ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

X
feed icon rss

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • Other Sources  (2,274)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (1,786)
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Seismology
  • 1980-1984  (2,142)
  • 1955-1959  (72)
  • 1950-1954  (60)
Collection
Source
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 101
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Localized blocking accounted for by slow variations of the zonal driving (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The incorporation of observed zonal topography in a barotropic nonlinear channel model is discussed. The model is then extended to explain the regional features of blocking by employing a two scale method to allow small slow variations of the momentum (zonal) driving.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 190-192
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 102
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Stratocumulus simulations with a general circulation model (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Stratus and stratocumulus cloud sheets which are among the most common cloud types over the world are discussed. They are characteristic of the undisturbed subtropical marine boundary layer over the eastern oceans, where cool water and large scale sinking motion suppress penetrative cumulus convection. They also occur over the Arctic Ocean, particularly in summer, and behind cold outbreaks over the western oceans in winter. Observational studies were conducted and further observations are planned.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 222-226
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 103
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Influence of surface roughness of a desert (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A numerical simulation study, using the current GLAS climate GCM, was carried out to examine the influence of low bulk aerodynamic drag parameter in the deserts. The results illustrate the importance of yet another feedback effect of a desert on itself, that is produced by the reduction in surface roughness height of land once the vegetation dies and desert forms. Apart from affecting the moisture convergence, low bulk transport coefficients of a desert lead to enhanced longwave cooling and sinking which together reduce precipitation by Charney's (1975) mechanism. Thus, this effect, together with albedo and soil moisture influence, perpetuate a desert condition through its geophysical feedback effect. The study further suggests that man made deserts is a viable hypothesis.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 329-334
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 104
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Two contrasting Northern Hemisphere winters: 1980 - 1981 and 1981 - 1982 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Seasonal statistics calculated from daily operational analyses by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts for December 1980 - February 1981 (season 1) and December 1981 - February 1982 (season 2) were used to contrast the two seasonal mean circulation patterns present in the Northern Hemisphere and to investigate possible causes for the differences. The vertically averaged seasonal mean zonal wind and E-vector, a measure of the anisotropy of the transient eddies over the Pacific is shown for season 1 and season 2. The pattern in season 2, but not season 1, resembles that found in a modeling study of barotropic instability. One possible explanation for the differences between season 1 and 2 is a weak change in tropical heating associated with the southern oscillation, the effect of which in midlatitude was amplified by the occurrence of barotropic instability over the Pacific in season 2, but not season 1.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 209-214
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 105
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    An ensemble formulation of PBL fluxes in a GCM (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An ensemble approach is applied to Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) calculations with the bulk Richardson number identified as the key parameter. An ensemble averaging calculation was carried out to rederive the bulk friction and heat transport coefficients for the mean condition. Two simulations are carried out and compared. Significant differences in PBL fluxes low level cloudiness, land surface roughness heights, and surface evaporation are noted between the modified and unmodified simulations. Modifications to the model were: (1) the relationship between actual and potential Effective Temperature (ET) to accord with Sud and Fennessy (1982); (2) maximum permissible instantaneous ET at any time is 1.5 mm per hr; (3) moisture distribution in low level cumulus convection to be consistent with no precipitation; (4) appearance of supersaturation clouds to be consistent with supersaturation condition at that level; (5) invoking a simple function for stomatal diffusion effect in the ET calculation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 270-274
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 106
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Comments on 'Inference of cloud temperature and thickness by microwave radiometry from space' (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The method proposed by Pandey et al. (1983) for estimating the temperature differential and thickness of clouds from microwave data obtained with the scanning multichannel microwave radiometers of the Seasat and Nimbus-7 satellites is examined critically. It is pointed out that both the thicknesses and the temperature differentials derived from them may not be meaningful unless accurate measurements of cloud-top height (from IR radiometry) and reliable data on liquid-water content are available. It is suggested that the good fits obtained in generating regression coefficients for the proposed method may be artifacts of the fixed or limited-range liquid-water densities of the cloud models used. With respect to cloud-top height, the need to quantify and account for differences in the fields of view and spatial resolutions of the IR and microwave radiometers, as undertaken for the case of precipitating clouds by Yeh and Liou (1983), is stressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 1579
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 107
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The diurnal variation of Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclone cloud distribution inferred from geostationary satellite infrared measurements (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 112; 2338-234
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 108
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Delineating mid- and low-level water vapor patterns in pre-convective environments using VAS moisture channels (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Infrared and visible imagery from VAS are used to delineate mid- and lower-tropospheric moisture fields for a variety of severe storm cases in the southern and central United States. The ability of sequences of images to isolate areas of large negative vertical moisture gradients and apparent convective instability prior to the onset of convective storms is assessed. A variety of image combination procedures are used to deduce the stability fields which are then compared with the available radiosonde data. The results for several severe storm cases indicate that VAS can detect mid- and low-level mesoscale water vapor fields as distinct radiometric signals. The VAS imagery shows a strong tendency for thunderstorms to develop along the edges of bands of midlevel dryness as they overtake either preexisting or developing low-level moisture maxima. Image sequences depict the speed with which deep moist and dry layers can develop and move.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 112; 2178-219
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 109
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Stratocumulus cloud field reflected fluxes - The effect of cloud shape (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The reflected fluxes of stratocumulus cloud fields are calculated as a function of sky cover aspect ratio and cloud shape. In order to obtain a better fit with general circulation models (GCMs), cloud liquid water volume values were kept invariant relative to cloud shape. On the basis of the required accuracy of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), an order of magnitude value of 10 W per sq m was used to estimate the difference between plane-parallel and broken cloudiness reflected fluxes. An empirical relationship for effective cloud cover at a solar zenith angle of 60 deg is derived. The relationship allows for the accurate computation of broken cloud field reflected fluxes using plane-parallel calculations. It is predicted that more accurate estimates of broken cloud field radiative properties may be possible in the future.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 3085-310
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 110
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    On the dynamics of stratocumulus formation and dissipation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results obtained with a mixed layer model are used to study the dynamics of stratocumulus formation and dissipation in subtropical marine stratocumulus cloud regimes. The model used allows entrainment to be driven by shear as well as buoyancy, and includes a very crude parameterization of the partial blackness of thin cloud layers. Model results show that for some values of the large-scale divergence there are three equilibrium mixed layer structures, two of which are stable. One of the stable equilibria is cloudy, deep, and buoyancy-driven, while the other is clear, shallow, and shear-driven. It is found that as a result of hysteresis effects a transient increase in the large-scale divergence can produce a long-lasting break in the clouds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 3052-305
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 111
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Modeling the middle atmosphere circulation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Some of the motivations for constructing models of the middle atmosphere circulation are given. These are as follows: (1) to provide a better understanding of middle atmosphere dynamics; (2) to study the coupling of middle atmosphere dynamics with radiation and chemistry; (3) to study the sensitivity of tropospheric climate modeling and/or weather forecasting to changes in the middle atmosphere; (4) to better understand the limitations of more simplified models; (5) to supply a proxy for atmospheric data for diagnostic analysis; and finally, (6) for forecast-analysis of data. Different types of models are discussed in relation to their anticipated use. Various model simplifications, such as using the quasi-geostrophic set of equations and simplified radiative transfer, are discussed as are some of the consequences of these simplifications. Some of the accomplishments of middle atmosphere circulation modeling are presented as are some of the difficulties in existing models. Finally, some of the problems in constructing and verifying middle atmosphere circulation models are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 112
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Stratocumulus cloud deepening through entrainment (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Under a substantial range of realistic conditions, stratocumulus cloud top entrainment is noted to either deepen an existing cloud layer or produce clouds in an unsaturated mixed layer, though the entrained air is warmer and drier than the mixed-layer air. These results, which apply irrespective of entrainment rate-determining mechanism, imply that the cloud top entrainment instability discussed by Randall (1980) and Deardorff (1980) does not necessarily destroy a layer cloud. Examples are given which include soundings, marine layer data, and simulation results produced by the UCLA general circulation model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus, Series A - Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography (ISSN 0280-6495); 36A; 446-457
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 113
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    An intercalibration of Meteosat-1 and GOES-2 visible and infrared measurements (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An intercomparison between radiative parameters determined from visible and infrared channels of the Meteosat-1 and GOES-2 geosynchronous satellites has been carried out using data obtained over the central Atlantic Ocean for 5 November 1978. Hourly visible-infrared measurement pairs at a nominal resolution of 5 km (Meteosat) or 8 km (GOES) have been stored in 1 deg x 1 deg longitude-latitude regions. For the infrared intercomparisons, the GOES 11.5 micron radiance has been compared to Meteosat infrared counts. The scatter in partly cloudy regions is interpreted as being caused by meteorological differences arising from differences in measurement time between the two data sets. For the visible intercomparison, the GOES measurements for clear and cloudy scenes have first been converted with the aid of scene-dependent angular reflectance and albedo models to estimates of the filtered shortwave radiance that GOES would have measured had it been in the Meteosat position. This value has then been compared to Meteosat counts for the shortwave channel. The results indicate that earlier Meteosat calibrations made from airplane overflights of a limited variety of surfaces are applicable to much larger areas of cloud and ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 1; 283-286
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 114
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Outlook for research on subtropical marine stratiform clouds (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A detailed description of the goals and methodology of the First International Satellite Cloud Cover Project Regional Experiment (FIRE) is presented. The purpose of the experiment is to develop physical models and parameterizations of fractional cloud cover over the Pacific Basin. In order to determine fractional cloud cover parameters, satellite observations by radar and lidar instruments will be combined with in situ measurements of the cloud-capped marine boundary layer. A description of a candidate experiment for the program is presented, and some general problems connected with the statistical characterization of satellite imagery are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 65; 1290-130
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 115
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Intercomparison of planetary-scale diagnostics derived from separate satellite and radiosonde time-mean temperature fields (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The planetary-scale components of the extratropical Northern Hemisphere troposphere-stratosphere 1973-74 winter circulation are diagnosed using separate time-mean temperature fields based on radiosonde and satellite observations. Meridional cross-sections of zonal wind together with, for zonal wavenumbers 1, 2 and 3, the streamfunction amplitude, phase and Eliassen-Palm flux are displayed, with the relative accuracy of the satellite-derived diagnostics assessed through comparison with the 'ground-truth' radiosonde information. The satellite and radiosonde diagnostics compare most favourably in terms of zonal wind speed and shear, direction of wave propagation and meridional wave structure - all of which are closely related to the differential properties of the atmospheric temperature field. The intensity of the satellite-derived patterns of tropospheric wave propagation is underestimated due to the effects of spatial smoothing and residual cloud contamination present in the satellite radiance measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-9009); 110; 1003-102
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 116
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The response of a nonlinear, time-dependent, baroclinic model of the atmosphere to tropical thermal forcing (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A multi-level, sigma coordinate, primitive equation atmospheric model has been utilized to study both the tropical and extratropical response to an isolated region of steady thermal forcing in the tropics. The nonlinear response during the first 28 days of the simulation is described. The response can be generally characterized by two distinct components. The first component is a quasi-stationary disturbance which extends eastward and poleward away from the source region along a 'great circle' path. The structure of this disturbance is essentially barotropic away from the source region. The second component is a growing baroclinic wave propagating zonally at mid-latitudes. Significantly, this disturbance is apparently the result of baroclinic instability induced by the quasi-stationary wavetrain. The discussion is predominantly heuristic in form and relies heavily on graphical presentation and quasi-geostrophic theory to interpret the response and individual components of the thermodynamic energy and momentum equations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-9009); 110; 981-1002
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 117
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Infrared parameterization and simple climate models (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The geographical distribution of the annual mean and the annual cycle in surface temperature and satellite-observed IR is examined, and the spherical harmonic representation of the data fields is exploited to demonstrate how variances and covariances are dominated by the largest space and time scales. The geographical distribution of the annual cycle in the T and IR fields is explored; the strong imprint of the continents in both is clearly evident. The influence of the cloudiness of seasonal precipitation regimes on the IR annual cycle is also quite striking, especially over the subtropics. Analysis of the data shows that the simple form IR = A+BT (with A = 204 W/sq m and B = 1.93 W/sq m/K) explains 90 percent of the area-weighted variance in the annual mean and annual cycle of the zonally averaged IR field.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 1222-123
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 118
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    On the linear approximation of gravity wave saturation in the mesosphere (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Lindzen's model of gravity wave breaking is shown to be inconsistent with the process of convective adjustment and associated turbulent outbreak. The K-theory turbulent diffusion model used by Lindzen implies a spatially uniform turbulent field which is not in agreement with the fact that gravity wave saturation and the associated convection produce turbulence only in restricted zones. The Lindzen model may be corrected to some extent by taking the turbulent Prandtl number for a diffusion acting on the wave itself to be very large. The eddy diffusion coefficients computed by Lindzen then become a factor of 2 larger and eddy transports of heat and constituents by wave fields vanish to first order.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 1893-189
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 119
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    CO2 induced climatic change and spectral variations in the outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The published temperature changes produced in general circulation model simulations of CO2 induced climate modification are used to compute the top of the atmosphere, clear sky outgoing infrared radiance changes expected for doubled CO2. A significant wavenumber shift is produced, with less radiance emerging in the 500-800 per cm (20.0-12.5 micron) CO2 band and with more emerging in the 800-1200 per cm (12.5-8.3 micron) window. The effect varies greatly with latitude. The radiance shift in the 2300 per cm (4.3 micron) region is of the order of 10-30 percent for doubled CO2. It is suggested that the 2300 per cm region be carefully monitored as an aid in detecting the climatic effects of increasing CO2. The change in the wavenumber-integrated radiant exitance is at most a few percent.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus, Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology (ISSN 0280-6509); 36B; 139-148
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 120
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The absorption of solar radiation by the Arctic atmosphere during the haze season and its effects on the radiation balance (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of broadband spectral absorption of solar radiation by the Arctic atmosphere during haze events are reported. A preliminary analysis of the data indicates that large changes occur in the radiative transfer processes in the Arctic during haze events. For example, the planetary albedo is estimated to increase by 2.5 percent over the ocean and to decrease by 9 percent over the ice cap. Changes of such magnitude in the radiative parameters have the potential for significant climatic effects. The need for further experimental and modeling efforts is emphasized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 465-468
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 121
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The effects of physical processes on the Hadley circulation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Hadley cell is involved in the energy, momentum and moisture budgets in the atmosphere; it may be expected to change as sources and sinks of these quantities are altered due to climate perturbations. The nature of the Hadley cell change is complicated since alterations in one budget generally result in alterations in the others. Thus, Hadley cell sensitivity needs to be explored in an interactive system. In the GISS GCM (model I), a number of experiments are performed in which physical processes in each of the three budgets are omitted, the system adjusts, and the resultant circulation is compared to that of the control run. This procedure highlights which effects are most important and reveals the nature of the various interactions. The results emphasize the wide variety of processes that appear capable of influencing the mean circulation. The intensity of the circulation is related to the coherence of the thermal forcing, and to the thermal opacity of the atmosphere. When all frictional forcing is removed, the circulation is restricted to the equatorial region. The latitudinal extent appears to be controlled primarily by eddy processes (Ferrel cell intensity). The implications for climate modeling and climate projections (e.g. rainfall changes) are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 479-507
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 122
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Buoyant production and consumption of turbulence kinetic energy in cloud-topped mixed layers (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is pointed out that studies of the entraining planetary boundary layer (PBL) have generally emphasized the role of buoyancy fluxes in driving entrainment. The buoyancy flux is proportional to the rate of conversion of the potential energy of the mean flow into the kinetic energy of the turbulence. It is not unusual for conversion to proceed in both directions simultaneously. This occurs, for instance, in both clear and cloudy convective mixed layers which are capped by inversions. A partitioning of the net conversion into positive parts, generating turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), and negative parts (TKE-consuming), would make it possible to include the positive part in the gross production rate, and closure would be achieved. Three different approaches to partitioning have been proposed. The present investigation is concerned with a comparison of the three partitioning theories. Particular attention is given to the cloud-topped mixed layer because in this case the differences between two partitioning approaches are most apparent.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 402-413
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 123
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Performance of the Colorado wind-profiling network, part 1.5A (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Wave Propagation Laboratory (WPL) has operated a network of radar wind Profilers in Colorado for about 1 year. The network consists of four VHF (50-MHz) radars and a UHF (915-MHz) radar. The Platteville VHF radar was developed by the Aeronomy Laboratory (AL) and has been operated jointly by WPL and AL for several years. The other radars were installed between February and May 1983. Experiences with these radars and some general aspects of tropospheric wind measurements with Doppler radar are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Intern. Council of Sci. Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for Map. Vol. 14: URSI(SCOSTEP Workshop; p 38-48
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 124
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Tropospheric-stratospheric exchange, part 1.1A (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Much of the observational evidence of large scale tropospheric-stratospheric exchange has been obtained by radiosonde and satellite radiane data. So far mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radars have made mininal contributions, in part due to their recent use as a meteorological tool, intermittent operation at some facilities and sparse geographic distribution. However, as more MST facilities come on-line in more locations, the good time and height resolution data throughtout the troposphere and much of the stratosphere obtainable by MST radars will enhance the detail of stratospheric and tropospheric circulations and interactions. On smaller scales MST radars have already been used to examine convective forcing from the troposphere into the stratosphere and subsequent launching of gravity waves (LARSEN et al., 1982). Observations of persistent turbulent layers in the stratosphere over Arecibo, attributable to inertial oscillations, appear to propagate away from a source region near the tropopause (SATO and WOODMAN, 1982). MST radars offer the availability of high resolution wind data in height and time needed to observe interactions between the troposphere and stratosphere. The lack of geographic coverage (e.g., equatorial regions) and insufficient data bases at many MST facilities presently inhibit studies of large-scale interactions. At present MST radars can be used to examine smaller scale interactions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 4-5
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 125
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Observations of frontal zone structures with a VHF Doppler radar and radiosondes, part 1.2A (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The SOUSY-VHF-Radar is a pulsed coherent radar operating at 53.5 MHz and located near Bad Lauterbert, West Germany. Since 1977, the facility, operated by the Max-Planck-Institut fur Aeronomie, has been used to make a series of frontal passage observations in the spring and fall. Experiments in winter have been difficult because part of the transmitting and receiving array is usually covered by snow during that part of the year. Wavelengths around 6 m are known to be sensitive to the vertical temperature structure of the atmosphere (GREEN and GAGE, 1980; RASTOGI and ROTTGER, 1982). Thus, it has been possible to use radars operating at frequencies near 500 MHz to locate the tropopause. Comparisons between radar data and radiosonde data have shown that there is a large gradient in the radar reflectivity at the height where the radiosonde tropopause occurs. An experiment carried out by ROTTGER (1979) on March 15 to 16, 1977, showed that the radar's sensitivity to the vertical temperature structure could also be used to locate the position of fronts. The SOUSY-VHF-Radar consists of a transmitting array, also used for receiving in some configurations, that can be scanned in the off-vertical direction but not at sufficiently low elevation angles to study the horizontal extent of structures.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 7-13
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 126
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Meteor wind results from Atlanta, USA, and Ramey, Puerto Rico (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results obtained using the French (CNET) meteor wind radar at Ramey, Puerto Rico, and the Georgia Tech radio meteor wind facility in Atlanta, U.S.A., are presented and compared. Prevailing wind, diurnal, and semidiurnal wind amplitudes are considerably larger over Ramey than over Atlanta, but the mean zonal circulation over Atlanta is more characteristic of the equatorial circulation than winds measured by stations at higher midlatitudes. The value of continuous observations, with a height resolution of + or - 2 km, is emphasized, as is the need for the application of several techniques, groundbased, in situ and satellite, if projects such as the MAP GLOBMET are to succeed in delineating the global meteorology of the mesopause.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 127-133
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 127
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Changes in the Ozone Content over Central Europe During Reversals of Stratospheric Circulation in Late Winter (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A superposed epoch analysis during late winter zonal wind reversals was carried out from 18 year observation series (1963 to 1980) of the meridional geopotential height gradient in the 30 mb level (latitude mean) and of the ozone content over central Europe. Experimental data suggest that if planetary waves are responsible for the additional meridional ozone transport during stratospheric warmings, this transport has to take place at heights other than those up to the ozone maximum in the middle latitudes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 97-100
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 128
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Spring Changeover of the Middle Atmosphere Circulation Compared with Rocket Wind Data up to 80 Km (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The middle atmosphere circulation is governed by two seasonal basic states in winter and summer, twice a year separated by relatively shortlived reversal periods. These seasonal basic states of circulation and the spring changeover period between them are investigated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 86-90
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 129
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A Model of the Influence of Neutral Air Dynamics on the Seasonal Variation in the Low Ionosphere (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recently it has become clear that the phenomena in the ionospheric D-region are determined to a great extent by dynamical processes in the strato-mesosphere D-region. In this respect much attention is paid to the study of the winter anomaly (WA) phenomenon on medium and short radiowaves, in which the meteorological character of the lower ionosphere is most prominent. Significant experimental data about the variations of the electron concentration, N, ion composition, temperature and dynamic regime during WA permit a better understanding of the character of the physical processes in the middle atmosphere. The influence of the neutral wind on the seasonal variation of the electron concentration N for the altitude interval 90 or = z or = 120 km, where the ratio upsilon sub in/omega sub i, of the ion-neutral collision frequency, upsilon sub in and the ion gyrofrequency, omega sub i decreases from 40 to 1 was evaluated. CIRA-72 is used as a model of the zonal wind.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 66-69
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 130
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Mesoscale analysis of VAS 6.7 micron image data for several case studies (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Several case studies are examined in an attempt to relate Visible infrared spin scan radiometers Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) water vapor channel radiance data to atmospheric moisture. Since the 6.7 micrometer channel detects radiation emitted by atmospheric water vapor from a rather thick layer, a scheme is developed which weighted rawinsonde observations of relative humidity in a similar manner. A comparison of the two fields (weighted relative humidity values from gridded rawinsonde observations and the VAS water vapor image) indicates that even when mesoscale data are used, the technique only presented a smooth representation of the radiance field. This weighting function is dependent on both the temperature and moisture distribution of the atmosphere. Cross sections of relative humidity from the mesoscale rawinsondes are produced which sliced the water vapor imagery in particularly interesting regions (areas of high and low blackbody temperatures). Comparisons are then made between the cross sections and the variations in the VAS radiance data along the cross section line. Bright regions in the water vapor imagery (cold blackbody temperatures) are often associated with thin layers of high relative humidity or thick layers of only moderately moist air. The reverse also applies, i.e., dark regions (warm blackbody temperatures) in the imagery corresponded well with very dry regions in the cross sections.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 165-166
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 131
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Mesoscale and severe storms (Mass) data management and analysis system (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress on the Mesoscale and Severe Storms (MASS) data management and analysis system is described. An interactive atmospheric data base management software package to convert four types of data (Sounding, Single Level, Grid, Image) into standard random access formats is implemented and integrated with the MASS AVE80 Series general purpose plotting and graphics display data analysis software package. An interactive analysis and display graphics software package (AVE80) to analyze large volumes of conventional and satellite derived meteorological data is enhanced to provide imaging/color graphics display utilizing color video hardware integrated into the MASS computer system. Local and remote smart-terminal capability is provided by installing APPLE III computer systems within individual scientist offices and integrated with the MASS system, thus providing color video display, graphics, and characters display of the four data types.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 157-159
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 132
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Analysis of Doppler lidar wind measurements (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: New analysis methods were developed and refined for the synthesis of wind fields from multiple Doppler radar data. Considerable software was written and debugged for wind field synthesis. The analysis methods were applied to radar data collected during the CCOPE experiment in which lidar wind measurements were also made. The analysis method differs from existing methods in that interpolation (using filters with assigned weights) and advection of data, to account for time differential between data acquisition at different points, are not used. Instead, functional fits were used in space and time coordinates to transfer radial velocity data to a space-time grid. Subsequently the wind synthesis is performed. This method gives better space resolution in the synthesized winds, compared to other methods in common use, by better preserving the gradients of velocities. The wind fields show the cellular structure characteristic of boundary-layer convection. Also evident in the analysis are the sharp transitions and gradients in the wind field which were preserved by the synthesis.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 137-142
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 133
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Analysis of lidar, radar and satellite measurements on severe thunderstorms and their environments (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Intercomparison of wind data from the airborne Doppler lidar, ground-based Doppler radars, the 444 m NSSL-KTVY tower, and rawinsonde were completed. The vertical profile of wind in the PBL measured by the radars compared favorably with the profiles measured by the tower and rawinsonde while the one obtained from lidar data differed from the other three by as much as 3m/sec in wind speed and 38 degrees in direction. The time dependence of differences in wind estimates from radar and lidar suggested that these discrepencies could be attributed to a Schuler resonance in the aircraft's inertial navigation system which caused an erroneous component of the aircraft's velocity vector to be subtracted from the lidar radial velocities, thus creating errors in the synthesized wind speed and direction. The vertical profile of turbulent fluctuations of the horizontal wind detected by the different systems compared well. Also, spectra from the different sensing systems compared well in both magnitude and shape, suggesting that the lidar and radar detected similar turbulent structure.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 121-123
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 134
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Evaluation of airborne lidar wind measurements (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The verification of the Doppler lidar wind measurement is continued. The in situ measurements on a 500 meter tall tower are used to check the lidar determined winds (flight 4), followed by other tests applied to the extensive data sets of flights 19 and 21. After checking for possible software errors in the processing programs, the inconsistency was not solved. The source of the errors appears to be the uncertainty in the calculation of the contribution of the aircraft motion to the lidar measured line of sight speed. Possible techniques for estimating the aircraft motion errors from the aircraft data are investigated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 125-127
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 135
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Remote observations of severe storms (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A lightning detection system which has been operating along the East Coast since August 1982 is outlined. The system will prove to be one source of ground truth for lightning flashes detected from above clouds. The first absolute spectral irradiance measurements over a wide wavelength range were reported. The observations of lightning from a U2 aircraft are reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 103-104
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 136
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Solar influence on terrestrial weather and global lightning patterns via cosmic ray modulations (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A series of cosmic ray neutron monitor data which were used in three analyses: (1) solar activity influence on ionization of the upper troposphere and tropopause; (2) solar activity influence on Canadian high stratus in winter; and (3) the S3-4 satellite study of IMF/GMF magnetic coupling effects are reported. The magnetic coupling model of solar activity influence on atmospheric processes were investigated. The magnetic coupling model is used to explain a number of seemingly diverse studies lightning incidence is emphasized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 95
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 137
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Storm severity detection (RF) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Measurement of lightning location data which occur together with continental thunderstorms and hurricanes was examined, and a second phase linear interferometer was deployed. Electrical emission originating from tropical storms in the Gulf of Mexico were monitored. The time span between hurricane ALLEN (10 August 1980) and hurricane ALICIA (18 August 1983) represents the longest period that the United States has gone without hurricane landfall. Both systems were active and data were acquired during the landfall period of hurricane ALICIA.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 99-100
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 138
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The optical characteristics of lightning (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Optical signals radiated by Florida lightning were recorded in correlation with wideband electric field signatures. The amplitudes and time behavior of the early portion of the signals produced by return strokes indicate that this lightning process produces a space and time averaged peak radiance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 101-102
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 139
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Maxwell currents beneath thunderstorms (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Analyses of single station measurements of the Maxwell current density (Jm) made under Florida thunderstorms during the summer of 1981 have been completed. The results of these analyses indicate that: (1) Jm is usually dominated by the displacement current component when the electric field is close to zero; (2) Jm is steady with time in the intervals between lightning flashes; (3) Jm is not altered significantly by lightning; and (4) the average value of Jm changes slowly and over time scales that are comparable to those required for storm development. Maps have also been derived of the surface Maxwell current density for a number of the Florida TRIP (76-78) storms using field mill data to estimate Jm from the displacement current density. Studies show that these maps provide a good indication of the location and relative intensity of the storm current generators, and area-integrations of the current contours provide estimates of the total storm currents.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 89-90
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 140
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Severe storm electricity (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Successful ground truth support of U-2 overflights was been accomplished. Data have been reduced for 4 June 1984 and some of the results have been integrated into some of MSFC's efforts. Staccato lightning (multiply branched, single stroke flash with no continuing current) is prevalent within the rainfree region around the main storm updraft and this is believed to be important, i.e., staccato flashes might be an important indicator of severe storm electrification. Results from data analysis from two stations appear to indicate that charge center heights can be estimated from a combination of intercept data with data from the fixed laboratory at NSSL. An excellent data base has been provided for determining the sight errors and efficiency of NSSL's LLP system. Cloud structures, observable in a low radar reflectivity region and on a scale smaller than is currently resolved by radar, which appear to be related to electrical activity are studied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 87-88
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 141
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The effects of latent heat release on the waves with Ekman pumping (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The problem of the effects of the latent heat release on the waves with both upper and lower boundary frictional effects is investigated. The influence of the vertical shear of the basic wind in these models will be investigated. These investigations will shed some light on the method of solution to the problem of including the effect of Ekman pumping on the moist baroclinic waves in the model of Tang and Fichtl.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 61-62
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 142
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Observational and theoretical studies of the evolving structure of baroclinic waves (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Dynamical processes involved in comma cloud formation, and passive tracer evolution in a baroclinic wave are discussed. An analytical solution was obtained demonstrating the complex nongeostrophic flow pattern involved in the redistribution of low level constituents in a finite amplitude baroclinic wave, and in the formation of the typical humidity and cloud distributions in such a wave. Observational and theoretical studies of blocking weather patterns in middle latitude flows were studied. The differences in the energy and enstrophy cascades in blocking and nonblocking situations were shown. It was established that pronounced upscale flow of both of these quantities, from intermediate to planetary scales, occurs during blocking episodes. The upscale flux of enstrophy, in particular, suggests that the persistence of blocking periods may be due to reduced dissipation of the large scale circulation and therefore entail some above normal predictability.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 55-57
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 143
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The application of satellite data to study the effects of latent heat release on cyclones (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Generalized energetics were studied for nonlinear inviscid symmetric instability (SI). It was found that the linear theory fails to predict the stability in certain cases where the basic state is transitional between stability and instability. The initial growth of the SI perturbations can be fairly well approximated by linear theory, but the long time nonlinear evaluations will be bonded energetically if the SI region is finite. However, a further extension of the energetics to conditional symmetric instability (CSI) shows that the nonlinear evolution of circulation will energetically depend much more on the precipitation in a complicated way. By treating the latent heat as a source which is implicitly related to the motion field, the existence, uniqueness and stability of steady viscous (CSI) circulations are studied. Viscous CSI circulations are proved to be unique and asymptotically stable when the heat sources are weak and less sensitive to the motion perturbations. By considering the fact that moist updrafts are narrow and using eddy viscosity of 0(1,000 m squared/s) the stability criterion suggests that some frontal rainbands were probably dominated by the CSI mechanism even in their mature quasi-steady stage.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 37-40
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 144
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Variational objective analyses for cyclone studies (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The basic analysis equations, i.e., the two horizontal momentum equations, the hydrostatic equation, and the integrated continuity equation were derived for the nonlinear vertical coordinate, nondimensionalized, and expressed in finite differences on a staggered grid. Special care was taken to transform the hydrostatic equation and the pressure gradient terms of the horizontal momentum equations to nearly eliminate truncation error over steeply sloping terrain. This formulation also eliminated explicit reference to orographically induced variations in the thermodynamic variables so that the variational adjustments are on the scale of the meteorological perturbations. The analysis equations were subjected to the Euler-Lagrange operations as expressed for finite differences and an additional set of five partial differential equations was derived, bringing to nine the number of equations in Model I. Higher order terms, terms containing observed quantities, and terms containing none of the variables to be adjusted were grouped into forcing functions and the equations were solved for the zero order terms. Zero order variables were eliminated between these equations and there resulted two diagnostic equations which take the form of general linear second order partial differential equations with nonconstant coefficients.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 35-36
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 145
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Atmospheric effects on coherent lidar systems (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Atmospheric effects on lidar systems at 10.6 micron wavelength involving molecular absorption, aerosol scattering and refractive turbulence effects are discussed. Work on the combined effects of beam truncation and atmospheric refractive turbulence on the system performance are discussed, as well as the modeling of backscattering characteristics of atmospheric aerosols.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 33
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 146
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Overview of global scale research Doppler lidar activities (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Efforts in support of a global backscatter mission are reviewed briefly. Lidar system sensitivity was calibrated by means of ground-based tests. The analysis of ground-based data and planning of a global backscatter mission were conducted. Proposals for FY-85 include using a more powerful laser to conduct backscatter measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 25-27
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 147
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    GFFC experiment progress (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Vibration, out-gas, and acoustic tests performed on the Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell (GFFC) instrument are reported. The slope of the 59 experiments to be performed by GFFC is outlined. Spacelab 3 crew training on the operation of the GFFC instrument is mentioned.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 17-19
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 148
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Theoretical and experimental studies in support of the geophysical fluid flow experiment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Computer programming was completed for digital acquisition of temperature and velocity data generated by the Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell (GFFC) during the upcoming Spacelab 3 mission. A set of scenarios was developed which covers basic electro-hydrodynamic instability, highly supercritical convection with isothermal boundaries, convection with imposed thermal forcing, and some stably stratified runs to look at large-scale thermohaline ocean circulations. The extent to which the GFFC experimental results apply to more complicated circumstances within the Sun or giant planets was assessed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 13-15
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 149
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Practicality of electronic beam steering for MST/ST radars, part 6.2A (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Electronic beam steering is described as complex and expensive. The Sunset implementation of electronic steering is described, and it is demonstrated that such systems are cost effective, versatile, and no more complex than fixed beam alternatives, provided three or more beams are needed. The problem of determining accurate meteorological wind components in the presence of spatial variation is considered. A cost comparison of steerable and fixed systems allowing solution of this problem is given. The concepts and relations involved in phase steering are given, followed by the description of the Sunset ST radar steering system. The implications are discussed, references to the competing SAD method are provided, and a recommendation concerning the design of the future Doppler ST/MST systems is made.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 253-256
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 150
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Tropospheric gravity waves observed by three closely spaced ST radars (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Clear-air radar experiments were carried out on the southern coast of France during the (ALPEX) Alpine experiment program vertically directed stratosphere-troposphere-radars were set up with spacings of about 5 to 6 km. The temporal and spectral characteristics of the vertical velocity fluctuations were examined. The horizontal and vertical properties of gravity waves in the lower atmosphere were analyzed. The techniques used and the first results from this wave study are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 219-228
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 151
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Determination of billows and other turbulent structures, part 4.1A (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Billows are regular, wave-like arrays of cross-flow vortices that develop in stratified oceanic or atmospheric flows with large shear. Atmospheric billows can become manifest through condensation. Billows are frequently seen in their characteristic cloud forms in the lower atmosphere. Under suitable viewing conditions, billows can also be seen in noctilucent clouds that form near the polar mesosphere during the summer months. Other turbulent structures -- related to billows -- are the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) and cat's eye structures that occur in fully developed turbulent shear flows. Shear flows may contain perturbations at many different horizontal wavelengths and vertical scales. Realistic theoretical models have been constructed to study the stability and growth of these perturbations. The extent to which billows and Kelvin-Helmholtz instability have been observed in the atmosphere with the use of radars is outlined. Most of these observations are confined to the troposphere. Suggestions are made for improved radar experiments that are required to detect these structures at higher altitudes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 183-185
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 152
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Development of the Centralized Storm Information System (CSIS) for use in severe weather prediction (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The centralized storm information system is now capable of ingesting and remapping radar scope presentations on a satellite projection. This can be color enhanced and superposed on other data types. Presentations from more than one radar can be composited on a single image. As with most other data sources, a simple macro establishes the loops and scheduling of the radar ingestions as well as the autodialing. There are approximately 60 NWS network 10 cm radars that can be interrogated. NSSFC forecasters have found this data source to be extremely helpful in severe weather situations. The capability to access lightning frequency data stored in a National Weather Service computer was added. Plans call for an interface with the National Meteorological Center to receive and display prognostic fields from operational computer forecast models. Programs are to be developed to plot and display locations of reported severe local storm events.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 209
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 153
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Investigation of arc cloud lines (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The natural mechanisms that lead to the development of deep convective storms through the integration of radio scan satellite data with research aircraft observations is discussed. The aircraft measurements are designed to provide detailed air motion and thermodynamic data near and in the arc cloud line region at the same time GOES rapid scan data is taken. Inspection of the data indicates: (1) Arc cloud lines are important in both the production of convergence and vorticity, and in the interaction with intense thunderstorms which may act to trigger tornado activity. (2) The lateral extent of the vertical motion field compared to the cloud scale indicates that the main driving force for the initial cloud development along the arc-line is controlled by the thunderstorm outflow(s) interacting with the convectively unstable air of the environment. (3) Arc cloud lines and their associated DSL region can pose extreme hazards to aircraft operations. (4) An arc cloud line's major threat to space shuttle operations lie in its ability to generate new thunderstorm activity along the shuttle glide path.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 197-199
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 154
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Statistical structure of convective periods derived from satellite ground based data (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The documentation of characteristics of Vertical Atmospheric Soundings (VAS) through the use of statistical structure and correlation functions is presented. A measure of random error is also provided. Rawinsonde data from various periods is analyzed. Structure and correlation functions are used to compare VAS retrievals obtained using a physical algorithm with those from a regression technique. Results from both procedures are evaluated against those from a mesoscale network of rawinsonde stations. The parameters documented include temperature, mixing ratio, geopotential height, thickness, and precipitable water. Calculation are performed at several layers in the lower and upper troposphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 191-192
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 155
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Morphology and development of organized convection in the boundary layer (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Vector windspeed measurements in a horizontal plane are derived from an airborne Doppler lidar. Error correction has improved so that those which remain do not affect local flow analysis. This allows measurements of wave structures in and near the boundary layer. Deep boundary layer measurements show pronounced interacting wave structures. Wave structures were also observed to result from obstacle flow.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 185
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 156
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Lightning observations from the Space Shuttle (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Motion pictures were taken at night from the space shuttle that show lightning discharges spreading horizontally at speeds of .00001 m/sec for distances over 60 km. Tape recordings were made of the accompanying optical pulses detected with a photocell optical system. The observations show that lightning is often a mesoscale phenomenon that conveys large amounts of electric charge and energy derived from an extensive cloud system into a cloud-to-ground discharge. Several video tape recordings of lightning discharges were obtained on shuttle flights since the termination of the NOSL program. The size and location of the lightning illuminated cloud images is now being analyzed, and comparisons are made with meteorological data concerning the cloud system obtained from the McIDAS.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 111
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 157
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Severe storm electricity (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Severe storms and lightning were measured with a NASA U2 and ground based facilities, both fixed base and mobile. Aspects of this program are reported. The following results are presented: (1) ground truth measurements of lightning for comparison with those obtained by the U2. These measurements include flash type identification, electric field changes, optical waveforms, and ground strike location; (2) simultaneous extremely low frequency (ELF) waveforms for cloud to ground (CG) flashes; (3) the CG strike location system (LLP) using a combination of mobile laboratory and television video data are assessed; (4) continued development of analog-to-digital conversion techniques for processing lightning data from the U2, mobile laboratory, and NSSL sensors; (5) completion of an all azimuth TV system for CG ground truth; (6) a preliminary analysis of both IC and CG lightning in a mesocyclone; and (7) the finding of a bimodal peak in altitude lightning activity in some storms in the Great Plains and on the east coast. In the forms on the Great Plains, there was a distinct class of flash what forms the upper mode of the distribution. These flashes are smaller horizontal extent, but occur more frequently than flashes in the lower mode of the distribution.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 105-107
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 158
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Lightning Observations above and below clouds (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The quantitative optical characteristics of cloud to ground (CG) and intracloud (IC) lightning above clouds were studied. A data base of a number of pulse paramaters such as energy, rise times, pulse widths and pulse intervals was complied and categorized for first return strokes, subsequent strokes, the intracloud part of CG flashes and IC flashes. It is found that: (1) single stroke CG's are more readily distinguishable from IC flashes than multiple stroke CG's; (2) there is no significant difference between the energy of first and subsequent return stroke pulses; and (3) the pulse rise times and pulse widths are time broadened. Lightning activity in a mesoscale convective weather system (MCS) was examined. The CG flash rates average almost 50 per minute for 7 hours. It is shown that lightning above storms embedded within the MCS IC lightning activity can be much greater than CG activity at certain times in the MCS lifecycle.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 97-98
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 159
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Lightning mapper development: Status and requirements (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The feasibility for the detection and location of lightning on a continuous basis using a sensor in geostationary orbit was established. Measurements of the optical characteristics of lightning and the capabilities of solid state mosaic focal plane arrays, indicate that the question is how high a detection efficiency can be achieved. The lightning mapper development to strengthen the scientific justification for placing a lightning sensor in geostationary orbit is discussed. The U-2 and ground based lightning research, modeling, and theoretical studies are reported.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 93-94
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 160
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Nighttime observations of thunderstorm electrical activity from a high altitude airplane (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Nocturnal thunderstorms were observed from above and features of cloud structure and lightning which are not generally visible from the ground are discussed. Most, lightning activity seems to be associated with clouds with strong convective cauliflower tops. In both of the storms lightning channels were visible in the clear air above the cloud. It is shown that substances produced by thunderstorm electrical discharges can be introduced directly into the stratosphere. The cause and nature of the discharges above the cloud are not clear. They may be produced by accumulations of space charge in the clear air above the cloud. The discharges may arise solely because of the intense electric fields produced by charges within the cloud. In the latter case the ions introduced by these discharges will increase the electrical conductivity of the air above the cloud and increase the conduction current that flows from the cloud to the electrosphere. More quantitative data at higher resolution may show significant spectral differences between cloud to ground and intracloud strokes. It is shown that electric field change data taken with an electric field change meter mounted in an airplane provide data on lightning discharges from above that are quite similar to those obtained from the ground in the past. The optical signals from dart leaders, from return strokes, and from continuing currents are recognizable, can be used to provide information on the fine structure of lightning, and can be used to distinguish between cloud to ground and intracloud flashes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 91-92
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 161
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Application of satellite data to tropic/subtropic moisture coupling (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The objective is to utilize various satellite products from a number of satellites together with data observed from platforms available during the FGGE Special Observing Periods to diagnose synoptic scale events in date void regions. The focus is on episodes of northeastward traveling cloud bands which move out of the ITCZ over the eastern North Pacific Ocean. These events are called moisture bursts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 67-69
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 162
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Determination of rainfall and condensational heating in the South Pacific convergence zone during FGGE SOP-1 (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The role of cloud related diabatic processes in maintaining the structure of the South Pacific Convergence Zone is discussed. The method chosen to evaluate the condensational heating is a diagnostic cumulus mass flux technique which uses GOES digital IR data to characterize the cloud population. This method requires as input an estimate of time/area mean rainfall rate over the area in question. Since direct observation of rainfall in the South Pacific is not feasible, a technique using GOES IR data is being developed to estimate rainfall amounts for a 2.5 degree grid at 12h intervals.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 47-49
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 163
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Atmospheric backscatter research (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Backscatter measurements were analyzed to evaluate the clean/dirty airmass hypothesis, the spatial scales of backscatter variability, and the correlation of backscatter and water vapor concentrations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 29
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 164
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Numerical studies of baroclinic instability at small Richardson number (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Baroclinic instability at small Richardson number consists of competition between symmetric (Solberg) modes, zonal (Eady) modes, and possibly other modes whose orientation is neither symmetric nor zonal. In FY-84, a study of the fully nonlinear development and energetics of the symmetric modes was completed. The nonlinear effects were quite strong and, in some senses, unexpected. Secondly, a study of the dependency of the energetics of the symmetric modes upon the physical parameters was completed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 21-22
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 165
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The impact of scatterometer wind data on global weather forecasting (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The impact of SEASAT-A scatterometer (SASS) winds on coarse resolution atmospheric model forecasts was assessed. The scatterometer provides high resolution winds, but each wind can have up to four possible directions. One wind direction is correct; the remainder are ambiguous or "aliases'. In general, the effect of objectively dealiased-SASS data was found to be negligible in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, the impact was larger and primarily beneficial when vertical temperature profile radiometer (VTPR) data was excluded. However, the inclusion of VTPR data eliminates the positive impact, indicating some redundancy between the two data sets.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 567-573
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 166
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Structure and Energetics of Medium-scale Atmospheric Waves in the Southern Hemisphere Summer (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: The NMC analyses were used to study medium-scale waves during three Southern Hemisphere (SH) summers. The SH summer medium-scale waves are observed to exhibit remarkably regular eastward phase progression, and wave maxima can often be traced continuously around the globe. Frequent downstream development of existing wave patterns is observed. The medium-scale waves at times appear to be longitudinally localized features; at other times they resemble truly global-scale models. The time-mean wave structure is found to be consistent with basic-state propagation characteristics and the conservation of wave activity. There is a tendency for background wind structure to restrict wave propagation. From energetics studies it is found that wave-zonal-mean exchange is a valid concept for describing the SH summer circulation, and that the flow vacillated between periods of highly perturbed and zonally symmetric states. The medium-scale waves result from nonlinear baroclinic instabilities, and exhibit a well-defined life cycle of baroclinic growth, maturity, and barotropic decay.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 181-186
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 167
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Observational-numerical Study of Maritime Extratropical Cyclones Using FGGE Data (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The accomplishments, current research, and future plans of a study investigating the development, maturation, and decay of maritime extratropical cyclones are reported. Three cases of explosive cyclogenesis during the first GARP global experiment (FGGE) DOP-1 were studied diagnostically using storm-following budgets derived from the ECMWF and GLAS level III-b analyses. Mass, vorticity and angular momentum budgets for the moving storm environment were computed for each case. Key results from these studies include: (1) demonstration that the FGGE analyses can be used to explore oceanic circulations; (2) isolation of the role of upper level jet streaks in the initiation of the explosive period in all three cases; and (3) illustration of the lower tropospheric destabilization during each rapid deepening period, which is primarily due to sensible heating of the cold air by the warmer ocean surface. The physics package of the Navy global forecast model was successfully utilized in a semi-prognostic mode to estimate diabatic components of oceanic cyclone systems. Fields of sensible and latent heat fluxes, radiational heating and inferred cloud structures were also computed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Reivew; p 167-170
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 168
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Spectral Energetics Diagnoses and FGGE Special Observing Periods and Energetics Analyses of Forecast Experiments with GLAS GCM (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Energetics characteristics of Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences (GLAS) General Circulation Models (GCM) as they are reflected on the First GARD GLobal Experiment (FGGE) analysis data set are discussed. Energetics descriptions of GLAS GCM forecast experiments are discussed as well as Eneretics response of GLAS GCM climatic simulation experiments.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 129-132
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 169
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Analysis of Diabatic Heating During FGGE (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The objective is to examine the maintenance of momentum and thermal fields in the Southern Hemisphere and the diabatic heating and generation of available potential energy of the entire global atmosphere. The data generated by the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) III-b analysis for SOP1 and SOP2 are used for this effort. It is observed that the atmospheric circulation of the Southern Hemisphere exhibits a double jet structure (subtropical jet and polar jet) in winter and a single jet in summer during the FGGE year. The geographic distribution of standard deviation in the height field at 500 mb indicates that the major eddy activities occur in the downstream side of the polar jet and poleward side of the subtropic jet in winter. However, the major eddy activites go hand-in-hand with the jet stream in summer. The momentum transport is essentially carried out by the transient eddies in both seasons. The distribution of the temperature field is more axisymmetric in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere. The sensible heat is mainly transported poleward by transient eddies along the strong baroclinic zone where the jet streams are located. In other seasons, it is shown from the geographic distribution of the divergence of transient eddy sensible heat flux that the Antarctic continent acts as a heat sink to consume the sensible heat converged toward the polar area from the middle and low latitudes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 137-138
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 170
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Comparison of Forecast and Observed Energetics (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: An energetics analysis scheme was developed to compare the observed kinetic energy balance over North America with that derived from forecast fields of the GLAS fourth order model for the 13 to 15 January 1979 cyclone case. It is found that: (1) the observed and predicted kinetic energy and eddy conversion are in good qualitative agreement, although the model eddy conversion tends to be 2 to 3 times stronger than the observed values. The eddy conversion which is stronger in the 12 h forecast than in observations and may be due to several factors is studied; (2) vertical profiles of kinetic energy generation and dissipation exhibit lower and upper tropospheric maxima in both the forecast and observations; (3) a lag in the observational analysis with the maximum in the observed kinetic energy occurring at 0000 GMT 14 January over the same region as the maximum ddy conversion 12 h earlier is noted.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 122-125
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 171
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    ECMWF/NMC/GLAS Joint Simulation Study (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Simulation experiments to provide a quantitative assessment of the potential impact of proposed observing systems on large scale numerical weather prediction are conducted. Instruments to be simulated include current conventional and satellite observing systems, advanced passive sounders such as the AMTS and AMSU, and active LIDAR systems for the measurement of wind, temperature and humidity profiles. The potential impact of individual observing systems, the effect of coverage, resolution, accuracy and assimilation methodology are studied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 109-110
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 172
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    NOAA/NASA Joint Simulation of AMTS and HIRS (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Sounding simulation test was designed to compare the relative accuracies of atmospheric temperature profiles retrieved from HIRS2, the current operational infrared temperature sounder, and AMTS, a proposed advanced high spectral resolution infrared sounder. Retrievals generated by GLAS, using their physical retrieval algorithm, and NESDIS, using their operational statistical regression algorithm, for both instruments under clear and cloudy conditions were compared. In the cloudy portion of the test, MSU data, corresponding to the microwave component of the current operational sounding system, was used in conjunction with both instruments to aid in cloud seeding.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 105-108
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 173
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Studies of Atmospheric Water in Storms with the Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The new tools for the study of midlattitude cyclones by atmospheric water channels of the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) on Nimbus 7, were discussed. The integrated atmospheric water vapor, total cloud liquid water and rain data were obtained from the Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR). The frontal structure of several midlattitude cyclones over the North Pacific Ocean as they approached the West Coast of North America were studied. It is found that fronts are consistently located at the leading edge of the strongest gradient in integrated water vapor. The cloud liquid water content has patterns which are consistent with the structure seen in visible and infrared imagery. The rain distribution is a good indicator of frontal location. It is concluded that the onset of rain on the coast can be forecast accurately by simple advection of the SMMR observed rain areas.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 95-100
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 174
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Cage Regional Energy Budgets from the GLAS 4TH Order Model (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The status and future plans of a study to (1) assess the accuracy of regional energy balance calculations obtained from the 4th-order model, (2) determine the impact of satellite data on the calculations, and (3) determine their utility for ocean energy transport studies are discussed. An equation is presented which models the vertically-integrated, time and areally-averaged total energy content of a region of the atmosphere extending from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. All of the terms of the equation were evaluated using early versions of the GLAS FGGE IIIb analysis, and analysis with satellite data deleted. Results show that the budget is dominated by the surface fluxes, net radiation, and horizontal atmospoheric divergence.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 175-180
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 175
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Large Scale Rossby Waves During FGGE (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The purpose was to explore the behavior and significance of global-scale rotational normal modes (free Rossby waves) in the atmosphere. Although these modes received a great deal of attention n the past, the lack of accurate global data severely hampered efforts at estimating the amplitudes and time dependence of these waves in the real atmosphere. With the First GARP Global Experiment, the availability of accurate data that is truly global in coverage presents an important opportunity for a better understanding of the role of Rossby waves in the atmosphere. In the results presented, emphasis is placed on the temporal evolution of the amplitude and phase of the Rossby waves, rather than on characteristics of the time spectra of these waves. The first steps of the analysis consisted of projecting the 500 mb height and wind data onto Hough functions for each synoptic time. The seasonal cycle and time mean were removed separately for each season, and all remaining eastward propagating components removed on a seasonal basis; all remaining westward propagating components were retained.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 150-154
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 176
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Energy Diagnostics and Impact Studies of FGGE Global Data Sets and GLAS GCM Simulations (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: An analysis of a case study of the favorable impact of satellite data assimilation on model cyclone prediction is discussed. Also discussed is the isolation of systematic biases in the vertical structure of satellite derived temperatures which in all probability negatively impact the prediction of ocean cyclones during periods of rapid baroclinic amplification. Access to CYBER 205 and transfer of software for Eulerian and quasi-Lagrangian diagnostic studies of atmospheric circulation are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 126-128
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 177
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The Use of Available Potential Energy to Evaluate Two GLAS FGGE Data Sets (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Meteorological data derived from satellites provided an essential component of the FGGE data sets, especially in data sparse regions of the globe. The impact of satellite derived observations on objective analyses and numerical model predictions are investigated. The FGGE data sets and resulting numerical forecasts and the ability to define the available potential energy of the atmosphere, and its relationship to synoptic scale features such as extratropical cyclones are studied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 115
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 178
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Applications of TOMS Ozone Data and Clustering Techniques in Satellite Soundings (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Two primary areas are being pursued: (1) Applications of TOMS total ozone data to estimate the tropopause height and consequently to improve the temperature retrievals from satellite measurements; and (2) Applications of cluster analysis to satellite soundings. The strategy is to either use regression retrievals stratified by tropopause or to use the tropopause information as a constraint on the solution to the physical retrieval method.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmosperic Processes Res. Program Review; p 79-86
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 179
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Comparison of Optimum Interpolation and Cressman Analyses (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The objective of this investigation is to develop a state-of-the-art optimum interpolation (O/I) objective analysis procedure for use in numerical weather prediction studies. A three-dimensional multivariate O/I analysis scheme has been developed. Some characteristics of the GLAS O/I compared with those of the NMC and ECMWF systems are summarized. Some recent enhancements of the GLAS scheme include a univariate analysis of water vapor mixing ratio, a geographically dependent model prediction error correlation function and a multivariate oceanic surface analysis.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 39-41
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 180
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Numerical Modeling of the Atmosphere (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Numerical models and numerical analyses of observations were used to improve the understanding of the physical processes important in global weather and climate. Results from a study of the effect of baroclinic waves on mid-latitude vertical temperature structure show that the waves' vertical eddy heat flux tend to eliminate the potential vorticity gradient near the steering level by causing the static stability to decrease rapidly with height in the lower troposphere above the boundary layer. An empirical study of the relationship between eddy heat fluxes and the meridional temperature gradient has been completed. The results indicate that the feedback in the flux-gradient system is comparable to dissipation on all time scales between the synoptic and the seasonal. The definition of the Eliassen-Palm flux and the Eliassen-Palm and non-acceleration theorems has been generalized to include eddy forcing of condensation. Calculations based on the generalized diagnostics showed that the annual mean eddy forcing of the zonal mean zonal wind is two and one half times stronger when the condensation effects are included.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 35-36
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 181
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Biosphere/atmosphere Interactions (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Vegetation influences the energy, mass and momentum exchange between land-surface and atmosphere and, in that way, may significantly affect weather and climate. The morphology and physiology of the vegetation determine the surface albedo, precipitation interception and interception loss, stomatal control of transpiration, moisture storage in the root zone and, through the vegetation roughness height, the aerodynamic resistance to the transfers of latent and sensible heat and momentum between land-surface and atmosphere. That the albedo and soil moisture have a large influence on the atmospheric circulation and rainfall was demonstrated in sensitivity experiments with general circulation models. Moreover, through its effect on the convergence of the horizontal water vapor transport in the planetary boundary layer, the surface roughness height has a large influence on rainfall.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 14-18
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 182
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Research Relative to High Spatial Resolution Passive Microwave Sounding Systems (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Methods to obtain high resolution passive microwave weather observations, and understanding of their probable impact on numerical weather prediction accuracy were investigated. The development of synthetic aperture concepts for geosynchronous passive microwave sounders were studied. The effects of clouds, precipitation, surface phenomena, and atmospheric thermal fine structure on a scale of several kilometers were examined. High resolution passive microwave sounders (e.g., AMSU) with an increased number of channels will produce initialization data for numerical weather prediction (NWP) models with both increased spatial resolution and coverage. The development of statistical models for error growth in high resolution primitive equation NWP models which permit the consequences of various observing system alternatives, including sensors and assimilation times and procedures is discussed. A high resolution three dimensional primitive equation NWP model to determine parameters in an error growth model similar to that formulated by Lorenz, but with more degrees of freedom is utilized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 87-91
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 183
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Spectral General Circulation Model Development (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: A spectral general circulation model was developed to run on the Cyber 205 computer system installed at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. This model should enhance the utility of satellite-based observation systems for accurate long-range weather prediction.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 12-13
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 184
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Orographic Effects in Atmospheric Circulation (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The role of orography on the large-scale and regional atmospheric circulation, with special emphasis on lee cyclogenesis was studied. Effects observed in the actual atmosphere as well as numerical weather prediction and general circulation models are included.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 11
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 185
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Mixed Layers and Satellite Retrievals (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: As part of the process to determine whether it is possible to retrieve boundary layer structure with the current sounding techniques, temperature retievals were performed for radiosonde profiles that showed temperature inversions. It was found that when temperature inversions exceed 8 to 10 C a retrieval will indeed show a temperature increase with height over a limited vertical distance. For weaker inversions retrieved temperatures are generally smoothly decreasing with height. It is, however, impossible to determine the actual mixed layer height from the retrievals. Whether the water vapor channels could be used in observing mixed layer structure was investigated. Temperature inversions are accompanied by significant drops in relative humidity. While this effect is very pronounced in parts of the trade wind regimes with relative humidity drops of up to 60%, it is widespread in other areas of the ocean as well. A simulation experiment was performed in which brightness temperatures were computed for smooth temperature and humidity profiles and compared with those computed from inversion profiles.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 227-230
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 186
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Diagnostics of Rainfall Anomalies in the Nordeste During the Global Weather Experiment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: The relationship of the daily variability of large-scale pressure, cloudiness and upper level wind patterns over the Brazil-Atlantic sector during March/April 1979 to rainfall anomalies in northern Nordeste was investigated. The experiment divides the rainy season (March/April) of 1979 into wet and dry days, then composites bright cloudiness, sea level pressure, and upper level wind fields with respect to persistent rainfall episodes. Wet and dry anomalies are analyzed along with seasonal mean conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 194-202
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 187
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Linear Studies of Stationary, Extratropical Anomalies in the Troposphere (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: The objectives, accomplishments, and future plans of a project to identify the full physical mechanism for the Pacific-North American variability are reported. Experiments with barotropic models incorporating topographic forcing are specifically discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 222-226
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 188
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Implicit Numerical Methods in Meteorology (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: The development of a fully implicit finite-difference model, whose time step is chosen solely to resolve accurately the physical flow of interest is discussed. The method is based on an operator factorization which reduces the dimensionality of the implicit approach: at each time step only (spatially) one-dimensional block-tridiagonal linear systems must be solved. The scheme uses two time levels and is second-order accurate in time. Compact implicit spatial differences are used, yielding fourth-order accuracy both vertically and horizontally. In addition, the development of a fully interactive computer code is discussed. With this code the user will have a choice of models, with various levels of accuracy and sophistication, which are imbedded, as subsets of the fully implicit 3D code.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Res. Program Review; p 217-219
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 189
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Climatic Impact of a Change in North Atlantic Deep Water Formation (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-23
    Description: The response of the ocean to climate changes is one of the most uncertain questions regarding the impact of increasing CO2 on climate and society. North Atlantic deep water (NADW) formation apparently depends on a complex confluence of different water masses originating in different areas, all of which will presumably be affected by changes in wind, evaporation, etc., as the atmosphere warms. To analyze from first principles what the effect will be on NADW formation is a task which requires an ocean modeling capability not yet available. As a substitute, past climates can be investigated to see if there is any evidence for alterations in NADW formation. In addition, the possible impact of such changes on climate can be explored. An estimate of NADW sensitivity (at least in the past) and of the climate consequences can be studied. The North Atlantic surface water temperatures can be reconstructed to indicate a substantial cooling between 11,000 and 10,000 years B.P. Were NADW formation to have ceased, it would have resulted in cooler surface waters; whether the reconstructed temperatures were due to this or some other effect cannot be determined at this time. Nevertheless, it was decided that it would be useful to see what the effect these colder temperatures would have had on the climate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: North Atlantic Deep Water Formation; p 51-54
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 190
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Potential Climatic Effects on the Greenland Ice Sheet (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-23
    Description: The Greenland Ice Sheet covers an area of 1,720,000 sq. km and contains approximately 2,600,000 cu km of ice. Most of the ice sheet receives an excess of snow accumulation over the amount of ice lost to wind, meltwater run-off or other ablative processes. The majority of mass loss occurs at the margin of the ice sheet as either surface melt, which flows into the sea or calving of icebergs from the tongues of outlet glaciers. Many estimates of these processes were published. An average of five published estimates is summarized. If these estimates are correct, then the Greenland Ice Sheet is in approximate equilibrium and contributes 490 cu km/a of fresh water to the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Climate effects, ice sheet flow, and application of remote sensing to tracking of the ice sheet are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Inst. for Space Studies North Atlantic Deep Water Formation; p 50
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 191
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences physical retrieval system for remote determination of weather and climate parameter from HIRS2 and MSU observations (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: At the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences (GLAS) a physically based satellite temperature sounding retrieval system, involving the simultaneous analysis of HIRS2 and MSU sounding data, was developed for determining atmospheric and surface conditions which are consistent with the observed radiances. In addition to determining accurate atmospheric temperature profiles even in the presence of cloud contamination, the system provides global estimates of day and night sea or land surface temperatures, snow and ice cover, and parameters related to cloud cover. Details of the system are described elsewhere. A brief overview of the system is presented, as well as recent improvements and previously unpublished results, relating to the sea-surface intercomparison workshop, the diurnal variation of ground temperatures, and forecast impact tests.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 192
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Precipitation and kinematic structure of microburst producing storms (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Single Doppler radar techniques are used to study the precipitation and kinematic structure of microburst-producing storms. Radar data collected by NCAR radars during the Joint Airport Weather Studies (JAWS) experiment are presented along with rawinsonde data taken at Denver, Colorado near the times of microburst occurrence. The radar reflectivity and velocity structure of the storms exhibited great variability, with no unique signature indicating a microburst was imminent. Detection of descending divergent flow is probably not a microburst forecasting tool, nor can the presence of rotation be used as a precursor at present. Convergent flow aloft was a prominent feature in all events. Its occurrence with a descending precipitation shaft and/or at high altitudes is a good indicator of a downdraft. It is concluded that convergent flow is a very important microburst forecasting clue, particularly when coupled with the entrainment of Theta(e) air and a dry-adiabatic lapse rate below cloud base.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 193
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    MERIT - A new approach to upper air forecasting for aviation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The development of a man/computer data enhancement and management system to provide very-short range upper air forecasts is examined. The forecast accuracy and precision problems encountered with the current numerical weather prediction models are discussed. The proposed system is to utilize both radiosonde data and automated pilot reports and provide a 2-12 hour analysis/forecast with a 3 hour forecast cycle. The minimum energy routes using interactive techniques (MERIT) system is described and a diagram is povided. The preliminary testing of a modified MERIT system reveals that the system is not as accurate as the Spectral 12 hour forecast, but is more accurate than the spectral 24 hour forecast. The coplete testing and validation of the MERIT system is required before a comparison with present techniques is possible.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 194
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Remote sensing of near surface humidity over north Pacific (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Humidity soundings at 12 midocean stations of small islands and weather ships in the north Pacific from 7 deg N to 57 deg N during a 9-year period from 1972 to 1980 were used to study the variation of columnar water vapor W (as measured by spaceborne sensors) in relation to the variation of surface level specific humidity Q (as required in the determination of air-sea moisture and latent heat exchanges). It was found that a simple regression can be used to specify monthly mean Q from W to an accuracy of about 0.0008, corresponding to about 20 W/sq m in latent heat flux. The regression accounts for both temporal and spatial variations of Q and W. Better accuracy can be achieved by using regional regressions. The study affirms the potential of spaceborne sensors in providing global monitoring of air-sea moisture and heat exchanges.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 195
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Review of experiments on the impact of satellite data on numerical weather prediction (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A brief review is presented of simulation studies and real data experiments which were conducted to assess the impact of satellite observations on numerical weather prediction. These experiments show that while there has been some redundancy between observing systems, satellite data has made significant contributions toward improving global forecasting.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 196
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The pilot climate data system (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Pilot Climate Data System (PCDS) is an interactive scientific information management system for locating, obtaining, manipulating, and displaying climate-research data. The PCDS was developed to manage a large collection of data of interest to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) research community and currently provides such support for approximately twenty data sets. In order to provide the PCDS capabilities, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC) has integrated the capabilities of several general-purpose software packages with specialized software for reading and reformatting the supported data sets. These capabilities were integrated in a manner which allows the PCDS to be easily expanded, either to provide support for additional data sets or to provide additional functional capabilities. This also allows the PCDS to take advantage of new technology as it becomes available, since parts of the system can be replaced with more powerful components without significantly affecting the user interface.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 197
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The President's Day cyclone of 18-19 February 1979 - Influence of a tropopause fold on rapid cyclogenesis (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The surface and satellite imagery data from the cyclone of February 18-19, 1979 are analyzed. Operational radiosonde data are utilized to study the tropopause fold associated with the polar jet streak. Patterns of vertical motion compatible with the tropopause fold are calculated by the diagnostic ageostrophic circulation equation of Sawyer (1956) and Eliassen (1962); the verification of the calculated patterns is described. The relationship between the stratospheric extrusion and the folded tropopause is determined by examining the potential vorticity and ozone concentrations. The influence of the stratospheric extrusion within the folded tropopause on the development of the cyclone is investigated by analyzing the potential vorticity, static stability, and absolute vorticity from the Eulerian and Lagrangian perspective.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 198
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The effect of physical parameterizations and initial data on the numerical prediction of the President's Day cyclone (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results are presented from a series of forecast experiments which were conducted to assess the importance of large-scale dynamical processes, diabatic heating, and initial data to the prediction of the President's Day cyclone. The synoptic situation and NMC model forecasts for this case are summarized, and the analysis/forecast system and experiments are described. The GLAS Model forecast from the GLAS analysis at 0000 GMT 18 February is found to have correctly predicted intense coastal cyclogenesis and heavy precipitation. A forecast with surface heat and moisture fluxes eliminated failed to predict any cyclogenesis while a similar forecast with only the surface moisture flux excluded showed weak development. Diabatic heating resulting from oceanic fluxes significantly contributed to the generation of low-level cyclonic vorticity and the intensification and slow rate of movement of an upper level ridge over the western Atlantic.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 199
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Data analysis and model simulation of the initiation of convection on April 24, 1982 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A combined modelling and data analysis is used to examine the initiation and development of a hail-producing mesoscale convective system which developed over the Texas panhandle near Amarillo, Texas, on April 24, 1982, and propagated east into Oklahoma. This event occurred during the NASA AVE-VAS IV experiment, as a dense upper air mesoscale network was collecting data at three-hour intervals. The results show that both synoptic and mesoscale processes separately and in concert help to force the convection. The destabilization of the atmosphere due to cold advection is important in removing any cap to deep convective development. The upper level moistening due to flow from the northwest also helps to increase the convective instability of the atmosphere. The mesoscale convergence due to cloud shading appears dominant over that of topography, but the latter cannot be ignored, especially in its sustained effect. The developing mesoscale circulation also appears to tap a surface supply of moisture feeding the convection.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 200
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Advective forecasts of VAS imagery for use in anticipating convective destabilization (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Wind field forecasts, based on data from the Visible Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) instrument on board the most recent GOES satellite, are described. The forecasts were used to generate a series of water vapor images for the Central U.S. according to an isentropic prediction scheme. The ability of VAS imagery to detect regions of mesoscale convective instability was contrasted with data from a 9-12 hr advective forecast and the results are discussed. It is shown that the VAS imagery was free from masking by convective outflows and lends itself to repeated applications for updating throughout the day. The incorporation of surface data into the VAS forecast is recommended in order to identify areas of persistent moisture convergence. Some examples of the VAS imagery are provided.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...