidation of metals 22 (1984), S. 201-226 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: platinum ; nickel-based superalloy ; oxidation ; RJM2012, IN792+Hf
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior in air of a platinum containing nickel based superalloy (RJM2012) is compared with that of a similar alloy (IN792+Hf) without platinum. The distinct improvement in the oxidation resistance of the platinum containing alloy at high temperatures (1100°C) is explained in terms of the oxide morphologies and oxidation kinetics. In particular, it appears that platinum has a small but significant effect on the diffusion of other species in the alloy, and a model is presented to account for the complex sequence of oxide development, which culminates in the formation of a protective alumina scale.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; yttrium additions ; directionally solidified eutectic alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Isothermal oxidation of a directionally solidified Ni-Al-Cr3C2 eutectic alloy results in development of an external α-Al3O3-rich scale. However, this scale breaks down after relatively short times at temperature and a less protective Cr2O3-rich scale is formed, together with substantial internal oxide in the alloy. In an attempt to maintain the external α-Al2O3-rich scale and prevent damaging subscale oxidation, modified yttrium-containing directionally solidified alloys have been developed. The oxidation resistance of these alloys at 1000 and 1100°C in flowing air has been investigated and found to be considerably better than that of the corresponding yttrium-free alloy. At both temperatures an external α-Al2O3-rich scale is produced and is retained for much longer periods than on the yttrium-free alloys during isothermal and thermal cycling oxidation. Some scale breakdown does occur during thermal cycling at 1100°C, but α-Al2O3 is able to re-form as the surface oxide. However, although external α-Al2O3-rich scales are retained for long periods on these alloys, some oxide penetration into the alloy beneath these scales does occur where coarse carbide fibers intersect the alloy surface. This is associated with relatively poor scale integrity at these intersections.
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  • 24
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    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 187-205 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; annealing ; NiO ; Cu2O ; cation vacancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of the effects of an intermediate, isothermal annealing treatment in argon on the oxidation kinetics of copper and nickel in 1 atm oxygen at 800 and 1100°C, respectively, using a semiautomatic microbalance. Changes in scale morphology and composition have been investigated using various physical techniques. The outer CuO layer formed on copper during oxidation dissociates very rapidly on annealing to give CU2O and oxygen since the partial pressure of oxygen in the gas is below the dissociation pressure of CuO but above that of Cu2O at 800°C. The CuO layer is quickly re-formed on reoxidation in oxygen. There are relatively few other changes in the oxide morphologies of either metal during annealing, although the small grains present in the scale adjacent to the metal after oxidation are able to grow. During reoxidation both metals show a reduction in oxidation rate constant because of the decrease in total cation vacancy concentration in the scale and the reduced cation vacancy gradient across the scale brought about by the reduction in oxygen partial pressure at the oxide-gas interface during annealing. The reoxidation rate constants following annealing approach those recorded prior to annealing as the equilibrium cation vacancy levels in the scales are reestablished in the oxidizing environment. Rosenberg's method for analysis of the kinetics of reoxidation has enabled the equilibrium concentrations and diffusion coefficients of cation vacancies in CU2O and NiO during oxidation in 1 atm oxygen at the appropriate temperatures to be estimated approximately. These show reasonable agreement with literature values.
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  • 25
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    Oxidation of metals 15 (1981), S. 251-276 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxide dispersion strengthening ; oxidation ; hot corrosion ; powder metallurgy ; porosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cyclic hot corrosion and oxidation testing of an experimental oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) superalloy MA-755E were conducted in a hot gas stream at Mach 0.3. The response of the ODS alloy, bare or with protective coatings, was similar to that of a conventional cast alloy, IN-792, in hot corrosion at 900°C. However, during oxidation at 1100 and 1150°C the ODS alloy differed from the cast alloy by developing a greater amount of subsurface porosity. Compared with a diffused aluminide coating, an electron beam vapor deposited NiCrAlY coating offered superior oxidation protection and decreased porosity formation. In additional testing, the tendency to form porosity was associated with the large grains of recrystallized powder metallurgy alloys but was independent of the presence of an oxide dispersion.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; iron ; Mössbauer ; conversion electron ; ERM Spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A reanalysis of earlier electron reemission Mössbauer (ERM) data obtained from iron oxidized in pure oxygen at 150 to 500°C is presented. The new data analysis utilized the same theoretical method used previously, but with significantly altered values for the electron attenuation coefficients determined from recent experimental work by Graham, Mitchell, and Channing. The recalculated oxide-thickness values were found to be in much better agreement with the volumetrically measured oxygen uptake.
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    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 549-566 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; microhardness data ; sintering experiments ; electron microprobe analyses.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation kinetics in either air or oxygen of prenitrided Ti-4.32 wt.% Nb alloy are investigated in the temperature range of 900–1200°C. Based on X-ray and electron microprobe analyses, thermogravimetric measurements, microhardness data, and sintering experiments, a quantitative oxidation model is developed to explain the gas-metal reactions. Temperature cycling experiments, in the temperature range of 900–1200°C and for a 12-hr duration, are performed in an attempt to reduce the oxidation rates of the alloy in air or oxygen. The oxidation resistance of nitrogen pretreated alloy is comparable to that in air and it is considerably higher than in oxygen alone.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chromium oxide ; oxidation ; volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Previously published experimental data on the oxidation/volatilization of chromium oxide covering a wide range of oxygen pressure (10−6 to 1 atm) and temperature (900 to 1385°C) were used to predict its oxidation rate from the equilibrium constants and the mass transfer coefficients using the kinetic model originally developed by Bartlett. The experimental data available were found to be either surface-reaction-controlled or volatile-product-controlled which are the limiting cases of the model. The availability of the dimensionless fluid correlations and the force constants for the diffusing species enabled the prediction of the mass transfer rate for the various sample shapes and hydrodynamic conditions. The good agreement between the experimental and predicted oxidation rates covered four orders of magnitude range.
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    Oxidation of metals 15 (1981), S. 375-397 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; superalloy ; high temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behaviors of a series of directionally solidified Ni-base superalloys were studied at 1000 and 1100°C. These alloys are based on a composition of Ni-4.2Co-4.8Cr-12.8Al-1.6W3.1Mo-1.0Re (at.%), with additions of Ta and Ti. Both Ta and Ti partition to alloy phases in a manner similar to Al. With addition of 1 at. % of Ta, the oxidation resistance is improved significantly, while 1 at. % of Ti appears to have no effect. Raising the concentration of Ta and Ti to 3 at. % degrades the oxidation resistance, the degradation is especially severe with 3 at. % of Ta. At only 1 at. % of Ta and Ti, both alloys establish a protective layer of Al2O3. The loss of the oxidation resistance at 3 at. % addition of Ta and Ti is related to the formation of complex oxides which are less protective. Detailed analysis of the oxide phases are conducted using a combination of X-ray diffraction and SEM. Characterizations of the oxidation behaviors are made under isothermal and cyclic conditions. The discrepancies between data obtained under both conditions were noted.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Nickel-chromium alloys ; iron-chromium alloys ; oxidation ; cerium oxide ; magnesium oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of superficially applied CeO2, mixed rare earth oxides, Co3O4, and Cr2O3 powders on the isothermal and cyclic oxidation of Ni-Cr alloys and the effects of CeO2 and MgO powders on the isothermal oxidation of Fe-25 wt.% Cr have been studied over the temperature range 940–1150°C in pure oxygen and dry air. The rates of oxidation of both the Ni- and Fe-base alloys were markedly reduced by the application of CeO2 powder. The presence of CeO2 also improved the scale adherence and resulted in marked changes in the oxidation morphology. The presence of Co3O4 or Cr2O3 powders on Ni-Cr alloys or MgO on Fe-Cr also produced changes in the oxidation morphology but did not decrease the rate of oxidation. These results are interpreted in terms of the influence of the oxide powders on the development of scale microstructure and their effectiveness in decreasing grain boundary transport in Cr2O3.
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    Oxidation of metals 18 (1982), S. 285-294 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Iron-manganese-aluminum ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A series of austenitic Fe-Mn-Al alloys containing C, Si, and Zr was tested for oxidation resistance in air at 850 and 1000°C. The resultant oxide scales were examined for morphology and elemental distribution. Some alloys, particularly Fe, 32Mn, 7.5Al, 2Si, and 0.6C, had good oxidation resistance at 850°C but none was adequate at 1000°C. Poor oxidation resistance was associated with the internal oxidation of Al and formation of voluminous (Fe, Mn)O scale nodules. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms for formation of a protective alumina layer.
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    Oxidation of metals 20 (1983), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Thermal barrier coating ; plasma spraying ; oxidation ; hot corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Various zirconate coatings were prepared on bare Nimonic-75 and on CoCrAlY bond coat by plasma spraying. The cyclic oxidation and hotcorrosion resistance of these coatings have been evluated. The wide difference in the properties of these coatings has been rationalized in terms of the thermal expansion mismatch between the coating and the substrate. On continued thermal cycling and in presence of molten salt, the life-limiting factor has been identified to be oxidation of the bond coat. The interconnected porosity in the ceramic coating is mainly responsible for such oxidation, and controlling this porosity would lead to life improvement.
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 1 (1981), S. 217-232 
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Anodization ; oxidation ; plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The physical processes occurring at the surface and in the bulk of an oxide during plasma oxidation or anodization are discussed. It is shown that (i) the majority of oxygen ions used in the growth are formed by electron-assisted surface processes, (ii) the nature of the oxide surface and especially the presence of electrode contamination can have a determinant role in the oxygen exchange between the plasma and the oxide, and (iii) ion space charge can control the anodization kinetics. Two applications (formation of the insulating barrier of Josephson junctions, and GaAs MOSFET devices) are presented.
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    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 263-277 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Ni-Cr alloys ; two-phase alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation of the relatively simple, two-phase alloy Ni-70 wt.%Cr in oxygen between 1073 and 1473°K results in the formation of a Cr2O3 scale containing less than O.5 wt.% Ni in solid solution. The oxidation kinetics are irreproducible for an initial period, which is brief at 1073 and 1273°K but much more pronounced at 1473°K, both in duration and degree. This behavior is associated with the failure of the protective Cr2O3 scale. However, after longer periods a compact layer of Cr2O3 becomes established under isothermal conditions and results in a change to more reproducible kinetics, especially at 1073 and 1273°K. Oxidation causes chromium depletion and the formation of a single-phase zone which separates the scale and the two-phase bulk alloy. The depth of Cr2O3 internal oxide coincides with this zone. The oxidation behavior is compared with that of more Ni-rich, single-phase Ni-Cr alloys, with particular reference to the effects of the constitution of the underlying alloy and the integrity of the protective oxide.
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    Oxidation of metals 14 (1980), S. 531-548 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: hot corrosion ; oxidation ; eutectic alloys ; localized reduction
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A study of morphology of simple oxidation and hot corrosion of the aligned Co-10 wt.% Cr-14 wt.% TaC alloy was performed at 900°C in still air. The morphology of simple oxidation was found to correlate well with previous results on similar alloys. Hot corrosion tests were performed by coating the samples with a thin layer of Na2SO4 and exposing them to still air at 900°C. A radically different morphology was found and extensively analyzed using optical microscopy and the electron microprobe. These results are then explained using a localized reduction model of hot corrosion.
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    Oxidation of metals 15 (1981), S. 9-20 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; logarithmic law ; copper ; copper alloys ; activation energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Investigations have been carried out on the kinetics of thin film formation of copper and its alloys in the temperature range of 75–100°C. The experimental results have been found to follow the logarithmic rate law except for the copper-chromium system at 100°C. The kinetic data have been analyzed in light of William and Hayfield's theory, and the various parameters of the logarithmic rate equation match very well to those calculated by others. The estimated activation energy value did not show significant variation. The major contribution to the rate of film growth has been ascribed to the available number of Fermi electrons.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; carburization ; nimonic alloy PE16 ; carbon dioxide
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of the nimonic alloy PE16 in carbon dioxide has been examined, at 700–800° C, for periods up to 10,250 hr duration. At all temperatures the oxidation kinetics were pseudoparabolic. The chromium-rich and titanium-bearing oxide scale was adherent, except at 800° C, when ∼10% spalled. Intergranular oxidation beneath the outer scale resulted in the formation of alumina and to a lesser depth, titanium oxide. The penetration increased parabolically with time and also with temperature, the activation energy being 50 kcal/mole. After oxidation at all temperatures the carbon profiles across the oxidized alloys were determined by nuclear microprobe analysis and indicated three distinct regions. From the gas interface carbon was picked up increasingly in the oxide scale, with a peak concentration (0.1–0.34 wt. %) at the oxide-alloy interface. The carbon level then fell sharply and to the depth of the titanium-bearing intergranular oxide the alloy was decarburized. At this juncture carbon had entered the alloy to a maximum concentration of 0.23–0.50 wt. % and a depth which increased both with temperature and exposure. Carburization is attributed to a crevice corrosion mechanism.
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    Oxidation of metals 15 (1981), S. 287-295 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; dispersoids ; scale adherence ; ferritic alloys
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The present investigation examines the high-temperature oxidation behavior of Fe-Cr ferritic alloys containing 1.0% Hf which has been convened into an oxide dispersion. The oxide dispersions were produced by an internal oxidation treatment using a 50-50 Cr-Cr2O3 powder mixture in a sealed quartz capsule at 1100°C: the samples were not in direct contact with the powders. The effect of the dispersed oxide was spectacular under isothermal oxidation conditions, but it had almost no effect during thermal cycling conditions. Unlike the TiO2-containing Fe-Cr ferritic alloys, virtually no particle coarsening was observed. The absence of the coarse particles caused poor thermal cycling behavior, whereas in TiO2-containing ferritic alloys, coarse particles acted as oxide pegs giving a keying-on effect.
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    Oxidation of metals 16 (1981), S. 221-242 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: copper ; sulfur dioxide ; sulfidation ; oxidation ; dissociation
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A kinetics and morphological study of the reaction of pure SO2 with copper over the temperature range 500–950°C showed that only Cu2S formed despite the fact that thermodynamic ally its formation is not expected. Alternatively, the formation of Cu2O, expected from the Cu-O-S diagram did not occur during sulfidation; however, its evaporation was observed in an atmosphere of pure SO2 at high temperature. Thus copper differs from others metals such as nickel or cobalt by its low reactivity with SO2 compared to the oxidation reaction; therefore, it was possible to follow the beginning of sulfidation.
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    Oxidation of metals 16 (1981), S. 339-353 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Iron-carbon ; oxidation ; decarburization
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of Fe-C alloys in the temperature range 600–850°C has been studied. CO 2 evolved during oxidation was measured using an infrared gas analyzer. The presence of C lowers the oxidation rate relative to that of pure Fe and this has been related to the rejection of carbon at the alloy-scale interface causing poor contact between scale and alloy. As a result, the scale contains a higher proportion of magnetite, which reduces its overall growth rate. Very little carbon is lost to the atmosphere. The ease with which the rejected carbon is incorporated into the alloy depends on the alloy structure.
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    Oxidation of metals 17 (1982), S. 157-176 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: reflectance spectroscopy ; chromium ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Infrared reflectance spectra of oxidized chromium are presented as the first of a series of investigations of the reflectance spectra of oxidized materials. The spectra agree well with the behavior predicted in an earlier note, and confirm that simultaneous identification and thickness measurements of corrosion films are possible using this technique. The most prominent features for identification purposes are absorption bands at 610, 540, and 440 cm −1 for films ⪝1.5-μ thick, and at 610 and 300 cm−1 for thicker films. These bands are discernable despite the complicated effects introduced by interference fringes in the low-energy spectral region.
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    Oxidation of metals 17 (1982), S. 415-427 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Corrosion ; oxidation ; stainless steel ; coal gasification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A series of modified type 310 stainless steels containing 3 wt.% titanium were oxidized in a low oxygen partial pressure atmosphere ( $$P_{O_2 }$$ ≃3.8× 10 −15 atm) at 1255 K (1800°F). The scale morphologies and growth rates were similar to those observed on the same alloys in coal gasification atmospheres. The presence of sulfur (as H 2 S) in the gasification atmosphere apparently has a minimal effect on the corrosion scale formed. The growth rate and phase transformations of the external titanium-rich layer indicate that both titanium and manganese can readily permeate through the apparently compact Cr 2 O 3 layer.
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    Oxidation of metals 19 (1983), S. 53-76 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Two-phase alloy ; cobalt-copper ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation in 1 atm of pure oxygen of a binary two-phase Co-Cu alloy has been studied as a simple example of the oxidation behavior of a multiphase alloy. The two-phase alloy oxidizes according to a parabolic rate law to a good approximation throughout the entire exposure period over the temperature range 700–1000°C with an oxidation rate constant greater than that for pure cobalt in the whole temperature range, and greater than that for pure copper at 900–1000°C, but lower below 900°C. The scale presents essentially the same type of layered structure at all the temperatures investigated, with an outer region composed of copper oxides, while cobalt is preferentially accumulated in the inner region of the scale, mainly in the form of CoO. A subscale formed by internal oxidation of the particles of the Co-rich phase is also present. The observed increase of the oxidation rate of the alloy in comparison with pure cobalt is attributed mainly to the presence of a high concentration of copper dissolved in CoO in the form of monovalent ions, which produces a significant modification of the concentration of defects of cobalt oxide with a consequent increase of the oxidation rate constant of the alloy if a suitable model for the defect structure of pure CoO is considered, which takes into account also the presence of a small concentration of interstitial metal ions.
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    Oxidation of metals 17 (1982), S. 391-405 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Aluminide coating ; steel ; diffusion ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Aluminide coatings are known to protect steels from oxidation and corrosion in hydrocarbon and sulfur-bearing atmospheres. Pack cementation is ideally suited for forming these coatings on small intricate components, wherein a diffused layer is formed which is well bonded to the substrate. Even though pack aluminide coated steels are being commercially used, there has not been any systematic investigation of the factors that control the coating formation. The present investigation has been carried out to define the boundary conditions under which diffusion in the solid phase determine the coating kinetics. The effect of pack activity and temperature on the structure and kinetics of aluminde layer formation on EN-3 steel has been investigated. The coating characteristics were evaluated by metallography, EPMA, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Oxidation resistance of the coated samples were compared to that of 304 stainless steel after heating in air at 900°C for 72 h. The surface aluminum composition was found to be about 20% by weight which remained constant with time in the temperature range of 750°C–900°C. Weight gains and layer thicknesses obeyed parabolic relationship with time at all temperatures. Under these conditions, the system constitutes a vapor-solid diffusion couple. Interdiffusion coefficient $$(\tilde D)$$ values in the Fe-Al system have been determined, and the activation energy has been calculated to be 57 Kcals/mole, which agrees well with the literature values.
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    Oxidation of metals 21 (1984), S. 205-231 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; titanium ; chromium ; adherence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of Ti-Cr alloys (1, 4, 11, and 19% chromium by weight) was investigated, between 550 and 700°C, in air and in oxygen, for a maximum duration of about 800 hr. The kinetics results revealed a significant influence of the chromium content with a maximum, in the unfavorable sense, around 4%. Moreover, the analysis of kinetics curves showed that stable rate constants could be obtained only if the duration of oxidation was sufficiently long. The oxide layers were duplex with a much higher chromium content in the inner layer. The morphological investigations performed on cross-sections of the oxidized specimens showed that the chromium modifies the crystallization of the oxide layers. The adherence of the oxide layers evolves nonmonotonically as a function of chromium content for the same degree of progression of the reaction and as a function of the oxidation rate, which is itself dependent on chromium content.
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    Oxidation of metals 21 (1984), S. 285-297 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Galvalume ; elevated temperature ; intermetallic formation ; Al13Fe4 ; oxidation ; vaporization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Galvalume (trademark of Bethlehem Steel Corp.) sheet steel samples were heated in pure oxygen and 97% O2/3% H2O atmospheres at temperatures ranging from 300 to 670°C. Time at a particular temperature was varied but did not exceed 48 hr. Above 480°C, the Galvalume coating became rapidly alloyed with iron to form Al13Fe4, and zinc was lost by vaporization. The Zn content dropped to about 15 wt%. The time required to fully alloy the overlay at 490°C was less than 4 hr. Below 480°C, only minor microstructural changes occurred, and coating integrity was maintained. No differences in behavior were observed by the addition of 3% water vapor to the gas stream.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Material Stressing under Rolling Contact - Influence of Friction and Residual StressesMaterial stressing of parts in rolling contact is in the main made up by the normal load to be transmitted, by surface friction due to slippage of the body in rolling contact and by residual stresses. The effects of varying slippage rates are described as well as the additional influence of residual stresses on magnitude, position and direction of load.By the aid of mere mechanical reflections the formation of flat and steep White Bands can be interpreted which are observed in long-lived ball bearings subjected to high stresses. The report shows that residual stresses and friction must not be neglected when describing the material stressing by rolling contact. This especially applies to residual stresses originating from rolling contact.
    Notes: Die Werkstoffanstrengung bei Wälzkontakt ist im wesentlichen gegeben durch die zu übertragenden Normalkräfte, die Reibung an der Oberfläche (durch das Gleiten der beiden Wälzpartner) und durch die Eigenspannungen. Die Wirkung unterschiedlich großer Gleitanteile wird dargestellt und der zusätzliche Einfluß von Eigenspannungen auf die Höhe, Lage und Richtung der Beanspruchung ausgewiesen.Anhand rein mechanischer Betrachtungen läßt sich die Entstehung von flachen und steilen Weißen Bändern deuten, die in langlebigen, hochbeanspruchten Kugellagern beobachtet werden. Der Bericht zeigt, daß Eigenspannungen und Reibung keinesfalls bei der Beschreibung der Werkstoffanstrengung durch Wälzbeanspruchung vernachlässigt werden dürfen. Dies gilt insbesondere auch für die Eigenspannungen, die durch die Wälzbeanspruchung entstehen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 21-30 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of Crack Initiation and Crack Propagation in Plain Carbon Steels by Means of Acoustic-EmissionCrack initiation and propagation has been studied during fatigue tests with ferritic, ferritic-pearlitic and pearlitic specimens by means of acoustic emission (A.E.) instrumentation. The ferrite and the ferrite-pearlite showed acoustic emission only in connection with fast yielding of large volumes. Early steps of crack initiation showed no detectable acoustic emission because of very small yielded volumes and small amounts of crack surface friction. Gapping of the cracks inhibited A.E. due to friction during the early steps of crack propagation. Pearlitic specimens showed strong A.E. prior to microscopic detection of cracks, ascribed to fast fracture modes.Cracks in ferritic and ferritic-pearlitic CT-specimens are only detectable by crack surface friction. The increase of yielded volume with the propagating crack is too small to be distinguished from friction noise. Pearlitic specimens showed strong burst-signal activity ascribed to cleavage fracture and fast fracture modes.Great differences in A.E. of specimens with the same microstructure are in most cases the result of differing crack surface topography and therefore very differing friction areas. Friction noise depends clearly upon loading conditions and crack surface geometry.
    Notes: An drei unlegierten Kohlenstoffstählen mit ferritischer, ferritischperlitischer und rein perlitischer Gefügestruktur wurden Untersuchungen über den Rißbeginn und den Rißfortschritt bei schwingender Beanspruchung mit Hilfe von Schallemissionsmessungen durchgeführt.Bei den Untersuchungen des Rißbeginnes konnten in den ferritischen und den ferritisch-perlitischen Werkstoffen nur rasch ablaufende Verformungsvorgänge mit ausreichendem Verformungsvolumen über die Schallemission registriert werden. Durch die örtlich begrenzten plastischen Verformungen und die geringen Flächenanteile der Rißuferreibung waren die Rißkeimbildungen nicht erfaßbar. Die ersten Stadien der Rißausbreitung ergaben ebenfalls, aufgrund des Klaffens der gebildeten Risse, keine registrierbare Schallemission durch Reibung. Bei perlitischen Werkstoffen kam es vor Erkennung eines mikroskopischen Risses zu starker Schallemission, die offensichtlich mit energiereichen Ereignissen, wie rasch ablaufenden Bruchmoden, im Zusammenhang stehen.Ein Riß ist bei Schwingungsbeanspruchung in ferritischen und ferritisch-perlitischen CT-Proben bei ausreichender Größe der Rißflächen nur über Reibung feststellbar. Der eigentliche Rißfortschritt konnte durch die geringe Volumenzunahme der plastischen Zone pro Lastwechsel nicht registriert werden. Bei perlitischen Proben trat vor allem bei grob lamellarer Ausbildung des Zementits eine starke Schallemission meist in Form von Burstsignalen auf, die vorwiegend auf die Bildung von Bruchmoden hoher Energie, wie z. B. Spaltbruch, zurückzuführen sein dürften.Die vielfach sehr starken Unterschiede der Schallemission beim Rißfortschritt in Proben gleicher Gefügeausbildung sind überwiegend der verschieden großen Rißflächenreibung durch die oft sehr unterschiedliche Topographie der Rißbruchflächen zuzuschreiben. Bei Änderung der Mittellast oder der Lastamplitude ist eine deutliche Abhängigkeit des Reibungsgeräusches aus den Rißflächen von den Rißöffnungsverhältnissen hinter der Rißfront festzustellen. Nach einzelnen Überlasten während des Rißfortschrittes kann die Schallemission in gleicher Weise mit Veränderungen der Reibungsverhältnisse hinter der Rißspitze interpretiert werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 60-67 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Applicability of the Potential Drop Technique for Crack Growth InvestigationsA potential drop method, based on the compensation concept is described; technical parameters and capability are discussed.Selected examples with metallic alloys for high temperature and heat resistant application demonstrate the applicability of the method for fatigue and creep crack growth investigations in the temperature range up to 1173 K and 1223 K, respectively. At room temperature and at 1173 K the results of the potential drop method are verified by optical means.
    Notes: Es wird eine Potentialsondenmethode nach dem Kompensationsprinzip vorgestellt; ihre technischen Merkmale sowie ihr Leistungsvermögen werden diskutiert.Anhand ausgesuchter Beispiele an metallischen Legierungen für den warmfesten und hitzebeständigen Anwendungsbereich wird ihr Einsatz in Versuchen zum Ermüdungs- bzw. 1223 K demonstriert. Bei Raumtemperatur sowie 1173 K wurden die Meßergebnisse durch Vergleichsmessungen mit optischen Mitteln verifiziert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Hardening Behaviour of Steels by Cold WorkingContrary to common opinion work hardening increases with higher initial hardness (strength) of steel. This is proved by analysing stressstrain curves of tensile tests at overeleastic load carried out with normalized, hardened and tempered steel. Test results taken from literature are supported by own experiments. Practical application of this fact is discussed very shortly.
    Notes: Bei Stählen steigt im Gegensatz zur herrschenden Meinung die Kaltverfestigung (Aufhärtung) mit steigender Ausgangshärte oder -festigkeit an. Dies wird nachgewiesen an Ergebnissen aus Zugversuchen mit normalisierten und vergüteten Stählen. Ergebnisse der Literatur werden durch eigene Versuche ergänzt. Die praktische Nutzanwendung dieses Tatbestandes wird knapp andiskutiert.
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  • 52
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 101-110 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Polymeric Composite Materials. Part II: Experimental resultsThe technique of acoustic emission monitoring of polymeric composite materials is described. It is a high sensitive, quasi-nondestructive testing method that indicates the origin and the behaviour of flaws in such materials, when submitted to different load histories. In the usage of sophisticated signal-analysis-methods it is possible to distinguish between different types of failure mechanisms, such as fiber fracture, delamination or fiber pull-out. Imperfections can be detected while monitoring complex composite structures by acoustic emission measurements.
    Notes: Das quasi-zerstörungsfreie Werkstoffprüfverfahren der Schallemissionsmessung und dessen Anwendung bei polymeren Verbundwerkstoffen wird beschrieben. Dieses Verfahren ermöglicht es, das Entstehen und das Verhalten von Werkstoffdefekten bei unterschiedlichen Lasteinwirkungen anzuzeigen. Mittels signalbewertender Analysenmethoden können die in Verbundwerkstoffen ablaufenden, unterschiedlichen Versagensmechanismen differenziert werden.Bei Bauteiluntersuchungen erweist sich das Schallemissionsmeßverfahren als außerordentlich sensitiv, um bauteilgefährdende Defekte und Werkstoffehler anzuzeigen.
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 205-208 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Contribution to the Problem of Pressure-less Measurements of the Electric Conductivity of Powder MaterialsTwo authors (1, 2) proposed to use the electric conductivity of a loosely packed powder bed as the electric characteristics of the power material. The authors got reproducible and intercomparable results applying their method on various oxide powders, e.g. reduced MnO2 and mixed oxides. This is in contradiction to the common experience that in the range of small pressure, reliable results hardly can be obtained. Obviously, some special conditions have made the good results possible. Here below, the pressure-less method has been applied to four different powders: a species of MnO2, copper, Cd(OH)2 and PbO2.As the principal result, it has to be stated that the pressure-less method delivers reliable results only in the case of such powders, whose grain core resistance doesn't have to be neglected against the contact resistance between the grains. This condition is fulfilled here only in the case of manganese dioxide. Probably, the oxide powders under study in (1, 2) also have been in the correct range. In spite of this, the pressure-less method may not be applied on metal powders or on the metal-likek PbO2 powder. Also in the case of Cd(OH)2 masses, severe objections exist.
    Notes: Von zwei Autoren (1, 2) ist vorgeschlagen worden, die Leitfähigkeit einer Pulverschüttung als elektrische Kenngröße für den betreffenden Werkstoff zu verwenden. Das Verfahren ist in den beiden Arbeiten auf pulverförmige Oxide, z. B. reduziertes MnO2 und Mischoxide, angewendet worden und hat reproduzierbare und untereinander vergleichbare Meßwerte ergeben. Das widerspricht der bisherigen Erfahrung, wonach im Gebiet kleinster Drücke verläßliche Werte für die Leitfähigkeit nicht ermittelt werden können. Offenbar haben besondere Verhältnisse vorgelegen. In dieser Arbeit wird das drucklose Verfahren auf vier verschiedene Pulver angewendet: je ein Braunstein-, Kupfer-, PbO2- und Cd(OH)2-Pulver.Als wesentliches Ergebnis kann festgehalten werden, daß nur solche Pulverproben bei der drucklosen Messung verläßliche Werte ergeben, bei denen der Widerstandsanteil des Korninneren neben dem Kontaktwiderstand nicht vernachlässigbar klein ist. Das ist hier nur bei dem Braunstein-Pulver der Fall, ebenso wahrscheinlich bei den von (1, 2) untersuchten Oxidpulvern. Auf Metallpulver oder auf das annähernd metallisch leitende PbO2-Pulver dagegen darf die drucklose Meßmethode nicht angewendet werden. Auch bei dem Cd(OH)2-Pulver bestehen Bedenken.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 213-216 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurement of Residual Stress Reduction by Analysis of the Barkhausen-EffectResidual stresses and their variations under fatigue conditions have been measured by analysis of the Barkhausen-Effect.The stresses are proportional to the magnetic parameter M in a definite area.The investigations have been made on a high-strength fine-grained steel. under fatigue condition the relief of residual stresses is finished after a few stress cycles.By superposition of residual and load stresses the longitudinal stresses accept in consequence of the lateral contraction, whereas the transverse stresses are growing up in reason of their orientation to the direction of load stress.A change of the residual stress distribution could not be established.
    Notes: Eigenspannungen und ihre Veränderungen unter Ermüdungsbeanspruchung wurden durch Analyse des Barkhausen-Rauschens ermittelt. Die Spannungen sind in einem begrenzten Bereich dem magnetischen Parameter M proportional.Die Untersuchungen wurden an einem hochfesten Feinkornbaustahl durchgeführt. Bei Ermüdungsbeanspruchung ist der Eigenspannungsabbau nach wenigen Lastspielen beendet.Durch die Überlagerung von Eigen- und Lastspannungen nehmen die Längsspannungen infolge der Querkontraktion weiter ab, während die Querspannungen, da sie in Richtung der Belastung liegen, erhöht werden.Eine Veränderung der Eigenspannungsverteilung konnte nicht festgestellt werden.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Materials Performance and Materials Selection under the Aspect of Cooling Water Corrosion of Heat ExchangersFor the chemical process industry cooling water corrosion problems are of special importance. Of the known corrosion phenomena nearly all can be observed with heat exchangers depending on water quality and material used. By appropriate water treatment, favourable design measures and optimum materials selection the corrosion problem on the cooling water side of heat exchangers can be solved. Water treatment and design measures are only casually delt with in this paper which emphasizes the aspects of materials selection. Using the proper material is of special importance for once-through cooling systems. For this reason the performance of various materials is described, e. g. unalloyed steel, unalloyed steel protected by organic coatings, austenitic 18 Cr-9 Ni-steels, ferritic Cr-steels, ferritic-austenitic steels, copper and copper alloys, titanium. For a variety of operating conditions the materials selection criteria are described. Finally, some aspects of corrosion economics in selecting materials are discussed.
    Notes: Für die chemische Industrie haben die Probleme der Korrosion in Kühlwässern besondere Bedeutung. Eine Vielzahl der bekannten Korrosionserscheinungen kann je nach Wasserqualität und eingestztem Werkstoff an Wärmetauschern beobachtet werden. Durch geeignete Wasserbehandlung, durch konstruktive Maßnahmen und nicht zuletzt durch eine optimale Werkstoffauswahl wird versucht, das Problem der Kühlwasserkorrosion zu lösen. Die beiden erstgenannten Punkte können allerdings hier nur am Rande behandelt werden. Die Werkstoffauswahl ist für die Konstruktion eines Wärmetauschers, insbesondere in Durchlaufsystemen, von besonderer Wichtigkeit. Das Verhalten der verschiedensten Werkstoffe (z. B. unlegierter Stahl, unlegierter Stahl + organische Beschichtungen, austenitische 18/8-CrNi-Stähle, ferritische Cr-Stähle, ferritisch-austenitische Stähle, Kupfer und Kupferlegierungen, Titan) in Kühlwässern wird beschrieben; entsprechende Auswahlkriterien werden angegeben. Abschließend werden einige wirtschaftliche Überlegungen zur Werkstoffauswahl dargestellt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. A60 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 275-281 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbon Fibres - Production, Properties and ApplicationsCarbon fibres are primarily regarded as a reinforcing material for resins, but can also be used in metal or carbon matrices. It is anticipated that over the next few years the present inception phase will develop into one of rapid business growth. The expected turnover and price developments, as well as the main fields of application are discussed.A great variety of carbon fibre types are available, whose properties are dictated by differences in the basic structure, yielding an exceptional range of properties from the isotropic low modulus to the high strength, high modulus, highly anisotropic HT and HM carbon fibres. The method of manufacture and the precursor materials are described, in particular the individual processing steps and changes accompanying the pyrolysis of PAN fibres. Future improvements in processing technology and precursor quality, promise a significant increase in the already very high properties level.
    Notes: Kohlenstoffasern sind vor allem als hochwertige Verstärkungskomponente in Verbundwerkstoffen mit Kunstharzen aber auch mit Metallen und Kohlenstoff als Matrix zu betrachten. Es ist vorauszusehen, daß die Phase der Markteinführung in den nächsten Jahren von einer starken Wachstumsphase abgelöst wird. Die zu erwartende Mengen- und Preisentwicklung sowie die sich abzeichnenden Hauptanwendungsgebiete werden diskutiert.Zum Verständnis der Eigenschaften der verschiedenen auf den Markt eingeführten Kohlenstoffasertypen werden deren Struktur und die Beziehungen zu den wichtigsten Fasereigenschaften behandelt. Daraus lassen sich auch die ungewöhnlichen Variationsmöglichkeiten ableiten  -  von den hochanisotropen HF- und HM-Fasern bis zu den isotropen Fasern.Die Faserherstellung und die verwendeten Rohstoffe werden beschrieben. Hierbei wird auf die Verfahrensschritte und auf die beim thermischen Abbau ablaufenden Vorgänge am Beispiel der PAN- Faser näher eingegangen. Die Weiterentwicklung der Herstellungs-technologie als auch der Rohfaserqualität läßt für die Zukunft noch eine fühlbare Steigerung des bereits heute hohen Eigenschaftsniveaus erwarten.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 287-293 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fatigue Crack Propagation of High Strength AlloysInvestigations of the crack propagation behaviour under variable amplitude loading conditions show a strong influence of sequence effects. The fatigue crack propagation as a consequence of changes in the loading conditions is not linear. New continuum mechanical analyses enable an interpretation of the influence of sequence effects on fatigue crack propagation by considering the plastic deformations and displacements around the crack tip and their correlation to the crack closure behaviour. In order to enable a direct investigation of the crack propagation and crack closure behaviour in the scanning electron microscope a special loading equipment was designed. The investigations led to the following results: there existed only a weak correlation between the crack propagation rates and mechanisms at the side surfaces and on the fracture surfaces of the specimens,the crack propagation behaviour was significantly influenced by the microstructural constitution of the alloy,the continuum mechanical analyses could be corroborated in the tests.For the tests the high strength aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and X-7075 were applied.
    Notes: Bei der Betriebsbelastung schwingbeanspruchter Bauteile treten deutliche Last-Reihenfolgeneinflüsse auf. Die Rißausbreitung folgt diesen Änderungen in den Beanspruchungsbedingungen nicht linear. Neuere Erkenntnisse der Kontinuumsmechanik ermöglichen die Beurteilung von Reihenfolgeneinflüssen auf das Rißausbreitungsverhalten, bei denen insbesondere der Einfluß plastischer Verformungen und Verschiebungen auf das Rißschließverhalten berücksichtigt werden. Mit Hilfe einer speziellen Belastungsvorrichtung konnten die Rißausbreitung und die Rißschließung direkt im Rasterelektronenmikroskop untersucht werden. Es konnte festgestellt werden, daß an der Probenoberfläche und im Probeninnern Rißfortschritt und Rißausbreitungsmechanismus nicht vollständig korrelieren,der Mikromechanismus der Rißausbreitung deutlich durch die Mikrostruktur beeinflußt wird,die kontinuumsmechanischen Vorhersagen über den Rißschließvorgang weitgehend zutreffen.Die Versuche wurden mit den hochfesten Aluminiumlegierungen Al 2024-T3 und X-7075 durchgeführt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. A68 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 361-367 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanische Eigenschaften von SiliciumnitridDie mechanischen Raumtemperatureigenschaften von reaktionsgebundenem und heißgepreßtem Siliciumnitrid werden unter Berücksichtigung des Gefüges dieser Werkstoffe besprochen.Materialbedingte Gefügeeigenschaften zeigen einen ausgeprägten Einfluß auf die Festigkeit. Bei reaktionsgebundenem Siliciumnitrid sind dies der Volumenanteil der Porosität und die Porengrößenverteilung im Werkstoff. Im Falle des heißgepreßten Siliciumnitrids beeinflussen der Volumenanteil der während der α/β-Phasenumwandlung gebildeten stäbchenförmigen β-Körner und deren Korngrößenverteilung die Festigkeit.
    Notes: The room temperature mechanical properties of reaction bonded and hot-pressed silicon nitride are reviewed with respect to the microstructure of the material. It is shown that the strength of these compounds is predominantly controlled by microstructural features. These are the volume fraction of porosity and the pore size distribution for reaction bonded Si3N4, and the volume fraction of elongated transformed β grains and their grain size for hot-pressed Si3N4.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. A79 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. A86 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 411-414 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 423-434 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Kriechrißwachstum in austenitischen Stählen - Anwendbarkeit bruchmechanischer ParameterDie Ergebnisse über Kriechrißwachstum in den austenitischen Stählen AISI 304 und AISI 316 werden zusammengestellt. Der Vergleich der verschiedenen bruchmechanischen Parameter, die mit der Geschwindigkeit von Kriechrissen korreliert werden können, zeigt, daß momentan eine abschließende Bewertung nicht möglich ist. Bei der Übertragung von Kleinproben-Meßwerten auf Bauteile erscheinen für zukünftige Arbeiten das J-Integral bzw. modifizierte Versionen wie z. B. C* am aussichtsreichsten. Gewisse Attraktivität besitzt auch das Nettospannungskriterium. Der Spannungsintensitätsfaktor scheint wenig geeignet. Seine Anwendung führt zu einer konservativen Interpretation des bruchmechanischen Verhaltens.Im Zusammenhang mit den verschiedenen Parametern werden die Einflüsse von Temperatur, Geometrie und Umgebungsmedium auf das Kriechrißwachstum diskutiert.
    Notes: The comparison of fracture mechanics parameters, which have been applied to creep crack growth in case of the austenitic stainless steels AISI 304 and AISI 316, is possible only to a limited extent thus showing evidence that a reliable judgement cannot be given at this moment. With respect to the mechanical characterization of a cracked component by using small specimen data the J-integral resp. modified versions like C* have to be favoured for future work. The net-section stress seems to show promise under certain conditions as well. The application of the stress intensity factor will not characterize properly creep cracking by giving a conservative interpretation of the mechanical behaviour.With regard to fracture mechanics parameters the effects of temperature, geometry and environment on creep crack growth have also been discussed.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A2 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 11-13 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Quality Control of HDPE Pipes.Trials are reported made with the aim of finding an correlation between creep rupture test results obtained with two different types of testing samples: Pipes under internal pressure and tensile rods cut out of these pipes in a longitudinal direction.
    Notes: Es wird über Versuche berichtet, eine Korrelation zwischen Ergebnissen aus Zeitstand-Innendruckversuchen an HDPE-Rohren und Zeitstandversuchen an Längszugstäben aus diesen Rohren zu finden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 23-31 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Controlled Pickling of Apparatus made of Chemical-Resistant SteelsExamples of material failure and corrosion trials are used to show that the chemical resistance of austenitic steel depends in many ways on the surface condition. Pickling is the best method for removing layers of oxide in preparation for passivation. Internal tensile stresses which are created near the surface by mechanical working, e.g. by turning, drilling and grinding, can assume higher values than those caused by shaping and welding. As a result stress corrosion cracking often occurs only in the region where the surface has been worked. Because the stresses responsible for this phenomenon rapidly fall off below the surface, it is usually possible to reduce them by pickling to the point at which damage of this kind is prevented. The amount of material which must be removed by pickling is determined by trials and pickling must be controlled accordingly.
    Notes: An Schadensfällen und durch Korrosionsversuche wird gezeigt, daß die chemische Beständigkeit der austenitischen Stähle in mehrfacher Weise von ihrem Oberflächenzustand abhängt. Beim Entfernen von Oxidbelägen, als Voraussetzung für eine gute Passivschicht, liefert das Beizen das beste Ergebnis. Oberflächennahe Zug-Eigenspannungen, die durch eine mechanische Bearbeitung, z. B. Drehen, Bohren, Schleifen, eingebracht werden, können höhere Werte annehmen als die durch Verformen und Schweißen verursachten Spannungen. Als Folge davon tritt oft nur im Bereich einer Oberflächenbearbeitung Spannungsrißkorrosion auf. Weil die zugehörigen Spannungen unter der Oberfläche schnell abfallen, ist es meist möglich, sie durch ein abtragendes Beizen so weit abzubauen, daß Schäden dieser Art unterbleiben. Der notwendige Beizabtrag ist durch Versuche zu ermitteln und das Beizen entsprechend zu überwachen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 90-96 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Crack Growth Behaviour of Structural Steels in SeawaterThe influence of a synthetic seawater environment upon the crack growth behaviour of two structural steels was investigated. The results were presented in terms of the stress intensity fracture toughness parameter. Data were generated in air and in seawater with or without a cathodic protection. Results show that seawater environment and a cathodic protection influence the crack propagation at the applied frequencies of 0,04 and 0,25 Hz. The use of cathodic protection raises questions concerning the resistance to hydrogen embrittlement of the two steels. Some fractographic examinations of selected specimens show the microstructure of the two steels at various test conditions.
    Notes: Die Kenntnis der Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit von Rissen an Materialien in korrosiver Atmosphäre unter Betriebsbelastung ist für die Konstruktionsauslegung von großer Bedeutung. Von den Baustählen X70 sowie St70 ist mittels angeschwungener CT-Proben die Rißausbreitung bestimmt worden. Die Versuchsfrequenzen lagen - bezogen auf realistische Seegangsspektren - bei 0,04 Hz und 0,25 Hz. Durch Aufgabe kathodischer Schutzpotentiale wird bei Vorhandensein von Anrissen die Rißausbreitung stark beschleunigt. Es tritt eine wasserstoffinduzierte Spannungsrißkorrosion auf. Über das Ausmaß der Wasserstoffaufname der Bruchflächen werden Angaben gemacht. Durch REM-Aufnahmen wird das Bruchaussehen dokumentiert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 107-108 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A28 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 19-22 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation of Different Welding Processes with Nickel-Alloy NiMo 16 Cr 16 TIThe overall favourable corrosion resistance of the nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy NiMo 16Cr 16 Ti against attack by powerful oxidizing acids ensures a wide field of applications for this material. The alloy is readily processable using encased rod electrodes and shielded are welding. However, shielded arc welding should be given preference, as there are considerable differences in the analytical results between smelted welded material from encased rod electrodes and bright rods and wires. The different welded materials influence the corrosion resistance and the possibilities of forging welded constructions.
    Notes: Die allgemeine gute Korrosionsbeständigkeit der Nickelbasislegierung NiMo 16 Cr 16 Ti gegen den Angriff stark oxidierender Säuren sichert diesem Werkstoff ein breites Einsatzgebiet. Die Legierung ist mit umhüllten Stabelektroden und nach Schutzgasschweißverfahren gut zu verarbeiten. Bevorzugt sollte jedoch das Schutzgasschweißen eingesetzt werden, da erhebliche Analyseunterschiede zwischen dem niedergeschmolzenen Schweißgut aus umhüllten Stabelektroden und aus blanken Stäben und Drähten bestehen. Das unterschiedliche Schweißgut hat Einfluß auf das Korrosionsverhalten und die Warmformgebungsmöglichkeiten von geschweißten Konstruktionen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A10 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 150-150 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A34 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 256-262 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Anisotropy Effects in Copper Alloy Strip MaterialsThe textures and effects of mechanical anisotropy have been measured in several copper alloy strip materials with commercial hardness levels. In most cases mixed textures have been found with a qualitative correlation to the mechanical effects.The optimum position for spring elements proved to be transverse to rolling direction, especially the relation of the elastic limit in bonding to yield strength has a maximum in this direction.
    Notes: Bei Bändern aus verschiedenen Kupferlegierungen in handelsüblichen Festigkeitszuständen wurden die Texturen und die mechanischen Anisotropieeffekte gemessen. In den meisten Fällen wurden Mischtexturen festgestellt, welche die mechanischen Anisotropieeffekte qualitativ erklären.Für Federelemente ist die Querlage die günstigste, insbesondere ist in dieser Richtung das Verhältnis Federbiegegrenze zu Streckgrenze am höchsten.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 330-334 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Guarantee of Quality for the Steel Hoops of the Refueling Machine of the Nuclear Ship OTTO HAHN by Way of a Special Procedure with UltrasonicThe basic overhaul and renewal of the refueling machine constructed 1965-1967 for the reactor system of the nuclear ship OTTO HAHN required among other things the replacement of the lifting hoops which are necessary for raising the fuel elements and guiding the gripping device. These steel hoops are the critical components of the refueling machine. Therefore the quality assurance of the material was articularly specified.On way of ensuring this guarantee of quality is to carry out tests involving the use of ultrasonic equipment as desired and applied here. The process is explained and its application with the results obtained is described.
    Notes: Die Grundüberholung und teilweise Erneuerung der in den Jahren 1965-1967 gebauten Brennelement-Wechselmaschine für die Reaktoranalage des NS OTTO HAHN erforderte u.a. die Auswechselung der zur Lastaufnahme und Greifersteuerung dienenden Hubbänder. Diese Stahlbänder sind die kritischen Bauteile der Brennelement-Wechselmaschine. Aus diesem Grunde wurde die Gütesicherung besonders spezifiert. Eine der Gütesicherung dienende zerstörungsfreie Prüfung ist die hier beschriebene und angewendete Impuls-Durchschallung in Tauchtechnik. Das Verfahren wird erklärt und die Durchführung mit dem erzielten Ergebnis beschrieben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 315-324 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Behaviour of Hip - Joint Endoprostheses under quasi-static and dynamic LoadClinical experience with total-hip endoprostheses has shown that the following problems take priority: - Loosening of the socket (acetabular cup) and the femoral prosthesis - Fracture of the femoral prosthesis - Loosing due to deep infection.Accordingly aims the research at locating the biological and mechanical reasons for the failures as well as testing alternative solutions such as - methods of fixation - construction of protheses - new materials and finishing methods. This publication concerns areas of the mechanical side of the problem.The comparison between the original system of proximal femur and acetabulum and the implanted prosthetic system shows changes in the stiffness of the systems depending on the different types of implanted endoprostheses.The influence of the frequency of loading on the deformation of the system is investigated in a frequency range between quasi-static and dynamically changing loads.The movements between implanted cup and neighbouring pelvic bone during cyclic load is measured.The results of these examinations give clues concerning qualitative and quantitative repercussions from the different endoprosthetic systems under conditions optimal in view of true comparison, and possible or desirable alternative solutions of the problem in view of construction and material.
    Notes: Aufgrund bisher vorliegender klinischer Erfahrungen mit Hüftgelenks-Totalendoprothesen nehmen folgende Problemstellungen eine gewisse Priorität ein: - Pfannen- und Schaftlockerungen, - Schaftbrüche - Infektlockerungen.Dementsprechend konzentriert sich die Forschung auf die Ermittlung der biologischen und mechanischen Ursachen des Fehlverhaltens sowie auf die Erprobung alternativer Lösungen hinsichtlich - Fixationsmethodik - Konstruktion von Endoprothesen - Werkstoff und Fertigungsmethoden.Die vorliegende Arbeit bezieht sich auf Teile des mechanischen Komplexes dieser Problemstellung.Durch vergleichende Untersuchungen am Original- sowie am Implantatsystem „proximaler Femur/Hüftgelenkspfanne“ wird die Änderung der Steifigkeit infolge Implantation unterschiedlicher Typen von Endoprothesen ermittelt.Der Einfluß der Belastungsfrequenz auf die Deformationsverhältnisse in diesem System wird in einem Frequenzbereich überprüft, der sich von quasi-statischer bis zu dynamisch-wechselnder Belastung erstreckt.Die Relativbewegung zwischen implantierter Hüftgelenkspfanne und benachbartem knöchernen Bereich wird bei zyklischer Belastung erfaßt und messend verfolgt.Die Befunde geben punktuelle Hinweise hinsichtlich qualitativer und quantitativer Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher endoprothetischer Maßnahmen unter Bedingungen optimierter Vergleichbarkeit sowie hinsichtlich möglicher oder zweckmäßiger alternativer Lösungen im konstruktiven und stofflichen Bereich der anstehenden Fragestellungen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. A76 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 335-335 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 366-374 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Exact and Approximate Calculations of UD-LayersIt is shown that the quasi-elastic solution of layers nearly almost used in practical viscoelastic calculations is an excellent approach. The exact solution achieved with simple integral equations are compared with the quasi-elastic solution and the occuring deviations are described. The creep functions of layers are given the form of the uniaxial creep function of the isotropic viscoelastic material. This makes the creep behaviour of layers very clear and symplifies practical calculations. The given solutions are under no restriction with regard to the chosen form of the uni-axial creep function.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß die in der Praxis zur viskoelastischen Berechnung unidirektionaler Laminate verwendete quasielastische Lösung eine hervorragende Näherungslösung darstellt. Die exakten, mit Hilfe einfacher Integralbeziehungen gewonnenen, Lösungen werden mit der quasielastischen Lösung verglichen und es werden die zu erwartenden Abweichungen beschrieben. Die Kriechfunktionen der Laminate werden auf die Form der Kriechfunktion des viskoelastisch-isotropen Materials bei einachsiger Beanspruchung gebracht. Dadurch wird das Kriechverhalten der Laminate besonders deutlich und die praktische Rechnung wird vereinfacht. Die bereitgestellten Lösungen unterliegen keiner Beschränkungen hinsichtlich der funktionalen Form der einachsigen Kriechfunktion.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 402-407 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Pitting Corrosion at Copper Tubes of Tap Water Systems released by Soldering FluxThe pitting corrosion is the mostly observed reason for getting corrosion damage of copper tubes in tap water systems. In case of loss the reason for corrosion attack is ascribed to rests of cracked drawing compounds at the copper tube wall.The results from own examinations of copper tubes corroded in different tap waters show in case of loss the reason for corrosion damage as cracked soldering flux. This gets by the different described ways into the copper tube and becomes cracked by the soldering temperature. This way formed corrosion attacks often show breaches firstly far away from the soldered joint so that mostly other reasons of damage (cracked drawing compounds) are simulated.
    Notes: Die häufigste zum Versagen von Kupferrohren in der Trinkwasserinstallation führende Korrosionsart ist die Lochkorrosion. Als schadensauslösend werden dabei in der Literatur die beim Weichglühen der Rohre gecrackten Ziehmittelreste (Kohlenstoffbeläge der Rohrinnenwandungen) und Rückstände von chloridhaltigen Weichlöt-Fluß-mitteln angesehen.Eigene Untersuchungen von Schadensfällen an Kupferrohren der Trinkwasserinstallation zeigen, daß die Ursache, welche zum Versagen der Rohre führt, meistens nicht gecrackte Ziehmittelreste oder eingeflossenes Flußmittel, sondern gecrackte Flußmittel sind. Diese gelangen, auf unterschiedlichste Art und Weise, in das Rohrinnere und werden beim Einwirken der Löttemperatur gecrackt. Da ein so eingeleiteter Korrosionsangriff oftmals erst in relativ weiter Entfernung von der Lötstelle zum Durchbruch führt (Kondensatzone), werden meist andere Schadensursachen (z. B. gecrackte Ziehmittelreste) vorgetäuscht.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 438-439 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 80-84 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Wiederkehrende Prüfungen am Reaktorkühlsystem bei LeichtwasserreaktorenUm eine dauerhafte Sicherheit der Komponenten des Reaktorkühlsystems zu gewährleisten, werden nach Inbetriebnahme eines Kernkraftwerks wiederkehrende Prüfungen durchgeführt.Dieser Beitrag behandelt die Komponenten des Reaktorkühlsystems in Bezug auf die gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Auflagen, sicherheitstechnischen Aspekte und den Umfang der wiederkehrenden Prüfungen während des laufenden Reaktorbetriebs.Im einzelnen werden die Art und zeitliche Folge der Prüfungen, die Durchführungstechnik, ihre Ergebnisse und künftige Entwicklungstendenzen beschrieben.Funktionsprüfungen, die im Rahmen der wiederkehrenden Prüfungen anfallen, sind nicht Gegenstand dieses Beitrags.
    Notes: In order to guarantee constant safety of the components of the reactor cooling system, regular in-service inspections are carried out after commissioning of the nuclear power plant.This contribution is concerned with the components of the reactor cooling system, referring to the legal requirements, safety-related purposes and scope of the in-service inspections during the entire period of operation of a nuclear power plant.Reports are made with respect to type, examination intervals, examination technique, results and future development.The functional tests which are carried out within the scope of the inservice inspections are not part of this contribution.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A33 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A39 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 103-109 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Deep Rolling and Fatigue StrengthThe fatigue properties of specimens and components are largely increased by deep rolling. Depending on geometrical shape of components and material strength the compressive residual stresses and the increased surface hardness made by deep rolling have a different effect on the improvement of fatigue strength.The fatigue properties of smooth specimens and components with a sufficient toughness can be raised by increase of surface hardness, whereas in case of notched parts the influence of permanent compressive residual stresses is dominant.The application of deep rolling in case of crankshafts shows a clear superiority of mechanical strengthening procedure to thermal surface strengthening. If there are some reasons to improve the wear behaviour beside the fatigue strength it is commendable to combine thermal and mechanical surface strengthening.
    Notes: Die Schwingfestigkeitseigenschaften von Proben und Bauteilen können durch Festwalzen beträchtlich angehoben werden. Je nach Bauteilgeometrie und Werkstoffestigkeit wirken sich die durch den Festwalzprozeß eingebrachten Druckeigenspannungen 1. Art und die Randhärtesteigerung unterschiedlich auf die Erhöhung der Dauerfestigkeit aus. Während bei glatten Proben oder Bauteilen ausreichender Duktilität der Zuwachs an Schwingfestigkeit im wesentlichen auf die Zunahme der Randhärte zurückzuführen ist, beruht die Dauerfestigkeitserhöhung von Bauteilen mit Kerben auf das Vorhandensein stabiler Druckeigenspannungen.Die Anwendung des Festwalzprozesses bei Kurbelwellen zeigt die deutliche Überlegenheit des mechanischen Verfestigungsverfahrens gegenüber einem rein thermischen Randschichthärteverfahren. Sollte neben der Schwingfestigkeit auch das Verschleißverhalten verbessert werden, empfiehlt sich eine Kombination von thermischem und mechanischem Oberflächenverfestigungsverfahren.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A40 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 120-128 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Prediction of the Fatigue Strength with Regard to the Statistical Size Effect310 fatigue tests in the range for alternating stresses were performed with smooth and notched round bar specimens (Fig. 5 and Table 3) of different size. The 30 (20) tests of each series were fatigued at two stress levels with constant maximum root stress σ1 max and σ2 max. At each stress level, the probability of fracture (Eq. 11) had been determined. The test results are shown in Table 2. The evaluation of the test results was made on the basis of a two-parametric-Weibull-equation (Eq. 2) which can be derived by the theory of extreme value statistics. In the case of a non-uniform-stress-field (notched specimens), Eq. 2 is replaced by Eq. 6. The stress-integral (Eq. 6b) was numerically calculated for the different shapes of the specimens used. The value of the stress-integral A can also be obtained by Eq. 10 with an accuracy better than 11%. The Eqs. 7, 8 and 9 were used to calculate and predict test results. To show the error which arises by the application of the Eqs. 7, 8 and 9, the fatigue stress at 50% probability of fracture was calculated and compared with the experimental results. If the results of only one test series are used to calculate the fatigue strength of all the other series, the mean deviation is 5%, the maximum observed deviation is 14,1% (Table 5). If all the results are used to determine the constants of the two-parametric-Weibull-equation (Eq. 16), all the test results can be predicted with an accuracy better than 5,7%.In cases of homogeneous materials and mainly linear elastic stress-strain relationship, the two-parametric-Weibull-equation therefore is very well suited to describe the size effect in fatigue (Fig. 6).
    Notes: Es wurden 310 Zug-Druck-Dauerschwingversuche im reinen Wechsellastbereich an glatten und gekerbten Rundproben unterschiedlicher Größe (11 Probeserien) im Übergangsgebiet des Wöhlerfeldes durchgeführt. Die Auswertung der Versuche erfolgte unter Zugrundelegung der statistischen Fehlstellentheorie. Die beiden Konstanten des zweiparametrigen Weibullansatzes wurden für jede Probenserie bestimmt. Der Vergleich zwischen experimentellem und berechnetem Wert wurde jeweils für die Dauerfestigkeit mit einer Bruchwahrscheinlichkeit von 50% vorgenommen. Verwendet man zur Vorhersage die Ergebnisse nur einer Probeserie, so können die. Ergebnisse der anderen Probeserien mit einem mittleren Fehler von 5% (max. 14,1%) berechnet werden. Legt man alle experimentellen Ergebnisse der Vorhersage zugrunde, so verringert sich der mittlere Fehler auf 3,2% (max. 5,7%). Die statistische Fehlstellentheorie kann daher für querschnittshomogene Werkstoffe im Übergangsgebiet des Wöhlerfeldes mit sehr gutem Ergebnis zur Beschreibung des Größeneinflusses herangezogen werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 138-147 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Transformation-Toughened CeramicsA summary is given on the toughening of ceramics by utilizing the tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation of ZrO2 particles dispersed in the ceramic matrix. Various parameters controlling this martensitic transformation (especially Ms) are discussed together with in situ-TEM observations. The possible toughening mechanisms that allow for additional energy dissipation at crack tips are stress-induced transformation and nucleation of microcracks. Further strengthening is achieved by introducing steady-state surface compressive stresses. The type and magnitude of toughening is controlled by the microstructural design parameters such as volume fraction, chemical composition, size and size distribution of ZrO2 particles which again determine the Ms temperature. The homogeneous dispersion of ZrO2 is the most important step in the technology of transformation-toughened ceramics. Experimental examples for the toughening effect are given for the ceramic matrices Al2O3, ZnO, spinel, mullite and Si3N4.
    Notes: Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über Forschungsergebnisse des Max-Planck-Instituts für Metallforschung auf dem Gebiet der Umwandlungsverstärkung keramischer Werkstoffe. Die kontrollierte Ausnutzung der tetragonal → monoklinen Phasenumwandlung dispergierter ZrO2-Teilchen ermöglicht eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Verstärkungsarten, die im wesentlichen von der Umwandlungstemperatur (Ms) bestimmt werden. Die Einflußparameter von Ms, z. B. Volumenanteil, chemische Zusammensetzung, Größe und Größenverteilung der ZrO2-Teilchen und die daraus abzuleitenden Maßnahmen für eine Gefügeentwicklung, werden besprochen. Die möglichen Mechanismen für eine zusätzliche Absorption von Bruchenergie, und damit für eine Erhöhung des Bruchwiderstands sind spannungsinduzierte Umwandlung und Bildung von Mikrorissen. Eine weitere Verstärkung kann durch Einbringen von Oberflächendruckspannungen erzielt werden. Der wichtigste technologische Schritt in der Herstellung umwandlungsverstärkter Keramiken ist eine homogene Dispersion der ZrO2-Teilchen. Eine Reihe experimenteller Beispiele für die Verstärkung von Al2O3, ZnO, Mullit, Spinell und Si3N4 mit Hilfe von ZrO2 wird diskutiert.
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  • 97
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 98
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 176-181 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Properties of Layered Composites of GFK-SteelThe development of insulating joints of GFK and steel is described. The strength of the GFK and steel is described. The strength of the GFK and the adhesion between the GFK and steel is in this context of special interest. Results for the Young's Modulus, the ultimate and adhesion strength measured in bursting and bending tests are compared to those measured in tensile- and adhesion tests; the data agree well with each other. The correspondence between literature data of mechanical properties of the GFK and the measured values is satisfying.
    Notes: Es wird die Weiterentwicklung von Isolierstücken für erdverlegte Leitungen bis zur Abnahmereife durch den Technischen Überwachungsverein mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Festigkeit des glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffes und der Haftung des glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffes am Trägermaterial angegeben. Ergebnisse für den E-Modul, die Zug- und Haftfestigkeit ermittelt aus Berst- und Biegeversuchen an den Isolierstücken werden verglichen mit Daten, die sich aus Zerreiß- und Haftfestigkeitsuntersuchungen ergeben. Die Übereinstimmung ist befriedigend; die Daten sind im Einklang mit Literaturergebnissen an vergleichbaren glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 204-207 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ermüdungsverhalten der Legierung Ti-6AI-4VEs wurden Wechselverformungsversuche (LCF) in Vakuum und Luft durchgeführt. Unter zyklischer Beanspruchung trat in der Ti-6Al-4V in Abhängigkeit von der Aushärtung, der Spannungsamplitude und der Mikrostruktur sowohl Verfestigung als auch Entfestigung auf. Die plastische Verformung der β-Phase verursachte im ungehärteten Zustand infolge der spannungsinduzierten martensitischen Umwandlung eine zyklische Verfestigung. Zyklische Entfestigung wurde gemessen, wenn die durch kohärente Ti3Al-Teilchen ausgehärtete α-Phase plastisch verformt wurde.Die globularen Gefüge zeigten eine stärkere zyklische Entfestigung als die lamellaren Gefüge. Dieses Verhalten konnte dadurch erklärt werden, daß die globularen Gefüge eine ausgeprägte Textur besaßen, während die lamellaren Gefüge texturlos waren.Im Bereich der Kurzzeitermüdung (LCF) wurde die Lebensdauer entscheidend vom Entfestigungsverhalten bestimmt. Die Gefüge mit starker zyklischer Entfestigung zeigten bei Berücksichtigung der unterschiedlichen Elastizitätsgrenzen (Normierung σa/σy) geringere Bruchlastspielzahlen als die Gefüge mit schwächerer zyklischer Entfestigung.
    Notes: Low-cycle-fatigue texts in vacuum and air were performed. Under cyclic loading the Ti-6Al-4V showed both cyclic hardening and cyclic softening depending on heat treatment, stress amplitude, and microstructure. Plastic deformation of the β-phase in the unaged condition due to stress induced martensitic transformation caused cyclic hardening. Cyclic softening was observed if the α-phase hardened by coherent Ti3Al particles was plastically deformed.Equiaxed microstructures exhibited a stronger cyclic softening than lamellar structures. This behavior could be explained by the pronounced texture of the equiaxed microstructures, whereas the lamellar structures were texture-free.The fatigue life was influenced by the cyclic softening process mainly in the low-cycle-fatigue regime. The fatigue life at normalized stress amplitude (σa/σy) was shorter for microstructures with strong cyclic softening as compared to microstructures with lower cyclic softening.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 274-285 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Formation of Surface Films and the Corrosion Resistance of the Silicon Containing Austenitic Steel X 2 CrNiSi 18 15 in Nitric AcidsThe oxide layers consist of two parts: the lower one is mainly Croxide, the upper one is SiO2. ESCA and AAS measurements were made in order to study the formation of the surface layer on the austenitic steel X2 CrNiSi 18 15 in nitric acids. A film, which is chromium oxide, is formed first. On top of this film a second film consisting of SiO2 grows. The elements nickel and manganese are not found in the formation of the oxide films. Immediately below the oxide layer the steel is enrichened with chromium and depleted of iron.In order to find the in some cases very small corrosion rates (5 · 10-5 mm · a-1) in a reproducible manner, the amounts of iron, chromium and nickel which had been dissolved were measured by means of the AAS method as a function of time.For stationary samples apparent activation energies of 65.2 kJ/Mol (azeotropic nitric acid) and 37.5 kJ/Mol (highly concentrated nitric acid), respectively, were found. These data confirm the assumption that the corrosion rate is determined by reactions at the phase boundaries.No appreciable influence of the flow velocity on the corrosion rate was detected.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe von ESCA- und AAS-Messungen wurde die Ausbildung der Deckschicht auf dem austenitischen Stahl X 2 CrNiSi 18 15 in Salpetersäuren untersucht. Es entsteht eine chromoxidreiche Deckschicht, über der sich eine SiO2-Schicht befindet. Nickel und Mangan sind am Aufbau der Oxidschichten nicht beteiligt. Unter der Oxidschicht wurde eine Chromanreicherung bzw. Eisenverarmung im Stahl nachgewiesen.Um die teilweise sehr geringen (bis 5 · 10-5 mm · a-1) Abtragungsraten reproduzierbar erfassen zu können, wurde in Lösung gegangenes Eisen, Chrom und Nickel in Abhängigkeit von der Beanspruchungsdauer mittels AAS bestimmt.Für ruhende Werkstoffproben ergaben sich scheinbare Aktivierungsenergien von 65,2 kJ/Mol (azeotrope Salpetersäure) bzw. 37,5 kJ/Mol (hochkonzentrierte Salpetersäure); diese Werte bestätigen die Annahme einer geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Phasengrenzreaktion. Ein nennenswerter Einfluß der Fließgeschwindigkeit auf die Korrosion war nicht nachweisbar.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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