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  • Articles  (13,602)
  • Springer  (7,985)
  • Wiley  (5,617)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • 1985-1989  (11,744)
  • 1955-1959  (1,858)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (13,602)
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  • Articles  (13,602)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of media components during bioreactor sterilization: definition and importance of R0 (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 247-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Sterilization ; Bioreactor ; Media ; R0 ; F0
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Sterilization of bioreactor media, to destroy viability of the indigenous microbial population, is normally accomplished by autoclaving, or heating with pressurized steam. However, simultaneous chemical changes in media can also be expected to result from the high temperatures. A kinetic procedure involving on-line computer calculation of heat input, designated asF 0 values, was previously developed to estimate sterility achievement. A similar kinetic procedure, based on a general purpose Arrhenius ‘pseudo’ rate equation and designated asR 0 values, has now been designed to evaluate, and control the effects of temperature and heating time on chemical reactions occurring in the media. Data are presented indicating thatR 0 may be a useful parameter for reducing variability in culture metabolism and ‘scale-up’ when these variations result from different nutrient concentrations produced by non-standard heating during media sterilization in stirred bioreactors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574082
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Altered bacterial culture density following exposure to aflatoxins (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 275-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Aflatoxin ; Bioassay ; Cell growht ; Bacterium ; Density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Eight species of bacteria were incubated in culture media containing 10 μg/ml aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), or aflatoxin G2 (AFG2). Their culture density at 20°C was determined at four and eight days (d) after inoculation. In all species of bacteria studied (Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis, Erysipylothrix rusiopathie (insidiosa), Streptococcus fecalis, Staphylococcus epidermis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus spp., andEscherichia coli), AFB1, AFB2 and AFG2 substantially decreased culture sizes at 4 d, but not at 8 d. InB. cereus andP. mirabilis, culture sizes were increased by AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2 at 8 d post inoculation. These results indicate that AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2 suppressed initial growth of these species in vitro, while later growth in some species was either unaltered or enhanced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577350
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Germanium toxicity in selected bacterial and yeast strains (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 299-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bioaccumulation ; Germanium ; Sensitivity ; Tolerance ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The toxicity of germanium dioxide (GeO2) to 21 bacterial and 13 yeast strains was investigated in liquid broth medium to obtain information on strains tolerant to high (1 to 2 mg/ml) GeO2 concentrations.Arthrobacter sp. NRC 32005,enterobacter aerogenes NRC 2926,Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418 andPseudomonas putida NRC 5019 were tolerant to 1 mg/ml GeO2.Bacillus sp. RC607 was able to grow in the presence of 2 mg/ml GeO2 at pH 10 in broth culture. The yeastsCandida guilliermondii, Candida shehatae andPachysolen tannophilus were the most sensitive to GeO2 as evidenced by their diminished growth rates at a GeO2 concentration as low as 0.1 mg/ml. None of the yeast strains tested exhibited growth in the presence of 1 mg/ml GeO2. The high pH of the medium containing germanium may be partially responsible for the growth inhibition of the yeast cultures. Select bacterial cultures previously exposed to 1 mg/ml GeO2 could tolerate and grow better at 2 mg/ml GeO2, suggesting the existence of very efficient adaptive mechanisms. The pH of the medium could modulate GeO2 tolerance and this effect was found to be strain-dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577353
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protoplast formation, L-colony growth, and regeneration ofClostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-592 and B-593 andClostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 10132 (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 325-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Clostridium genetics ; Clostridium beijerinckii ; Clostridium acetobutylicum ; Protoplast regeneration ; L-colony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Protocols for protoplast formation, L-colony cultivation, and regeneration ofClostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-592, B-593 andC. acetobutylicum ATCC 10132 were developed. Two osmotically reinforced media were formulated. Protoplasts of B-592, B-593, and ATCC 10132 grew as cell wall-deficient forms (L-colonies) when plated on the first medium (BLM) and continued to do so through at least 3 passages on this medium. The second (BRM) permitted the L-colonies to regenerate cell walls after transfer to this medium. TransferredC. beijerinckii B-592 L-colonies reverted to bacillary colonies at a frequency of 25%. Likewise, L-colonies of B-593 andC. acetobutylicum ATCC 10132 could be regenerated at frequencies of 7.0 and 8.6%, respectively. Thus, these procedures are suitable for genetic engineering of these industrial microorganisms using protoplast manipulation techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577356
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification and properties of xylanase fromAureobasidium (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 341-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Auerobasidium ; Color variants ; Xylanase ; Hemicellulase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The yeast-like fungusAureobasidium is a promising source of xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) with an exceptionally high specific activity. For enzyme production in volumes of several liters, xylose was the preferred carbon source and inducer. Xylanase in clarified cultures was concentrated by reversible adsorption to cation-exchange matrix to 5% of the initial volume, and recovered at nearly 2 million IU/1. Selective conditions permitted 97% recovery of xylanase with a 1.8-fold enrichment in specific activity, to 70% of purity. The predominant xylanase species (20 kDa) was subsequently purified to 〉99% of homogeneity by gel filtration chromatography. Purified enzyme exhibited an isoelectric point of 8.5, and specific activity of 2100 IU/mg under optimal conditions, determined to be pH 4.5 and 45°C. The activity of purified enzyme was specific for polymeric xylan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569536
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxic effects of tin compounds on microorganisms (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 375-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Toxicity ; Organotins ; Tin ; Methiltins ; Butyltins ; Tributyltin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Organotins are used for industrial and agricultural purposes and in antibiologic agents. They are significantly more toxic than inorganic tins, and eventually reach the environment where they can be toxic to a wide variety of organisms. Particular attention has been given to tributyltins which are highly toxic components of antifouling paints. Realization that the molecular species of organotin influences fate and effects of organotins led to development of sensitive methods for quantifying individual molecular species. Even though such methods are now available, little information has been obtained on the ability of microorganisms to bioaccumulate tin compounds. Trisubstituted alkyl and aryltins (R3Sn's) are more toxic than disubstituted compounds (R2Sn's) while monosubstituted organotins (RSn's) are still less toxic. R4Sn's are toxic only if they are metabolized to R3Sn's. Among trisubstituted compounds propyl-, butyl-, pentyl-, phenyl-, and cyclohexyl Sn's are generally the most toxic to microorganisms. Toxicity in the R3Sn series is related to total molecular surface area of the tin compound and to the octanol:water partition coefficient,K ow, which is a measure of hydrophobicity; a highK ow indicates greater hydrophobicity and predicts greater toxicity. Care must be taken when testing the toxicity of tin compounds, for a number of biological, physical and chemical factors can influence the apparent toxicity. Although little is known of the effects of tin compounds on microbial processes, a number of bacterial processes can be inhibited by organotins and all relate to membrane functions. They include effects on energy transduction, solute transport and retention and oxidation of substrates. Very little is known of how organotins exert their toxic effects on algae and fungi; Information on effects on chloroplasts and mitochondria stems principally from animal systems and from higher plants. Triorganotins act against chloroplasts and mitochondria by causing swelling, by acting as ionophores and by acting against ATPase, while diorganotins appear to act by binding to dithiol groups on enzymes and cofactors. Nucleic acids do not seem to be affected at environmentally relevant concentrations. Virtually nothing is known of the action of tin compounds on microbial enzymes, but resistant mutants are easy to obtain and should facilitate work to understand modes of microbial interaction with tin compounds and mechanisms of resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569539
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic characterization ofBacilli from food packaging paper and board machines (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 419-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bacillus ; Paper and board machines ; Starch degrading enzymes ; Cellulase ; Proteases ; Slimicides ; Food packaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Aerobic spore-forming bacteria were found dominant in the microflora of food packaging paper and board. Twenty-five strains of bacteria belonging to the genusBacillus were isolated from these paper and board machines, papermaking chemicals, and final products of papermaking. Nineteen strains were analyzed for production of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, β-glucanase, carboxymethyl cellulase, and caseinase, and also for resistance towards industrial biocides. pH and temperature optima for the activity of the enzymes were determined. All strains were found to produce one or more of the enzymes studied. The amylolytic enzymes of most strains had high temperature optima for activity. Vegetative cells of all strains were found very resistant towards the different commercial slimicides used in paper and board mills. This property together with the ability to survive through the dry end of the machine to the final board and paper, and the production of enzymes degrading papermaking chemicals makes these bacteria potentially harmful in paper and board mills.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569637
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring genetically engineered microorganisms in freshwater microcosms (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 441-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: DNS hybridization ; Gene probe ; Environmental survival ; Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100 ; Alcaligenes A5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effectiveness of gene probe methods for tracking genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in the environment was tested by inoculating nutrient-supplemented freshwater microcosms withAlcaligenes A5 (a naturally occurring 4-chlorobiphenyl degrader) orPseudomonas cepacia AC1100 (a genetically engineered 2, 4, 5 T-degrader) and following the fates of the introduced bacterial populations. Colony hybridization of the viable heterotrophic bacterial populations and dot blot hybridization of DNA recovered from the total microcosm microbial communities showed persistence of bothAlcaligenes A5 andP. cepacia AC1100 in the microcosms in the presence and absence of the xenobiotic substrates that these organisms biodegrade. Although there was a gradual decline in the added populations, both of the bacterial populatins were still detected in the microcosms two months after their introduction into the microcosms. Addition of 2, 4, 5-T enhanced the survival ofP. cepacia AC1100 — and 4-chlorobiphenyl addition resulted in increased levels ofAlcaligenes A5. The results indicate that both organisms may persist for very long periods in freshwater habitats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569640
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanism of stabilization of actinomycete foams and the prevention of foaming under laboratory conditions (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 181-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Nocardia amarae ; Surface tension ; Hydrocarbon affinity ; Montmorillonite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cultures ofNocardia amarae give rise to cell-stabilized foams in a laboratory scale foaming apparatus. The organism produces a surfactant and the cells are very hydrophobic; factors which, in terms of froth flotation theory, are essential for foam production and transport of the cells from the aqueous to the bubble phase. The addition of montmorillonitic clay to the culture prior to foaming prevents foam stabilization. The results obtained suggest the formation of a salt-dependent, reversible, bacterium-montmorillonite complex which prevents transport of cells to the bubble phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574075
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of coal source and treatment upon indigenous microbial communities (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 195-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Coal leaching ; Desulfurization ; Thiobacilli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The leaching of six Eastern coals was investigated using experimental coal columns subjected to simulated leaching events. Measurements of CO2 assimilation and specific enrichment cultures indicated that the microbial communities of all leachates were dominated by iron- and sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria. Comparison of CO2 assimilation rates in leachates and core samples of leached coal indicated that most chemoautotrophs remained within coal columns during leaching. Mean numbers of chemoautotrophic bacteria in leachate samples were correlated with concentrations of dissolved iron and sulfate. Leachates from unwashed, run-of-mine coals contained more chemoautotrophs and more iron and sulfate than did leachates from washed, final product coals. After several leachings, the ratio of sulfur oxidizers to iron oxidizers tended to increase. These data suggest that the chemoautotrophic community of final product coals may be pyritelimited. Aerobic heterotrophs constituted a minor component of the microbial community in leachates from the six coals and their abundance and metabolic activity were apparently not influenced by the beneficiation history of the coal. Changes in rates of acetate metabolism may have been related to microbial succession within the heterotrophic community of coal columns. In all leachates, rates of tritiated methylthymidine assimilation were correlated with rates of acetate incorporation but not with CO2 assimilation, even though autotrophs dominated the microflora. Thus, thymidine assimilation rates appear to reflect activities or growth of mainly heterotrophic microorganisms in leachate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574077
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of immobilization on growth, substrate consumption, β-galactosidase induction, and byproduct formation inEscherichia coli (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Metabolism ; Acetate ; Alginate ; Carbon balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Some metabolic properties of both suspended and immobilized aerobically and anaerobically growingEscherichia coli cells were investigated. Metabolic activity was found to be substantially different whenE. coli cells were immobilized in alginate. Cells grown immobilized in alginate, and then released from the gel, synthesized 1.6 (aerobic growth) and 4.9 (anaerobic growth) times as much β-galactosidase per cell in response to induction as did suspended cells. Under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the cell yield from glycerol for immobilized cells was half that for suspended cells. At specific growth rates that were not significantly different from those of suspended cells, immobilized cells consumed glycerol at twice the rate of suspended cells. Immobilized cells produced elevated quantities of acetate, pyruvate, and lactate. Interpretation of these findings is discussed in terms of the kinetics of energy metabolism and the regulation of inducible protein synthesis inE. coli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574081
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fructose production by immobilizedArthrobacter cells (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 267-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Glucose isomerase ; Immobilization ; K-carrageenan ; Glucose ; Fructose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary ImmobilizedArthrobacter cells (NRRL-B-3728) were used for continuous isomerization of glucose to fructose in a bioreactor system. The system utilized stationary phase (55h) cells (2.2×109 CFU/ml saline) immobilized onto K-carrageenan (3% w/v) beads [cells were heated at 65°C for 10 min to inactivate endogenous proteolytic enzymes]. Immobilized-cell preparations were hardened using three different glutaraldehyde systems. Glutaraldehyde (0.2 M) treated-immobilized cells (pH 7.0, 5°C for 30 min) exhibited good gel strength and high glucose isomerase activities. Maximal bioreactor isomerization of 44% was achieved when a buffered feedstock containing 40% glucose was fed into the column (60°C) at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The biological half-life of glucose isomerase activities in this system was 400 h. Scanning electron microscopy revealed large numbers of cells distributed within the beads. A thin layer surrounding the beads following glutaraldehyde treatment was mainly due to cross-linking reactions between cell proteins and glutaraldehyde. This layer prevented leaking of cells during continuous isomerization reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577349
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of a dilute waste oil emulsion applied to soil (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 289-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Biodegradation ; Landfarming ; Metal-working coolants ; Waste-oil emulsions ; On-site oil disposal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The use of land treatment for disposal of a dilute waste oil emulsion generated by an aluminum rolling industry was investigated. Major components of the waste, identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, were linear and branched (C12−C25) and fatty acid emulsifiers (primarily, isomers of oleic acid). Hexadecane and pristane were readily biodegraded in vitro when added to soil collected from the waste disposal site. Hydrocarbons and fatty acids extracted from the waste were similarly, biodegraded, however, the rate of decomposition may have depended on the history of waste applications to soil collected from the land treatment site. The apparent half-life of resolvable waste hydrocarbons and fatty acids was 9.5 days in soil which had received waste applications averaging 25.4l m−2 wk−1. In contrast, soil receiving either 50.8l m−2 wk−1 or no waste application during summer 1987 apparent exhibited half-lives of 28.1 and 60.3 days, respectively. Waste components were restricted to the upper 48 cm of the soil cores collected from the disposal site. Core samples also provided evidence for biodegradation of hydrocarbons and fatty acids as well as an accumulation of other compounds not readily resolvable by gas chromatography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577352
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sugar utilization by yeast during fermentation (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 315-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Sugar uptake ; Yeast ; Brewer's wort
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary When glucose and fructose are fermented separately, the uptake profiles indicate that both sugars are utilized at similar rates. However, when fermentations are conducted in media containing an equal concentration of glucose and fructose, glucose is utilized at approximately twice the rate of fructose. The preferential uptake of glucose also occurred when sucrose, which was first rapidly hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose by the action of the enzyme invertase, was employed as a substrate. Similar results were observed in the fermentation of brewer's wort and wort containing 30% sucrose and 30% glucose as adjuncts. In addition, the high levels of glucose in the wort exerted severe catabolite repression on maltose utilization in theSaccharmyces uvarum (carlsbergensis) brewing strain. Kinetic analysis of glucose and fructose uptake inSaccharomyces cerevisiae revealed aK m of 1.6 mM for glucose and 20 mM for fructose. Thus, the yeast strain has a higher affinity for glucose than fructose. Growth on glucose or fructose had no repressible effect on the uptake of either sugar. In addition, glucose inhibited fructose uptake by 60% and likewise fructose inhibited, glucose uptake by 40%. These results indicate that glucose and fructose share the same membrane transport components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577355
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  • 15
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    Efficacy of bromochlorodimethylhydantoin againstLegionella pneumophila in industrial cooling water (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 403-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bromochlorodimethylhydantion ; Legionella pneumophila ; Industrial cooling water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Free residual chlorine and bromine can be generated in water from bromochlorodimethylhydantoin (BCDMH). Efficacy of chlorine from inorganic sources has been studied extensively, but there is much less information on the efficacy of bromine againstL. pneumophila; only a few efficacy studies of organically-derived. halogen appear in the literature and the results from different studies conflict or are difficult to interpret. This paper describes the efficacy of halogen from BCDMH against planktonic, pure cultureL. pneumophila in an industrial cooling water. There was no difference in efficacy between halogen derived from organic or inorganic sources in controlled laboratory experiments. Effective doses in laboratory studies cannot be translated directly to field applications because of significant differences in the microbiology. However, the data suggest that disinfection (〉99.9% reduction in viability within 10 min) of planktonic, pure cultureL. pneumophila can be achieved with about 1 ppm free residual halogen (expressed as chlorine) from BCDMH in a typical industrial cooling water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569635
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  • 16
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    Substrate specificity, de novo synthesis and partial purification of polyphenol oxidase derived from the wood-decay fungus,Coriolus versicolor (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 349-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Coriolus versicolor ; Wood-decay fungus ; Polyphenol oxidase ; Substrate specificity ; de novo Synthesis ; Partial purification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Coriolus versicolor, a white-rot Basidiomycete, secretes cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes as well as polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Whereas the former degrade wood polymers, the latter can convert diphenols to diquinones and oligomerize syringic acid, a lignin derivative. Certain phenolic compounds can serve as disease-resistance factors controlling the proliferation of wood-decay fungi within host tissues. BecauseC. vesicolor can be ‘batch-cultured’, overproduction and enhanced secretion of enzymes of biological and commercial interests are feasible. Reported here are the results of attempts to define the timed appearances of intracellular and extracellular PPO, to assess substrate specificity as well as distinguish synthesis versus activation of intracellular PPO and to partially purify extracellular PPO. These efforts were to provide data enabling cell-free synthesis of PPO, cloning of the gene(s) for the oxidase and the establishment of its subcellular route of secretion. Whereas two protein peaks (6 and 12 days in a 16 day time-course) were observed for dialyzed mycelial homogenates, the homogenates' PPO specific activity rose between 4 and 12 days and then declined. Total extracellular protein content climbed from 6 to 15 days for dialyzed growth medium and the medium's PPO specific activity rose at 4 days post-inoculation and except at 9 days increased linearly to 15 days. When aliquots of dialyzed 12 and 15 day media were added to PPO assay mixtures containing catechol and either syringic or gallic acids, statistically significant differences in PPO specific activity between phenolic substrates were noted. Supplementation of cultures with 1.91 μg cycloheximide ml growth medium−1 (control, growth medium only) together with 0.5 μCi [14C]-leucine revealed that cycloheximide inhibited PPO activity and suppressed [14C]-leucine incorporation into TCA-insoluble cytoplasmic protein. As for PPO partial purification, growth medium dialysis followed by 0–30% (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and subsequent 12 000×g dialyzate centrifugation yielded a 3.27-fold enhancement in PPO specific activity within the 12 000×g supernatant. Chromatography of the latter upon DEAE-Sephadex indicated that PPO exchanged with the DEAE counterion as it could be eluted with high ionic strength salt. These results suggest that: the occurrences of intracellular and extracellular PPO are time-dependent, intracellular PPO is de novo synthesized, the preferred substrate for extracellular PPO appears to be catechol and extracellular PPO can be partially purified by a combination of dialysis and ammonium sulfate fractionation as well as possibly DEAE chromatography and/or Sephadex G-150 gel filtration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569537
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    A quantitative method for determining the efficacy of algicides in industrial cooling towers (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 429-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Sampling ; Biofilm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Quantitative sampling of periphyton from natural substrates is difficult and uncommon due to the nonhomogenous and irregular nature of most natural substrates. This paper describes an experimentally verified method for quantitative sampling of periphyton directly from the relatively homogenous and regular upper deck of a cooling tower.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569638
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  • 18
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    The effect of whey protein hydrolyzates on the lactic acid fermentation (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Lactobacillus bulgaricus ; Whey permeate ; Peptide average molecular weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The batch fermentation of whey permeate to lactic acid was improved markedly by the addition of enzymehydrolyzed whey protein. Acid concentrations greater than 90 g/l were achieved at a productivity of 4.3 g/l per h and a 98% substrate use. Cell mass concentration reached 6 g/l. The acid productivity achieved is somewhat higher than that typical for fermentation of whole whey. The process economics, based on in-house hydrolyzate preparation, look promising. Presented in this paper are the experimental results showing the effects of hydrolyzate concentration on acid and cell mass production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569696
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    High-temperature, salt-tolerant xanthanase (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 127-133 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Salt-tolerant enzyme ; Heat-tolerant enzyme ; Depolymerase ; Lyase ; Oligosaccharide ; Viscosity breaker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new high-temperature, salt-tolerant xanthanase suitable as an enzymic viscosity breaker for xanthanbased hydraulic fracture fluids was obtained by soil enrichment growth on xanthan gum incubated at 45°C in the presence of 3% NaCl. The mixed culture produces exoenzymes functional up to 65°C in the presence of salts. Degradation products include the pyruvic acetal of mannose and branched oligosaccharides derived from cleavage of main-chain β-(1→4)-d-glucosyl linkages. Release of the terminal pyruvic acetal ofd-mannose leads to oligosaccharide products that evidently contain the ene-4,5-unsaturated glucuronic acid residue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569797
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    Comparative testing and evaluation of hard-surface disinfectants (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 145-154 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Disinfectant ; Hypochlorite ; Chlorine dioxide ; Iodine ; Hydrogen peroxide ; Glutaraldehyde ; Quaternary ammonium compound ; Phenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The activity of eleven disinfectants againstStaphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andSaccharomyces cerevisiae was determined using a method based on the A.O.A.C. germicidal and detergent sanitizer assay. Based on the activity against the test organisms after 30-and 60-s exposures to each disinfectant, the disinfectant containing chlorine dioxide had the highest biocidal activity in this assay, on a mg/l basis. In addition, a disinfectant containing sodium hypochlorite and a disinfectant containing sodium chlorite performed well, at concentrations below label specifications. The results illustrate the importance of testing disinfectants in the context of their intended use.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569799
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    Comparative study of some microbial arabinan-degrading enzymes (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 173-180 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Arabinan-degrading enzyme ; Arabanase ; p-Nitrophenyl-α-l-arabinosidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A variety of thermophilic organisms andBacillus species were screened in shake flask culture for arabanase andp-nitrophenyl-α-l-arabinosidase activities. Highest arabanase activity was produced by strains ofThielavia terrestris andSporotrichum cellulophilum. Thermoascus aurantiacus and severalBacillus species were most active producers of arabinosidase. Arabinosidases fromBacillus strains had pH optima in the range 5.9–6.7. pH optima of fungal arabinosidases ranged from ≤2.9 to 6.7.Bacillus arabanases had neutral pH optima, whereas fungal arabanases had pH optima in the range 3.7–5.1. In general, arabinosidases were found to be relatively thermostable, retaining 〉70% activity for 3 h at 60°C. TheT. aurantiacus enzyme retained 98% activity at 70°C after 3 h.Bacillus arabanases were relatively unstable. All fungal arabanases except theT. aurantiacus enzyme were fully denatured at 70°C after 3 h.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574074
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    Naturally produced isocoumarins: inhibitors of calmodulinsensitive cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 209-213 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Isocoumarin ; Phosphodiesterase ; Enzyme inhibitor ; cGMP phosphodiesterase ; Secondary metabolite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Three isocoumarins have been isolated from a strain ofStreptoverticillium sp. and all inhibit the calmodulin-sensitive cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.17, Boehringer Mannheim). Two of the compounds, 6,8-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyl isocoumarin and 6,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methyl isocoumarin have previously been isolated fromStreptomyces. The third fermentation product, 6,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl isocoumarin, was also found as a metabolite ofCeratocystis minor, a fungal species associated with the blue stain disease of pine [2,3].
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574078
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    Microbial selective plugging and enhanced oil recovery (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 215-229 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Microbial enhanced oil recovery ; Microbial selective plugging ; Petroleum microbiology ; Permeability ; Biofouling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The ability of indigenous populations of microorganisms in Berea sandstone to improve the volumetric sweep efficiency and increase oil recovery by in situ growth and metabolism following the injection of nutrients was studied. Cores of differing permeabilities connected in parallel without crossflow and slabs of sandstone with differing permeabilities in capillary contact to allow crossflow were used. The addition of a sucrosenitrate mineral salts medium stimulated the growth and metabolism of microorganisms in the sandstone systems. This resulted in a preferential decrease in permeability in the core or slab with the higher initial permeability, diverted flow into the lower-permeability core or slab and improved the volumetric sweep efficiency. Injectivity into the slab with the lower initial permeability in the crossflow system increased during subsequent nutrient injections. Thus, microbial selective plugging does occur in laboratory systems that have the complex flow patterns observed in petroleum reservoirs without losing the ability to inject fluids into the formation. In situ microbial growth and metabolism increased oil recovery 10 to 38% of the original oil in place. Biogenic gas production accompanied oil production, and much of the gas was entrained within the produced oil suggesting that gas production was an important factor leading to increased oil recovery. Quantitation of the amount of phospholipid in the core confirmed that microbial growth preferentially occurred throughout the core with the higher initial permeability. These data showed that in situ microbial growth in the high-permeability regions improved not only the volumetric sweep efficiency but also the microscopic oil displacement efficiency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574079
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    The anaerobic biodegradation ofo-, m- andp-cresol by sulfate-reducing bacterial enrichment cultures obtained from a shallow anoxic aquifer (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 255-266 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Sulfate-reduction ; Anaerobic biodegradation ; Ground water ; Bacterial enrichment ; Phenol ; Cresol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Sulfate-reducing bacterial enrichments were obtained from a shallow anoxic aquifer for their ability to metabolize eithero-, m-, orp-cresol. GC/MS and simultaneous adaptation experiments suggested that the anaerobic decomposition ofp-cresol proceeds by the initial oxidation of the aryl methyl group to formp-hydroxybenzoic acid. This intermediate was then converted to benzoic acid. Benzoic acid and a hydroxybenzaldehyde were also found in spent culture fluids from ano-cresol-degrading enrichment culture. This result, in addition to others, suggested thato-cresol may also be anaerobically degraded by the oxidation of the methyl substituent. An alternate pathway for anaerobicm-cresol decomposition might exist. Enrichment cultures obtained with eitherp- oro-cresol degraded both of these substrates but notm-cresol. In contrast, am-cresol enrichment culture did not metabolize theortho orpara isomers. Anaerobic biodegradation in all enrichment cultures was inhibited by molybdate and oxygen, and was dependent on the presence of sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor. The stoichiometry of sulfate-reduction and substrate depletion by the various enrichment cultures indicated that the parent cresol isomers were completely mineralized. This result was confirmed by the conversion of14C-labeledp-cresol to14CO2. These results help clarify the fate of alkylated aromatic chemicals in anoxic aquifers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577348
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    Effects of organotin and organolead compounds on yeasts (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 279-288 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Lead ; Organotins ; Organoleads ; Tin ; Tributyltin ; Yeasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Four methods were used to screen nine organotin and two organolead compounds for toxicity to 29 yeasts, representing 10 genera. Center well diffusion plates were useful in comparing the sensitivity of yeasts to the most toxic organometals but were not useful for comparisons between compounds because of differences in diffusion rates and lack of sensitivity. Two-layer diffusion plates (density gradient plates) were also of limited use for comparisons between compounds but provided quantitative information on toxicity and allowed comparisons between organisms. Two-dimensional diffusion plates were useful for estimating the effect of pH on organometal toxicity. Release of K+ from cell suspensions measured using a K+-electrode provided quantitative information and allowed comparisons between compounds and organisms. The presence of 3% NaCl in cell suspensions decreased the rates and extent of organotin-induced K+ release. Yeasts varied in their sensitivity from strain to strain, but tributyltin was the most toxic compound tested. Mono- and dimethyltins were the least toxic. Triphenyltin, dibutyltin, monobutyltin, trimethyltin, triethyltin, diethyllead, diethyltin, and dimethylleads showed intermediate toxicity, but triphenyltin and monobutyltin were the most toxic among the group.
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    Thermal inducible expression of xylose isomerase and its performance in a hollow fiber bioreactor (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Xylose isomerase ; Enzyme expression ; thermally inducible ; Hollow fiber bioreactor ; Escherichia coli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary TheEscherichia coli xylose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5) has been expressed under the control of a thermal inverting promotor system (att-nutL-p-att-N block) and its performance in a hollow fiber bioreactor measured. The conversion of xylose to xylulose was inversely proportional to the flow rate and the system operated up to 60°C. The maximum conversion efficiency observed was 19.05% at 55°C.
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    Liquid holding recovery and photoreactivation of UV-induced damage inStreptococcus lactis (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 13-17 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Streptococcus lactis ; UV irradiation ; Liquid holding recovery ; Photoreactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Repair of ultraviolet-light-induced DNA damage inStreptococcus lactis has been examined. The wild-type strain and its derivative Lac− possess a dark repair system (maximal increase in survival of 4-fold). Enzymatic photoreactivation exists in the two strains but a weaker photoreactivability was found in the Lac− derivative (4 and 2-fold, respectively). Concomitant reduction of UV-induced mutagenesis (Rifr marker) was also studied during these two repair phenomena. The absence of dark repair after saturation of photoreactivation suggests that photoreactivation is much more efficient with pyrimidine dimers as substrate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569688
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    Secretion of the sweet-tasting plant protein thaumatin byStreptomyces lividans (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 37-42 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Exported recombinant protein ; Recombinant protein ; β-Galactosidase ; Leader peptide ; Thaumatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary To produce and direct the export inStreptomyces lividans of the sweet plant protein thaumatin, thaumatin II cDNA was fused in the correct reading frame to the β-galactosidase leader peptide, under the control of the β-galactosidase promoter and ribosome binding site. The export of the recombinant thaumatin may allow the correct formation of the thaumatin disulfide bonds. The recombinant thaumatin was purified from the medium on an S-Sepharose column and detected with western blots by sheep α-thaumatin antibodies. The recombinant thaumatin was the same size as authentic thaumatin and changed position on an acrylamide gel in response to reduction by 2-mercaptoethanol in the same manner.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569691
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    Improved strains for production of xanthan gum by fermentation ofXanthomonas campestris (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 55-64 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; Bacitracin ; Exopolysaccharide ; Productivity ; Viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Two classes of mutants ofXanthomonas campestris B1459 were isolated that accumulate more xanthan gum than the parental wild-type in culture broths of shake flask cultures and both batch and fed-batch fermentations. The first mutant class was resistant to the antibiotic rifampicin and accumulated, on average, about 20% more xanthan gum than wild-type. The second mutant class, a derivative of the first, was resistant to both bacitracin and rifampicin, and accumulated about 10% more xanthan than its parent. On a weight basis, the viscosities of the polysaccharides made by each strain were not distinguishable. Only a subset of the drug-resistant mutants were overproducers of xanthan. The biochemical basis for the overproduction of xanthan by the mutant strains has not been determined. Both new strains served as recipients for recombinant plasmids bearing ‘xanthan’ genes and further augmented the effects of multiple copies of those genes on xanthan productivity.
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    The effect of whey protein hydrolyzate average molecular weight on the lactic acid fermentation (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 77-80 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Lactobacillus bulgaricus ; Endoprotease ; Peptide average molecular weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The batch fermentation of whey permeate to lactic acid was improved by supplementing the broth with enzyme-hydrolyzed whey protein. Hydrolyzates prepared with endoprotease were more stimulatory to acid production rates than were those prepared with exo/endo protease. The effect of hydrolyzate average molecular weight on acid production is presented. Results show that the hydrolyzate having an average molecular weight of 700 is the most stimulatory to acid production rates.
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    Influence of acetic and butyric acid addition on polysaccharide formation byClostridium acetobutylicum (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 121-125 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Clostridium acetobutylicum ; Granulose ; Capsule ; Exopolysaccharide ; Oxido-reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The production of granulose (an intracellular reserve polygranule), capsule and exopolysaccharide was investigated in a synthetic medium in which the oxido-reduction level was modified by the addition of acetic or butyric acid. After addition of the acids, granulose synthesis increased from 150 to 300 mg glucose equivalents ·1−1 and capsular synthesis decreased by 25%. Exopolysaccharide production was unchanged under these conditions. A hypothesis that attributes a role to the polymer in the oxido-reduction sequences is discussed.
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    Mutants ofXanthomonas campestris defective in secretion of extracellular enzymes (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 135-144 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Xanthomonas campestris ; Xanthan gum ; Secretion ; Cellulase ; Amylase ; Pathogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Mutants ofXanthomonas campestris B 1459 were isolated that are defective in secretion of both cellulase and amylase. Both enzymes accumulated in the periplasmic space. The defects in secretion of cellulase or amylase were partly overcome by introducing into the mutants specific multiple copies of DNA cloned fromX. campestris, and presumed to code for cellulase or amylase enzymes. The mutant strains also showed reduced amounts of extracellular pectinase and protease activities, as if the mutants were generally defective for secretion of extracellular enzymes. The mutants showed reduced pathogenesis for turnip seedlings. The secretion-defective mutants may allow production of xanthan gum with reduced cellulose, pectin, protein and starch-degrading enzyme activities, thereby allowing more widespread mixing of microbially produced xanthan gum with these commercially important water-soluble polymers.
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    Growth ofRhizopus arrhizus in fermentation media (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 155-161 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Rhizopus arrhizus ; Fungal growth ; Filamentous growth ; Hyphal morphology ; Fermentation medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Rhizopus arrhizus biomass attached itself to fermentor walls, baffles and impellers when grown in casein/ glucose media. In shake flasks, dispersed filamentous growth was produced in media containing certain concentrations of glucose and soya flour. Other media tested produced pelleted or clumpy growth. Medium initial pH did not affect morphology type. Dispersed growth could not be obtained by addition of detergents, oils and polymers to a clear glucose/soya peptone medium. Addition of maize solids to this medium resulted in dispersed growth which occurred even in the presence of calcium, which in most media caused pellet formation. Mycelia appeared to bind to the maize particles and use these as growth centres thereby preventing pellet or clump formation. Mycelial pellets appeared to originate either from a single spore or by interaction of branched hyphae from different spores. Medium composition and macro-morphology type correlate with differences in hyphal structures.
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    Comparison of lethalities in mouse versus goldfish for clinical and food isolates ofAeromonas hydrophila (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 189-193 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Gastroenteritis ; Cytotoxin ; Food safety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The lethality of 16 clinical or food isolates ofAeromonas hydrophila was assessed by determination of LD50 (i.p.) in mice and goldfish. In mice LD50 values for the variousA. hydrophila strains were similar, ranging from 1.2–21.0×108 cells/animal. A wider range of LD50 values, 0.03–11.8×108 cells/animal, was observed with goldfish. Lethality was not correlated between the two test animals. Further, cytotoxic response in Y-1 adrenal cells did not correlate with lethality in either test animal. It appears that lethality is not a good measure of potential enterotoxigenicity, but may be useful in assessing the invasive character of isolates causing systemic infections in immunocompromised hosts.
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    Further studies on the biosynthesis of the avermectins (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 231-237 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Avermectin ; Streptomyces avermitilis ; Biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The biosynthesis of avermectins was studied further inStreptomyces avermitilis MA5502 by feeding experiments with labeled precursors.13C-NMR analysis of the compounds biosynthesized from [2-13C]acetate, [1,2-13C2]acetate, [3-13C]propionate and [2,3-13C2]propionate confirmed that the aglycone of avermectins is made from seven intact acetate and five propionate units. Feeding experiments with [1-13C]2-methylbutyrate and [1-13C]isobutyrate have shown that 2-methylbutyrate and isobutyrate are immediate precursors of the starter units of the polyketide chains of avermectin ‘a’ and ‘b’ components, respectively. The3H/14C doublelabeling experiments suggest that the two oleandrose moieties are derived from glucose.
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    Effect of photoreactivating light on survival of ultraviolet-light-irradiatedStreptomyces lividans 66 (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 7-12 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Photoreactivation ; Streptomyces lividans ; UV survival ; Visible light
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Biological systems can repair damage induced in their DNA by ultraviolet light (UV). Most cells contain at least three DNA repair pathways, each of which has a marked effect on UV survival. Excision repair and recombinational (postreplication) repair are light-independent whereas photoreactivation (PR), whether enzyzmatic or photochemical, is light-dependent. The specificity of photoreactivation for UV-induced DNA damage allows it to be used as a tool for examining whether premutational DNA lesions are preferred sites for photoreversal; it therefore plays an important role in mutagenesis studies. Evidence is presented here that PR occurs in a time-dependent fashion in three strains ofStreptomyces lividans 66. The effect appears to be independent of temperature and is observed only when PR treatment is given after UV irradiation. The present experiments do not discriminate between enzymatic and photochemical protection.
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    Metabolism of chlorinated methanes, ethanes, and ethylenes by a mixed bacterial culture growing on methane (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 29-35 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Methane-utilizing bacteria ; Halogenated hydrocarbons ; Trichloroethylene ; Chloroform ; Dichloromethane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Soil was taken from the top 10 cm of a soil column that removed halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in the presence of natural gas. This soil was used as an enrichment inoculum to determine that the removals seen in the soil column were in fact of a microbiological nature. Methane served as the source of carbon and energy and was consumed immediately by the enrichments. After several transfers of the enrichments, a stable consortium of at least three bacterial types was obtained. The predominant bacterium was a non-motile, gram-negative coccus. This stable consortium was able to remove chlorinated methanes, ethanes, and ethylenes when grown with methane and oxygen in the headspace. Methane was required for the removals to be observed. Acetylene inhibited the removals, which further suggests the involvement of methanotrophs. Benzene and toluene were removed by the mixed culture with or without methane in the headspace. Fatty acid analysis of the mixed culture resulted in a profile that indicated that the predominant organism was a type II methanotroph. This study provides further evidence that methanotrophic bacteria are capable of cometabolizing a wide range of chlorinated methanes, ethanes, and ethylenes.
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    Biotransformation of aromatic aldehydes bySaccharomyces cerevisiae: Investigation of reaction rates (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 49-53 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: l-Phenylacetyl carbinol ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Benzaldehyde ; Biotransformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The rate of production ofl-phenylacetyl carbinol bySaccharomyces cerevisiae in reaction mixtures containing benzaldehyde with sucrose or pyruvate as cosubstrate was investigated in short 1 h incubations. The effect of yeast dose rate, sucrose and benzaldehyde concentration and pH on the rate of reaction was determined. Maximum biotransformation rates were obtained with concentrations of benzaldehyde, sucrose and yeast of 6 g, 40 g and 60 g/l, respectively. Negligible biotransformation rates were observed at a concentration of 8 g/l benzaldehyde. The reaction had a pH optimum of 4.0–4.5. Rates of bioconversion of benzaldehyde and selected substituted aromatic aldehydes using both sucrose and sodium pyruvate as cosubstrate were compared. The rate of aromatic alcohol production was much higher when sucrose was used rather than pyruvate.o-Tolualdehyde and 1-chlorobenzaldehyde were poor substrates for aromatic carbinol formation although the latter produced significant aromatic alcohol in sucrose-containing media. Yields of 2.74 and 3.80 g/l phenylacetyl carbinol were produced from sucrose and pyruvate, respectively, in a 1 h reaction period.
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    High solids fermentation of hydrolysates of wheat starch B in a continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 81-84 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Ethanol fermentation ; Wheat starch ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; immobilization ; Continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor ; Biocatalyst bioreactor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A simple and efficient method of conversion of wheat starch B to ethanol was investigated. Employing a two-stage enzymatic saccharification process, 95% of the wheat starch was converted to fermentable sugars in 40 h. From 140 g/l total sugars in the feed solution, 63.6 g/l ethanol was produced continuously with a residence time of 3.3 h in a continuous dynamic immobilized biocatalyst bioreactor by immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The advantages and the application of this bioreactor to continuous alcoholic fermentation of industrial substrates are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569698
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    History of yield improvements in the production of asperlicin byAspergillus alliaceus (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 97-104 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Fermentation development ; Cholecystokinin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The natural product asperlicin is the first nonpeptide antagonist of cholecystokinin isolated from a microbial source. At discovery, production of asperlicin by the original soil isolate ofAspergillus alliaceus was between 15 and 30 mg/l. Selection of natural variants ofA. alliaceus, use of Plackett & Burman and Simplex experimental designs; formulation of synthetic media; amino acid supplementation of production media; analysis of complex nitrogen sources for their amino acid content; evaluation of promising media in fermentors; substitution of glycerol for glucose as a carbon source and rational mutant selection all contributed to titer increases to 〉900 mg/l.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569793
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    Microbial ecology of the subsurface at an abandoned creosote waste site (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 109-120 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Ground water ; Biodegradation ; Hydrocarbon ; Adaptation ; Subsurface ; Creosote ; Microorganism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The microbial ecology of pristine, slightly contaminated, and heavily contaminated subsurface materials, and four subsurface materials on the periphery of the plume at an abandoned creosote waste site was investigated. Except for the unsaturated zone of the heavily contaminated material, mineralization of glucose (13.5 ppb) indicated a metabolically active microflora in all subsurface materials. However, mineralization (〈40%) of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and 2-methylnaphthalene was observed in contaminated material and material from the periphery of the plume, but not in pristine material. Pentachlorophenol was mineralized in material from the periphery of the plume. Inorganic and organic nutrient amendments and changes in pH and temperature did not increase the extent of mineralization of the aromatic compounds. An array of organic compounds found in creosote were biotransformed in contaminated ground water; however some compounds were still detected after 7 months of incubation. The data suggest that the subsurface microflora in slightly and heavily contaminated subsurface materials and materials from the periphery of the plume has adapted to degrade many compounds found in creosote.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569795
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    Bacteriocin plasmids ofPediococcus acidilactici (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 163-171 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bacteriocin ; Plasmid curing ; Phenotype ; Pediococcus acidilactici
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pediococcus acidilactici strains E, F and H isolated from fermented sausages produced bacteriocins which were protein in nature and inhibitory to a variety of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms often encountered in foods. These strains harbored two to three plasmids ranging in size from 7.4 to 40.2 megadaltons. Curing experiments and plasmid profile analysis indicated the involvement of plasmid DNA with bacteriocin activity in all three strains. Carbohydrate fermentation and antibiotic resistance phenotypes did not appear to be associated with bacteriocin plasmids. Both bacteriocin activity and resistance determinants were linked in strain H and mediated by a 7.4-megadalton plasmid, whereas in strains E and F these two traits were not linked.
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    Effect of lactic acid on growth and butanediol production byKlebsiella oxytoca (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 453-456 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Klebsiella oxytoca ; 2,3-Butanediol ; Lactic acid ; Ethanol ; Glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Production of 2,3-butanediol byKlebsiella oxytoca was enhanced in the presence of low levels (〈8 g/l) of added sodium lactate. Cell growth was inhibited, however, and essentially stopped above 15 g/l added lactate. Levels of by-products (acetic acid and ethanol) were also higher. With 3 g/l lactate and an initial glucose level of 98 g/l, butanediol concentration and productivity increased 164% with 98% utilization of glucose. With high glucose concentration (219 g/l), addition of 2.64 g/l lactate after the growth phase resulted in 81 g/l butanediol, with a productivity of 0.65 g/l/h and 71% glucose utilization.
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    Levan production byBacillus polymyxa (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 447-451 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Fermentation ; Inulin ; Microbial gum ; Polyfructans ; Polysaccharides ; Sucrose ; Fructose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A levan-producing bacterium was isolated from soils and its characteristics for polysaccharide synthesis were studied. A series of enrichment and plating techniques enabled the isolation of a levan-producing bacterium from closely related contaminants. Cultural and physiological characteristics of the isolate identified the organism an a strain ofBacillus polymyxa. The organism produced about 40 g extracellular polysaccharide per liter of sucrose medium, which was about three times more yield than levan obtained from known levan producers. The highest amount of polysaccharide was on a 8% sucrose medium. Hydrolysis of the product showed that the polysaccharide consisted entirely ofd-fructose, and13C.n.m.r. spectra confirmed that the product was levan, a fructose polymer linked by B-(2→6) fructofuranosyl linkage.
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    Growth ofZymomonas on lactose: Gene cloning in combination with mutagenesis (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 19-27 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Zymomonas mobilis ; Growth on lactose ; Cloning ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Wild-type strains ofZymomonas mobilis have a limited substrate range of glucose, fructose and sucrose. In order to expand this substrate range, transconjugants ofZ. mobilis containing Lac+ plasmids have been constructed. Although β-galactosidase is expressed in such strains, they lack the ability to grow on lactose. We now report the development ofZ. mobilis strains capable of growth on lactose. This was achieved in two stages. First, a broad host range plasmid was constructed (pRUT102) which contained the lactose operon under the control of aZ. mobilis promoter plus genes for galactose utilization.Z. mobilis CP4.45 containing pRUT102 was then subjected to mutagenesis combined with continued selection pressure for growth on lactose. One strain,Z. mobilis SB6, produced a turbid culture that yielded 0.25% ethanol from 5% lactose (plus 2% yeast extract) in 15 days.
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    A peptide binding chromogenic assay for detecting glycopeptide antibiotics (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 43-47 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Vancomycin ; Fermentation broth ; Cell wall inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A solid-phase peptide binding assay, based on the mechanism of action of glycopeptide antibiotics, was developed for detecting this chemical class of metabolites. Utilizing a pentapeptide (l-alanyl-d-isoglutaminyl-l-lysyl-d-alanyl-d-alanine)-bovine serum albumin conjugate immobilized on the wall of microtiter wells, the binding of the vancomycin-alkaline phosphatase to the peptide could be demonstrated by subsequently monitoring the enzyme activity. The presence of glycopeptides in fermentation broths could be detected and quantified with a competitive binding assay. Peptides with ad-alanyl-d-alanine carboxyl terminus were necessary for the binding of these glycopeptides, thus confirming the mode of action of this class of antibiotics.
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    Lactic acid production by batch fermentation of whey permeate: A mathematical model (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Lactobacillus bulgaricus ; Peptide average molecular weight ; Kinetics ; Leudeking-Piret model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The batch fermentation of whey permeate to lactic acid was improved by supplementing the broth with enzyme-hydrolyzed whey protein. A mathematical model based on laboratory results predicts to a 99% confidence limit the kinetics of this fermentation. Cell growth, acid production and protein and sugar use rates are defined in quantifiable terms related to the state of cell metabolism. The model shows that the constants of the Leudeking-Piret model are not true constants, but must vary with the medium composition, and especially the peptide average molecular weight. The kinetic mechanism on which the model is based also is presented.
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    Carbon catabolite regulation of rebeccamycin production inSaccharothrix aerocolonigenes (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 105-108 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Rebeccamycin ; Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes ; Carbon catabolite regulation ; Antitumor antibiotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new antitumor antibiotic named rebeccamycin was isolated from fermentations of an actinomycete,Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes. A defined medium was developed to study the regulation of synthesis of rebeccamycin byS. aerocolonigenes. In glucose medium formation of rebeccamycin was detected only after glucose was depleted. Examination of eleven different carbon sources revealed that carbon catabolite regulation is a major control mechanism for rebeccamycin production.
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    Effect of microbial concentration on biodegradation rates of phenols (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 307-313 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Biomass and biodegradation ; Biodegradation rates ; Phenol biodegradation rate constants ; Biodegradation kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Biodegradation rates of 12 phenols were measured with respect to acclimated microbial biomass ranging from 2.3×104 to 2.3×108 cells/l. Rates ranged between 0.02 mg l−1 day−1 for 1.6 mg/lp-bromophenol exposed to 2.3×104 cells/l and 1.41 mg l−1 day−1 for 3.2 mg/lp-methylphenol exposed to 2.3×108 cells/l. Generally, rates for all phenols were first-order in substrate concentration and zero-order in biomass concentration. Bromophenol biodegradation was preceded by lag periods of varying lengths and to a small extent the rate was dependent on microbial biomass. Results from this study suggest chemical biodegradation generally exhibits pseudo-first-and occasionally, second-order kinetics.
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    pH-mediated regulation of pyruvate catabolism inLactobacillus plantarum chemostat cultures (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 335-340 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Acetoin ; Lactate ; Acetate ; pH-homeostasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary While the ability of lactobacilli to catabolize pyruvate to a variety of industrially important catabolites is well known, the mechanisms which regulate pyruvate distribution among alternative catabolic pathways is unclear. This paper demonstrates that environmental acidity regulates the catabolic activities ofLactobacillus plantarum cells in chemostat cultures.L. plantarum cells grown in medium containing 100 mM exogenous pyruvate, diverted pyruvate away from lactate to acetoin. Pyruvate uptake and acetoin generation increased under acidic conditions; on a molar basis, pyruvate utilization increased twice as fast as acetoin production, reflecting the 2∶1 stoichiometry of pyruvate incorporation into acetoin. Lactate production increased under alkaline conditions when glucose was fermented to provide endogenous pyruvate. Acetate was formed only at pH 7.5 and 8.0, although acetoin production decreased at elevated pH values. These data indicate thatL. plantarum adjusts to changes in environmental pH by altering its distribution of pyruvate among various catabolites.
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    Comparison of autochthonous bacteria and commercially available cultures with respect to their effectiveness in fuel oil degradation (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 365-373 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: biodegradation ; fuel oil ; bacterial cultures ; activated sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary This study examined the microbial degradation of fuel oil by nine highly adapted different commercially available mixed bacterial cultures (DBC-plus™, Flow Laboratories, Meckenheim, F.R.G.) and a bacterial community from a domestic sewage sludge sample. All mixed cultures were cultivated under aerobic batch conditions shaking (110 rpm) at 20°C in a mineral base medium containing 1 or 5% (v/v) fuel oil as the sole carbon source. Percent degradation of fuel oil and the n-alkane fraction was recorded for the nine DBC-plus cultures and the mixed population of the activated sludge sample. The increase in colony counts, protein, and optical density was studied during a 31-day incubation period for DBC-plus culture A, DBC-plus culture A2 and the activated sludge sample. The activated sludge mixed culture was most effective in degrading fuel oil, but various isolated bacterial strains from this bacterial community were not able to grow on fuel oil as the sole carbon source. In contrast, the n-alkane degradation rates of the DBC-cultures were lower, but single strains from the commercially available mixed cultures were able to mineralize fuel oil hydrocarbons. Strains ofPseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated most frequently and these organisms were able to grow very rapidly on fuel oil as a complex sole carbon source. The results indicate that fuel oil degradation in domestic sewage sludge is performed by mixed populations of naturally occurring bacteria and does not depend on the application of highly adapted commercially available cultures.
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    Integration and expression of theEscherichia coli xylose isomerase gene inSchizosaccharomyces pombe (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 409-417 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Xylose isomerase gene ; Xylose fermentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The xyclose isomerase gene inEscherichia coli was cloned complementarily into a Leu2-negativeSchizosaccharomyces pombe mutant (ATCC 38399). The subsequent integration of the plasmid into the chromosomal DNA of the host yeast was verified by using the dot blot and southern blot techniques. The expressed xylose isomerase showed activity on a nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel. The expression of xylose isomerase gene was influenced by the concentration of nutrients in the fermentation broth. The yeast possessed a xylose isomerase activity of 20 nmol/min/mg by growing in an enriched medium containing yeast extract-malt extract-peptone (YMP) andd-xylose. The conversion ofd-xylose tod-xylulose catalyzed by xylose isomerase in the transformed yeast cells makes it possible to fermentd-xylose with ethanol as a major product. When the fermentation broth contained YMP and 5% (w/v)d-xylose, the maximal ethanol yield and productivity reached 0.42 g/g and 0.19 g/l/h, respectively.
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    Selection of spontaneous mutants ofYarrowia lipolytica by inositol-less death (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 435-440 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yarrowia ; Inositol ; Mutant selection ; Auxothrophs ; Citric acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A procedure was developed for the selection of spontaneous mutants of the yeastYarrowia lipolytica. An inositol-requiring mutant of a wild-typeY. lipolytica, YB 3-122, was derived by mutagenesis and screening. The mutant had a reversion frequency of less than 6×10−9. A mutant selection procedure based on inositolless death was then developed using this mutant strain. The selection procedure killed growingY. lipolytica cells and enriched for mutants yielding cultures that consisted of 60–98% spontaneous mutants after two rounds of inositol-less death. The procedure enriched for four classes of mutants, strains that were auxotrophic, metabolite analog sensitive, temperature sensitive, or unable to grow on citric acid as the sole carbon source. Since strain YB 3-122 is now available to yeast researchers, inositol-less death will be useful for the routine isolation of spontaneous mutants ofY. lipolytica.
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    The relationship between the energetic efficiency in different micro-organisms and the rate and type of metabolite overproduced (1989)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 4 (1989), S. 85-96 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Metabolite overproduction ; ATP/O quotient ; ATP turnover ; Energetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Data regarding the degree of energy conservation as determined by the $$Y_{O_2 }^{\max } $$ and the highest rates of metabolite production reported for various micro-organisms have been collated and analysed. The results have indicated that the highest rates of metabolite production occur in micro-organisms possessing low efficiencies of energy conservation. Moreover, in the case of exopolysaccharide production the oxidation state of the polymer is inversely related to the $$Y_{O_2 }^{\max } $$ value of the producing organism. In general, the rate of ATP turnover associated with exopolysaccharide production or the potential rate associated with over-production of other metabolites is inversely related to the $$Y_{O_2 }^{\max } $$ value of the producing organism. Analysis of current production rates for a range of metabolites suggests that there is scope for major improvements of existing processes by careful selection of appropriate micro-organisms.
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    Microbial growth in a fixed volume: studies with entrapped Escherichia coli (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 34-40 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Stresses exerted by a growing entrapped colony of Escherichia coli up to 3 atmospheres were measured by incorporating a pressure transducer into a specially designed immobilized cell reactor. This stress is comparable in magnitude to the turgor pressure generated by Gram negative bacteria. In complementary experiments, cell densities as high as 850 grams dry weight per liter were measured in aggregates of starved E. coli subjected to controlled applied stresses up to 9 atmospheres. Cell volume reduction was quantitatively described by a model which incorporated the fundamental osmotic properties of the cell. compression of entrapped cells was qualitatively corroborated by electron microscopic examination. These results suggest that entrapped growing bacteria can exert a substantial stress on their surroundings and that dewatering of the starved cell population in an entrapped system may occur. Both of these consequences of entrapped cell growth can be understood in terms of the osmotic behavior of the cells.
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    Production of xylanolytic enzymes by strains of Aspergillus (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 5-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Production of hemicellulolytic enzymes required in the hydrolysis of different xylans was investigated using strains of seven species of Aspergillus. Of the strains producing highest levels of xylanolytic activities, a. foetidus VTT-D-71002 was apparently non-cellulolytic and could therefore be a possible source of cellulase-free hemicellulase for applications in the pulping industry. The non-metabolizable synthetic xylobiose analogue β-methyl-D-xyloside was the best xylanase inducer of the materials tested. Batches of hemicellulase produced in laboratory scale fermentations on practical media were tested in the hydrolysis of both cellulosic and hemicellulosic substrates.
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    Continuous culture with complete cell recycle: cultivation of Pseudomonas cepacia ATCC 29351 on salicylate for production of salicylate hydroxylase (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 1-4 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pseudomonas cepacia ATCC 29351 was cultivated on salicylate as sole carbon source in a system with complete cell recycling by means of a hollow fiber microfilter. Comparisons with batch cultures and continuous cultures are made with respect to cell densities, yield coefficients, specific enzyme activities and volumetric productivities. In batch cultures the toxicity of the salicylate limits the cell densities to below 1 g/l. In a recycling cultivation, a cell concentration of 15.1 g/l was obtained and the volumetric productivity of the cell mass was increased by a factor of 3. No serious effects on the cells were noted.
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    Substrate inhibition kinetics for microbial growth and synthesis of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid by Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17697 (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 11-17 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The specific growth rate of Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17697 was observed to depend upon the ratio of ammonium sulfate (nitrogen) and fructose (carbon) concentration used for production of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB). The growth rate was stimulated at low concentration ratios and inhibited at higher ratios. A mathematical expression was then proposed to fit the substrate inhibition kinetics: $$\mu = \mu _m \frac{S}{{K_s + S}}\left[ {1 - \left( {\frac{S}{{S_m }}} \right)^n } \right]$$ Together with the Luedeking-Piret product formation equation, the proposed model describes the experimental data as well as literature data, for substrate consumption, growth of A. eutrophus, and poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid formation.
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    The occurrence of bacteriophages in spirit vinegar fermentation (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 41-46 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Bacteriophages in concentrations of approximately 108–109 particles/ml were demonstrated in culture lysates of industrial submerged spirit vinegar fermentations running in different European vinegar factories. Besides frequently found fragments of phages, two types of phages could be described. The frequent type I seems to belong to Bradley-group A; type II, with a remarkably larger head, may belong to group C. For simulation in the laboratory a phage-contaminated industrial culture was kept over 102 charges (time of cycle 24-〉240 h) in a semicontinuously operated 8-1 fermentor. A close relationship between spontaneous breakdowns and phage occurrence exists. Discrimination of breakdowns caused by lack of ethanol could not be made. Attempts to establish a bioassay for the phages failed presumably because of the instability of the phages. Continuing cultivation and waiting for secondary growth finally results in stable and productive fermentation.
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    Investigations of cephalosporin C production in an airlift tower loop reactor (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 26-33 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cephalosporin C was produced by Cephalosporium acremonium in a 60 l airlift loop reactor on complex medium (with 30 kg/m3 peanut flour) in fed-batch operation. A final product concentration of 5 kg/m3 and a maximum productivity of 45 g/m3 h were attained. On-line analysis was used to determine ammonia, methionine, phosphate, reducing sugar and cephalosporin C by an autoanalyser, glucose by a flow injection analyser and cephalosporin C, penicillin N, deacetoxycephalosporin C, deacetylce-phalosporin C and methionine by HPLC. The volumetric productivity of the stirred tank reactor was higher than that of the airlift reactor because of differences in cell concentration. Specific productivities in relative to cell mass were similar in the two reactors. The substrate yield coefficient in the airlift reactor was twice that in the stirred tank reactor.
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    Isolation and classification of acetic acid bacteria from high percentage vinegar fermentations (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 47-52 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A method for growing acetic acid bacteria from high percentage submerged vinegar fermentations was established by overflowing soft agar, containing acetic acid, with fermenting reactor fluid. Mixed cultures were found in a submerged process that was working well (1), in a submerged process that had broken down (2), and in a vinegar generator (3). The strains differed in part from each other with respect to tolerance towards acetic acid, ethanol, pH and in other physiological criteria. All strains that were isolated from (1) and some from (3) were specialized for acetate media as they needed acetic acid and low pH values (2.1–3.8) in addition to yeast extract and glucose or ethanol. We suppose that they belonged to the acetic acid-producing strains active in the process. None of the strains derived from (2) was of this “acetophilic” type. All except one of the stains from (2) belonged to the species Acetobacter hansenii, the other cultures were of A. pasteurianus.
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    A possible role of d-valine and related d-amino acids in repression of enzyme and actinomycin synthesis (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 67-70 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The addition of d-valine and related d-amino acids to the production medium blocks kynurenine formamidase II and actinomycin D synthesis by Streptomyces parvulus. This effect may be due to a direct inhibition of the actinomycin synthetase-catalyzed racemization of l-valine to its peptide bound d-form during antibiotic formation. In addition, the d-amino acid(s) may influence enzyme and actinomycin synthesis through carbon and/or nitrogen catabolite regulation. The relatively slow uptake and metabolism of the d-amino acid would provide a continuous supply of catabolite(s) that repress transcription of actinomycin biosynthetic genes over a long period of time.
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    Ethanol tolerance of Pichia stipitis and Candida shehatae strains in fed-batch cultures at controlled low dissolved oxygen levels (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 53-58 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Fed-batch cultivations of Pichia stipitis and strains of Candida shehatae with d-xylose or d-glucose were conducted at controlled low dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) levels. There were some marked differences between the strains. In general growth was inhibited at lower ethanol concentrations than fermentation, and ethanol levels of up to 47 g·l-1 were produced at 30°C. Ethanol production was mainly growth associated. The yeast strains formed small amounts of monocarboxylic acids and higher alcohols, which apparently did not enhance the ethanol toxicity. The maximum ethanol concentration obtained on d-xylose could not be increased by using a high cell density culture, nor by using d-glucose as substrate. The latter observation suggested that the low ethanol tolerance of these xylose-fermenting yeast strains was not a consequence of the metabolic pathway used during pentose fermentation. In contrast with the C. shehatae strains, it was apparent with P. stipitis CSIR-Y633 that when the ethanol concentration reached about 28 g·l-1, ethanol assimilation exceeded ethanol production, despite cultivation at a low DOT of 0.2% of air saturation. Discontinuing the aeration enabled ethanol accumulation to proceed, but with concomitant xylitol production and cessation of growth.
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    NADH levels and solventogenesis in Clostridium acetobutylicum: New insights through culture fluorescence (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 59-66 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The metabolic relationship between the solventogenic state in Clostridium acetobutylicum and intracellular NADH levels was investigated using culture fluorescence as a technique for continuous monitoring of in vivo NADH levels. Continuous culture experiments showed that a transition from acidogenic to solventogenic state was accompanied by a decrease in culture fluorescence, which was interpreted as a decrease in NADH level. It appears that NADH/NAD+ turnover rates may be more significant than NADH levels in determining the metabolic state of the cell. This result provides important new information on regulation of the intracellular reduction state in Clostridium acetobutylicum. Culture fluorescence is shown to be a useful technique for non-invasive on-line monitoring of the metabolic state in continuous acetone-butanol fermentations.
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    Effect of aggregate size in cell cultures of Tagetes patula on thiophene production and cell growth (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 18-25 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of the size of Tagetes patula (marigolds) cell aggregates on growth and thiophene production in MS-medium was studied. A heterogeneous aggregate suspension was aseptically divided into 7 fractions, each with a defined aggregate diameter range, with subsequent inoculation of the fractions into MS growth medium. Growth occurred in all aggregate fractions and thiophene production increased with increasing aggregate diameter starting at about 3 mm, an effect possibly due to an increasing lack of oxygen in the aggregate centre. Calculations of oxygen concentration profiles in the aggregates showed namely, that the critical aggregate diameter where the oxygen concentration in the aggregate centre becomes very low, is about 3 mm. Aggregates with a diameter exceeding 1.2 cm showed a decreased thiophene production, however, these aggregates were hollow. The thiophenes produced mainly consisted of 5-(4-hydroxy-1-butenyl)1-2,2′-bithienyl, which was excreted into the medium.
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    Substrate consumption of Methylomonas mucosa (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 89-91 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256002
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    Restriction mapping and localization of the lactose-metabolizing genes of Streptococcus cremoris pDI-21 (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 71-74 
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    Notes: Summary The conjugative plasmid pDI-21 (63 kb) from Streptococcus cremoris encodes genes which are responsible for lactose utilization and protein degradation. Restriction mapping and hybridization using heterologous probes have localized these genes to regions of 12.5 kb and 4.4 kb. The tagatose-6-phosphate pathway genes were closely linked and were assigned in the order; galactose-6-phosphate isomerase, d-tagatose-6-phosphate kinase and tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. The Lac-PTS genes and the phospho-β-galactosidase gene were mapped approximately 1 kb from the tagatose-6-phosphate genes.
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    Production of swine pepsinogen by protein-producing Bacillus brevis carrying swine pepsinogen cDNA (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An expression-secretion vector, pNU100, was constructed, utilizing the promoter and coding sequences for the signal peptide and nine amino-terminal amino acids of the middle wall protein, to produce foreign proteins by protein-producing Bacillus brevis. Expression of swine pepsinogen cDNA in B. brevis was examined with pNU100 as a vector. The recombinant swine pepsinogen synthesized by B. brevis was found to accumulate extracellularly in the form of a soluble protein and to have acid protease activity. The acid protease activity was completely inhibited by pepstatin. Furthermore, the recombinant pepsinogen was converted autocatalytically to pepsin under acidic conditions. This indicates that B. brevis produces a pepsinogen with the same conformation as authentic pepsinogen. Efficient production of the enzyme (11 mg/l) was achieved by regulating the pH of the medium. The enzyme produced by B. brevis remained stable on cultivation for a long period, up to 40 h. This is suggested to be due to a unique property of protein-producing B. brevis, i. e. a deficiency in extracellular protease production.
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    The aerobic growth and product formation of Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Brochothrix, and Carnobacterium in batch cultures (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 81-88 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The aerobic growth and metabolism of eleven homofermentative and three heterofermentative Lactobacillus strains, three Leuconostoc strains, two Brochothrix thermosphacta strains and two Carnobacterium strains were studied in batch cultures at pH 6.0 and 25°C on a complex substrate containing 10.0 g glucose per litre. All strains, except Carnobacterium divergens 69, grew well aerobically. An oxygen consumption was registered for 18 of the strains—the exceptions being Lactobacillus alimentarius DSM 20249T, Lactobacillus farciminis DSM 20284T and Lactobacillus sharpeae DSM 20505T. The homofermentative lactobacilli showed a maximal oxygen consumption during the stationary growth phase and this was coupled with a low final viable count. Leuconostoc strains, heterofermentative lactobacilli, Brochothrix thermosphacta and Carnobacterium strains showed a maximal oxygen consumption during the exponential growth phase together with a high final viable count. The maximum specific growth rate varied from 0.19 to 0.54 h-1 while the growth yield varied from 19 to 86 g dry weight per mol glucose consumed. In general, homofermentative lactobacilli produced dl-lactic acid, acetic acid and acetoin. The three heterofermentative lactobacilli produced dl-lactic acid and acetic acid, two strains also produced ethanol Leuconostoc spp. formed d-lactic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol. B. thermosphacta produced acetoin, acetic acid, formic acid, isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid but no lactic acid. Carnobacterium produced l-lactic acid, acetic acid and acetoin. All strains accumulated hydrogen peroxide except L. alimentarius DSM 20249T, Carnobacterium piscicola 3 and B. thermosphacta.
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    Polymer production by a mucoid stain of Azotobacter vinelandii in batch culture (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 97-102 
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    Notes: Summary In this study, some factors influencing the secretion of alginic acid and the accumulation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by a highly mucoid strain of Azotobacter vinelandii were investigated in batch culture. The highest alginate yields (6.0–7.5 mgml-1 culture supernate) were routinely obtained for growth in a phosphate and nitrogen-rich medium (PNR) with glucose as carbon source, aerated by shaking at 280 rpm. In this case, the intracellular accumulation of PHB reached a maximum of 30% cell dry weight. At 120 rpm alginate yield was only 1.4 mgml-1 and PHB constituted 40%. This reflected oxygen-limitation under these conditions. The presence of inorganic phosphate in PNR was seen to be important as growth in low-salts, nitrogen-free medium resulted in poor alginate production, which was not improved by addition of nitrogen sources, such as nitrate or glutamate. Under otherwise optimised conditions, different peptones gave widely different alginate yields. If glucose was replaced by sucrose, growth and alginate production were reduced.
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    Evaluation of strains of Geotrichum candidum for lipase production and fatty acid specificity (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 92-96 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Three strains of Geotrichum candidum (ATCC 34614, NRRL Y-552 and NRRL Y-553) were examined for lipase production and activity. Variables including medium, pH, temperature, agitation rate and incubation time were examined to define the optimal culture conditions. Growth on oil in complex medium at 30°C, 300 rpm, and pH 7 produced maximal lipase activity. Fatty acid specificity of these strains and of two crude G. candidum enzyme preparations (lipase 26557 RP, Rhône Poulenc and lipase GC-4, Amano) was measured using equimolar mixtures of methyl or butyl esters of palmitic and oleic acids. The lipase from NRRL Y-553 and lipase 26557 RP displayed preferential specificity for hydrolyzing oleic acid esters, while the lipases from ATCC 34614, NRRL Y-552 and lipase GC-4 failed to discriminate between plamitic and oleic acids.
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    Utilization of lignocellulose from barley straw by actinomycetes (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 103-109 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The utilization and modification of grass lignocellulose was studied with actinomycete bacteria in liquid cultures. Ground and ballmilled barley straw samples were incubated with cultures of Streptomyces cyaneus, Thermomonospora mesophila and Actinomadura sp. MT809. High weight losses from both substrates were found after three weeks of incubation. S. cyaneus and T. mesophila also removed a part of the lignin in the straw residues. Water-soluble components released from the substrates did not accumulate in the supernatants but were partially utilised. The lignin-carbohydrate components isolated from both the residual and solubilised substrates showed pronounced differences in their chemical composition and changes in their molecular size distribution when compared to the untreated material.
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    A one-step process for the production of single-cell protein and amyloglucosidase (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 135-140 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new Rhizopus species was isolated from traditional Indonesian food, tempeh. The newly isolated species was similar in its morphological characteristics to Rhizopus oligosporus UQM 145F, but grew faster on potato-dextrose agar as well as in submerged culture. The new isolate was found to convert ground cassava tuber directly into single cell protein without pretreatment due to its high amyloglucosidase formation. From 100 g ground tuber, a dry biomass of 33.75 g containing 26.48% true protein together with 60 ml of highly active amyloglucosidase (282 units) was obtained in 12 h. The amyloglucosidase was recovered by ultrafiltration, releasing 26.226 millimol glucose/l/min from soluble starch. The crude enzyme exhibited a pH optimum between 4.6 and 5.0, a temperature optimum between 55 and 60° C and an apparent Km of 3.125 g/l. High substrate concentrations and ammonium sulphate are inhibitory to the enzyme.
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    Synthesis of the penicillin precursor, δ-(l-α-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (ACV), by an immobilized enzyme preparation (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 111-114 
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    Notes: Summary δ-(l-α-Aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (ACV) synthetase activity has been partially-purified from cell-free extracts of Streptomyces clavuligerus by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The salt precipitated enzyme was immobilized on an anion exchange resin and synthesis of ACV was observed by exposing the immobilized enzyme preparation to a reaction mixture containing l-α-aminoadipic acid, l-valine and l-cysteine in the presence of appropriate cofactors. Reaction mixtures containing l-α-aminobutyric acid(aB) in place of l-valine synthesized the ACV analog ACaB. Immobilized ACV synthetase can be reused, and after six cycles of reaction, 28.9% of original activity remains.
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    Application of affinity adsorption in thienamycin fermentation (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 115-119 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Many antibiotic fermentations are sensitive to high concentrations of their own product possibly due to product regulation and toxicity mechanisms. In this paper we discuss the feasibility of using affinity adsorption with biospecific ligands for in situ product removal to alleviate this problem. The concept of using whole cells containing the biospecific ligands is demonstrated in the case of thienamycin fermentation using whole cells of Bacillus stearothermophilus and immobilized β-lactamase. It is observed that thienamycin production continues for an extended period of time.
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    A natural inhibitor of lignin peroxidase activity from Phanerochaete chrysosporium, active at low pH and inactivated by divalent metal ions (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 305-311 
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    Notes: Summary The pH optimum of a crude preparation of lignin peroxidase was pH 3.1, whereas those of the three main isozymes of the enzyme purified from it were pH 2.2, pH 2.7 and pH 2.0. During the purification of the crude enzyme, an anionic polysaccharide containing fraction (PCF) was also separated. The latter was found to inhibit lignin peroxidase activity at pH values less than pH 3.2, thus resulting in a shift in the pH optimum of the purified isozymes back to a similar value as that obtained for the crude enzyme. Addition of divalent metal ions at 1.0 mM relieved the inhibition.
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    The following papers in this issue are dedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Karl Esser, an International Editor of this journal, by his colleagues, friends and former Ph.D. students on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 325-325 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296618
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    Semicontinuous and continuous degradation of phenol by Pseudomonas putida P8 adsorbed on activated carbon (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 312-317 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The semicontinuous and continuous degradation of phenol by Pseudomonas putida P8 which was immobilized on activated carbon was investigated. The amount of bacteria immobilized on the activated carbon surface dependend on the cell concentration in the suspension and on the type of activated carbon. In a continuous process running for four weeks the biomass, which accumulated in the activated carbon fixed bed, was removed periodically. The average phenol degradation rate in this process was 360 mg/1 h. The degradation activity of the bacteria for phenol, measured by the activity of the catechol-2,3-dioxygenase, was stimulated by the activated carbon. During the fermentation processes the carbon particles were covered with a biofilm. The bacteria grew, especially in the caverns and the entrances of the macropores, whereby the phenol adsorption by the activated carbon was decreased.
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    Degradation of phenol via carboxylation to benzoate by a defined, obligate syntrophic consortium of anaerobic bacteria (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 318-324 
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    Notes: Summary An obligate syntrophic culture was selected in mineral medium with phenol as the only carbon and energy source. The consortium consisted of a short and a long rod-shaped bacterium and of low numbers of Desulfovibrio cells, and grew only in syntrophy with methanogens, e. g. Methanospirillum hungatei. Under N2/CO2, phenol was degraded via benzoate to acetate, CH4 and CO2, while in the presence of H2/CO2 benzoate was formed, but not further degraded. When 4-hydroxybenzoate was fed to the mixed culture, it was decarboxylated to phenol prior to benzoate formation and subsequent ring cleavage. Isolation of pure cultures of the two rod-shaped bacteria failed. Microscopic observations during feeding of either 4-hydroxybenzoate, phenol or benzoate implied an obligate syntrophic interdependence of the two different rod-shaped bacteria and of the methanogen. The non-motile rods formed phenol from 4-hydroxybenzoate and benzoate from phenol, requiring an as yet unknown co-substrate or co-factor, probably cross-fed by the short, motile rod. The short, motile rodshaped bacterium grew only in syntrophy with methanogens and degraded benzoate to acetate, CO2 and methane. Desulfovibrio sp., present in low numbers, apparently could not contribute to the degradation of phenol or 4-hydroxybenzoate.
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    Identification of a starch degrading anaerobic thermophile producing thermostable α-amylase and pullulanase (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 422-425 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A thermophilic bacterium which was recently isolated and designated Clostridium sp. EM1 has been now identified and characterized. On the basis of its physiological characeristics and DNA-DNA homology data, the strain was designated as Clostridium thermosulfurogenes (DSM 3896). The guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) content (mol%) of the DNA was determined to be 37%.
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    Bacteroides (Fibrobacter) succinogenes, a cellulolytic anaerobic bacterium from the gastrointestinal tract (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 433-439 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263846
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    β-Glucosidase genes of naturally occurring and cellulolytic Streptomyces species: characterization of two such genes in Streptomyces lividans (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 30 (1989), S. 502-508 
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    Notes: Summary To learn more about the mechanisms by which Streptomyces converts lignocellulosic biomass, we have isolated a number of cellulolytic Streptomyces strains from Northern Sweden. Genes encoding intracellular β-glucosidase (cellobiase) of Streptomyces UM-2 and S. UM-d, have been cloned into Streptomyces lividans. This was accomplished by using the chromogenic compound X-glu (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoly β-d-glucopyranoside) for the detection of cloned β-glucosidase. The β-glucosidase genes of S. UM-2 and S. UM-d were isolated on 7.5 kb and 18 kb BamHI fragments, respectively. The S. UM-d gene was further subcloned to a 7.5 kb fragment. Each of the two BamHI fragments encompassing the β-glucosidase genes hybridized to fragments of the corresponding size in chromosomal DNA from the respective strain used for the cloning. The cloned genes expressed β-glucosidase activities in S. lividans with levels depending on the carbon source. Regulation of the expression of β-glucosidase was exerted at the transcriptional level, since β-glucosidase mRNA was expressed at higher levels with cellobiose, as compared to Avicel or glucose as carbon sources.
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    Optimization of cultivation medium composition for isoamylase production (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 31 (1989), S. 61-64 
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    Notes: Summary The medium composition for production of isoamylase by Pseudomonas amyloderamosa JD210 was optimized using response surface methodology. The factors chosen for optimization were maltose, soybean protein hydrolysate (SPH), isoleucine, proline, KH2PO4 and MgSO4. Fractional factorial designs (FFD) and the path of steepest ascent were effective in searching for the major factors and optimum medium composition. By a 26–1 FFD, supplementary isoleucine was shown to have a negative effect on enzyme production. The effects of the other five factors were further investigated by a central composite design and the optimum composition was found to be 1.10% maltose, 0.13% SPH, 0.15% proline, 0.38% KH2PO4, and 0.05% MgSO4. When the strain was cultivated in the optimum medium, enzyme production increased 60% compared with ordinary medium. Proline was verified as being a significant factor in promoting enzyme production.
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    Utilization of cathodic hydrogen by hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria (1989)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 31 (1989), S. 406-412 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Hydrogen is consumed by methanogenic, sulphate-reducing, and homoacetogenic bacteria and members of these bacterial groups are able to grow chemolithotrophically with hydrogen as sole energy source. Cathodic hydrogen consumption by sulphate-reducing bacteria has been proposed as one of the factors in the anaerobic corrosion of metals. Desulfovibrio spp. were able to utilize cathodic hydrogen from mild steel as the only source of energy for growth with sulphate or nitrate as terminal electron acceptor. Other hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria such as Methanospirillum hungatei, Acetobacterium woodii and Wolinella succinogenes were also able to utilize cathodic hydrogen from mild steel for energy generation and growth. Weight loss studies of mild steel coupons under different growth conditions of Desulfovibrio spp. indicated that hydrogen removal alone is not the cause of corrosion and the depolarization phenomenon probably plays a role only in the initiation of the anaerobic microbial corrosion process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257613
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    Comparison of methods for quantifying the hydrolytic potential of cellulase enzymes (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 31 (1989), S. 413-418 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The adequacy of β-glucosidase activity in various cellulase enzyme mixtures was assessed by monitoring the accumulation of cellobiose in the reaction mixture. The influence of accumulated glucose and cellobiose on a filter paper (FP) assay indicated the relative susceptibility of the different enzyme preparations to end-product inhibition. An HPLC analysis of the profile of sugars released also provided a better means of predicting the hydrolytic potential of the various cellulase mixtures. An accurate prediction of the hydrolytic potential of a cellulase preparation could not be based on the conventional FP assay alone. The hydrolytic potential of a Celluclast/Novozym mixture was superior to that of Trichoderma harzianum even when the latter system was supplemented with increased concentrations of β-glucosidase (Novozym).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257614
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  • 86
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    Catechols of novel substrates produced using the toluene ring oxidation pathway of Pseudomonas sp. strain T-12 (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 31 (1989), S. 419-424 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pseudomonas sp. strain T-12 transforms several substituted benzenes to catechols utilizing the two initial enzymes of the toluene degradative pathway, toluene-2,3-dioxygenase and toluene-2,3-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase. Several novel substrates for this catechol synthesizing system have been previously identified including cyclopropylbenzene, β-methylstyrene, anisole, benzonitrile, α,α,α-trifluorotoluene, benzyl alcohol, 1-phenylethanol, 2-phenylethanol, p-difluorobenzene, and p-fluorobenzonitrile. The catechol products from these substrates are identified here as the 2,3-dihydroxy derivatives. Evidence is also presented which suggests that benzonitrile is metabolized like the halobenzenes and with 2,3-dihydroxybenzonitrile acting as a suicide substrate for catechol-2,3-dioxygenase. The scope and utility of Pseudomonas sp. strain T-12 catalyzed oxygenations is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257615
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  • 87
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    Metabolism of d-xylose in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cloned with a xylose isomerase gene (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 31 (1989), S. 524-528 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The Escherichia coli xylose isomerase gene was transformed into Schizosaccharomyces pombe for direct d-xylose utilization. In order to understand d-xylose metabolism and determine the limiting factors on d-xylose utilization by the transformed yeast, d-xylose transport, xylose isomerization, and xylulose phosphorylation were investigated. The results indicated that low activity of xylose isomerization in the cloned yeast was the limiting step for d-xylose fermentation. An in vitro study showed that yeast proteases decreased xylose isomerase activity. Xylitol, a by-product of d-xylose fermentation, had no effect on the activity of xylose isomerase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270788
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  • 88
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    Junctions of catabolic and anabolic pathways in Zymomonas mobilis: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and malic enzyme (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 31 (1989), S. 529-536 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of oxalacetate and malate in the ethanol-producing bacterium Zymomonas mobilis have been investigated. Cell-free extracts were examined for pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase, PEP carboxytransphosphorylase, PEP carboxykinase, and malic enzyme, but only PEP carboxylase and nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent malic enzyme activities could be detected. The PEP carboxylase, partially purified from extracts, was not affected by acetyl-coenzyme A. Intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and aspartate inhibited the enzyme competitively with PEP. Of these, citrate and α-ketoglutarate were the strongest inhibitors. The physiological roles of PEP carboxylase and malic enzyme in Z. mobilis are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270789
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  • 89
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    Metabolism of fructo-oligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium spp. (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 31 (1989), S. 537-541 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703, B. longum ATCC 15707, and B. thermophilum ATCC 25525 were examined for the ability to grow with fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) as carbohydrate sources. The three species produced cell-associated β-fructosidases (inulinases) capable of hydrolysing FOS. Maximum activity was obtained with short-chain FOS with degrees of polymerization (DP) of between three and five (neosugars). The B. thermophilum inulinase was induced by inulin, a long-chain FOS with DP=35, while the enzymes from the other two strains were constitutive. Production of inulinase by all three strains was regulated by catabolite repression. Inulinase activity of the three Bifidobacterium spp. was similar when grown with 0.5% inulin as the carbohydrate source; however, B. thermophilum grew much more rapidly. All three strains utilized crude Jerusalem artichoke flour (JAF) as a carbohydrate source, suggesting that JAF might have commercial application as a food or feed additive to stimulate bifidobacteria in the gut.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270790
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  • 90
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    Combined effect of acetic acid, pH and ethanol on intracellular pH of fermenting yeast (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 31 (1989), S. 547-550 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The internal pH of Saccharomyces cerevisiae IGC 3507 III (a respiratory-deficient mutant) was measured by the distribution of [14C]propionic acid, when the yeast was fermenting glucose at pH 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 in the presence of several concentrations of acetic acid and ethanol. Good correlation was obtained between fermentation rates and internal pH. For all external pH values tested, the internal pH was 7.0–7.2 in the absence of inhibitors. The addition of acetic acid and/or ethanol resulted in a decrease of fermentation rate together with a drop in internal pH. Internal pH did not depend on the concentration of total external acetic acid but only on the concentration of the undissociated form of the acid. Ethanol potentiated the effect of acetic acid both with respect to inhibition of fermentation and internal acidification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270792
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  • 91
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    Purification and characterization of cholesterol oxidase from Pseudomonas sp. and taxonomic study of the strain (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 31 (1989), S. 542-546 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A cholesterol-oxidase-producing microorganism, strain COX629, isolated from soil was identified as Pseudomonas sp. The cholesterol oxidase produced by Pseudomonas sp. strain COX629 was purified 2400-fold to homogeneity in an overall yield of 60% from culture broth. The enzyme was a monomer with a molecular weight of 56 000, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-150 gel column chromatography. The enzyme showed optimum activity at pH 7.0 and was stable over a rather wide pH range of 4.0 to 11.0. The enzyme showed a high substrate specificity for 3β-hydroxysteroids and the K m value for the oxidation of cholesterol by this enzyme was about 0.2 mM. A characteristic of the enzyme is marked stability at high temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270791
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  • 92
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    Studies on the polyphosphate cycle in Candida utilis (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 31 (1989), S. 562-566 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Candida utilis cells were grown in continuous culture in a medium with ammonium or arginine as the nitrogen source. Arginine produced a marked change in the amount of polyphosphates and arginine in whole cells and vacuoles, as well as in the ratio of the concentrations of these substances. The specific growth rate (μ) which in continuous culture is equivalent to the dilution rate (D), affects the amount and chain length of the polyphosphates and also the arginine content of the vacuoles and whole cells. Thus, if D is increased the amount of polyphosphates per milligram protein is increased. There is apparently a direct and linear relationship between D, the specific growth rate (μ) and the polyphosphate content. Changes in D also affect the length of the polyphosphate chain, and the relationship is inverse. At low growth rates, two types of chain were observed, one of approximately 35 phosphate units and the other of 5 units. At high growth rates phosphorus was not stored as longchain polyphosphates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270795
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  • 93
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    Transport of l(-)malic acid and other dicarboxylic acids in the yeast Candida sphaerica (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 31 (1989), S. 551-555 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary dl-Malic acid grown cells of Candida sphaerica (anamorph of Kluyveromyces marxianus) formed a saturable transport system that mediated accumulative transport of l(-)malic acid with the following kinetic parameters at pH 5.0: V max, 0.44 nmol l(-)malate·s-1 per milligram dry weight; K m ,0.1 mM l(-)malate. Initial uptake of the acid was accompanied by disappearance of extracellular protons, the rates of which followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics as a function of the acid concentration. Variation with extracellular pH of the K m values, calculated either as the concentrations of anions or of undissociated acid, pointed to anions as the transported form. Furthermore, accumulated free acid suffered rapid efflux after the addition of the protonophore carbonylcyanide-M-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP). These results suggested that the transport system was a dicarboxylate-proton symporter. The system was inducible and was subject to glucose repression. Succinic, fumaric, α-ketoglutaric, oxaloacetic and d-malic acid, but not maleic, malonic, oxalic nor l(+)-tartaric acid, apparently used the same transport system since they acted as competitive inhibitors of l(-)malic acid transport and induced proton movements that followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Experiments with glucose-repressed cells showed that undissociated dicarboxylic acid (measured with labelled succinic acid) entered the cells slowly by simple diffusion. The permeability of the cells for undissociated acid increased exponentially with pH, the diffusion constant increasing 100-fold between pH 3.5 and 6.0.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270793
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  • 94
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    Factors affecting chromate reduction in Enterobacter cloacae strain HO1 (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 31 (1989), S. 567-570 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Factors affecting chromate reduction by cultures of Enterobacter cloacae HO1 were investigated. The reduction was sensitive to oxygen stress and E. cloacae strain HO1 could reduce chromate only under anaerobic conditions. Rates of reduction of chromate were proportional to cell number. The optimal pH was between 7.0 and 7.8, and the optimal temperature was 30°–37°C. High rates of reduction were observed at levels of 1–2 mM potassium chromate, but concentrations above 5 mM were lethal to growing cells and prevented the reduction. Acetate, ethanol, malate, succinate and glycerol were effective electron donors for chromate reduction. Glucose, citrate, pyruvate and lactate supported anaerobic growth, but only limited amounts of reduction were observed with these organic compounds. Chromate reduction by strain HO1 was inhibited by molybdate, vanadate, tellurate and manganese oxide at concentrations where the cell viability was not significantly affected. Metabolic poisons including carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, sodium cyanide, formaldehyde and zinc sulphate also inhibited chromate reduction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270796
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  • 95
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    Purification and characterization of membrane-bound aldehyde dehydrogenase from Acetobacter polyoxogenes sp. nov. (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 32 (1989), S. 176-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Membrane-bound aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) was purified from the membrane fraction of an industrial-vinegar-producing strain, Acetobacter polyoxogenes sp. nov. NBI1028 by solubilization with Triton X-100 and sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate and subsequent column chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and hydroxyapatite. The purified enzyme was homogeneos on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Upon sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis, the enzyme showed the presence of two subunits with a molecular mass of 75 000 daltons and 19 000 daltons, respectively. From the absorption and fluorescence spectra, the absence of cytochrome c and the presence of pyrroloquinoline quinone in the purified enzyme were demonstrated. The ALDH preferentially oxidized aliphatic aldehyde with a straight carbon chain except for formaldehyde. The apparent K m for acetaldehyde was 12 mM. The optimum pH and temperature were 7.0 and 50°–60°C, respectively. The enzyme remained active after storage at 4°C for 20 days. p-Chloromercuribenzoic acid and heavy metal salts such as CuSO4 were inhibitory to the enzyme. Ferricyanide was effective as an electron acceptor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165884
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  • 96
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    Selection of sulphur sources for the growth of Butyribacterium methylotrophicum and Acetobacterium woodii (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 32 (1989), S. 186-192 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Sulphide and cysteine inhibited growth of batch cultures of Butyribacterium methylotrophicum at moderate concentrations (above 0.5 mM) during growth on glucose (10 mM). The ability of several sulphur sources to replace sulphide was tested in cultures of B. methylotrophicum or Acetobacterium woodii. With sulphite (1 mM), thiosulphate (0.5 mM), elemental sulphur, and dithionite (1 mM), but not sulphate (1 mM), cultures of both organisms grew and produced some sulphide. With elemental sulphur as the sulphur source, toxic levels of sulphide accumulated. Optimal levels for the cultivation of B. methylotrophicum with sulphite were 0.5–2.0 mM, but at higher concentrations the growth rate decreased rapidly, while with dithionite up to 4.0 mM the growth rate was relatively unaffected. In chemostat cultures of B. methylotrophicum with dithionite (1 mM) as the sulphur source and glucose as the limiting substrate, dilution rates up to 0.40 h−1 were obtained. Thiosulphate could only be used in batch cultures in combination with the reductant titanium(III)nitriloacetate, but in continuous cultures the addition of the reductant to the reservoir was not necessary, because once growth had started enough sulphide was produced to keep the fermentor reduced. The maximum growth rate of B. methylotrophicum with thiosulphate in batch and continuous culture was 0.26 h−1. Both thiosulphate and dithionite are more convenient sulphur sources than sulphide, but dithionite is more versatile because of its reductive properties and the faster growth it allows.
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  • 97
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    Enzymatic and physiological study of d-xylose metabolism by Candida shehatae (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 32 (1989), S. 199-204 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Candida shehatae carbon metabolic pathways were correlated with fermentative activity under different growth conditions. Reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADPH) is the coenzyme preferred for xylose reductase by C. shehatae under in vitro anoxic cell culture conditions. To prevent a redox imbalance derived from intracellular accumulation of NADH in the second enzymatic step of xylose metabolism, the operation of phosphoketolase via in addition the classic pentose phosphate pathway essential for NADH dissimilation is suggested. Variation in cultivation conditions showed a different NADH/NADPH ratio coupled to xylose reductase activity. The existence of two xylose reductases is discussed. Like ethanol, xylitol accumulates only under oxygen-limited or anaerobic conditions. Xylitol accumulaiton under unaerobic conditions was higher when using respiring cells than respirofermentative cells. This fact suggests that cells pregrown under oxygen limitation are better adapted to starting alcoholic fermentation than cells previously grown under aerobic conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165888
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  • 98
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    Requirement of chelating compounds for the growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum in synthetic media (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 32 (1989), S. 205-210 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effects of various iron-complexing substances on the growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum in synthetic medium were investigated. The data obtained indicate that C. glutamicum has an absolute requirement for the presence of an iron-complexing compound as a growth factor for rapid and abundabnt growth in synthetic media. This requirement can be met by adding low concentrations (10−5 M) of certain dihydroxyphenols (catechol, protocatechuate) or relatively high concentratuions (0.1%) of citrate to the medium or by autoclaving a small amount of glucose together with other media components. The addition of catechol or protocatechuate to synthetic media has advantages over media preparation with citrate or autoclaved glucose. In the described synthetic broth supplemented with catechol or protocatechuate growth is largely independent of the iron content of the medium in a range between 0.037 and 0.37 mM.
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  • 99
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    Physiological stabilization of Euglena gracilis cells by high extracellular calcium (100 mM) (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 32 (1989), S. 211-217 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Experiments were performed to test whether or not high concentrations of CaCl2 (100 mM) are able to arrest and stabilize internal structures and associated functions in Euglena gracilis Z cells stored in darkness at 4° C. Storage of photoheterotrophically grown green cells in high Ca2+ media (2–100 mM) retards pheophytinization of the chlorophylls, preserves photosynthetic activities and stabilizes the structural organization of the associated light-harvesting complexes of the photosystem II units. Alterations of photosynthesis and respiration by chlorpromazine or by temperature are strongly reduced in cells stored under such conditions. More precisely, a chlorpromazine inhibition site is evidenced in the mitochondrial electron pathway and its location in the chloroplastic electron pathway is clarified. Adaptation of Euglena cells from 2 mM to 100 mM Ca2+ medium is accompanied by an increase both in the externally bound and total internal calcium concentration. A mechanism involving a Ca2+ deposit on internal membranes is proposed. Such interpretation is extended to the storage of cells immobilized in Ca2+-alginate gel.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165890
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  • 100
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    Bacterial cell surface structures involved in lucerne cell wall degradation by pure cultures of cellulolytic rumen bacteria (1989)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 32 (1989), S. 218-222 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pure cultures of the cellulolytic rumen bacterial strains Bacteroides succinogenes S85, Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD1 and Ruminococcus albus 7 were grown on lucerne cell walls (CW) or on cellobiose as the sole added carbohydrate substrate. Scanning electron microscopy visualization using cationized-feritin pretreatment have shown that cell surface topology of these strains grown on and attached to CW particles was specified by a dense coat of characteristic protuberant structures. In contrast, when grown on cellobiose, the surface topology of these bacterial strains was smoother, and contained fewer protuberant structures. The ability of these bacterial strains to attach to cellulose was higher for bacteria previously adapted to lucerne CW compared to cellobiose adaptation. Bacteroides succinogenes S85 was the best digester of lucerne CW (46.5%) and also had the best adhesion capability (65.6%) after adaption to grow on CW.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165891
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