ALBERT

Description: The sedimentation regime off Northwest Africa is shaped by: (1) structur~al factors. which result in generallv low relief on land. shelf widths between 40 and more than 120 km. and av-erage sfope inclinations between 10 30' and 30; (2) land climates. which contral the delivery of terrigenous particles to the margin: (3) water movements including boundary currents and upwelling; and (4) the post- Pleistocene sea level rise. This chapter combines published and new results arising from research into the sedimentation processes off Northwest Africa. and emphasizes particularly the activities of the Kiel marine geological group during the past few years. Reviews of cruise activities and results were given in Closs et al. (1969) (Meteor cruise 8. 1967. off Morocco) . Seibold (1972) (Meteor cmise 25 . 1971. off Sahara to Central Senegal). Seibold and Hinz (1976) (Meteor cmise 39,1975 . and Valdivia cruise 10. 1975, from Morocco to South Senegal), and Waiden et al. (1974) (Meteor cmise 30, 1973, off Sierra Leone). Some of these cmises were used for pre- or post-site surveys for the Deep-Sea Drilling Project, or to add undisturbed Quaternary cores to the Glomar Challenger cores (leg 41, ] 975; Lancelot, et al .• 1978); leg 47 A, Arthur er al .• 1979; Lutze et al., 1979). We have concentrated our geological investigations on a number of standard profiles from the shelf to the upper continental rise as given in Figure 1. The manuscript was finished May 1979.

Description: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230891291_The_Orbital_Theory_of_Pleistocene_Climate_Support_frim_a_Revised_Chronology_of_the_Marine_d18O_Record

Description: Summary Holocene sediments of the North Lagoon, Bermuda, were studied with shallow seismic reflection profiles (200 km CSP-survey, UNIBOOM-system) and vibration coring (40 sediment cores, pneumatic vibration corer, Meischner et al., 1981). Seismic Stratigraphy Four seismic sequences are distinguishable by seismic stratigraphy. All seismic sequences correspond to depositional sequences built up during high sea levels in interglacial times. The seismic sequences are separated by unconformities which are often strongly reflective and correspond to emersion planes during glacial phases. The upper sequence (sequence 4) is related to Holocene sediments. The pre-Holocene bedrock is divided into three different seismic sequences (Kuhn et al., 1981): Sequence 1: oldest Pleistocene sequence (pre-Sangamon sea-level highstands), upper boundary with levelled relief (lower boundary not discernible), composed of strongly cemented carbonate sediments, forms the bedrock below Three Hill Shoals Sequence 2: Sangamon (125 ky sea-level highstand), distinct surface morphology, forms the bedrock of a large area below Holocene sediments, Holocene reefs grew up on elevations of the sequence 2 surface, the Holocene reef rim was developed on an elevated rim of sequence 2 Sequence 3: youngest Pleistocene sequence (Sangamon, 105 and 85 ky sealevel highstands lower than recent), deposited mainly in depressions of the bedrock deeper than -15 m below recent Mean Sea Level, levelling the older relief, peat sedimentation in places The distribution of recent reef areas and lagoonal basins is strongly controlled by pre-Holocene topography and geology of the bedrock. During the Holocene approx. 1050 x 106 m3 of carbonate sediments were deposited in the North Lagoon (290 km2) and approx. 1350 x 106 m3 in the reef rim area (170 km2). Sedimentology There are no larger oscillations of the Holocene sea level identifiable in the sedimentological record. The pre-Holocene topography was gradually drowned during the Holocene sea-level rise. At first, the depositional depressions were separated and landlocked. Fresh water peat marshes, fresh water ponds, marine ponds and bays were formed. With rising sea level, the land barriers were more and more eroded, drowned and lost their influence on the back-barrier sedimentation area. Autochthonous and allochthonous peat, lime gyttja and carbonate mud are a typical transgressive back-barrier sediment sequence. After destruction of the barrier, the depositional milieu changed from restricted marine to normal marine, open lagoonal. Sea-grass sediments and nearly mud-free carbonate sand were deposited in shallow water in an exposed environment. Hydrodynamic energy decreases with increasing water depth in the lagoonal basin. A more densely growing reef rim and intralagoonal reef growth added to the protection of the deeper lagoonal floors. Fine-grained sediments were deposited in this environment. They are distributed over a large area of the North Lagoon and form the top of the transgressive lagoonal sediment sequence. Holocene reefs mainly developed on rises of the pre-Holocene surface. In the early Holocene, solid reef build-ups were able to keep up with the rapid rise of sea level. Sand pockets in the reefs were left behind and filled up mainly in the later Holocene. The percentage of fine-grained sediments, produced and resuspended in the reef rim and deposited in the near lagoonal back-reef zone, increased during the Holocene. Two models of Holocene sedimentation in a depression and on an elevation of the pre-Holocene surface illustrate the dependence of vertical facies gradation on pre-Holocene topography. Trends of the mostly polymodal grain-size distributions of the Holocene sediments are a coarsening-upward in the back-barrier and a fining-upward in the lagoonal sediment sequences. Change in the composition of the molluscan fauna in the Holocene sediments (particle size 〉 2000 µm) is an Indication for fades changes. Gastropods are abundant in the basal backbarrier sediments. Bivalves are rare and their diversity 1s low. Sea-grass sediments contain Codakia orbicularis and Astraea phoebia shells. In the sheltered lagoonal environment shell fragments 〉 2000 µm become rare, common species are Gouldia cerina, Pitar fulminata and Finella sp. (approx. 1000 µm). Fine-grained reef-rim derived sediments differ from lagoonal sediments by a higher percentage of Homotrema rubrum fragments and Alcyonaria spicules.

Description: Twelve species of terricolous microlichens from the Angmagssalik District, Southeast Greenland, are reported: Caloplaca friesii, C. livida, Lecanora boligera, Lecidea oligotropha and Leciophysma arctophila, which are new to the lichen flora of Greenland, Rinodina conradi, which is new to the eastcoast, and Baeomyces roseus, B. rufus, Buellia geophila, B. punctata, Caloplaca tornoensis and Mycoblastus tornoensis, new to Southeast Greenland. In a discussion of the greenlandic distribution, unpublished records from the herbarium of Copenhagen (C) are incorporated. Notes on the habitats are given and the pertinent phytosociological units indicated. Some morphological and anatomical characters are commented upon briefly.

Description: The 16 recognized species of Sorocea are listed with their synonyms and distribution. Two new taxa are described: S. steinbachii C.C. Berg and S. hirtella Mildbread ssp. oligotricha Akkermans & Berg. Three new combinations are made: S. muriculata Miquel ssp. uaupensis (Baillon) C.C. Berg, S. trophoides W. Burger ssp. rhodorachis (Cuatrecasas) C.C. Berg, and S. sprucei (Baillon) Macbride ssp. saxicola (Hassler) C.C. Berg. A key to the species is presented.

Description: There comes a time in the history of nearly every genus when it becomes almost immoral to add new species without first having surveyed the genus as a whole. Dendrophthora has reached this state. From the time of its first recognition as a separate entity to the present, new species have been described, often on very tenuous grounds, and usually without an indication of infrageneric relationships, until today we are faced with a staggering mass of specific epithets in complete chaos. The genus has not been comprehensively studied for more than half a century, and no balanced attempt has as yet been made to establish natural divisions within. Having become interested in the morphology of this and the related genus Phoradendron (KUIJT, 1959), I was naturally led on to some taxonomic considerations. My stay in Europe in 1958-1959 enabled me to visit the major European herbaria, and the notes and sketches accumulated there soon pointed the way to the present work.

Description: 1. The chromosome numbers of 10 species of the genus Viola in the Netherlands were determined. 2. Viola riviniana has various chromosome numbers: 2n = 35, 40, 45, 46, 47 (most often 2n = 40). 3. It was not possible to find a correlation between the external morphology and the various chromosome numbers in V. riviniana. 4. Despite the variability of V. riviniana it proved impossible to divide the Dutch material into subspecies. 5. Some differential characters of V. riviniana and V. reichenbachiana are described. 6. V. canina is not variable in cytological respect in the Netherlands. 7. V. calaminaria is not related to V. lutea but to the V. tricolor complex.

Description: The genus Stenandriopsis was created by S. Moore in Journ. of Bot. 44: 153. 1906 for a plant collected first by Vaughan Thompson and afterwards by Baron in an unspecified part of Madagascar. As the plate by which the description is accompanied depicts the specimen collected by Baron (n. 6708), the latter is to be regarded as the type. Stenandriopsis was referred by its author to the Justicieae, but this tribe is apparently accepted by him in the delimitation it received in BENTHAM and HOOKER’s “Genera Plantarum”, and as it is in this sense a most heterogeneous mixture, this does not greatly enlighten us. Of more importance is that Moore compares it with Crossandra Salisb. and Stenandrium Nees, i.e. with genera belonging to my subfamily Acanthoideae and referred by me respectively to the Acantheae and the Aphelandreae. However, in my paper on “The Acantheae of the Malesian Area. I. General Considerations” in Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. v. Wetensch., Ser. c. 58: 166. 1955, I pointed out that it can not belong to the Acantheae as the corolla throat lacks the incision in the adaxial side which is characteristic for that tribe. It can not belong to the Aphelandreae either as the corolla limb is subactinomorphous instead of distinctly bilabiate. As I had to rely at that time entirely on Moore’s description and on the plate by which the latter is accompanied, I was unable to arrive at a conclusion, but I suggested that the genus might represent a new tribe of my Acanthoideae. Since then I have had the opportunity to inspect in the herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History the material on which the genus was based, for which I tender my best thanks to the Keeper, and now I am able to express a more definite opinion.

Description: A. DE CANDOLLE’s (1830) treatment of the genus Campanula lists 137 species. Many new species were described since, so that the total number of species should be estimated to be at least twice that number. A new monograph of the genus is, therefore, highly desirable (CLIFFORD CROOK, 1951). Any classification into subgenera and sections, based on herbarium studies, is bound to meet considerable difficulties on account of the great uniformity among many floral characters of the various species. Cytological information may prove very valuable in order to arrive at a modern classification of the species within the genus.

Description: Neohattoria Kamim. is a monotypic genus of the Jubulaceae (= Frullaniaceae) with a single species, N. herzogii (Hatt.) Kamim., known from central to northern Japan and the southern part of the Kurile Islands. The present genus was segregated from Frullania by Kamimura (1961; sub. nom. Hattoria Kamim. nom. illeg., non Schust., 1961) on the basis of the branching type, the shape of the first leaf and underleaf on branch, the total lack of secondary pigmentation, the uniform cell structure of the stem in cross section, and the strongly toothed leaf lobes. The generic concept of Neohattoria was greatly expanded by Schuster (1970), who included eight species and classified them into two subgenera, subgen. Neohattoria (with a single species) and subgen. Microfrullania Schust. (with seven species); however, Hattori et al. (1972) transferred all species of subgen. Microfrullania to a newly segregated genus Schusterella Hatt. et al., thus retaining the monotypic status of Neohattoria. As already described and illustrated by Hattori (1955), Kamimura (1961), Mizutani (1961), Ladyzhenskaja (1963), Schuster (1970), and Hattori et al. (1972), Neohattoria herzogii is closely related to species of both Jubula and Frullania. Regarding the taxonomic desposition of Neohattoria, Mizutani (1961) and Mizutani & Hattori (1969) placed it with Jubula in a subfamily Jubuloideae of Lejeuneaceae and Hattori et al. placed it in Jubulaceae (s. lat.). But, Kamimura (1961), Schuster (1970, 1979), and Guercke (1978) placed it more close to Frullania, e.g. in a subfamily Frullanioideae of Jubulaceae (s. lat.); more recently, Asakawa et al. (1979b), admitting three distinct families, Jubulaceae, Frullaniaceae, and Lejeuneaceae, placed Neohattoria and Jubula in the Jubulaceae (s. str.) but Frullania and Schusterella in the Frullaniaceae.

Description: It is commonly accepted that percentages of pollen in a pollen diagram do not express the exact composition of forests in earlier times. This inaccuracy is due to several factors, for instance the different quantities of pollen produced by plants, the distance of transport etc. A pollen diagram tells us only the change in pollen rain on the locality where we collected soil samples. In studying a pollen diagram we find a close relation between the variations in the percentages of a certain species and the area occupied by this species in the vegetation. When the percentage of pollen of a species increases, we conclude generally that the relative area occupied by this species in the vegetation increases too. However, such a connection might be doubted. The variety of factors controlling the dispersion of pollen is so great that the interpretation of a pollen diagram often meets with great difficulties. The connection between pollen rain and the composition of the vegetation is a simple one in the cases where we are dealing with a region of uniform vegetation. A diagram taken from a region in which the vegetation varies from place to place has to be regarded with some caution. Unfortunately such a heterogenity of the vegetation exists on the very place, where we want to compose a pollen diagram. The pollen rain which falls into a bog arises from two sources: a pollen rain from the local vegetation of the bog itself and one from the surrounding vegetation. When we are dealing with great bogs, the pollen produced by the vegetation of the bog itself will be mostly that of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and spores of the Bryophyta and the Pteridophyta. It is the rule rather than the exception that the bog will be treeless. The tree pollen in such a bog mostly takes its origin from the surrounding forests. It is a fortunate circumstance in a diagram that pollen of trees is separated from other pollen. However, one exception is seen in the way in which Iversen composes a diagram for late glacial times. This method, commonly used for late glacial times, embraces a pollen sum not only containing trees but also some herbaceous plants. The origin of the latter can, with some certainty, be accepted as from outside the bog. Therefore the local vegetation of the bog does not influence the percentages of tree pollen. The pollen sum thus comprises pollen of plants which grow under the same biotic conditions.

Description: In 1935 the present author reported the occurrence of this N. American species in the eastern part of Holland, province of Overijssel, in the vicinity of Almelo (JONKER, 1935). He found the species near the hamlet of Harbrinkhoek on a wet heath. The locality was also the only station of Wahlenbergia hederacea in the Netherlands, discovered a year before. Notwithstanding the extensive reclamations in that part of the country the species now still occurs in a number of localities around Almelo. The plants cannot be considered adventitious as they were found in places that are comparatively little influenced by human culture, judging from the occurrence, on the first-discovered locality, of e.g. Wahlenbergia hederacea. Gentiana pneumonanthe, Viola palustris, Radiola linoides, Linum catharticum, Scutellaria minor. The late Dr. Wachter discovered, in the herbarium of the Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands, unidentified specimens of Hypericum canadense collected by Lako as early as 1909 in the same environment, perhaps even in the same station; and Dr. van Soest identified two specimens collected in 1918 by the late naturalist Bernink near Denekamp, about 20 km E of the above mentioned localities. Bouchard (1953, 1954, 1955) reported the discovery of the species in France, dept. Haute-Saône. The plants were found in large quantities, at the stony beach of oligotrophous lakes, together with Littorella uniflora. In his detailed publication of 1954 he discussed the possibilities of introduction. He concluded that the plants are not adventitious. They may be autochthonous or naturalized and then, when the latter is the fact, probably by U.S. army units that stayed in that area during world war I. He did not preclude, however, the possibility of a glacial relic. Bouchard overlooked the previous publication reporting the occurrence in Holland.

Description: El género Plagiochila (hepatica) esta representada en las Islas Galapagos por ocho (8) especies diferentes: P. bursata (Desv.) Lindenbg., P. galapagona Inoue, P gradsteinii Inoue, P. guilleminiana Mont., P. inouei Grolle, P. scabrifolia Inoue, P. spinifera Ångstr. y P. subplana Lindenbg. El endemismo en este género es más alto que en otros géneros de las hepaticas, con cinco (5) especies que comienzan a conocerse solamente de los Galapagos ( P. galapagona, gradsteinii, scabrifolia, inouei, y spinifera). Las otras tres (3) son comunes y ampliamente distribuidas a lo largo de la America tropical. La mayoría de las especies estan restringidas a las zonas altas-húmedas de vegetación de las Islas Galapagos (matorrales de Zanthoxylum, Miconia y pampa) excepto P. guilleminiana muy común, la cual puede presentarse en la zona seca de transición de bosque. La más amplia variación de Plagiochila ha sido vista en Isabela (Cerro Azul), San Cristobal y Santa Cruz.

Description: The species Polypodium banaense C.Chr. is transferred to Crypsinus. The recognition of a genus Phymatopteris Pic. Ser. (= Phymatopsis J.Sm.) separate from Crypsinus is discussed.

Description: The six species of Curtia, including a hitherto undescribed species published here, as well as the monotypic genus Hockinia can be distinguished from each other by the seed coat structure. The anticlinal walls and the cuticle provide the most useful information. Curtia tenuifolia appears to be a complex species, but subsp. tenella can be readily separated from this complex by the seed coat structure. Heterostyly has been found in C. tenuifolia subsp. tenuifolia, C. obtusifolia, and Hockinia montana, but differences in seed coat structure can not be correlated with long-, short-, and equal-styled flowers. The differences in seed coat structure, the length of the seeds, and the number of cells per seed plead for maintaining Hockinia (closely related to Curtia) as a distinct genus. One new species of Curtia is described and a new combination is made.

Description: SETTEN, A. K. van & KOEK-NOORMAN, J.: Studies in Annonaceae. VI. A leafanatomical survey of genera of Annonaceae in the Neotropics. — Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 17—50. 1986. — ISSN 0006-8152. Within the scope of the multidisciplinary research project on systematics of Annonaceae, a survey of the leafanatomical features and their distribution in the neotropical Annonaceae is presented. The studied specimens form a rather homogeneous group, as may appear from the family description given here. A detailed study of the leafanatomical features reveals, that differences are mainly found in the indument, the position and contents of the idioblasts, the structure of the primary vein, the type of crystals in the epidermal cells, and the type of sclereids. Based on character states, phenetic similarities and differences are discussed and compared with the classifications of FRIES (1959) and WALKER (1971).

Description: One new species of Dorstenia from Brazil is described: D. carautae C.C. Berg, and four new combinations are made: D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. asaroides (Hooker) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. paraguariensis (Hassler) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. vitifolia (Gardner) C.C. Berg, and D. ramosa (Desvaux) Carauta, Valente & Sucre subsp. dolichocaula (Pilger) C.C. Berg. A list of and a key to the 22 Dorstenia species distinguished in south-eastern tropical America are presented, together with synonymy and distributional data.

Description: Recently a multidisciplinary investigation program on the systematics of Annonaceae was started at Utrecht with special emphasis on the Neotropics. This project will be carried out largely within the framework of the UNESCO-project Flora Neotronica. The first goal is to provide a modern classification of the family as a whole, the second is the publication of a series of monographs for Flora Neotropica. The project has been planned and started in close consultation with leading botanists on the Neotropical flora. The Annonaceae are a family of pantropical distribution with between 2000 and 2500 species in ca. 130 genera as presently understood. In the Neotropics the family is represented by ca. 750 species and 35 genera. It is a family of trees, shrubs, and lianas. Its place is within the order of the Magnoliales and its supposedly closest relative is the family of the Myristicaceae. The Annonaceae, although generally considered primitive in many features, nevertheless offer a number of specialized features as well This makes it a promising object using various kinds of comparative morphological, karyological, and anatomical data. Besides, many species are of medicinal or commercial value, such as various species of Annona and Rollinia, the fruits of which are commonly eaten in most countries of Central America and South America; the Soursop (Annona muricata) is widely cultivated throughout the tropics.

Description: Vochysia sectio Ciliantha Stafleu, subsectio Ferrugineae Warming. A V. vismiifolia Spruce ex Warming stipulis incrassatis, foliis lanceolatis longe acuminatis, floribus calcari longo modice incurvo, petalo intermedio stamen aequante, stigmate terminali parvo instructis differt. Holotypus: “coll. unknown” (comm. D. Allen) in U, fl. 14 Nov. 1953. PERU, Nanay River near Iquitos, altitude 100 m., “quillo sisa”, tree more than 100 feet high, on clayey soil about 20 feet above river (Isotypes: US 2104976, Y 47782).

Description: Recently I got the opportunity of examining a specimen from the “Rijksherbarium”, Leiden, which was provided with a label on which ROTH had written in the middle the name of the plant, viz. “ Micranthus serpyllifol-Roth ” and in the lower right corner the name of the collector, viz. “Heyne”; in the lower left comer another hand had added “Ind. or. Hb. Roth”. As the specimen proved to answer the description of Micranthus serpyllifolius given on p. 282 of ROTH’s “Novae Plantarum Species, Halberstadt 1821,” there can be little doubt that it is either the type of this species or else a duplicate of the latter. This is the more important as none of the authors who in the past ventured an opinion with regard to the taxonomic position of ROTH’s species, apparently had seen the type. ROTH’s specimen was inserted in the Leiden Herbarium under the name Andrographis serpyllifolia R.W. (Acanthaceae), but this is obviously a misidentification. for Andrographis serpyllifolia does not fit ROTH’s description. The plant described by the latter has smaller and less numerous leaves and its flowers are arranged in terminal spikes instead of solitary or a few together in the axils of ordinary leaves.

Description: A new species of Asterophorum, A. mennegae, is described from the Sipaliwini Savanne (Suriname). The position of Asterophorum within the family is briefly reviewed, and a key to the 2 species is given.

Description: During my studies of the Surinam specimens belonging to this genus my attention was drawn to the often wrong interpretation of several old species. To avoid future misidentifications it seems useful to give a short review of the American species that are known up till now. It is emphasized, however, that this paper does not have the pretension to be a monograph of the American species. For the greater part my study of the species was confined to the type material and the variability therefore is not known. However, this contribution may serve as a base for a future monograph of this interesting group. Attention is drawn to the fact that only older leaves of the plants should be studied, because the leaf apex of the younger leaves is in all species acute and the lamina may not have reached its definite form.

Description: The originally monotypic eastern Malaysian genus Schiffneriolejeunea Verdoorn 1933 has now become a widespread, pantropical group of about fifteen species by the inclusion of species from the genus Ptychocoleus Trev. nom. illeg. Six species are known from Asia, three of which constitute the sect. Saccatae (Verdoorn) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. These are the widespread Schiffneriolejeunea tumida (Nees) Gradst., the eastern Malaysian S. cumingiana (Mont.) Gradst. and S. nymannii (Steph.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. Schiffneriolejeunea tumida is a rather polymorphic species in which two not sharply defined varieties may be distinguished: S. tumida var. tumida with more or less involuted leaf margins, and S. tumida var. haskarliana (Gott.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. with plane margins.

Description: Nanocyperion communities (s.l.) are considered here as “warp-and-woof” communities; the Nanocyperion components are described separately as synusiae. On the Netherlands Frisian Islands, four main synusiae have been recognized. Raunkiaer life form spectra show few differences between the communities. Life strategy spectra of the Nanocyperion synusiae, based on systems for phanerogams (modified after Bakker 1966) and bryophytes, yield the clearest patterns. A comparison of the ecology of the communities and an interpretation of the spectra in terms of avoidance of stress or competition suggest that inundations and standing crop of the communities are the main factors determining the distribution of the synusiae. Winter inundations overrule the influence of differences in productivity level, which becomes prominent in drier situations.

Description: This vegetation survey is the outcome of an investigation of the islands of the Netherlands Antilles carried out under the auspices of the Foundation for Scientific Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles. The data on which the present study is based were obtained during a trip which lasted from September 1952 until October 1953. During this trip the following islands were visited: Curaςao, Bonaire, Aruba, St. Martin, Saba, and St. Eustatius. A short visit was also paid to the island of St. Kitts (B.W.I.). The present work gives an account of the actual vegetation of the Netherlands Antilles. Other studies, comprising the systematic results and conclusions of the survey, are being prepared, and will possibly be published in 1958.

Description: In my “Notes on the Acanthaceae of Java” (in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. v. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. 2nd Sect. 45, 2: 29,1948) I discussed the three epithets that had been applied to Rumph’s “Folium tinctorum” after the latter had been transferred to the genus Peristrophe, which, as is well known, was based on this species. Nees, the author of the genus, has used the name P. tinctoria, because he regarded Justicia tinctoria Roxb. as the oldest binomial that had been applied to it. This was contested both by Merrill and by Hochreutiner. Merrill was of opinion that Justicia bivalvis L (1759) was its oldest name, but as I pointed out l.c. this binomial must be regarded as a “nomen confusum”; the description indicates a Dicliptera species, whereas the plate in the “Hortus Malabaricus” and the specimina in Burman’s herbarium to which Linné referred, represent respectively Adhatoda vasica Nees and indeed “Folium tinctorum”. Hochreutiner, on the other hand, thought, that Justicia purpurea L (1753) was identical with Rumph’s plant, but this too proved to be a mistake. J. purpurea belongs, as R. Brown already had recognized, to Hypoëstes. As the binomials proposed by Merrill and Hochreutiner therefore had to be rejected, I accepted l.c. Peristrophe tinctoria (Roxb.) Nees as the correct name. This, however, is also erroneous, for Justicia tinctoria Roxb. itself is an illegitimate name, for which already long ago a legitimate one had been substituted. J. tinctoria Roxb. (1820) is a later homonym of J. tinctoria Lour. (1790). This was recognized already by Schultes (Mantissa 1: 140, 1822), who replaced Roxburgh’s epithet by roxburghiana quoting “ J. tinctoria Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. Car. et Wall. I p. 124, n. 13 et hoc teste: Folium tinctorum Rumph. Amb. VI 51. t. XXII. f.l” adding “nomen mutandum erat ob tinctoriam antiquissimam Lour”. As Loureiro expressly stated that the plant described by him as J. tinctoria was not the same as “Folium tinctorum” of Rumph, it is clear that J. roxburghiana Schult. must be accepted as the oldest legitimate binomial for the latter. The correct name therefore becomes Peristrophe roxburghiana (Schult.) Brem. n. comb.

Description: Cytological studies on the Rubiaceae with special references to the genus Galium have been done by HOMEYER (1936) and FAGERLIND (1937). EHRENDORFER (1949, 1954, 1955, 1956) described the phylogeny of the section Leptogalium. More detailed cytological and cytotaxonomical investigations appeared by HANCOCK (1942) (Galium palustre L., Galium debile Desv. and Galium uliginosum L.), CLAPHAM (1949) ( Galium palustre L.), EHRENDORFER (1949, 1953) (Galium pumilum Murr.) 1955 (Galium rubrum L. and Galium pusillum L.) and of Galium boreale L. by Löve and Löve (1954) and more recently by RAHN (1961). FAGERLIND (1937) and, previous to him, HOMEYER (1936) determined the chromosome numbers of many Galium species. Later investigations by EHRENDORFER (1949, 1955, 1956, 1961), LÖVE and LÖVE (1954, 1956), PIOTROWICZ (1958), POUQUES (1949), RAHN (1960, 1961) and REESE (1957) confirmed and supplemented this list of chromosome numbers. Many investigators have paid attention to the genus Galium. However, their studies have concerned only with some critical species or groups. Many taxonomical problems remain concerning the genus. SCHUMANN (1891) in ENGLER and PRANTL „Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien” divided the genus in 14 sections which are very distinct morphologically. However, within these sections it is often very difficult to define exactly the morphological differences between the species.

Description: This is the second paper dealing with Myxomycetes collected by me in the Netherlands, mostly in the neighbourhood of Doorwerth. Specimens of the species dealt with are preserved either in my private collection or in that of the Botanical Museum and Herbarium of the State University, Utrecht (in the last named case the numbers are followed by a “U”), or in both.

Description: A subdivision of pollen types based only on different dimensions is very dubious. An example is given, taken from the miocene browncoal in the Lower-Rhine area of Germany and the Netherlands.

Description: The Veluwe is a stretch of high ground in the central part of the Netherlands, north of the river Rhine and south of the IJssel Meer, i.e. the former Zuiderzee, and the polders reclaimed from the latter. Geologically the area consists of three formations: 1. ridges which owe their origin to the pressure of the land ise, and which consist of sands deposited as river sediments in preglacial times; 2. a fluvioglacial formation; on some of these plains small but steep hills are found; 3. aeolian sediments: löss and cover-sands (cf. VINK, 1949); they were deposited in the late-glacial period.

Description: The Colombian representatives of the lichen family Parmeliaceae with linear lobes and marginal cilia have been revised. A key is given and morphology, chemistry and distribution are treated of 12 species in three genera: Cetrariastrum Sipm. gen. nov, with C. andense (Kärnef.) Sipm. comb. nov., C. dubitans Sipm. spec. nov. and C. equadoriense (Sant.) Sipm. comb. nov., Everniastrum with E. catawbiense (Degel.) Hale, E. cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale, E. columbiense (Zahlbr.) Hale, E. fragile Sipm. spec. nov., E. planum Sipm. spec. nov., E. sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale and E. vexans (Zahlbr.) Hale, and Parmelina cleefii Sipm. spec. nov. and P. swinscowii (Hale) Hale.

Description: A phytosociological survey based on methods of the Zürich-Montpellier School was carried out in the páramo vegetation of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. The study area covers about 10,000 and comprises the páramo between the Nevado de Sumapaz (3°55'N, 4250 m), the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (6°25'N, 5493 m) and the Páramo del Almorzadero (7°N, 4375 m). The páramo vegetation was studied along various altitudinal transects from the upper forest line (3000-3500 m) up to the lower limit of the snowcap (4800 m). A general description of the study area includes data on geology, geomorphology, soils, climate, flora, phytogeography, morphological characters of the vegetation, fauna and landuse. The evolution and Quaternary history of páramo vegetation and climate is reviewed, incorporating the first data from the Lateglacial and Holocene of the Páramo de Sumapaz. The general altitudinal zonation of the páramo vegetation was studied and is presented for both the dry and the humid side of the Cordillera. The zonal and azonal plant communities are described including their physiognomy, composition and syntaxonomy, habitat and distribution. Eighty five syntaxa from the rank of variant to that of the class are newly described, 17 of which are provisional. The vegetation is not ranked syntaxonomically yet, but described on the basis of preliminary tables. A number of azonal communities, part of them of lesser extent, are described in a similar way. The páramo vegetation is primarily determined by the tropical diurnal high mountain climate. The diversity of the páramo vegetation is related to temperature (altitudinal gradient) and to humidity (dry and wet climate). The presence of zonal bunchgrass páramo, bamboo-bunchgrass páramo or bamboo páramo mainly depends on the complex interrelation between these factors. Finally a synthesis is provided on ecology, morphology and phytogeography of the páramo vegetation of the study area.

Description: In the present study pollen morphology of the Euphorbeaceae is treated as an additional character in taxonomy. Besides the greater part of the genera occurring in the system of PAX and K. HOFFMANN (1931), most of the genera published after 1931 are studied. The pollen grains have been described with the aid of a terminology as simple as possible. In principle the terminology of IVERSEN and TROELS-SMITH has been followed, although in addition, many improvements of ERDTMAN have been used. One of the simplifications is the rejection of POTONIÉ’s term sculpture. All elements occurring on the endexine are called structure elements; all structure elements together form the structure of a pollen grain. For the sake of consequence endexine apertures and extexine apertures are discussed separately. Different pollen grains are placed in different pollen types. If the differences are of minor importance, the pollen grains are placed in subtypes. Several types can have some characters in common. To express the correspondences, these types are assembled in configurations. As the pollen types in Phyllanthoideae and Crotonoideae differ distinctly, the division of the Euphorbiaceae in these subfamilies is maintained in the discussion of the results. The Phyllanthodieae can be separated in three large groups of pollen types ( Antidesma configuration, Amanoa configuration and Aristogeitonia configuration), which agrees with the grouping of PAX in 1924. The remaining small configurations belong in taxonomic respect to the genera of the Antidesma configuration. In the Crotonoideae many genera possess pollen grains with a croton-pattern. These genera should be treated as a single group. Besides this natural group, the Plukenetiinae possess pollen grains which are clearly distinguished from other genera in the Crotonoideae. Pollen grains of Omphalea are similar to those in the Plukenetia configuration. This pollen-morphological result agrees with the opinion of CROIZAT. The remaining pollen grains in the Crotonoideae are less easy to differentiate in groups. One of the largest configurations is the Mallotus configuration, which includes most genera of the Acalypheae and several genera or other tribes. The Hippomane configuration is another large one. This configuration comprises the tribes Hippomaneae and Euphorbieae. The pollen grains of both tribes are very similar. The genus Pachystroma is pollen-morphologically as well as taxonomically related to the tribe Hippomaneae. Pera, treated as a separate tribe by PAX and K. HOFFMANN, is related by its pollen grains to some genera in the Acalypheae. Dalechampia is habitually related to the genera in the Plukenetiinae. Pollenmorphological data, however, do not support this relation. The pollen grains of Dalechampia are not similar to any other pollen type. The morphology of the pollen grains of the Stenolobeae is in agreement with the opinion of PAX, that any separation of these Australian genera is an artificial one.

Description: 1. The Orchids in the Netherlands have been subjected to a cytological investigation. 2. The division of the genera Orchis (L.) Klinge into two new genera: Orchis (L.) Vermln. and Dactylorchis (Kl.) Vermln. (Vermeulen, 1947), could be confirmed. 3. In Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. the diploid chromosome number is 34. Deviating numbers 2n = 35 and 2n = 36 were counted. Because aberations in chromosome number do not cause morphological differences these aberations seem to be unimportant. 4. Out of the material investigated it might be concluded that for the moment it does not seem to be correct to consider Dactylorchis fuchsii (Druce) Vermln, as a separate species besides Dactylorchis maculata (L.) Vermln. It seems more likely that D. fuchsii and D. maculata represent two types within a complex-species.

Description: Nineteen species of Stereocaulon are treated from the northern Andes, mainly from Colombia. Descriptions and keys are given, with notes on the north-Andean distribution and ecology. Seven species are new for the Colombian flora, viz. St. atlanticum, St. claviceps, St. corticatulum (chem. strain with atranorin and perlatolic acid), St. delisei, St. microcarpum, St. pachycephalum and St. pomiferum. St. crambidiocephalum is reported for the first time from Costa Rica, as is St. didymicum from Venezuela, and St. delisei is reported for the first time from the New World (Colombia and Costa Rica). St. cornutum Müll. Arg. is reduced to synonymy under St. pityrizans Nyl.

Description: The wood and leaf anatomy of representatives of the 9 genera of the Opiliaceae are described in detail. It is possible to separate the genera on the base of both wood- and leaf anatomical characters. Herein the presence of cystoliths of varying shape and size is important. Some comments on the taxonomy and possible phylogeny of the familiy are given.

Description: Isoëtes Palmeri with a distribution in the High Andes from the Páramo of Venezuela to the Páramo of Ecuador is described as a new taxon, and dedicated to the then American specialist of the genus, Thomas Chalkley Palmer (1860-1934). The new species belongs to the tropical-Andeanaustral-antarctic section Laeves, described as new here as well. The publication of the new species had to be anticipated to the projected monographic treatment of the South-American representatives of the genus Isoëtes, as A.M. Cleef, Utrecht intends to base a new association, the Isoëtetum Palmeri on this new taxon, observed and collected by him at many instances within the Colombian Páramo between 1971 and 1980 in the context of the preparation of his doctoral thesis now under way.

Description: In the years 1954-1957 The Foundation for Biocenological Research (Stichting tot Onderzoek van Levensgemeenschappen, S.O.L.) carried out an extensive study on the vegetation of about 125 former river beds in the Netherlands. They were situated along the great rivers and their branches, viz. Meuse, Oude Maas (“Old Meuse”), Heusdense Maas (“Heusden Meuse”), Rhine, Lek, Merwede, Waal and IJsel. The work was made possible by a grant of the Netherlands Organisation for Pure Research (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Zuiver Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Z.W.O.). Dr. M. F. Mözer Bruijns proposed and supervised the investigation, and Dr. V. Westhoff took part in the interpretation of the results. The field work was carried out by A. J. Quené-Boterenbrood (1954-55), W. A. E. van Donselaar-ten Bokkel Huinink (1955-56), J. van Donselaar (1955— 57), Ir. L. G. Kop (1956-57), P. J. Schroevers (1954-55) and E. E. van der Voo (1954-57). Our study had several aims. The collected material had to contribute to our knowledge of a number of plant species and communities, especially of those playing a part in the hydrosere found in various kinds of water. With respect to the communities it should comprise their floristic composition as well as a definition of their habitat. Moreover, the former river beds should be classified according to their plant communities as well as to their abiotical properties. This classification should be useful as a basis for the choice of future naturereserves (see Gorter and Westhoff, 1952; Van Donselaar, 1956; Westhoff and Leentvaar, 1957).

Description: Gradstein et al. (1982) propose to conserve four generic names of Lejeuneaceae: Lopholejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., Acrolejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., Trachylejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn. and Taxilejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., each of which was introduced as a subgeneric name in Lejeunea by Spruce (1884), and subsequently raised to generic rank by Schiffner in his treatment of the Hepaticae in Engler-Prantl (preprint 1893) [see proposals to conserve 675-678 see p. 746]. Although Spruce (l.c.) used for his Lejeunea species a binary nomenclature by combining subgeneric names with specific epithets, it is clear (e.g. text, index) that the binomina are meant as Lejeunea combinations and they are considered as such by most authors (see Gradstein et al. for further details). Before 1893, however, the Sprucean subgeneric names were used in various papers by F. Stephani in a “seeming” generic rank; indeed Stephani now and then referred to them as “genus.” A chronological survey of a number of relevant papers by Stephani, mainly those published in Hedwigia, was given by Bonner et al. (1961), in conjunction with a brief discussion of the subject of this paper. These authors were the first to realize that on the basis of Art. 42 ICBN some generic names in Lejeuneaceae, e.g. Taxilejeunea and Trachylejeunea, can be considered as validly published by Stephani in Hedwigia 28, 1889. Later on Grolle (1979) demonstrated valid publication of monotypic new Lejeuneaceae genera by Stephani in the Bot. Gaz. 15, 1890, e.g. Lopho-Lejeunea and Acro-Lejeunea. For an evaluation of the status of Lopho- Lejeunea Steph., Acro-Lejeunea Steph., Trachylejeunea Steph. and Taxilejeunea Steph., one might consider these names against the background of the entire context of Stephani’s work on Lejeuneaceae until 1893. As the survey of Stephani’s papers in Bonner et al. is rather incomplete, and as there are several points of divergence in opinion, a new analysis of Stephani’s relevant papers (before Sep 1893) is presented below.

Description: As has been stated in the introduction of the second part, this third part will include the remainder of the American part of the tribe Eupodostemeae of the subfamily Eupodostemoideae which was not treated in part I, viz. the genera Oserya, Devillea, Ceratolacis, Mniopsis, Podostemum and Castelnavia. Included are the dubious genera, and it also contains additions and corrections to part I, latin descriptions of new taxa, a list of collectors’ numbers in this part, new references to the literature, and a general index to the third part. The attention of the reader is drawn to a publication of SZAFER (1952) in which a fossil Podostemacea from Europe has been described. As I have not seen the material it is at present impossible to judge the value of the discovery though it seems highly improbable that Podostemaceae ever lived in Europe.

Description: In his introductory statements to 'The Symposium on the Phylogeny and Classification of the Filicopsida' which was held in London, 1972, HOLTTUM, when dealing with 'dubious groups of relationships which would particularly repay investigation', mentioned the Polypodiaceae first (HOLTTUM, 1973: 6). Talking about Polypodiaceae the present authors deal with the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto only, thus excluding the Cheiropleuriaceae, Dipteridaceae, Grammitidaceae, and also the Loxogrammaceae, taxa which were formerly (or are still) included in the Polypodiaceae sensu lato. As delineated in this way, this almost exclusively pantropical family consists of about 600 species and an indefinite number of genera.

Description: This paper reports a palynological investigation of Lower Triassic rock salt samples from the eastern part of the Netherlands. Bisaccate pollen grains average 99 % in the spore-pollen complexes. Most important constituent is the group of non-striate pollen grains (about 91 %), whereas striate pollen grains occur only in a small number (about 8 %). 19 pollen species are recognized and described, of which 5 are new. Two new genera are described: Eridospollenites and Angustisulcites. The pollen assemblages are compared with Upper Permian and Lower Triassic assemblages from other localities.

Description: The new species Coussapoa manuënsis C.C. Berg is described.

Description: Until recently relatively little attention has been paid to the study of chromosomes in liverworts. The first substantial contributions were made by Heitz (1927, 1928) and Lorbeer (1934). In the second half of this century chromosome studies on liverworts were mainly carried out in Europe (e.g. Fritsch 1972; Newton 1977, 1979) and Japan (e.g. Tatuno 1959; Segawa 1965a, b, c; Inoue 1968). Inoue (in Koponen 1979) reports that until now 28% of all bryophyte species in Japan have been investigated as to their chromosome complement. A comprehensive, but rather outdated, survey of chromosome numbers in Hepaticae and Anthocerotae was given by Berrie (1960). Work on a new, updated survey is now underway (Fritsch, in prep.). In the present article results are presented of a cytotaxonomic investigation of European species of the genera Aneura and Riccardia (Aneuraceae). Most specimens were gathered in the Netherlands, but some chromosome counts based on French and German plants are also included.

Description: De ontwikkeling van het vegetatiekundig onderzoek heeft in de laatste 10 jaar althans in ons land geen gelijke tred gehouden met de daarvoor in sommige gevallen noodzakelijke uitbouw van het terminologisch apparaat. Het mag sommige buitenstaanders misschien voorkomen, dat de terminologie van de vegetatiekunde reeds rijkelijk ingewikkeld is. Dit is echter slechts schijn. Weliswaar bestaat er een indrukwekkende reeks van termen, doch de meeste hiervan spelen in de practijk van het onderzoek geen enkele rol, en zijn slechts bedacht om er zich van te kunnen bedienen in extreme en vaak gezochte probleemstellingen. In de practijk van het onderzoek heeft men behoefte aan behoorlijk omschreven termen voor alle verschillende gevallen die zich kunnen voordoen bij het onderscheiden van vegetatie-eenheden. Daarbij moet bovenal zo nodig een scherp onderscheid gemaakt kunnen worden tussen concrete vegetaties, – die in het Duits “Bestand” genoemd worden, maar waarvoor geen Nederlands woord bestaat, – en abstracte eenheden. Wij hebben reeds herhaaldelijk betoogd, dat het veelal ontbreken van het besef van de noodzaak van dit onderscheid niet bevorderlijk is geweest voor de methodische ontwikkeling van de vegetatiekunde (zie bijv. Westhoff, 19501). Mat name bij de Zweedse, Engelse en Noordamerikaanse onderzoekers heeft dit besef veelal ontbroken. De zgn. Frans-Zwitserse school baseert haar methodiek wel op dit onderscheid, maar het wordt toch niet altijd scherp in het oog gehouden. Opvallend is bijv., dat in het laatst verschenen nummer (1957) van de “Mitteilungen der floristisch- soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft” door prof. Tüxen een poging werd gedaan om het begrip plantengezelschap opnieuw te definiëren, en dat hij deze definitie, die overigens niet onverdienstelijk is, het concrete en het abstracte weer niet uit elkaar gehouden worden. Aan de andere kant is het juist een bezwaar van de Frans-Zwitserse school, dat men zich hier te veel heeft vastgelegd op de associatie als zgn. fundamentele eenheid, zonder er zich altijd voldoende rekenschap van te geven, dat het niet mogelijk is en ook niet de bedoeling van het Frans-Zwitserse systeem is om het gehele vegetatiedek in associaties op te delen. Wanneer men dus de associaties van een bepaald gebied heeft onderzocht en beschreven, blijven er een aantal vegetaties over, die niet of nauwelijks of slechts met gewrongen kunstgrepen tot deze associaties gebracht kunnen worden. Werden deze gevallen door vroegere onderzoekers min of meer gebagatelliseerd of eventueel genegeerd, dit is bij gedetailleerder en nauwkeuriger onderzoek niet aanvaardbaar en met name niet bij vegetatiekartering, waarbij men zich van elk stuk vegetatie methodisch rekenschap moet geven. Een derde moeilijkheid is hierin gelegen, dat vegetatie niet eendimensionaal, doch meerdimensionaal variëert, of om het wat beperkter en daardoor aanschouwelijker uit te drukken, dat een associatie niet alleen door de werking van locale edafische en biotische factoren variëert en dus in verschillende sub-associaties, varianten enz. verdeeld kan worden, doch ook over een grotere ruimte bezien een geografische differentiatie vertoont, zonder dat het nochtans altijd mogelijk is deze beide vormen van varianten scherp te scheiden. Dit probleem heeft in de laatste 20 jaar zeer zeker in de volle aandacht van de onderzoekers gestaan en het gevolg daarvan is eerder een verwarrend teveel dan een tekort aan terminologie geweest.

Description: Het adventiefterrein “de Dwinger” tussen Wartena en Eernewoude blijft nog steeds voor nieuwe verrassingen zorgen. In 1958 konden wij het terrein slechts een drietal malen bezoeken; toch werd er weer een aantal nieuwe soorten aangetroffen. Alleen de nieuwe soorten worden hier vermeld; vondsten van 1955, 1956 en 1957 vonden reeds eerder een plaatsje in het Corr.blad (no. 1,4,8).

Description: Mijn eerste aantekeningen over Solanum triflorum, die hier plaatselijk veelvuldig groeide, dateren van september 1952. Na 1955 was ik hier echter niet meer geweest en toen ik op 26 juli 1959 met A. Dijkshoorn opnieuw genoemde duinen onderzocht, was ik zeer benieuwd naar het voorkomen van deze soort. Op de ons vroeger bekende groeiplaats bleek Solanum triflorum geheel verdwenen te zijn en plaats gemaakt te hebben voor een ruige vegetatie van Calamagrostis epigeios en Hippophae rhamnoides. Op kleine afstand hier vandaan nu is kort geleden een stuk duin gedeeltelijk afgegraven en grote aantallen grote sterns, visdiefjes en meeuwen gebruiken deze zandvlakte als rustplaats. Het droge zand met veel schelpen is gedeeltelijk overdekt met een dun kleilaagje, He klei werd vroeger gebruikt om de dijken bij de monding van het Noordzeekanaal te verstevigen en is waarschijnlijk door verstuiven op deze plaats terecht gekomen, Deze zandvlakte van ongeveer 20 x 50 m bleek vrijwel uitsluitend begroeid te zijn met Solanum triflorum. Stuivend zand hoopte zich op tussen de Solanumpolletjes, die rijkelijk van vogelfaeces voorzien waren.

Description: Lolium perenne L. staat in de flora’s opgegeven als zodevormend. In het algemeen is dit stellig juist. Wat echter aan floristen minder bekend zal zijn, naar aan grasland-specialisten eerder, is dat er rassen van L. perenne bestaan die korte, ondergrondse uitlopers vormen. Schrijver dezes was er tenminste nogal verwonderd over van Engels Raaigras, groeiende op de kade van het Noorderhoofd in het westelijk havengedeelte van Amsterdam de “grasbosjes” aan korte uitlopers ontsproten te zien. De vindplaats net resten van veekoeken maakte het waarschijnlijk, dat hier agrarische producten verladen werden en dat de L. perenne-planten van aangevoerd “graszaad” afkomstig zijn. Landtouwliteratuur verschafte spoedig de gewenste inlichtingen. In “Ons Grasland” door W.P. Cnossen (Uitgave P. Noordhoff, 1947) staan op p. 32 uitstekende foto’s van uitlopersvormend Engels Raaigras. Genoemd geschrift bevat op p. 7 een overzicht van verschillende grassen, die boven- en ondergrondse uitlopers kunnen vormen, waarin deze soort ook is opgenonen. Asmus Petersen, “Die Graser” (Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1953) geeft op p. 140 de uitspraak van de graslandexpert C.A. Weber, dat het uitlopersvormende Engels Raaigras voor weidegrasland hij uitstek geschikt is en de teelt ervan aanbeveling verdient. Hoewel niet floristisch, is het misschien aardig er gewag van te maken, dat Cnossen nog wel een bezwaar vermeldt tegen het uitlopersvormende Eng. Raaigras nl., dat de in de nazomer aan uitlopers ontstane spruiten slecht bewortelen en door het vee gemakkelijk worden losgetrokken (plukken); overal over het land liggen dan de grasrestjes verspreid. Er zijn zeker nog wel meer vermeldingen aangaande deze uitlopersvormende rassen van Engels Raaigras te vindon. Voorstaande opgaaf is maar een greep.

Description: Aan hen die nog ingevulde hoklijsten onder hun berusting hebben, wordt verzocht deze op te sturen aan het Rijksherharium, afd. Nederland. Er wordt op het ogenblik hard gewerkt aan het inboeken van alle gegevens in de albums.

Description: Van Polygonum cuspidatum zijn mij de volgende vier standplaatsen op de Veluwezoom tiekend: 1. Bronbos van de Hemelse Berg te om bronnen en langs bronbeekjes, Alno-Ulmion-vegetatie, bodem jong, nitraat- en humusrijk slibhoudend zand, iets zuur, beschaduwd. 2. Oever van het beekje door het Zwijersdal te Oosterbeek, noordelijk van de oude kerk; Polygonum ouspidatum-facies, licht bodem jong, humusrijk zand, zuur. 3. Verdroogde beekbodem, zuidelijk van de weg Arnhem-Dieren, bij Daalhuizen, Velp; fragmentaire Alno-Ulmion-vegetatie met Polygonum cuspidatum-facies, licht bodem jong, humusrijk zand, zuur. 4. Oever van de Beekhuizerbeek ter hoogte van de grote vijver. Beekhuizen hij Velp; Alno-Ulmion-vegetatie, bodem jong, humusrijk zand, zuur. Voor alle vier standplaatsen geldt het volgende: Polygonum cuspidatum wordt tot 2½ meter hoog en bedekt grote, gesloten oppervlakten, waardoor de bestaande vegetaties zeer verarmd worden; alleen Ranunculus ficaria handhaaft zich goed en kan plaatselijk, zoals b.v. op de Hemelse Berg, de gehele bodem bedekken.

Description: Door F. Drouet (Nat. Hist. Mus., Chicago) en mij werd thans een door J. Poolman op 27 aug. 1944 te Noorbeek (Zuid-Limburg) gevonden groenwier herkend als Chlorotylium cataractarum Kütz. Volgens W. Heering (in Pascher, Süsswasserfl. H.6, 1914), H. Printz (in Engl. -Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. ed.2, Bd-3, 1927) en G.M. Smith (Freshw. Alg. U.S., Behoort deze soort tot de Chaetophoraceae, volgens F.E. Fritsch (Struct. and Reprod. I, 1935) tot de Trentepohliaceae. Zij groeit op hout en stenen in snel stromend water, zodat de soortnaam goed gekozen is. Uit Nederland was deze soort nog niet eerder Bekend, In Noorbeek groeide het wier in een drinkbak voor dieren, waar het water in stroomde uit een beek.

Description: Op 8 okt 1960 vond de heer J.C. Tanis, custos van het Biologisch Station “Schellingerland” op Terschelling, in de nabijheid van dit Station een bloeiend exemplaar van Erica cinerea L. Na opzending van een bloeiende tak via ondergetekenden naar het Rijksherbarium werd deze determinatie bevestigd. Deze opmerkelijke waarneming geeft aanleiding tot commentaar, temeer, daar men op het eerste gezicht geneigd is, hier enig verhand te zien met de ontdekking van twee andere, mediterraan-atlantische, Erica-soorten in dezelfde omgeving, te weten E. scoparia L. door Th.J. Reichgelt in 1952 (zie van Ooststroora en Reichgelt 1956) en E. ciliaris L. door P. Runge in 1955 (zie Runge 1956, van Ooststroom en Reichgelt 1956).

Description: Tragopogon dubius Scop. Het duinterrein te Nieuwe Sluis in de gemeente Groede, waar verleden jaar de planten van Tragopogon dubius Scop. groeiden, is de afgelopen winter in verband met herstellingen aan de zeewering met behulp van draglines en bulldozers geëgaliseerd, waardoor de Tragopogon naar ik dacht volkomen uitgeroeid zou zijn. Ik bemerkte dit pas dit voorjaar en kon dus geen maatregelen nemen om een gedeelte van het terrein te sparen. Bovendien vrees ik, dat men aan mijn verzoek toch geen gevolg had kunnen geven. Enkele weken geleden bezocht ik het terrein weer en tot mijn vreugde vond ik toch nog twee planten, die het overleefd hadden. Mij bleek echter, dat kneuen bijzonder verzot zijn op de onrijpe zaden van deze soort. Zij pikken de omwindsels stuk en halen zo de onrijpe zaden er uit, zodat het de vraag zal zijn of er nog iets voor het volgend jaar zal overblijven. Ook verleden jaar was mij dat opgevallen, doch bij de vele planten, die er toen groeiden, was dat niet zo’n bezwaar. Eigenaardig is, dat ik aan planten van Tragopogon pratensis iets dergelijks nimmer heb waargenomen. Hebben anderen dat wellicht wel gedaan?

Description: In Juni, Juli en September 1955 werden aan de oever van het gedeelte van de Maas, dat door het Juliana-kanaal is afgesneden, resp. door een I.V.O.N.-excursie, de excursie van de Commissie voor het Floristisch Onderzoek uit de K.N.B.V. en ondergetekenden een opvallend groot aantal adventieven verzameld, waarvan een 10-tal nog niet eerder in Nederland was aangetroffen. Door de zeer lage waterstand hadden deze adventieven zich volop kunnen ontwikkelen op plaatsen, waar door het graven van grint vele kuilen waren ontstaan en op de zand- en rolsteenstrandjes aan de luwe zijde van de bochten van de rivier. De zaden en vruchten zijn wel zeker door de Maas aangevoerd van hogerop in het stroomgebied gelegen fabrieken en losplaatsen; de wolfabrieken aan de Vesdre hebben waarschijnlijk een belangrijk aandeel in deze aanvoer gehad. De gevonden soorten zijn voor een groot deel oorspronkelijk afkomstig uit het Middellandse Zee – gebied. Hieronder volgt eerst een lijst van de vindplaatsen en data, daaronder de zo goed als volledige lijst van de aangetroffen soorten. De nummers achter de soorten geven de vindplaatsen aan; de namen der voor de eerste maal in Nederland gevonden taxa zijn onderstreept. Vindplaatsen: (1) Maasoever tussen Obbicht en Grevenbicht; 7-VI, 20-VII, 23-IX-1955. (2) idem bij Meers, gem. Elsloo; 9-VI, 21-VII, 23-IX-1955. (3) idem ten N. van Grevenbicht; 8-VI-1955. (4) idem tegenover Maaseyck; 22-VII-1955. (5) idem bij Uhe en Laak; 24-IX-1955.

Description: Het aantal adventieven, dat wij tot nu toe in Friesland vonden, was zeer gering. Wel was ons bekend, dat in vroeger jaren op de terreinen van de Koopmans Meelfabrieken te Leeuwarden verscheidene (niet gepubliceerde) vondsten waren gedaan, maar het gelukte ons nooit daar enig spoor van terug te vinden. De direktie van de meelfabrieken was echter zo vriendelijk ons mee te delen, dat de graanverontreinigingen vervoerd werden naar het vuilverwerkingsterrein van de gemeente Leeuwarden, gelegen onder Wartena. In de nazomer van 1955 bezochten wij dit terrein voor het eerst en inderdaad bleken hier verscheidene adventieven voor te komen. Dat het terrein tot nog toe aan de aandacht van de floristen is ontsnapt, is ongetwijfeld te wijten aan de ligging. Men kan het n.l. alleen per vaartuig bereiken. Nu ligt het wel vlak in de nabijheid van de prachtige terreinen van “It Fryske Gea” onder Eernewoude, die bezoek genoeg trekken, maar juist dit natuurgebied lokt de floristen veel meer dan het stortterrein. Bovendien is de toegang tot het vuilverwerkingsterrein streng verboden. Wij laten hier volgen een lijst van de in 1955 tijdens twee bezoeken aangetroffen planten. Daar al het vuil van de stad Leeuwarden hier wordt aangevoerd, zal men er ook verscheidene tuin- en sierplanten onder aantreffen. De adventieven zullen practisch alle afkomstig zijn van de Koopmans Meelfabrieken. De graanverontreinigingen worden in gesloten papieren zakken aangevoerd, die op het terrein worden gestort.

Description: In 1957 waren wij weer herhaaldelijk in de gelegenheid het adventiefterrein “de Dwinger” aan de Langesloot tussen Wartena en Eernewoude te het laatst op 1 november, samen met M.T. Jansen. Hier volgt een opgave van de nieuw waargenomen planten (zie Corr.bl. no. 1 en 4). Buiten adventieven was het aantal verwilderde kultuurplanten vrij groot. De heren dr. S.J. van Ooststroom en Th.J. Reichgelt waren weer bereid het materiaal te controleren, terwijl de heer G. Bakker, direkteur der Gemeentereiniging Leeuwarden, opnieuw toestemming verleende het terrein te betreden.

Description: Er bestaat op het ogenblik de neiging de kleine waterweegbree Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl. te noemen in plaats van Echinodorus ranunculoides (L.) Engelm. In de nieuwste druk van de flora van Heukels-van Ooststroom werd deze naam in de Nederlandse literatuur geïntroduceerd. In mijn Alismataoeae-bewerking voor de Flora Malesiana (1957) heb ik de naam reeds afgewezen, doch een nadere argumentatie zal de Nederlandse floristen stellig interesseren. In 1854 heeft Parlatore Schinodorus ranunculoides als het type van een nieuw monotypisch genus Baldellia aangevoerd, doch hij werd niet nagevolgd. Volgens Pichon (1946) is er evenwel alle reden voor om dit wel te doen, want hij meende niet minder dan 4 kenmerken gevonden te hebben, waarin E. ranunculoides van de andere Echinodorus-soorten zou afwijken.

Description: In 1885 publiceerde J.D. Kobus een Flora van Wageningen en omgeving. Hij vermeldt hierin het voorkomen van Sambucus racemosa L. op de Wageningse Berg met het bijschrift; „aangeplant?” Of de soort aan de zuidelijke Veluwerand oorspronkelijk voorkomt is thans minder dan toentertijd uit te maken; ze is er nu zeker plaatselijk niet zeldzaam. Ook in het Zuidoosten van de provincie Utrecht wordt ze op tal van plaatsen aangetroffen. Zo groeit ze in groot aantal op en om de Grebbeberg, evenzo op en nabij het landgoed Remmerstein tussen Rhenen en Veenendaal. fan kunnen we de plant nog verspreid aantrffen te Eist (Utr.) en in de omgeving van Amerongen. Een wat ongewone en daardoor interessante vindplaats ligt in de gemeente Veenendaal. Hier vindt men in het laagste deel van het Griftgebied het natuurreservaat De Ho. open water met rietland er om heen. Als afsluiting heeft men na de laatste oorlog enkele el zenbosjes aangeplant. In deze elzenbosjes zijn verscheidene houtige gewassen spontaan verschenen: Ribes sylvestre, Ribes nigrum, Rubus, Sambucus nigra en ook Sambucus racemosa. He kiemplanten van Sambucus racemosa gaan veelal te gronde door te vochtig en schaduwrijk milieu, maar op enkele meer geschikte plaatsen hebben zich struiken weten te handhaven. Het rietland van De Hel is sinds jaar en dag een slaapplaats voor spreeuwen, die zich hier uit wijde ontrek verzamelen, waarschijnlijk uit een gebied met een straal van wel 15 km. Deze spreeuwen zijn stellig grotendeels oorzaak van het optreden van bovengenoende soorten.

Description: Het Instituut voor het Vegetatie-onderzoek van Nederland (I.V.O.N.) werd opgericht in 1930 en is thans gevestigd in het Rijksherbarium, Nonnensteeg 1 , Leiden, Het stelt zich o.a. ten doel om door stelselmatige inventarisatie een overzicht te verkrijgen van de verspreiding der in Nederland voorkomende Pteridophyta en Spermatophyta. Reeds in 1902 werd door de heren Dr. J.W.C. Goethart en W. J. Jongmans, destijds resp. conservator en assistent aan het Rijksherbarium, een aanvang gemaakt motdit biogoo grafische onderzoek. In de jaren daarna werd het met medewerking van een aantal Nederlandse floristen voortgezet, waarna men wegens de toenemende betekenis van het werk en met medewerking van de heren Goethart en Jongmans in 1930 kwam tot de oprichting van het I.V.O.N. Bij de inventarisatie werd tot voor enige jaren – het oorspronkelijke werk werd nl. in 1949 afgesloten – gebruik gemaakt van de Topografische kaart van Nederland, schaal 1 : 50.000, welke ten behoeve van het onderzoek door verticale en horizontale lijnen in vakken was verdeeld van 1045 bij 1250 m. Deze vakken, kwartierhokken genaamd, vormden de eenheden van de inventarisatie. Per kwartierhok werd nl. genoteerd welke planten daarin werden waargenomen, hetgeen gebeurde op excursies in verschillende jaargetijden, waardoor een zo volledig mogelijk overzicht der voorkomende soorten werd bereikt. De zo verkregen gegevens werden vervolgens soort voor soort in albums overgebracht, waarbij ieder album betrekking heeft op een der 62 bladen van de Topografische kaart 1 : 50.000. Tenslotte was het mogelijk om de in de albums vervatte gegevens op een kaart van Nederland te noteren, zodat een overzicht werd verkregen van de verspreiding van de betreffende soorten over het gehele land. Als resultaat werd een serie z.g. Plantenkaartjes van Nederland uitgegeven. Deze kaartjes geven, dank zij de grote volledigheid, die bij de inventarisatie bereikt werd, een betrouwbaar beeld van de verspreiding der plantensoorten. Het ligt in de bedoeling om de publicatie van deze serie Plantenkaartjes zo lang voort te zetten tot een beeld van de verspreiding van alle Nederlandse Pteridophyta en Spermatophyta verkregen zal zijn. In de nog te verschijnen kaartjes zullen daarbij alle gegevens tot en met 1949 verwerkt worden.

Description: During 1981 the Botanical Survey of India had again collections made. We list them in the same manner as on pages 3559-3560. In Andaman & Nicobar Is.: Great Nicobar, 300 specimens. In Andhra Pradesh: Anantagiri, Endrika Hills, Ganganaju-medugula, Paderu, 1590. In Arunachal Pradesh: Ganganagar, Hapoli, Naharlagan, Namdapha Biosphere Reserve of Tirap Distr., Tamer Road, Tiruli of Subansiri Distr., Ziro, 1054. In West Bengal: areas of Jalpaiguri, Bankura and Midnapur Districts, places of Bangaon, Tantulia and Basirhat of 24-Parganas Districts, Jaldapara Reserve, Totopara, &c., 2240. In Gujrat: Lalpur and vicinity, 1090. In Karnataka: vicinity of S. Karnataka River-Mulla Periyar and catchment areas, 500. In Kerala: Alleppey, Anathode, Cannanore, Devicolam, Kakki, Kasargod, Kokharjam, Munnar Peermade, Muzhiyar, Pachakanam, Pamba Dam areas, Peruvanzuzhi, Ponnambala Medu, Sabarigiri, 4150. In Madhya Pradesh; areas of Panna Distr., 800. In Maharashtra: Bhimsankar, Janar, Purandar, 985. In Meghalaya: Cherrapunjee, Nongapoh, Sunnapahar of Khasi Hills, Jowai, Jorain of Saintea Hills, Tura of Garo Hills Distr., 3500. In Nagaland: areas of Mekokchung, Tuensang, Wokha, Zunbebato Districts, 500. In Rajasthan: Jaisalmer and areas of Barmer Distr., 1000. In Sikkim: Burtuk Busty, Chakung, Changu, Chuten, Enchy Monastery, below Honuman Top, Jorethang, Lower Bustak, Ranipal, Reumtek, Sang Ratepani, Sinchey, Singtham East, Soren, Suntale forests, Tadong, 4800. In Tamil-Nadu: Kannayakumari, Sethur Hills, Srivilliputhur R.F., 2090. In Uttar Pradesh: Agra-Khal, Ballaieri, Chamoli Chakrata, Dudhwa Nat. Park, Govana, Khan-Khaliadha, Mussoorie, Pam Vali-Kantha, Panwali, Parbagi, Rajkhark, Saharshradhara, 2500.

Description: In ons land is Galanthus nivalis L. „vrij algemeen, doch steeds verwilderd” (Bekn. Schoolflora, 8e druk). Het blijft daarbij in het midden gelaten van hoe lang geleden zulk een verwildering stamt. In sommige gevallen (De Kaagoevers; de omgeving van Leimuidon) is de situatie ter plaatse van die aard, dat men aan een zeer grijs verleden gaat denken. Het begrip verwildering zou dan nog slechts inhouden, dat de plant oorspronkelijk verwilderd is en in deze zin ware het ook van toepassing op sommige andere soorten, die men als regel niet verwilderd noemt. Werkelijke datering is bij ons weten echter nergens mogelijk en daarmee blijft het probleem onopgelost. Wij willen daarom iets meedelen over een vindplaats ten opzichte waarvan althans een vaag vermoeden van datering kan worden uitgesproken. In het dorp Warmond kan men naar het Westen afslaan langs de Kloosterlaan. Even vóór de plaats waar deze zich in een pad door de weilanden verliest, ligt aan de Zuidzijde van de weg een nagenoeg cirkelvormige akker, omringd door een ongewoon diepe sloot waaromheen een ringvormige met struikgewas bezette strook, die wederom door oen sloot omgeven is. Vlak hierbij stond in do late middeleeuwen het mannenklooster Marienhove. De vorm van do akker wekt overigens meer associaties met een burcht, dan met oen klooster on inderdaad werd het klooster (volgens de .gangbare beschrijvingen der Warmondse kastelen en kloosters) in 1413 gesticht „op een woeste of verlaate plaats, Oud-Tellingen genaamd.” Door sommigen wordt dit geïnterpreteerd als een aanwijzing, dat, nog vroeger, het kasteel of tenminste de „hofstede” Oud-Teilingen hier stond; anderen projecteren de ligging daarvan enige honderden meters zuidelijker.

Description: Abbayes, H. des: Lichens nouveaux ou intéressants du Vietnam (Rev. Bryol. & Lichénol. 32, 1963, 216-222, 1 pl.). Adams, H.H. & M.A. Reinikka: Calcareous Cypripediums of southern Asia (Orchid.) (Am. Orchid Soc. Bull. 1963, 182-186).

Description: During 1954 the Gray Herbarium, the Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames, the paleobotanical collections of the Botanical Museum and a portion of the herbarium collections and the library of the Arnold Arboretum were moved into a new building in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This move was the culmination of a long period of planning to determine how the best interests of each institution as well as the field of systematic botany could be served best in this period of rapidly developing interrelationship of diverse scientific fields of knowledge. Additional considerations prior to the move were the isolation of the various taxonomic units at Harvard, the duplication of resources, efforts and goals, as well as the more mundane problems of increasing costs of labor, material and demands for additional storage facilities. In 1946 the President and Fellows of Harvard College appropriated from its unrestricted funds the sum of one million dollars to construct and equip a new and modern building to house the systematic work and collections of these institutions in Cambridge, to be in close proximity to the resources of the Department of Biology, the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany. The building, designed around the requirements established by the taxonomists of these institutions, was under construction during 1953 and was finished in the early months of 1954.

Description: This series of two or more volumes starts to be published in the summer of 1962; the page proofs of the first volume, which was sent to the press in May 1960, were received by Dr. E. Quisumbing at Manila where the volume is being printed, in March; its publication can be expected by July 1962. The series ”Pacific Plant Areas” means to give all that is already known about distribution of taxa of generic and lower level which centre round the Pacific Ocean, and also to add to our knowledge by giving new maps which have been carefully prepared by specialists. Hence the series consists of a bibliographic part and a cartographic part, preceded by an explanatory introduction. Volume I is mainly bibliographic, containing about 3200 references to maps and 26 newly prepared maps; volume II will be mainly cartographic, containing about 124 newly prepared maps, and will hopely be ready for the press by the end of 1962.

Description: 1. Introductory.--This project was to study fern specimens in certain herbaria in the U.S.A., especially of tree-ferns (Cyatheaceae), in connection with preparation of the Pteridophyte Series of Flora Malesiana, and to make contacts in the U.S.A. with a view to continued cooperation in this work. The family Cyatheaceae, on which I am at present engaged, is a particularly difficult one, comprising 350 described species in Malaysia, in a close alliance. Probably all should be regarded as belonging to one genus. Descriptions of species have on the whole been unsatisfactory, so that many identifications of specimens in herbaria are doubtful or erroneous. It is thus necessary to see all type specimens to establish the significance of names; and also, as the fronds are large so that only a part of one appears on each herbarium sheet, the different specimens of the same collection, distributed to different herbaria, often give complementary information, so that to see one is not enough. Furthermore, it is necessary to see as many collections as possible, to understand what variation is possible within a species. The material is bulky, and it is a physical impossibility to gather together in one place all that one needs to see for a proper understanding of the family. I had already spent more than a year on this study before going to the U.S.A., and had seen most of the type material in European herbaria.

Description: Backer, C.A.: Butch-English taxonomic-botanical vocabulary. ed. 2. Bound. Dfl. 12,50; US$ 3. Steenis, C.G.G.J. van. Specific and infraspecific delimitation (repr. from Fl. Mal. vol. 5). Dfl. 7,50; US$ 2.

Description: He in het vooruitzicht gestelde literatuur-rubriek zal in het volgende nummer worden geopend.

Description: Op 14 Jan. 1952 vond de heer E.E. van der Voo op een oud bruggetje ten noorden van Woerden, gemeente Kamerik, oen groeiplaats van Asplenium trichomanes. Hiervan werd melding gemaakt in een rapport van do Afd. Natuurbescherming van het Staatsbosbeheer van de hand van de heer J. van der Veer (14 April 1955). Dit rapport kwam ter kennis van Ir. N. Roorda van Eysinga, Directeur van het Zuid-Hollandsch Landschap en deze verzocht de heer Kipp, Bosbouwkundig Ambtenaar van de Prov. Planologische Dienst on mij de groeiplaats te bezoeken en plannen voor te bereiden het gehele bruggetje zo nodig naar elders over te brengen, wanneer dit gevaar liep door de eigenaar afgebroken te zullen worden. Dit gevaar is niet denkbeeldig want de muren staan niet goed recht meer en alle dergelijke bruggetjes in de omgeving zijn in de loop der jaren reeds door meer solide bouwsels vervangen. Bij het bruggetje aangekomen zag ik op 18 Dec. 1956 direkt een 100 tal prachtige planten van de genoemde Asplenium trichomanes tegen het oostmuurtje.

Description: In de oudere jaargangen van Heukels’ flora staan aanvankelijk alleen Schouwen en Huisduinen genoemd als groeiplaatsen van Crithmum maritimum, in nieuwere drukken is er Vlissingen bijgekomen, nog later veranderd in Walcheren en thans prijkt Crithmum met vier groeiplaatsen, n.l. Huisduinen, Schouwen, Walcheren en West Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, Daaruit zoumen mogen concluderen.dat Crithmum, hoewel zeldzaam, niettemin in opmars is en zijn gebied uitbreidt. Een nauwkeurig volgen van de ontwikkeling op de bekende groeiplaatsen en een naarstig zoeken naar nieuwe gedurende een tijdvak van ongeveer 15 jaren hebben mij echter de overtuiging gebracht, dat de soort in Zeeland op zozeer kwetsbare plaatsen groeit, dat misschien wel van opmars doch geenszins van uitbreiding kan worden gesproken. Alle in die jaren gevonden planten groeiden aan zeeweringen op glooiingen van Vilvoordse steen en basalt, met slechts één uitzondering. Deze glooiingen staan enerzijds bloot aan zware aanvallen van de zee en behoeven anderzijds als gevolg van die aanvallen regelmatig te worden hersteld, vernieuwd of verzwaard. Vooral het herstel en verzwaren van die zeeweringen zijn de laatste jaren voor het voortbestaan van de soort bijna catastrophaal geworden, zoals uit het volgende relaas moge blijken. Het is mij niet bekend of de soort zich. in Huisduinen heeft kunnen handhaven, doch in Zeeland zijn de meeste gevonden groeiplaatsen na korter of langer tijd weer verdwenen, De groeiplaats in Vlissingen is mij nooit bekend geweest, maar er groeit in Vlissingen nu geen Crithmum meer. Op Schouwen was een groeiplaats op Vilvoordse steen in de omgeving van Flauwers met vrij veel, goed ontwikkelde planten, die konden bogen op een grote mate van inschikkelijkheid jegens haar door de Waterstaatsmensen – Zo zeer zelfs dat toen de glooiing versterkt moest worden en de ruimte tussen de stenen werd volgegoten met beton, de groeiplaats van Crithmum daarvan werd uitgezonderd om de planten te sparen, Na de ramp in 1953, waarbij de dijk en de planten ter plaatse intact bleven, moest de dijk zodanig worden verzwaard, dat het niet mogelijk bleek de planten nog langer te sparen. Zij zijn daar onder een laag klei van ongeveer twee meter dik begraven.

Description: Because of their fleshy nature, thin leaves and membranous sepals and petals, Impatiens tend to make particularly poor herbarium specimens. If dried while still attached to the leafy part of the plant the flowers generally become badly crumpled and brittle. In such a state their more important characters become unrecognisable, and it is rarely possible to restore them to any useful degree. The leaves may also become badly crushed especially if they are not pressed absolutely flat. The collectors’ time may thus be completely wasted.