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  • GEOPHYSICS  (4,117)
  • Chemical Engineering  (3,542)
  • Engineering General  (2,473)
  • 1985-1989  (10,132)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Global Climate Study (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Global Surface Radiation Budget Experiment, which determines if current climate models are accurate, is explained.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ASR-250 , NASA-TM-109612 , NONP-NASA-VT-93-190410
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  • 2
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    Magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere; Proceedings of the Topical Meeting of the Twenty-sixth COSPAR Plenary Meeting, Toulouse, France, June 30-July 11, 1986 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Papers are presented on satellite observations of new particle and field signatures associated with SAR arc field lines at magnetospheric heights, the structure of the polar oval from simultaneous observations of the optical emissions and particle precipitations during the period of high solar activity between 1981 and 1982, and SAR-arcs and emissions in the main trough of the electron concentration. Also considered are a model calculation of hydrogen Balmer emissions under various modes of proton precipitation, electron precipitation near L = 4, and an investigation of the thermosphere-ionosphere interaction by means of the neutral post-storm effect. Other topics include auroral electric field penetration into the middle-latitude trough, field-aligned currents and related phenomena in the cust, and the positive phase of ionospheric storms and its connection with the dayside cusp.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 3
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    New data on the formation conditions and age of the Kamensk and Gusev astroblemes (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Discussed is new information recently published on the higher contents of siderophilic in the block breccia, fragments of coesite rocks in the Glubokinskiy series within the Kamenskiy astrobleme. New geological data which have refined the concept regarding the structure and age of the Kamenskiy astrobleme are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20212 , NAS 1.77:20212
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  • 4
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    Into the thermosphere: The atmosphere explorers (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The need to study the lower thermosphere with the new instrument, data handling, and spacecraft technology available in the 1960s led to the formulation and establishment of the Atmospheric Explorer program. This book provides an overview of this program with particular emphasis on the AE3, AE4, and AE5 satellites, which represent early examples of problem-dedicated missions. Both the satellites and their instrumentation on the one hand and the experimental and scientific considerations in studying the thermosphere on the other are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-SP-490 , NAS 1.21:490 , LC-87-14156
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  • 5
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    Future plans for the NASA suborbital program (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The development of more reliable heavy-lift balloons and a fine pointed gondola; the development of the Black Brant-12 rocket for auroral research; and the development of a collaborative Orbiting Payload Using Scout program are outlined. Through 1989 NASA will conduct a comprehensive program of aircraft, balloon, and rocket campaigns in conjunction with Shuttle and satellite measurements on the Supernovae 1987a.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of the 8th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programs and Related Research; p 397-400
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  • 6
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    Carbon monoxide measurements over the eastern Pacific during GTE/CITE 1 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: As part of the Global Tropospheric Experiment's Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation (GTE/CITE 1) intercomparison, carbon monoxide (CO) measurements were made from the NASA CV-990 aircraft during the fall of 1983 and again in the spring of 1984. The experimental measurements for CO obtained during those flight series over the eastern and mid-Pacific are presented here. Data were acquired from 10 to 20 deg N latitude over the mid-Pacific and from 30 to 37 deg N latitude over the eastern Pacific off the coast of California. A seasonal variation of approximately 34 parts per billion by volume was measured over the altitudes and latitudes sampled, and a small latitudinal variation was also noted. The data are discussed in terms of the meteorological context in which they were collected.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2095-210
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  • 7
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    Plasma diagnostics package measurements of ionospheric ions and Shuttle-induced perturbations (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The plasma diagnostics package (PDP) on the Space Shuttle STS-3 mission in March 1982 carried among its instrument complement a retarding potential analyzer. This instrument measured both the ambient ion plasma density and temperature, and perturbations to the plasma produced by Shuttle Orbiter effects. Whenever the plasma flow streamline at the instrument was more than a distance of the order of thermal ion gyroradii away from any Orbiter surface, the measurements were characteristic of the ambient ionosphere. In several situations, the PDP was positioned so as to scan the wake in the plasma flow produced by Orbiter surfaces. The density profile of the major species O(+) was consistent with a classic Mach cone. However, strong perturbations extended for several meters outside the Mach cone, which resulted in failure of flowing Maxwellian distributions to represent the data. Configurations where the plasma-flow-impacted Orbiter surfaced downstream of the PDP resulted in generation of a suprathermal ion component. The observations are discussed in terms of a recent model of the mechanism for generation of Shuttle glow.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 13463-13
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  • 8
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    Space opportunities for tropospheric chemistry research (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The use of the Space Shuttle to measure tropospheric trace species is examined. Factors which affect the measurement of tropospheric trace species are discussed. The Academy of Sciences 1985 report categorized the trace species into levels: first-level gases include water vapor, O3, CO, and CH4, and the second-level gases are N2O, NO2, NH3, SO2, chlorofluoromethanes, and HCl. The effects of first-level gases on the earth's climate, the photochemistry/chemistry of the troposphere, and the photochemical/chemical production and destruction of the hydroxyl radical are studied; the distribution and magnitude of the hydroxyl radical in the troposphere are analyzed in terms of water vapor, O3, CO, and CH4.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 9
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    The paradox of age: Tectites and tectite showers (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: When discussing the problem of tectite origin, the age of the tectites themselves (actual glasses) must be distinguished from the date of their fall on the earth's surface, i.e., the geological age of tectite fields. The considerable difference between their two ages is the essence of the paradox which will be discussed here.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20102 , NAS 1.77:20102
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  • 10
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    Iridium in the Vredefort Bronzite Granophyre - Impact melting and limits on a possible extraterrestrial component (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Bronzite Granophyre was analyzed for Ir and other elements to examine whether its origin was due to impact melting or conventional igneous assimilation and to search for a possible extraterrestrial component in the melt. No such component is identified. Ir values range from 50-130 pg/g, equivalent to less than 0.05 percent C1 material. Further evidence against an extraterrestrial source of siderophiles are the low Ir/Au ratios and the absence of systematic correlations between Ir and other elements. However, the Granophyre is significantly enriched in Ir over other Vredefort granitic rocks, implying a fundamental difference between them. Geochemical mixing models indicate that the Ir observed in the Granophyre can be supplied from high-Ir local shales and quartzites during an impact melting event. The results are consistent with the view that the Granophyre is an impact melt and that Vredefort is an impact structure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 14, 1988 - Mar 18, 1988; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 11
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    Boundary layer dynamics in the description of magnetospheric substorms (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This paper presents an analysis of eleven magnetospheric substorm events for which good-quality ground-based magnetometer data and ISEE satellite data were both available. It is shown that the magnetotail particle and field observations associated with a substorm expansive phase can be explained through the spatial movement of the boundary layers and central plasma sheet in the magnetotail. The sweeping of these regions past the satellite, even in the absence of temporal variations within the various regions, can lead to a set of plasma flow observations typical of what is observed in the magnetotail during substorm activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A209803 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 14411-14
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  • 12
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    A boundary layer model for magnetospheric substorms (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An alternative framework for understanding magnetospheric substorm activity is presented. It is argued that observations of magnetic field and plasma flow variations in the magnetotail can be explained in terms of the passage of the plasma sheet boundary layer over the satellite detecting the tail signatures. It is shown that field-aligned currents and particle acceleration processes on magnetic field lines threading the ionospheric Harang discontinuity lead to the distinctive particle and field signatures observed in the magnetotail during substorms. It is demonstrated that edge effects of field-aligned currents associated with the westward traveling surge can lead to the negative B(z) perturbations observed in the tail that are presently attributed to observations made on the anti-earthward side of a near-earth neutral line. Finally, it is shown that the model can provide a physical explanation of both the driven system and the loading-unloading system whose combined effects provide the observed substorm perturbation pattern in the magnetosphere and ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A194400 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 12187-12
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  • 13
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    Plasma waves in the range of the lower hybrid frequency - ISEE 1 and 2 observations at the earth's bow shock (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This report presents a characterization of plasma wave noise in the range of the lower hybrid frequency associated with 65 crossings of earth's bow shock observed by the ISEE 1 and 2 satellites. Wave growth generally becomes detectable at the upstream edge of the shock foot, increases at the upstream edge of the shock ramp, peaks within the ramp, and then quickly decays to steady downstream values. The upstream extent of the noise is on the same order as that of specularly reflected gyrating ions. Similar profiles were observed in subcritical and supercritical shocks, and no special behavior was associated with the first critical Mach number. Spectra in the foot and ramp were similar in shape, although the noise was 1 to 2 orders of magnitude more intense in the shock ramps than in the feet. Electric field intensities are positively correlated with solar wind speed and inversely related to electron beta and Mach number. Magnetic components are positively correlated with Mach number and beta. The results are generally consistent with suggestions that the noise consists of lower hybrid waves driven by reflected gyrating ions in the foot, and by additional instabilities, such as the cross-field current, in the shock ramp.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 9695-970
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  • 14
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    Energy spectra of plasma sheet ions and electrons from about 50 eV/e to about 1 MeV during plamsa temperature transitions (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: ISEE-1 charged-particle measurements obtained during eight plasma temperature transitions (PTTs) in 1978-1979 are compiled in tables and graphs and analyzed in detail, comparing the ion and electron differential energy spectra with the predictions of theoretical models. PTTs are defined as approximately 1-h periods of low bulk plasma velocity and steadily increasing or decreasing thermal energy. A Maxwellian distribution is found to be inadequate in describing the PTT energy spectra, but velocity-exponential and kappa distributions are both successful, the latter especially at higher energies. The power-law index kappa varies from PTT to PTT, but the high-energy spectral index and overall shape of the distribution remain constant during a PTT; both spatial and temporal effects are observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 2562-257
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  • 15
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    Plasma and field observations of a Pc 5 wave event (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The particle detector and electric field data collected by the Dynamo Explorer 1 on the Pc 5 wave event encounter on July 14, 1982 are presented, yielding a nearly complete picture of the event. The overall structure of the Pc 5 seems to order the event into two distinct halves, suggesting a temporal or spatial variation of the micropulsation. Thermal plasma measurements showed that the dominant ion throughout both lobes was H(+). Significant quantities of He(+), O(+), N(+), and O(2+) were also observed to be present and rotating together in a plane normal to the magnetic field direction, due to the Pc5 E x B drift. The plasma parameters determined for the two lobes were used in theoretical calculations to predict the period of the observed resonance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 11147-11
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  • 16
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    Cratering mechanics (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Main concepts and theoretical models which are used for studying the mechanics of cratering are discussed. Numerical two-dimensional calculations are made of explosions near a surface and high-speed impact. Models are given for the motion of a medium during cratering. Data from laboratory modeling are given. The effect of gravitational force and scales of cratering phenomena is analyzed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88477 , NAS 1.15:88477
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  • 17
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    The planning and execution of ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft flights over Antarctica, August and September 1987 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The significant ozone loss in the lower stratosphere over Antarctica during recent austral springs was studied by instrumented ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft. Data on the homogeneous gas composition, polar stratospheric clouds, and on tracers for dynamic motion are provided. The mission design is described, the aircraft and their payloads are documented, and the flight tracks are specified.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11181-11
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  • 18
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    Plasma flows near the neutral sheet of the magnetotail (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Lepedea on board ISEE 1 is used to investigate the bulk flow plasma in the neutral sheet region (defined as the area where BX approx = O) of the magnetotail. For the majority of crossings there is no appreciable change in the macroscopic plasma parameters, i.e., the density, temperature and velocity of the plasma remain constant through the neutral sheet. This is true even during active periods, when AE is somewhat greater than 100nT. However, for a small number of crossings, all during disturbed times, large plasma bulk velocities abs. val V is greater than or = 300 km/s are observed. The velocity distributions during these events are qualitatively similar to those of the plasma sheet boundary layer that is usually observed at higher latitudes. The acceleration mechanism which creates the plasma sheet boundary layer extends to relatively small radial distances during these active periods.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 19
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    NASA's geodynamics program (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The NASA geodynamics program covers dynamics of the core; dynamics and structure of the mantle; dynamics and structure of the lithosphere; evolution and composition of the Earth; and comparative planetology. Projects include crustal dynamics/Earth observations; gravity field modelling; and magnetic field studies. Planned space flights include global gravity and magnetic field mapping; magnetic field secular changes; gravity gradiometer mission; LAGEOS-2; and Earth Observing System.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of an ESA-NASA Workshop on a Joint Solid Earth Program; p 11-16
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  • 20
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    Causes and effects of a hole (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Preliminary results from the U.S. National Ozone Expedition (NOZE) to Antarctica are reviewed. The NOZE ozonesonde measurements showed significant vertical structure in the hole, with 80 percent depletion in some of the 1 km layers but only 20 percent in adjacent layers. The depletion was confined to the 12-20 km region, beginning first at higher altitude and progressing downward. This is strong evidence against the theory that the ozone hole is due to solar activity producing odd nitrogen at high altitudes which is transported downwards, leading to enhanced odd-nitrogen catalytic cycles that destroy ozone. Nitrous oxide data show unusually low concentrations within the polar vortex, which is evidence against the theory that the hole is caused by a purely dynamical mechanism in which rising air motions within the polar vortex lead to reduced column densities of ozone. It is tentatively concluded that a chemical mechanism involving man-made chlorofluorocarbons is the likely cause of ozone depletion in the hole.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 325; 297
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  • 21
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    Tectites of Vietnam. Tectites delivered by a comet: A hypothesis (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Tectites (tektites) are mysterious natural acid glasses that differ dramatically from terrestrial volcanic or impact glasses. There are many arguments that speak in favor of their non-terrestrial origin, and that is why the problem of their origin has an important scientific and historical significance. It is no accident that hundreds of publications written by specialists of various fields from all over the world are devoted to this issue. It is discussed at length in a collection of articles entitled 'Tectites' (1963,1973), as well as in the excellent monograph by O'Keefe (1976).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20103 , NAS 1.77:20103
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  • 22
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    Rock flows (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Rock flows are defined as forms of spontaneous mass movements, commonly found in mountainous countries, which have been studied very little. The article considers formations known as rock rivers, rock flows, boulder flows, boulder stria, gravel flows, rock seas, and rubble seas. It describes their genesis as seen from their morphological characteristics and presents a classification of these forms. This classification is based on the difference in the genesis of the rubbly matter and characterizes these forms of mass movement according to their source, drainage, and deposit areas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88485 , NAS 1.15:88485
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  • 23
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    Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of Our Understanding of the Processes Controlling Its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1 (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Topics addressed include: stratospheric chemistry; tropospheric trace gas (sources, distributions, and trends); tropospheric chemistry (processes, controlling the ozone and hydroxyl radicals); stratosphere-troposphere exchange; dynamic processes; and radiative processes (solar and terrestrial).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-89237 , NAS 1.15:89237 , WMO-REPT-16-VOL-1
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  • 24
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    Observations of ionospheric magnetospheric coupling - DE and Chatanika coincidences (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Observations from several experiments on board the Dynamics Explorer 1 and 2 (DE 1 and 2) spacecraft and ground-based radar measurements from the Chatanika radar are combined in order to examine the details of ionospheric/magnetospheric coupling in the local evening sector. DE 1 and DE 2 were in coplanar polar orbits that provided measurements almost simultaneously in time and magnetically coincident with the Chatanika radar from L = 3 to L = 17. The coupling processes are inferred from the density, temperature, composition, and angular distributions of the low-energy plasma observed from the E region of the ionosphere to magnetospheric altitudes of 2.5 earth radii. Plasma characteristics of the plasmasphere, main trough, auroral zone, and polar cap can be studied in this data set. The observations imply that as L increases, the dominant coupling mechanism between the ionosphere and magnetosphere in the measured energy range changes from equilibrium diffusion to perpendicular acceleration and finally to parallel acceleration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 5803-581
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  • 25
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    The menagerie of geospace plasma waves (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The sounding rocket and satellite observations of space plasma waves within geospace in the frequency range from millihertz to megahertz are studied. Characteristic frequencies and source mechanisms of the plasma waves are described. The use of the Dynamic Explorer-1 Plasma Wave Instrument spectrograms to represent the plasma wave antenna and receiver system of geospace is examined. The ray tracing technique calculates the path of energy flow; the equations required for the analysis are presented. Cross-correlation of the wave electric and magnetic components provide data used to calculate the wave polarization, the direction of propagation, and the wave distribution function.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 42; 257-274
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  • 26
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    Monthly mean distribution of ozone and temperature (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Global monthly mean charts for both hemispheres are given for four mid-season months, and for the pressure levels 30, 10, 1, and 0.1 mbar for temperature and 0.4 mbar for ozone. Charts of total ozone are provided separately. This set of charts shows clearly the very close coupling between the temperature and ozone distributions and demonstrates the influence of the large-scale planetary waves which give rise to very large longitudinal variations. The regular and interannual variability of temperature and ozone are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 54 p
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  • 27
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    Spectroscopic database (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Several aspects of quantitative atmospheric spectroscopy are considered, using a classification of the molecules according to the gas amounts in the stratosphere and upper troposphere, and reviews of quantitative atmospheric high-resolution spectroscopic measurements and field measurements systems are given. Laboratory spectroscopy and spectral analysis and prediction are presented with a summary of current laboratory spectroscopy capabilities. Spectroscopic data requirements for accurate derivation of atmospheric composition are discussed, where examples are given for space-based remote sensing experiments of the atmosphere: the ATMOS (Atmospheric Trace Molecule) and UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite) experiment. A review of the basic parameters involved in the data compilations; a summary of information on line parameter compilations already in existence; and a summary of current laboratory spectroscopy studies are used to assess the data base.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 41 p
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  • 28
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    Trace gas effects on climate (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The two primary objectives are to describe the new scientific challenges posed by the trace gas-climate problem and to summarize current strategies, and to make an assessment of the trace gas effects on troposphere-stratosphere temperature trends. Numerous reports on CO2-climate problems are examined with respect to climate modeling issues. The role of the oceans in governing the transient climate response to time varying CO2 concentrations is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 76 p
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  • 29
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    Model predictions of ozone changes (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The predictions of several one-dimensional models were examined for a number of prescribed scenarios in steady-state or time-dependent approximations. A small number of two-dimensional steady-state calculations for a limited number of scenarios were compared with the results of one-dimensional models. The sensitivity of the calculated predictions to the values of input parameters were examined in order to assess recognized uncertainties in these predictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Its Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Pre sent Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 70 p
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  • 30
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    Oxygen species (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The spatial distribution of ozone, as predicted by numerical models, is compared with observations. A set of reference ozone profiles was developed against which to compare current numerical calculations. Most of the analyses will focus on ozone between 30 and 70 km altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 2; 42 p
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  • 31
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    Assessment models (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The types of models used in assessment of possible chemical perturbations to the stratosphere are reviewed. The statue of one and two dimensional models are discussed. The problem of model validation is covered before the status of photochemical modeling efforts is discussed. A hierarchy of tests for photochemical models is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Pre sent Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 74 p
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    Evolution of a meteorite crater as a process of random displacements (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An examination of the ages and sizes of 114 terrestrial impact craters shows that their aging kinetics can be described by the diffusion laws. The macrodiffusion coefficient which determines random displacements of mineral masses on the Earth has a mean value of 0.02 sq m/year. The amount of matter in a crater that contains information about the impact event decreases with time according to the 1/T law. The basic characteristic parameter of a crater is its initial area, inasmuch as sufficiently large craters are nearly surficial formations. The relaxation time of a crater is proportional to its initial area.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88428 , NAS 1.15:88428
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    Formation of the central uplift in meteoric craters (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Data are presented on the sizes of impact craters with central uplifts on the earth, moon, and terrestrial planets. It is proposed that the central uplift of the Kara crater in the USSR was formed by impact metamorphism of rocks along a crater having a depth of about 600 meters. A theoretical analysis of the mechanics of hypervelocity impact cratering is used to investigate the features of shock-wave attenuation in the depths of the target and the amount of impact melt formed during this process. An attempt is made to determine the velocity of rock motion during the formation of central uplifts in terrestrial craters.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88427 , NAS 1.15:88427
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    Electrical conductivity of rocks at high pressures and temperatures (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The results of studies of the electrical conductivity in the most widely distributed types of igneous rocks, at temperatures of up to 1200 C, at atmospheric pressure, and also at temperatures of up to 700 C and at pressures of up to 20,000 kg/sq cm are described. The figures of electrical conductivity, of activaation energy and of the preexponential coefficient are presented and the dependence of these parameters on the petrochemical parameters of the rocks are reviewed. The possible electrical conductivities for the depository, granite and basalt layers of the Earth's crust and of the upper mantle are presented, as well as the electrical conductivity distribution to the depth of 200 to 240 km for different geological structures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77687 , NAS 1.15:77687
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    Geopotential Research Mission (GRM) (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Geopotential Research Mission (GRM) is a satellite system proposed to determine variations in the gravitational and magnetic fields to a resolution of about 100 kilometers. Knowledge and interpretations of the potential fields on scales of 100 kilometers and greater, to clarify the needs for better data in this range of wavelengths were reviewed. The potential contribution of these data to the determination, by satellite altimetry, of a more accurate geoidal reference was discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-2390 , NAS 1.55:2390 , Oct 29, 1984 - Oct 31, 1984; College Park, MD; United States
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    Rheology of glacier ice (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A new method for calculating the stress field in bounded ice shelves is used to compare strain rate and deviatoric stress on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. The analysis shows that strain rate (per second) increases as the third power of deviatoric stress (in newtons/sq meter), with a constant of proportionality equal to 2.3 x 10 to the -25th.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 227; 1335-133
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    Selection of a model of Earth's albedo radiation, practical calculation of its effect on the trajectory of a satellite (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Theoretical models of Earth's albedo radiation was proposed. By comparing disturbing accelerations computed from a model to those measured in flight with the CACTUS Accelerometer, modified according to the results. Computation of the satellite orbit perturbations from a model is very long because for each position of this satellite the fluxes coming from each elementary surface of the terrestrial portion visible from the satellite must be summed. The speed of computation is increased ten times without significant loss of accuracy thanks to a stocking of some intermediate results. Now it is possible to confront the orbit perturbations computed from the selected model with the measurements of these perturbations found with satellite as LAGEOS.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77870 , NAS 1.15:77870
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    Study of the physical properties of crystalline rocks in the southeast Voronezh anteclise (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The physical properties of rocks, in the crystalline mass of the Voronezh anteclise, were studied. The study of the physical properties of rocks is important for the improvement of geophysical methods for mapping crystalline rocks in the foundation and exploration of different geological objects which are associated with the crystalline foundation, covered by the sedimentary mantle. It is found that: (1) rocks in the crystalline foundation are very different in physical properties; (2) the physical properties are closely related to their substance composition and genesis; (3) petrographic properties give clues of rock afficiation to certain complexes; and (4) physical and magnetic properties should be examined by petrography, chemical and X-ray analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77823 , NAS 1.15:77823
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    Measurements of the temperature profile in the stratosphere from Chanin, Hauchecorne MAP handbook no. 13, 1984 p 87-99 (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change; 4 p; NASA-TM-104980
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    The upper atmosphere: Threshold of space (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NP-105 , NAS 1.83:105
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    The role of NASA in geodynamics research - Past and future (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: NASA participation in geophysics and geodynamics studies is addressed. Recent NASA activities in these areas are reviewed and plans and suggestions for the future are outlined. International cooperative activities in geophysics and geodynamics are briefly examined. New technologies that will be applied are considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: EOS (ISSN 0096-3941); 70; 713
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    Three-dimensional magnetosheath plasma ion distributions from 200 eV to 2 MeV (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This paper presents initial measurements, made with ISEE 1 plasma and energetic-particle instruments, of the three-dimensional magnetosheath plasma ion flow and the spectrum over the energy range of 200 eV to 2 MeV, obtained on two magnetosheath traversals, one on the dawn (December 19, 1977) and the other on the dusk (July 7, 1978) flanks of the magnetosphere. The data suggest that the magnetosheath plasma ion population often consisted of a shocked solar wind component, of energy not greater than 5 keV, and a magnetospheric high-energy (not below 5 keV) component. The shocked solar wind component generally behaved independently of the magnetic field direction, indicating that the magnetic field was carried along in the bulk plasma flow. The high-energy tail was highly modulated by the magnetic field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 12783-12
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    Present state of knowledge of the upper atmosphere 1988: An assessment report (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: This document was issued in response to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, Public Law 95-95, mandating that NASA and other key agencies submit biennial reports to Congress and EPA. NASA is to report on the state of our knowledge of the upper atmosphere, particularly the stratosphere. This is the sixth ozone assessment report submitted to Congress and the concerned regulatory agencies. Part 1 contains an outline of the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program and summaries of the research efforts supported during the last two years. An assessment is presented of the state of knowledge as of March 15, 1988 when the Ozone Trends Panel, organized by NASA and co-sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization, NOAA, FAA and the United Nations Environment Program released an executive summary of its findings from a critical in-depth study involving over 100 scientists from 12 countries. Chapter summaries of the International Ozone Trends Panel Report form the major part of this report. Two other sections are Model Predictions of Future Ozone Change and Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling. Each of these sections and the report in its entirety were peer reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-RP-1208 , NAS 1.61:1208
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    Bilateral symmetry elements of the Zhamanshin impact crater (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The internal structure of the Zhamanshin impact structure and the nature of rocks developed within it are studied to establish the impact structure parameters. It is found that the diameter of the visible crater is about 13 km. The small annular structures observed are found to not be secondary craters, and no correlation is found between the asymmetrical distribution of ejecta material and the arrangement of these annular forms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20288 , NAS 1.77:20288
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    Nitrogen species (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Total odd nitrogen, NO(y), may be defined as the sum of all active nitrogen species that interchange photochemically with one another on a time scale of the order of weeks or less. As noted, NO + NO2 reactions dominate the processes controlling the ozone balance in the contemporary stratosphere. The observational data from non-satellite platforms are reviewed. The growth in available satellite data in the past four years is considered. Some of the most important scientific issues are discussed, taking into account new results from atmospheric models (mainly 2-D). The model results are compared with the observational data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 2; 110 p
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    Global Geospace Science Programme (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The Global Geospace Science (GGS) Program, an element of the international Solar Terrestrial Physics Program dedicated to the study of the global plasma dynamics of the solar-terrestrial environment, is discussed. Past research on the injection of solar wind ions into the magnetosphere and on the detection of ions in the terrestrial ring current of both solar wind and ionospheric origins is reviewed, showing its relevance for the GGS program. Research on the interplanetary magnetic field, the auroral electrojet, the outer magnetosphere, the geomagnetic tail, the ionospheric electric field and the related electron precipitation is also addressed. The results demonstrate that the solar wind and the ionsophere both contribute to the magnetospheric particle population. Unanswered questions regarding hot plasma sources, transport processes, energy storage in the magnetic field, and energization of plasmas are discussed. The relevant mission strategy, instrumentation, theory and modeling, and data collection are addressed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0007-084X); 41; 81-93
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    Instrument intercomparisons and assessments (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Over the past few years, several field campaigns were devoted to the goal of assessing instrument reliability, as opposed to solely obtaining data to answer a geophysical question. Some examples of the formal instrument intercomparisons that have occurred in the past decade and those that are planned for the very near future are listed chronologically. Balloon-borne techniques and instruments that address the height profiles of the trace species in the lower stratosphere are emphasized. Beginning with the most extensively studied trace constituent, the approach taken and the results obtained, are described. The current status of the measurement capabilities are summarized, and the needs for future intercomparisons and assessments are listed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 31 p
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    Ozone and temperature trends (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The measurement of temporal changes in ozone and temperature are discussed. The data are examined within the context of natural atmospheric variability and data problems. The results are compared to numerical model calculations. The major issues are defined in terms of goal achievement. Each parameter is considered in terms of instrument type, long term effects, and altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Pre sent Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 34 p
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    Effects of chemical releases by the STS 3 orbiter on the ionosphere (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The Plasma Diagnostics Package, flown aboard STS-3 as part of the first Shuttle payload (OSS-1), recorded the effects of various chemical releases from the Orbiter. Changes in the plasma environment was observed during flash evaporator system releases, water dumps and maneuvering thruster operations. During flash evaporator operations, broadband Orbiter-generated electrostatic noise was enhanced and plasma density irregularities were observed to increase by 3 to 30 times with a spectrum which rose steeply and peaked below 6 Hz. In the case of water dumps, background electrostatic noise was enhanced at frequencies below about 3 kHz and suppressed at frequencies above 2 kHz. Thruster activity also stimulated electrostatic noise with a spectrum which peaked at approximately 0.5 kHz. In addition, ions with energies up to 1 keV were seen during some thruster events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 3487-349
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    Satellite interferometric measurements of auroral kilometric radiation (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The first satellite interferometric measurements of auroral kilometric radiation were performed by cross-correlating the waveforms detected by the ISEE 1 and ISEE 2 spacecraft. High correlations were found for all projected baselines, with little or no tendency to decrease even for the longest baselines. For incoherent radiation, the correlation as a function of the baseline is the Fourier transform of the source brightness distribution, implying an average source region diameter for all of the bursts analyzed of less than about 10 km. For such small source diameters, the required growth rates are too large to be explained by existing incoherent theories, strongly indicating that the radiation must be coherent. For coherent radiation, an upper limit to the source region diameter can be inferred instead from the angular width of the radiation pattern. The angular width of the radiation pattern must be at least 2.5 deg, implying that the diameter of the source must be less than about 20 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A176460 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 1105-110
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    Dynamical processes (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The techniques used to observe the middle atmosphere; the zonally-averaged and eddy structure of the middle atmosphere; seasonal variations and interannual variability; theoretical understanding of the middle atmospheric circulation are discussed. Recent satellite-based observational studies of stratospheric transport process, as revealed by the behavior of constituents and of potential vorticity (a dynamical tracer) are reviewed. The theory of global transport and its representation in transport models is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1; 110 p
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    Observations of plasma distributions during the coordinated data analysis workshop substorms of March 31 to April 1, 1979 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: On March 31 and April 1, 1979, a sequence of substorms was recorded on the ground. During the entire active period the ISEE 1 and 2 satellites were located in the magnetotail, between 22 R(E) and 12 R(E) from the earth. Observations of plasma distributions made at varying levels of activity during these substorms provide good examples of typical magnetotail responses. While the entire magnetotail undergoes temporal variations during substorm activity, the most obvious effect seen is spatial motion of preexisting plasma regimes; for example, at substorm onset the central plasma sheet contracts. This can cause a spacecraft to move from the plasma sheet into the boundary layer. As the plasma sheet boundary layer almost always comprises streaming plasma, the high-speed flows observed there are not necessarily due to the substorm process. The essential nature of the main plasma regions of the magnetotail is relatively unchanged during high activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A180501 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2377-238
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    Tropospheric chemistry (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The chemistry of the background troposphere, the source region, and the transition regions are discussed. The troposphere is governed by heterogeneous chemistry far more so than the stratosphere. Heterogeneous processes of interest involve scavenging of trace gases by aerosols, cloud and precipitation elements leading to aqueous phase chemical reactions and to temporary and permanent removal of material from the gas phase. Dry deposition is a major removal process for ozone, as well as for other gases of importance in tropospheric photochemistry. These processes are also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1; 36 p
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    Strat-trop exchange (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Exchange between the stratosphere and troposphere is important to the chemical composition of both regions. The export of ozone from the stratosphere provides the troposphere with a means of initiating photochemistry. The precursor molecules originating from the planetary surface provide the stratosphere with its chemical feedstock from which the ozone-controlling HO(x), NO(x), and Cl(x) photochemistries are driven. The tropopause is defined both statistically and in a local, synoptic sense by the value P(sub theta) = .000016 K sq m/kg/s, taken from an objective analysis of 8 years of zonal, temporal mean cross sections of potential temperature, wind and potential vorticity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1; 92 p
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    Radiative processes (1985)
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    Description: Solar radiation and the processes that control its deposition in the Earth atmosphere are considered. The published data obtained since 1978 define a reference solar spectral irradiance for use in atmospheric chemical and dynamical studies, while long term satellite measurements are now providing information on variations in the output of the Sun over a range of time scales. As concerns absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere, new cross section data for molecular oxygen and ozone are now available. Line-by-line calculations used to predict infrared flux divergences, both as regards assumptions made in radiative transfer calculations and in the spectroscopic parameters used as inputs are examined. Also examined are the influence of radiative processes on planetary scale wave activity, photochemical acceleration of radiative damping, and the breakdown of local thermodynamic equilibrium at mesospheric altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1; 46 p
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    Kinetics and photochemistry Golden, D. M. (1985)
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    Description: The data for chemical kinetics rate constants and photochemical cross sections taken from a compilation prepared in early 1985, entitled Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling, is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 3; 16 p
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    A study of the effect of synoptic scale processes in GCM modelling (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Research was conducted to help modeling groups at NASA to develop better weather forecasting and general circulation models (GCM) for activities relating to the meteorological uses of satellite data. The focus was on the physical processes that were being simulated by models: radiative effects and latent heat release associated with clouds; orographic influences; and heat transfer at the ocean and ice surfaces. An attempt was made to deduce the role of diabatic heating in North Atlantic cyclogenesis and in the global heat budget. Inferences were made in four studies: heat budget statistics from GCM assimilations; dynamics of north Atlantic cyclones; Cage-type energy budget calculations; and grid scale cloud formation. Mechanisms that were responsible for the variability and structure of the atmospheric on a hemispheric scale were studied by a hybrid of statistical analysis and theoretical modeling. Variability and structure are both related to synoptic scale processes through baroclinic and barotropic energy transformations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-184804 , NAS 1.26:184804
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    Outer atmospheric research - One tether capability (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: One specific tether application of far-reaching promise would be to conduct outer atmospheric research by using a tethered subsatellite deployed downward from an orbiting 'mother' craft such as the Shuttle Orbiter. This capability would gather scientific and engineering/technology information about the outer atmosphere, primarily from 150 km down to perhaps 90 km. This paper presents current determinations of specific user needs, tether capabilities, and technological and program requirements to fulfill this application of tethers in space.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Intl. Conference on Space Tethers for Science in the Space Station Era; Oct 04, 1987 - Oct 08, 1987; Venice; Italy
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    Relations between extensional tectonics and magmatism within the Southern Oklahoma aulacogen (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Variations in the geometry, distribution and thickness of Cambrian igneous and sedimentary units within southwest Oklahoma are related to a late Proterozoic - early Paleozoic rifting event which formed the Southern Oklahoma aulacogen. These rock units are exposed in the Wichita Mountains, southwest Olkahoma, located on the northern margin of a Proterozoic basin, identified in the subsurface by COCORP reflection data. Overprinting of the Cambrian extensional event by Pennyslvanian tectonism obsured the influence of pre-existing basement structures and contrasting basement lithologies upon the initial development of the aulacogen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Papers Presented to the Conference on Heat and Detachment in Crustal Extension on Continents and Planets; p 71-75
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    Possible role of crustal flexure in the initial detachment of extensional allochthons (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The existence of low-angle normal faults indicates that the ratio of shear stress (TAU) to normal stress (sigma sub N) needed to cause slip on faults is substantially less than would be predicted based on experimental data. Because the tensional strength of rock at a large scale is exceedingly low, the upper plate of a low-angle normal fault cannot be pulled down the fault ramp, but must be driven down it by its own weight. The active or recently active Sevier Desert detachment fault in western Utah dips regionally at 12 deg. The radio of shear stress to normal stress due to the weight of the upper plate on a 12 deg dipping fault surface is 0.2. In contrast, laboratory experiments indicate that slip on fracture surfaces occurs with almost all rock types when (tau/sigma) reaches values of 0.6 to 0.85, corresponding to normal-fault dips of 30 deg to 40 deg. Seismological data indicate that low deviatoric stresses are associated with movement on faults of other geometrics and are not unique to low-angle normal faults. It thus appears that approximately planar fault zones with surface areas of hundreds to thousands of square kilometers have different mechanical properties than would be predicted based on laboratory studies of fractured rock. Modeling of stresses indicates that deviatoric stresses greater than 5kb exist and are sustainable in oceanic lithosphere, and that failure occurs when tau/sigma sub N approaches 0.6 to 0.85.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Papers Presented to the Conference on Heat and Detachment in Crustal Extension on Continents and Planets; p 142 - 144
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    Lithospheric and crustal thinning (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: In rift zones, both the crust and the lithosphere get thinner. The amplitude and the mechanism of these two thinning situations are different. The lithospheric thinning is a thermal phenomenon produced by an asthenospherical uprising under the rift zone. In some regions its amplitude can exceed 200%. This is observed under the Baikal rift where the crust is directly underlaid by the mantellic asthenosphere. The presence of hot material under rift zones induces a large negative gravity anomaly. A low seismic velocity zone linked to this thermal anomaly is also observed. During the rifting, the magmatic chambers get progressively closer from the ground surface. Simultaneously, the Moho reflector is found at shallow depth under rift zones. This crustal thinning does not exceed 50%. Tectonic stresses and vertical movements result from the two competing effects of the lithospheric and crustal thinning. On the one hand, the deep thermal anomaly induces a large doming and is associated with extensive deviatoric stresses. On the other hand, the crustal thinning involves the formation of a central valley. This subsidence is increased by the sediment loading. The purpose here is to quantify these two phenomena in order to explain the morphological and thermal evolution of rift zones.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Papers Presented to the Conference on Heat and Detachment in Crustal Extension on Continents and Planets; p 93-96
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    Heat flow increase following the rise of mantle isotherms and crustal thinning (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Heat flow measurements in the western United States define a zone of high heat flow which coincides with the Basin and Range Province where extension has taken place recently. In this region, the average reduced heat flow is approx 30 mW sq. meters higher than in stable continental provinces; locally (e.g., Battle Mountain High), the heat flow anomaly can be more than 100 mW/sq meters above average. Estimates of the amount of extension range between 30% and 100% for the past 30 Ma. In the Colorado Plateau, which has been uplifted without major tectonic deformation, the heat flow is only slightly above average. Analytical calculations show that an abrupt change in heat flow at the base of the lithosphere 30 Ma ago would not affect the surface significantly. Uplift would proceed at a slow rate. A thermal perturbation at the base of a 40 km thick crust, however, would reach the surface faster and, after 30 Ma, the increase in surface heat flow would be about 75% of the amplitude of the heat flow anomaly. The number of volcanic rocks in the Basin and Range suggests that magma intrusions may provide an effective heat transfer mechanism. It can be show that if the source of the intrusions is at the base of the lithosphere, the response time will be much longer than 30 Ma, and most ot the heat transferred from the asthenosphere will be absorbed in the lithosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Papers Presented to the Conference on Heat and Detachment in Crustal Extension and Continents and Planets; p 69-70
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    Comparison of satellite-derived dynamical quantities for the stratosphere of the Southern Hemisphere (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: As part of the international Middle Atmosphere Program (MAP), a project was instituted to study the dynamics of the Middle Atmosphere in the Southern Hemisphere (MASH). A pre-MASH workshop was held with two aims: comparison of Southern Hemisphere dynamical quantities derived from various archives of satellite data; and assessing the impact of different base-level height information on such derived quantities. The dynamical quantities examined included geopotential height, zonal wind, potential vorticity, eddy heat and momentum fluxes, and Eliassen-Palm fluxes. It was found that while there was usually qualitative agreement between the different sets of fields, substantial quantitative differences were evident, particularly in high latitudes. The fidelity of the base-level analysis was found to be of prime importance in calculating derived quantities - especially the Eliassen-Palm flux divergence and potential vorticity. Improvements in base-level analyses are recommended. In particular, quality controls should be introduced to remove spurious localized features from analyses, and information from all Antarctic radiosondes should be utilized where possible. Caution in drawing quantitative inferences from satellite data for the middle atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere is advised.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-3044 , L-16593 , NAS 1.55:3044 , Workshop on the Middle Atmosphere in the Southern Hemisphere; Apr 14, 1986 - Apr 17, 1986; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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    Plasma observations at the earth's magnetic equator (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: New observations of particle and wave data from the magnetic equator from the DE 1 spacecraft are reported. The results demonstrate that the equatorial plasma population is predominantly hydrogen and that the enhanced ion fluxes observed at the equator occur without an increase in the total plasma density. Helium is occasionally found heated along with the protons, and forms about 10 percent of the equatorially trapped population at such times. The heated H(+) ions can be characterized by a bi-Maxwellian with kT(parallel) = 0.5-1.0 eV and kT = 5-50 eV, with a density of 10-100/cu cm. The total plasma density is relatively constant with latitude. First measurements of the equatorially trapped plasma and coincident UHR measurements show that the trapped plasma is found in conjunction with equatorial noise.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2385-240
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    Stratospheric chemistry (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Recent improvements in the data base for the currently identified reactions describing the chemistry of the major families of trace gas species, HO(x), NO(x), ClO(x), and hydrocarbons are assessed. The important coupling reactions between the families are introduced progressively. Chemical aspects such as heterogeneous reactions and reactions of sodium species, the importance of which are not yet completely established, are discussed. Recent attempts to reconcile some of the more unexpected kinetic behavior which has emerged from the extensive experimental studies of key reactions with current reaction rate theory are also examined. The uncertainties in the current kinetic and photochemical data base is given. The prospects for improvement of data for known reactions of atmospheric importance as well as for the identification of gaps in the chemical description of the atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1; 32 p
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    Tropospheric trace gases (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Trace gas concentrations in the atmosphere reflect in part the overall metabolism of the biosphere, and in part the broad range of human activities such as agriculture, production of industrial chemicals, and combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. There is compelling evidence that the composition of the atmosphere is now changing. Observed trends in trace gas levels are reviewed and implications for the chemistry of the atmosphere are discussed. Throughout the discussion, particular emphasis is given to those species which are now increasing in the atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 1; 62 p
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    Halogentated species (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Stratospheric measurements of halogen containing species are reviewed and compared with model predictions. Halocarbons, HCl, HF, ClONO2, and ClO are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 2; 47 p
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    Hydrogen species (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Measurements of the members of the HO(x) family (OH, HO2, and H2O2) and their major source gases, H2O, and CH4 are discussed. Emphasis is placed on measurements which were made since the 1982 World Meteorologic Organization (WMO) report. Measurement techniques, available data, an assessment of data reliability, and a comparison of the data with theoretical distributions of stratospheric HO(x) species predicted from one and two dimensional photochemical models are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Assessment of our Understanding of the Processes Controlling its Present Distribution and Change, Volume 2; 58 p
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    Present state of knowledge of the upper atmosphere: An assessment report; processes that control ozone and other climatically important trace gases (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The state of knowledge of the upper atmosphere was assessed as of January 1986. The physical, chemical, and radiative processes which control the spatial and temporal distribution of ozone in the atmosphere; the predicted magnitude of ozone perturbations and climate changes for a variety of trace gas scenarios; and the ozone and temperature data used to detect the presence or absence of a long term trend were discussed. This assessment report was written by a small group of NASA scientists, was peer reviewed, and is based primarily on the comprehensive international assessment document entitled Atmospheric Ozone 1985: Assessment of Our Understanding of the Processes Controlling Its Present Distribution and Change, to be published as the World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report No. 16.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-RP-1162 , NAS 1.61:1162
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    IMF By-dependent plasma flow and Birkeland currents in the dayside magnetosphere. I - Dynamics Explorer observations (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Plasma, magnetic-field, and dc electric-field observations from Dynamics Explorers 1 and 2 are used to investigate the morphology of solar-wind ion injection, Birkeland currents, and plasma convection in the morning sector for both positive and negative interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By components. The results of the study are used to construct a By-dependent global convection model for southward IMF. A significant element of the model is the coexistence of three types of convection cells ('merging cells', 'viscous cells', and 'lobe cells'). This model can account for observations of a nearly stationary (in local time) convection 'throat', a sunward-antisunward convection reversal zone at the polar-cap boundary in both the morning and afternoon quadrants, the morphology of solar-wind ion injection and transport in the mid-altitude polar cusp, and the By-dependent dawn-dusk asymmetry of polar-cap electron fluxes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A160499 , AFGL-TR-85-0224 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 1577-159
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    Geological reasons for change in intensity of linear magnetic anomalies of the Kursk magnetic anomaly (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The geological reasons for fluctuations in the anomalous field intensity along the polar axes were examined. The Kursk magnetic anomaly is used as the basis for the study. A geological-geophysical section was constructed which used the results of the interpretation of gravimagnetic anomalies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77824 , NAS 1.15:77824
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    Two-Dimensional Intercomparison of Stratospheric Models (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: A detailed record is provided for the examination of fundamental differences in photochemistry and transport among atmospheric models. The results of 16 different modeling groups are presented for several model experiments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-3042 , REPT-89B00192 , NAS 1.55:3042 , Sep 11, 1988 - Sep 16, 1988; Virginia Beach, VA; United States
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    Major wildfires at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: K-T boundary (KTB) clays from five sites are enriched in soot and charcoal by factors of 100-1000 over Cretaceous levels, apparently due to a global fire. The soot profile nearly coincides with the Ir profile, implying that the fire was triggered by the impact. Much or all of the fuel was biomass, as indicated by the presence of retene and by the C isotopic composition. The amount of elemental C at the KTB (0.012 g/sq cm) is very large, and requires either that most of the Cretaceous biomass burned down or that the soot yield was higher than in small fires. At undisturbed sites, soot correlates tightly with Ir, As, Sb, and Zn. Apparently soot and Ir-bearing ejecta particles coagulated in the stratosphere and then scavenged additional chalcophiles from the hydrosphere. In view of this coagulation, the K-T fire would only slightly prolong the period of darkness and cold caused by impact ejecta.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 1988 BAAS Mason Meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society; Sept. 6, 1988; Oxford
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    The low energy atmospheric antiproton albedo (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The flux of albedo antiprotons in the 100-1000 MeV kinetic energy range produced by the cosmic ray primaries in the atmosphere is calculated. It is shown that this is not a significant background to measurements of the low energy anti-proton cosmic ray flux.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AIP Conference on Cosmic Abundances of Matter; Sept. 7-9, 1988; Minneapolis, MN; United States
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    Discrimination and supervised classification of volcanic flows of the Puna-Altiplano, Central Andes Mountains using Landsat TM data (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images of portions of the Central Andean Puna-Altiplano volcanic belt have been tested for the feasibility of discriminating individual volcanic flows using supervised classifications. This technique distinguishes volcanic rock classes as well as individual phases (i.e., relative age groups) within each class. The spectral signature of a volcanic rock class appears to depend on original texture and composition and on the degree of erosion, weathering, and chemical alteration. Basalts and basaltic andesite stand out as a clearly distinguishable class. The age dependent degree of weathering of these generally dark volcanic rocks can be correlated with reflectance: older rocks have a higher reflectance. On the basis of this relationship, basaltaic lava flows can be separated into several subclasses. These individual subclasses would correspond to mappable geologic units on the ground at a reconnaissance scale. The supervised classification maps are therefore useful for establishing a general stratigraphic framework for later detailed surface mapping of volcanic sequences.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Ground-based column abundance measurements of atmospheric hydroxyl (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The preliminary results of ground-based OH column abundance measurements from Truk, Federated States of Micronesia, are contained. These are the first OH column measurements from the tropics, and constitute a signficcant contribution to the OH data base. Comparisons of tropical OH behavior with the extensive mid-latitude observations serve as a critical test of the current understanding of the HO (sub x) photochemistry and its relationship to the other major chemical families. The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in tropical stratospheric winds exerts a major influence on the Hadley cell vertical transport. Related QBOs in total O3 and in stratospheric H2O were identified, but QBO effects on other stratospheric species are still unknown. The solar tide in the tropics produces a diurnal surface pressure variation of 2 to 3 mb; its effect on OH photochemistry in the stratosphere may be significant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-182676 , NAS 1.26:182676
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    Nature and origin of mineral coatings on volcanic rocks of the Black Mountain, Stonewall Mountain and Kane Springs wash volcanic centers, southern Nevada (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Mineral coatings, including desert varnish on volcanic rocks of the semi-arid Basin and Range province are composted of amorphous, translucent films of Fe, Mn, Si, and Al rich compounds. Coatings are chiefly thin films that impregnate intergranularly to depths of about 0.1 to 0.3 mm, rarely deeper. Sixteen coating sections and subsurface interiors were probed by SEM; 20 samples were scanned by infrated spectrometry; 10 samples were scanned for visible-near IR spectra; inductin coupling plasma analyses were collected on 34 samples; 2 desert varnish surgaces were investigated by optical density slice imagery; a few XRD analyses were conducted in addition to the 50 reported in the last period; thin section observation continued; and imagery processing focused on classification techniques. In late May, approximately 10 field days were spent at the Stonewall and Black Mountain study sited conducting more detailed mapping and observation base on imagery results and collecting spectra with the Collins Field Spectrometer. Approximately 100 spectral analyses were collected and are currently being processed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-181209 , NAS 1.26:181209
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    Improving the geological interpretation of magnetic and gravity satellite anomalies (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Quantitative analysis of the geologic component of observed satellite magnetic and gravity fields requires accurate isolation of the geologic component of the observations, theoretically sound and viable inversion techniques, and integration of collateral, constraining geologic and geophysical data. A number of significant contributions were made which make quantitative analysis more accurate. These include procedures for: screening and processing orbital data for lithospheric signals based on signal repeatability and wavelength analysis; producing accurate gridded anomaly values at constant elevations from the orbital data by three-dimensional least squares collocation; increasing the stability of equivalent point source inversion and criteria for the selection of the optimum damping parameter; enhancing inversion techniques through an iterative procedure based on the superposition theorem of potential fields; and modeling efficiently regional-scale lithospheric sources of satellite magnetic anomalies. In addition, these techniques were utilized to investigate regional anomaly sources of North and South America and India and to provide constraints to continental reconstruction. Since the inception of this research study, eleven papers were presented with associated published abstracts, three theses were completed, four papers were published or accepted for publication, and an additional manuscript was submitted for publication.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-180149 , NAS 1.26:180149
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    Undersea volcano production versus lithospheric strength from satellite altimetry (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: All seamount signatures apparent in the SEASAT altimeter profiles were located and digitized. In addition to locating the seamount signatures, their amplitudes were also estimated. The second phase consisted of determining what basic characteristics of a seamount can be extracted from a single vertical deflection profile. Seven seamounts that had both good bathymetric coverage and good satellite altimeter coverage were used to test a simple flexural model. A method was developed to combine satellite altimeter profiles from several different satellites to construct a detailed and accurate geoid.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-179984 , NAS 1.26:179984
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    Remote sensing of the earth's atmosphere by infrared absorption spectroscopy - An update of the ATMOS program (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The NASA's Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) experiment was designed to address the requirements of the remote sensing of atmospheric composition on a four-dimensional basis (latitude, longitude, altitude, and time), necessary for understanding and predicting the effect of changes on the chemical balance of the atmosphere. This paper describes the ATMOS program, overviews the ATMOS instrument and its performance, and presents the results obtained during its first flight as part of the Spacelab 3 Space Shuttle mission (April 29 through May 6, 1985). Also discussed are prospects for further missions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advanced Optical Instrumentation for Remote Sensing of the Earth''s Surface from Space; Apr 27, 1989 - Apr 28, 1989; Paris; France
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    The interdisciplinary role of space geodesy; Proceedings of the International Workshop, Erice, Italy, July 23-29, 1988 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The current status of space geodesy and research plans for the 1990s are discussed in reviews and reports. Sections are devoted to the short-term and long-term dynamics of the solid earth, interactions between space geodesy and other disciplines and programs (geodynamics, earth structure, ocean physics, atmosphere and climate, planetary science, and fundamental physics), instrumentation, data analysis, reference coordinate systems, and education. Also provided are overviews of the French, ESA, and NASA geodetic research programs and descriptions of the Soviet Glonass navigation satellites, the WEGENER/MEDLAS observation program, and the Lageos II laser-ranging satellites. Diagrams, graphs, maps, and tables of numerical data are provided.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Intl. Workshop on the Interdisciplinary Role of Space Geodesy; Jul 23, 1988 - Jul 29, 1988; Erice; Italy
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    Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, volume 28 (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Extended abstracts from the fourth workshop on the technical and scientific aspects of MST (mesosphere stratosphere troposphere) radar are presented. Individual sessions addressed the following topics: meteorological applications of MST and ST radars, networks, and campaigns; dynamics of the equatorial middle atmosphere; interpretation of radar returns from clear air; techniques for studying gravity waves and turbulence; intercomparison and calibration of wind and wave measurements at various frequencies; progress in existing and planned MST and ST radars; hardware design for MST and ST radars and boundary layer/lower troposphere profilers; signal processing; and data management.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-184972 , NAS 1.26:184972 , MAP-HANDBOOK-28 , Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar; Nov 28, 1988 - Dec 02, 1988; Kyoto; Japan
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    Strain accumulation and surface deformation along the San Andreas, California (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The goal of this project remains to be the achievement of a better understanding of the regional and local deformation and crustal straining processes in western North America, particularly the effect of the San Andreas and nearby faults on the spatial and temporal crustal deformation behavior. Construction of theoretical models based on the mechanics of coupled elastic plate/viscoelastic foundation and large scale crack mechanics provide a rational basis for the interpretation of seismic and aseismic anomalies and expedite efforts in forecasting the stability of plate boundary deformations. In the present period, special focus is placed on the 3-D effect of irregular fault locked patches on the ground measured deformation fields. Specifically, use is made of a newly developed 3-D boundary element program to analyze the fault slip and vertical ground motion in the Parkfield area on the San Andreas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-185893 , NAS 1.26:185893
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    Magnetohydrodynamic boundary conditions for global models (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Boundary conditions in the ionosphere and the upstream solar wind are important in determining the dynamics of global magnetohydrodynamic models of the magnetosphere. It is generally recognized that the orientation of the magnetic field in the upstream solar wind strongly modulates the rate of energy input into the magnetosphere by magnetic reconnection. However, other aspects of the upstream boundary conditions may determine whether the reconnection occurs in a patchy manner, as in flux transfer events, or in a global manner, as in the Paschmann et al. (1979) events. Ionospheric boundary conditions should also affect the reconnection process. For example, ionospheric line-tying can cause x-line motion in the outer magnetosphere. If it is assumed that auroras occur on field lines mapping to x-lines, then auroral motions are different than the local convective motion of the plasma in which they occur. Global magnetohydrodynamic models which incorporate both magnetospheric reconnection and ionospheric convection could be used to investigate the effect of reconnection and convection upon dayside and nightside auroral motions during the course of a magnetic substorm.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    A simulation study of broadband electrostatic noise in the presence of ionospheric electrons (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Ion beams have been observed flowing along magnetic field lines in the earth's plasma sheet boundary layer and are believed to generate intense electrostatic wave activity known as broadband electrostatic noise. Cold electrons of ionospheric origin have also been observed in this same region and it has been shown that the addition of these cold electrons modifies substantially the plasma wave dispersion properties. With cold electrons present, four instabilities can be excited: (1) ion acoustic, (2) electron acoustic, (3) beam resonant, and (4) Buneman two stream. These instabilities can generate waves with large growth rates at frequencies consistent with broadband electro-static noise. Using computer simulations, consideration is given to the wave energy frequency spectra generated by these instabilities, as well as cold electron heating and nonlinear effects on the ion beam.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    Ion-cyclotron wave heating of heavy ions in the equatorial magnetosphere - A numerical simulation theory (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A 1-2/2 dimensional hybrid numerical simulation code is used to study the heating of cold H(+) ions and heavy ions by electromagnetic ion-cyclotron waves (ICWs) in the ring current region of the equatorial magnetosphere. Consideration is given to a plasma consisting of electrons, hot H(+) ions, and cold heavy ions in which the ICWs are driven by the temperature anisotropy of the hot protons. For large-amplitude ICWs, it is found that the cold H(+) ions are preferentially heated over the heavy ions although the cold H(+) ions are heated by a three-step process.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    Dynamics of the near-earth magnetotail - Recent observations (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observations relevant to models of the magnetotail and its ionospheric coupling are presented. Particular attention is given to the near-earth plasma sheet and magnetotail lobes. Plasmoid formation in the near-earth plasma sheet is examined in the context of new measurements of auroral oval motions and of plasma convection near the center plane of the plasma sheet.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AD-A213767 , Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    O(+) and H(+) escape fluxes from the polar regions (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The hydrodynamic transport equations are solved for H(+) and O(+) with allowance made for the important dynamic, collisional, and chemical effects that operate in the F region ionosphere below regions of ion acceleration. It is found that the total ion flux demand imposed on the ionosphere by the higher altitude acceleration region is an important parameter controlling the amount of O(+) in plasma outflows. As solar activity increases, there is an increase in the limiting O(+) escape flux and a decrease in the limiting H(+) escape flux.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    Quantitative parametrization of energetic ionospheric ion outflow (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Upflowing ionospheric ion (UFI) data from the DE 1 energetic ion composition spectrometer, acquired from near the maximum to the minimum of solar cycle 21, were used to determine the UFI outflow rate as a function of geomagnetic and solar activity conditions. Its solar and magnetic dependences were parameterized empiricaly. It was found that the ion outflow rate increases exponentially with Kp by a factor of 20 for O(+) and 4 for H(+) from Kp = 0 to 6.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    The polar wind (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The classical polar wind is considered to be an ambipolar outflow of thermal plasma from the terrestrial ionosphere at high latitudes. The paper reviews the characteristic features of this flow, with emphasis placed on recent theoretical predictions. Consideration is given to H(+) and He(+) outflow characteristics both with and without convection electric field effects, the collisionless polar wind characteristics (including the formation of temperature anisotropies), and the time-dependent polar wind behavior in response to localized density perturbations and localized heat sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    Monte Carlo modeling of large-scale ion-conic generation (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Cyclotron resonance with observed electric field fluctuations is demonstrated to be responsible for production of the oxygen ion conics that are observed by the Dynamics Explorer 1 satellite in the central plasma sheet region of the earth's auroral zone. The ion velocity distribution is described by a quasi-linear diffusion equation which is solved using the Monte Carlo technique. The acceleration produced by the observed wave spectrum agrees well with the ion observations, in both form and magnitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    Alfven ion-cyclotron heating of ionospheric O(+) ions (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Transversely heated ionospheric ions, in particular O(+) ions, are often observed flowing upward along auroral field lines. Currents observed in association with the transversely heated ions can drive shear Alfven waves and electrostatic ion-cyclotron waves unstable which can, in turn, be resonantly absorbed by the ions to produce the heating. Particle simulations are used to examine self-consistently the excitation of these waves and the associated heating. It is shown that the growth of the electrostatic ion-cyclotron waves quickly becomes suppressed as the ions become heated and the dominant wave fields are those of the shear Alfven wave. The resultant transverse ion heating is larger and faster than that produced by solely electrostatic ion-cyclotron wave heating. Due to trapping of ions by the shear Alfven wave, the temperature of the O(+) ions remains comparable to that of the H(+) ions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    Dynamic evolution of low-energy ions in the terrestrial magnetosphere (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results of a statistical study of low-energy (0-50 eV) field-aligned ion pitch angle distributions for H(+), He(+), and O(+) observed by the Dynamics Explorer retarding ion mass spectrometer instrument are presented. Ion distributions are characterized as uni- and bi-directional field-aligned and bi-directional conic distributions. The spatial relationships of these distributions can be interpreted as dynamic evolution of low-energy ion flow in which injected unidirectional field-aligned streams originating in the nightside auroral zone evolve first into bi-directional flows under the influence of convection in the mirror magnetic field configuration. Characteristic convection times are evaluated with a pitch angle diffusion model in which field-aligned flows evolve into conical distributions through charge exchange loss of particles to the atmosphere during particle mirroring periods.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    Auroral zone ion composition (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper discusses the auroral zone and its role as the region of exchange of warm and hot plasmas between the magetosphere and ionosphere. Consideration is then given to the ion mass, energy, and angle distributions observed on a typical midaltitude auroral zone crossing and the central role of oxygen ions as a tracer of the processes involved in the coupling of ionospheric and magnetospheric plasmas. The successful operation of the Swedish Viking satellite in 1986 is noted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    Electric fields and particle precipitation during the substorm of January 18, 1984 (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The transition between the quiet and active conditions in the early afternoon high-latitude ionosphere is examined. Particular attention is given to the electric field and particle precipitation response to a slow monotonic decrease in the interplanetary magetic field Bz component. Observations from the Sondrestrom incoherent-scatter radar and the NOAA 7 satellite are analyzed. The electric field is found to intensify very quickly after the change in Bz.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    Preliminary statistical survey of plasmaspheric ion properties from observations by DE 1/RIMS (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper presents mean temperatures and densities of plasmaspheric H(+) ions obtained from observations by the retarding ion mass spectrometer on Dynamics Explorer 1. Composition is shown in terms of ratios of densities of the various ion species to those of H(+). The spatial variations are indicated in terms of L shell profiles, with separate profiles for local morning and evening sides.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    A model of auroral potential structures based on Dynamics Explorer plasma data (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Dynamics Explorer 1 hot plasma data are used to investigate three major features of the mid-altitude auroral electron distribution -- the hole, the bump (at large pitch angles), and the loss cone. The results of a computer simulation show that these features can be approximately reproduced by a model involving an initial plasma sheet electron distribution and two potential drop regions that are widely separated in altitude. The observed distributions could not be reproduced, even qualitatively, by any of a wide range of distributed potential drops involving parallel electric fields at the point of observation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    Modeling of the thermal plasma in the outer plasmasphere - A magnetospheric heat source (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A case study has been carried out using data from the Dynamics Explorer 1 and 2 spacecraft to study the effect of Coulomb interactions between ring current and suprathermal O(+) and thermal protons on the plasmasphere. Results from a one-dimensional plasmaspheric model suggest that heating due to Coulomb collisions may be sufficient to raise the ion and electron temperatures to observed values. The resultant high temperature produced enhancements in the model O(+) and O(++) densities in agreement with observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    Refilling of a plasmaspheric flux tube - Microscopic plasma processes (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper elucidates those microscopic plasma processes (electrostatic shocks, pitch angle scattering of the ions, and ion perpendicular heating) which help in trapping and/or thermalizing the plasma in the flux tubes. The mechanism and conditions for electrostatic shock formation are discussed. It is shown that equatorial ion heating stops interhemispheric flow by setting up a potential barrier at the equator.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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    Hydrodynamic models of the plasmasphere (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A brief history of the application of hydrodynamic models to the understanding of the plasmaspheric density distribution is presented. Then results from recent modeling are discussed in more detail and areas of agreement between theory and measurement are established. Finally, some calculations are presented which indicate important discrepancies between theory and measurement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Huntsville Workshop on Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Plasma Models; Oct 14, 1987 - Oct 16, 1987; Guntersville, AL; United States
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