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  • kinetics
  • nitrogen
  • Springer  (227)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 1985-1989  (219)
  • 1970-1974  (8)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 26 (1987), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: vitamin C ; functions ; kinetics ; pool ; saturation ; requirements ; RDA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung von Vitamin C für den menschlichen Organismus wird aus den wichtigen Funktionen ersichtlich, an denen das Vitamin beteiligt ist, wie zum Beispiel Kollagen- und Karnitinsynthesen. In neuerer Zeit entdeckt wurde seine Rolle bei der Noradrenalinsynthese, der Inaktivierung von freien Radikalen sowie der Verhinderung der Nitrosaminbildung. Die Vielfalt dieser Vitamin-C-abhängigen Funktionen läßt erkennen, daß die Bedarfsfestsetzung für Vitamin C nicht nur die Verhütung der Mangelkrankheit Skorbut anvisieren, sondern auch berücksichtigen sollte, daß alle diese Funktionen jederzeit genügend Vitamin C zur Verfügung haben müßten, um optimal reagieren zu können. Das Konzept der Gewebesättigung kommt diesem Ziel am nächsten. Studien mit einem kinetischen Modell haben ergeben, daß eine Sättigung mit täglicher Einnahme von 100 mg Vitamin C bei Nichtrauchern und von 140 mg bei Rauchern eintritt, Mengen, die als optimale Werte gelten können. Bei verschiedenen Krankheiten dürfte der Bedarf höher sein; die genauen Mengen müssen jedoch erst noch ermittelt werden.
    Notes: Summary The importance of vitamin C is reflected in its multifunctional roles which include participation in collagen and carnitine syntheses, promotion of iron absorption and the more recently discovered participation in noradrenaline synthesis, inactivation of free radical chain reactions, prevention of N-nitroso compound formation and more. Given the many extra-antiscorbutic functions of the vitamin, the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) should not just prevent deficiency disease but should aim at providing sufficient amounts for all vitamin C-dependent functions to operate at full capacity. The concept of vitamin C tissue saturation is best able to meet this demand. The use of kinetic models has shown that the body pool is saturated with a daily intake of 100 mg vitamin C in non-smokers and 140 mg in smokers, amounts that may be regarded as optimal RDA values. Certain disease states may be accompanied by still higher vitamin C requirements but the exact amounts are not yet known.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 266 (1988), S. 958-964 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: a-Se colloids ; photoadsorption ; kinetics ; activation energy ; compensation effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this study, a model is developed to explain in microscopic terms the results obtained from thermally activated photoadsorption experiments in a-Se colloids. The observed compensation effect can be described for two different cases. At low efficiency adsorption, the process is controlled by the potential at the boundary layer. In the high efficiency adsorption case, the process is controlled by diffusion transport.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Phospholipid bilayer ; kinetics ; laser temperature jump ; phase transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The iodine-laser temperature-jump technique has been used to investigate the main phase transition in single shell vesicles of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. The probe molecules DPH and TMA-DPH were incorporated into the lipid bilayer and laserT-jump experiments with turbidity and flourescence polarization detection were performed. We found three well separated relaxation processes between 5 μs and 10 ms. The relaxation signals showed strong cooperativity in the relaxation times as well as in their corresponding amplituedes. We attributed the relaxation to the formation and dissolution of clusters of different order inside the bilayer.
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  • 4
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    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 58-64 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polymerisation ; emulsion ; styrene ; methylmethacrylate ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The dependence of emulsion polymerisation rates on a number of important parameters is considered. Attention is paid to the use of seeded emulsion systems for the evaluation of radical desorption coefficients (k o). Experimental conditions are shown to be important. When the average number of radicals per particle is low, large changes in the rate coefficient for chain termination do not have a large effect on the kinetics. With styrene and methylmethacrylate, radical re-absorption by the polymer particles is shown to be important and radical capture efficiences can be high. Consistency is established between the results of a number of workers and values fork o are shown to be lower than those calculated from chain transfer rates.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 2 (1973), S. 217-238 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Cation ; energies ; H. S. Frank ; M. Eigen ; R. G. Wilkins ; kinetics ; ligand substitution ; mechanism ; mixed solvents ; nonaqueous ; solvation ; solvent ; solvent structure ; solvent exchange ; transition metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of the solvent in reactions involving ions is considered in relation to the structure of liquids. The rate constants and activation parameters for ligand substitutions at divalent transition metal cations in various solvents are compared with those for solvent exchanges. The differences are related to structural properties of the solvents, represented by their heats of evaporation and fluidities, and interpreted with the aid of a model developed from that of Frank and Wen. Water is not a typical solvent.
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  • 6
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    Journal of solution chemistry 3 (1974), S. 881-887 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Binary aqueous mixtures ; solubilities ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A treatment which predicts the solubilities of gases in solvent mixtures is examined in the context of the analysis of kinetic data for reactions in aqueous mixtures. The treatment is qualitatively successful to some extent in resolving the effects of changes in the initial state of the reacting substrate in the activation parameters.
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  • 7
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    Journal of solution chemistry 15 (1986), S. 221-229 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Ultrasonics ; kinetics ; aqueous solution ; triethylene glycol monobutyl ether
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrasonic absorption from 6.5 to 220 MHz and velocities at 2.5 MHz have been measured in aqueous solution of triethylene glycol monobutyl ether as a function of concentration at 25°C. A single relaxational excess absorption, observed from 0.60 to 2.5 mol-dm−3, is attributed to a perturbation of an equilibrium associated with solute-solvent interaction. Rate constants for the forward and reverse processes have been determined from the concentration dependence of the relaxation frequency, and the influence on the water structure by an addition of the solute has been considered. Solution densities were also measured in order to obtain the expansivity of the solution. The standard volume and enthalpy changes of the reaction have been estimated from the concentration dependence of the maximum excess absorption per wave length. A linear relationship between the number of oxyethylene groups and the free energy change between bonded water and nonbonded water is established.
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  • 8
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 175-187 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anticarsia ; compensatory feeding behavior ; diet dilution ; food utilization ; lipid ; nitrogen ; nutritional ecology ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Peu de travaux ont examiné l'aptitude des insectes à modifier leur consommation et l'utilisation des aliments en fonction des variations qualitatives et quantitatives connues de l'aliment. On a rarement examiné si ces modifications sont adaptatives, si elles maintiennent le taux de croissance et le niveau des ressources, ou si elles limitent au moins les effets nuisibles du changement d'aliment. En utilisant une technique gravimétrique, nous avons mesuré le gain des poids, l'aliment consommé et les excréments produits par des chenilles de A. gemmatalis Hübn. (Lep, Noctuidea), important ravageur du soja aux USA. La consommation en poids frais (fw) a augmenté presque 2 fois quand le régime artificiel a été dilué progressivement avec de l'eau (65, 79, 86 ou 89% d'eau); le poids sec (dw) et le taux de consommation relative (RCR) ont diminué néanmoins avec la dilution. L'efficacité de digestion et d'assimilation de l'aliment consommé (digestibilité approchée, AD) a augmenté pour les trois dilutions, l'efficacité de conversion en biomasse de l'aliment digéré (ECD) a augmenté dans les dilutions à 79 et 85%, mais a diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Par conséquent, le gain dw et le RGR, — produit de RCR x AD x ECD-, étaient identiques avec le régime à 79% fw à ceux de 65% fw, mais ont diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Le taux relatif d'efficacité de consommation d'azote a diminué aussi avec la dilution, mais il a été compensé par un accroissement de l'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azole tel, que le produit,-taux relatif d'accumulation de l'azote-, était le même pour les quatre régimes. La teneur en lipides des insectes a diminué, de 32% pour le régime sans dilution, à 13% pour le régime le plus dilué; elle a été le principal responsable de la diminution de RGR. L'accroissement de la consommation fw et de AD, tout en n'empêchant pas la diminution de RGR pour les deux régimes les plus dilués, a limité l'effet de la dilution (sans ces accroissements, le RGR du régime le plus dilué n'aurait été que 43% du RGR obtenu). Ces résultats indiquent que la consommation et l'utilisation d'aliments constituent un processus dynamique, et que les chenilles de A. gemmatalis comme beaucoup d'autres insectes, présentent des réactions compensatrices au changement de qualité de l'aliment. De telles variations dans la consommation d'aliments ont des conséquences écologiques (consommation accrue de substances allélochimiques potentiellement toxiques et exposition accrue aux causes biologiques de mortalité pendant l'alimentation), et intéressent l'organisation de la protection contre les insectes:-en permettant la manipulation de l'alimentation des insectes pour augmenter la consommation à court terme d'agents bioactifs, et, par ce moyen, réduire la consommation totale,-en permettant d'améliorer la modélisation des dégâts alimentaires prévisibles, qui, pour être efficace, devrait inclure les variations de l'alimentation en fonction de la qualité alimentaire de la plante cultiveé.
    Notes: Abstract Fresh weight (fw) food consumption by caterpillars of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) increased almost 2-fold as the nutrients in an artificial diet were increasingly diluted with water (diets contained 65, 79, 86 or 89% fw water). Nonetheless, dry weight (dw) relative consumption rate (RCR) declined with diet dilution. The efficiency at which the consumed food is digested and assimilated (approximate digestibility, AD) increased on the 3 diluted diets, and the efficiency at which digested food is converted to biomass (ECD) increased on the 79 and 86% fw diets. As a consequence, dw gained and relative growth rate (RGR), which is the product of RCR x AD x ECD, on the 79% fw diet were similar to those on the 65% fw diet, but they declined on the more diluted diets. Relative nitrogen consumption rate also declined with dietary dilution, but this was compensated by an increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency such that the product of these, relative nitrogen accumulation rate, was similar on all four diets. Insect lipid content declined from 32% on the undiluted diet to 13% dw on the most diluted diet, and was primarily responsible for the decline in RGR. The increases in fw consumption and AD, while not preventing a decline in RGR on the two most diluted diets, mitigated the impact of dietary dilution (e.g., without these increases, RGR on the most diluted diet would have been only 43% of that attained). These results indicate that the consumption and utilization of food are dynamic processes, and that caterpillars of A. gemmatalis, like many other insects, exhibit compensatory responses to changes in dietary quality.
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  • 9
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: dry matter budget ; nitrogen ; protein ; nutritional ecology ; growth efficiencies ; Datana ministra ; Tilia americana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hypothèse suivant laquelle la croissance des larves d'insectes est limitée par l'insuffisance des protéines disponibles dans les feuilles d'arbres a été examinée par l'alimentation des chenilles de Datana ministra Drury sur feuilles développées de Tilia americana L. enduites d'une mixture de protéines d'oeuf et de lait. Des chenilles de second stade, prélevées dans des colonies naturelles, ont été séparées en un lot témoin élevé en masse sur feuilles coupées et un lot expérimental élevé sur feuiles coupées mais enduites de protéines. Le bilan en matière sèche, le taux de croissance, la relation entre ce taux de croissance et la quantité de matière ingérée, le poids des prénymphes ont été déterminés sur 10 chenilles de dernier stade dans chaque lot. Les chenilles ayant consommé un supplément de protéine ont présenté un plus faible taux d'ingestion et un plus faible rendement de croissance, mais une meilleure efficacité apparente d'ingestion et un meilleur taux apparent d'assimilation que les témoins. Le complément protéique n'a pas eu d'effet sur le taux de croissance des chenilles de 5ème stade bien que l'alimentation avec addition de protéines ait provoqué la nymphose à un poids larvaire plus faible. L'addition de protéines avait provoqué une chargé métabolique pour les chenilles, peut-être en provoquant une demande d'excrétion d'azote excessive ou en créant un déséquilibre osmotique, ce qui aurait provoqué une réduction du taux de croissance et du poids des chenilles malgré un taux d'assimilation supérieur. Ces résultats ne confirment pas l'hypothèse que les insectes des arbres sont carencés en protéines.
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis that arbivorous insects are protein limited was tested by feeding larvae of Datana ministra mature leaves of Tilia americana that were coated with a mixture of protein. Larvae fed the protein supplement had a lower ingestion rate and net growth efficienty but higher apparent digestion efficiency and apparent assimilation rate than control larvae. Protein supplement had no effect on the rate of growth of 5th instar larvae although larvae fed added protein pupated at a lower weight than control larvae. The added protein placed a metabolic load on the larvae, perhaps by excessive nitrogen excretion demands and osmotic imbalance. The results do not support the hypothesis that arbivorous insects are protein limited.
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  • 10
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Curculionidae ; Cyrtobagous singularis ; Cyrtobagous salviniae ; Salvinia molesta ; population increase ; survivorship ; fecundity ; fertility ; biological control ; temperature ; nutrition ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les taux intrinsèques d'accroissement (rm) deC. salviniae du Bresil et deC. singularis de Trinidad, ont été établis au laboratoire à 23°C; 27°C; 31°C, sur des plants deS. molesta riches en azote. Les différences entre les rm des deux espèces provenaient pour l'essentiel de la ponte et de la mortalité préimaginale. Aux 3 températures, les valeurs de rm deC. salviniae (0.210; 0.366; 0.404) étaient supérieures à celles deC. singularis (0.148; 0.140; 0.064). A toutes les températuresC. salviniae a pondu 7 fois plus d'oeufs queC. salviniae; à 31°C, la ponte a été réduite de 45% pour les 2 espèces et été accompagnée d'une diminution des taux d'éclosion. La ponte deC. salvinae était presque continue (92% des semaines avec des oeufs), tandis que celle deC. singularis était intermittent (50% des semaines avec pontes), les interruptions étant en moyenne de 2 semaines. La teneur deS. molesta en azote a affecté la reproduction deC. singularis plus que celle deC. salviniae; un accroissement de 0.1% en poids sec, augmentant les pontes hebdomadaires respectivement de 7% et de 3.6%. Les différences de valeur de rm des 2 espèces sont examinées pour évaluer leurs potentialités comme éléments de la lutte biologique.
    Notes: Abstract The intrinsic rates of increase (rm) ofCyrtobagous salviniae Calder & Sands from Brazil andC. singularis Hustache from Trinidad W.I., were determined in the laboratory at 23°C, 27°C and 31°C on nitrogen-rich plants of the aquatic weed,Salvinia molesta Mitchell. Variation in oviposition and immature survivorship accounted for most of the differences between species in rm values (exponential growth of a stable-age population in a non-limiting environment). Values for rm were higher forC. salviniae (0.210, 0.366, 0.404) than forC. singularis (0.148, 0.140, 0.064) at the three temperatures respectively. At all temperatures,C. salviniae laid seven times more eggs thanC. singularis while at 31°C oviposition was reduced for both species by 45%, and was accompanied by a reduction in egg hatch. Oviposition byC. salviniae was almost continuous (92% of weeks with some eggs laid) whereas oviposition byC. singularis was intermittent (50% of weeks) with intervals averaging 3 weeks without oviposition. Nitrogen concentration inS. molesta affected reproduction byC. singularis more thanC. salviniae, an increase of 0.1% (dry wt) increasing weekly oviposition by 7.0% and 3.6% respectively. The differences in rm for the two weevil species are discussed in relationship to their potential as biological control agents.
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  • 11
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: green peach aphid ; Myzus persicae ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; maturity ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 12
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host quality ; nitrogen ; survival ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; plant virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour vérifier l'hypothèse selon laquelle une contamination par un virs végétal peut accroître la consommation de plantes délaissées ou partiellement résistantes, nous avons examiné les interactions entre Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., et le virus de la mosaïque du tabac (TMV). La survie des larves de L. decemlineata a augmenté avec la contamination par TMV; les teneurs en azote et en tomatine étaient toutes deux plus élevées dans les plantes contaminées par le virus. La survie a augmenté linéairement avec la teneur en azote, mais sans dépendre de la teneur en tomatine. L'influence positive pour L. decemlineata de la contamination par le virus peut être attribuée au moins en partie à la teneur en azote plus élevée. Nos résultats correspondent à l'hypothèse selon laquelle la consommation de plantes délaissées ou partiellement résistantes peut être augmentée par la contamination virale, et que cette contamination peut faciliter l'adaptation d'insectes phytophages sur des plantes marginalement consommables.
    Notes: Abstract Infection by tobacco mosaic virus improved the suitability of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. for survival of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae. This improvement was due, at least in part, to the increase in total nitrogen content of virus-infected plants. The simultaneous increase in tomatine content had no discernable effect on L. decemlineata survival. Our results are consistent with the suggestions that virus infection may improve the suitability of partially resistant or non-preferred hosts, and that virus infection may facilitate the adaption of phytophagous insects to such ‘marginal’ host plant species.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: steel ; nitrogen ; microarea ; Auger spectrometry ; electron probe microanalysis ; standards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 14
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    Microchimica acta 94 (1988), S. 277-278 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: kinetics ; FT-IR ; temporal resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A system for performing gas-phase rapid scanning Fourier transform infrared time-resolved Spectrometry (FT-IR/TRS) has been evaluated. This technique can be applied to the study of the lifetimes and reactivity of transient species and can provide detailed information regarding reaction rate constants. Temperature-jump experiments have been initiated and preliminary results are presented.
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  • 15
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    Microchimica acta 94 (1988), S. 323-328 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: FTIR spectroscopy ; kinetics ; polymers ; rheo-optics ; variable-temperature measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The rapid-scanning capability of FTIR instrumentation has revitalized the field of vibrational spectroscopy in polymer research and will be discussed with reference to the study of polyurethane kinetics, the temperature dependence of hydrogen bonding in polyamide 6 and strain-induced crystallization in a polydimethylsiloxane elastomer.
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  • 16
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 119-137 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertiliser ; nitrogen ; regression ; response ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Measurements were made of yield of dry matter, plant-N content, and the distribution of mineral-N down the soil profile in 10 fertiliser-N experiments. In one of them detailed measurements were made throughout growth. Rate of N-uptake by the crop was unaffected by the amount of mineral-N in the upper 90 cm of soil when it was above about 30 kg N ha−1. The %N in plants that received ample N-fertiliser declined with increase in plant mass according to a previously derived equation. During senescence there was an apparent loss of N from the crop. N-nutrition in the different experiments had little effect on the partition of assimilate between grain and straw. At harvest grain and straw weights were well related by a linear model which had the same gradient but different intercepts for each experiment. Grain %N was about four times greater than straw %N. Regression analysis supported the view that high evaporative conditions or temperatures during the growing period induced earlier harvest dates, less grain relative to straw, and a higher %N in the plant when ample N-fertiliser was applied but not when N-fertiliser was withheld. Other analyses indicated that cereal roots were generally unable to extract mineral nitrogen from the soil when the concentration was less than about 0.18 kg N ha−1 cm−1, that at low levels of N-nutrition the recovery of available inorganic-N from soil by the grain and straw was about 80%, and that the average mineralisation rates from early spring to shortly after harvest date varied between 0.22 and 0.88 kg N ha−1 d−1 from site to site.
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  • 17
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil and crop residues management practices ; maize yield ; Plinthudult ; Cameroon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The shortening of fallow period in several areas in tropical Africa has reduced soil fertility and exposed soils to erosion and run-off. Fertilizer application and crop conservation practices are needeed to sustain high crop yield and to conserve the natural resource base for upland crop production in the continent. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application and soil and crop residues management practices on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) planted on a Plinthudult soil at Bertoua, Eastern Cameroon. Maize yields increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the rainfall pattern prevailing in the area, the amount of nitrogen required for maximum yield was higher in the second season. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus required for maximum yield appeared to decrease with time. The burning of crop residues and weeds prior to planting together with no-till practive gave higher yield of maize than other soil and crop residues management practices.
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  • 18
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Douglas-fir ; urea ; basal area increment ; growth response ; nitrogen ; critical level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of fourteen Pacific North-west Douglas-fir installations, ranging in age from 6 to 26 years were analysed with respect to site factors, foliage nutrients, and growth response to applied fertilizer. Unfertilized basal area increment ranged from 1.2 to 3.1 m2 ha−1 yr−1 with no apparent relationship with soil, stand age or site index. Basal area increment was correlated with foliage N and a critical level for N was calculated as 1.7%. Applications of 220 kg N ha−1 as urea increased growth between 0 and 95% of the unfertilized basal area growth, with an average of 24.9%. Response could be predicted from foliage N and unfertilized basal area increment. When the same relationships were applied to previously older stand data, results were more variable as elements such as B and S showed evidence of being limiting.
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  • 19
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 203-210 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: irrigation ; pineapples ; nitrogen ; potassium ; yield ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The investigation studied the effect of fertilization with four nitrogen levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha), four potassium levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) and four irrigation treatments (0, 3, 7 and 14-day interval) on the growth and yield of smooth Cayenne pineapples. Increasing irrigation frequency increased growth parameters of number of leaves, D-leaf length and days to 50% flowering. Fruit weight was highest at N = 150 kg/ha, K = 200 kg/ ha and irrigation once a week. Higher N levels (beyond 150 kg/ha) applied after the plant crop has been harvested did not further enhance yields of the ratoon crop. For K = 200 kg/ha potential and harvested yields were reduced in all irrigation treatments when N 〉 150 kg/ha.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) ; phosphorus ; yield ; yield components
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties (‘White velvet’ and ‘NHAE 47-4’) to fertilization in northern Nigeria was examined using four rates of nitrogen (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha−1) and three rates of phosphorus (0, 13 and 26 kg ha−1). Nitrogen application significantly increased green pod yield, pod diameter, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per pod and pod weight. Application of phosphorus also significantly increased green pod yield, pod number and number of seeds per pod. The two varieties responded to nitrogen application differentially with respect to green pod yield. For optimum green pod yield of ‘White velvet’ 35 kg N ha−1 is suggested while for variety ‘NHAE 47-4’, N fertilization can be increased to 70 kg ha−1. There was no differential response of varieties to phosphorus fertilization for green pod yield; however, the application of 13 kg ha−1 enhanced the performance of both varieties.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 313-328 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizers ; lime ; lucerne ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sewage sludge
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted with lucerne on a strongly acidic and phosphorus deficient soil to determine the liming and phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer value of an undigested, lime-treated sewage sludge. The results are presented in terms of calculated combinations of lime, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer required to obtain the same lucerne yield (or soil pH or extractable phosphorus level) as achieved with 5 or 10 t ha−1 of dried sludge. The sludge was a good source of lime, phosphorus and nitrogen. The sludge phosphorus was 49% as effective as the fertilizer phosphorus in raising extractable phosphorus in the soil to the level required for crop growth. The calcium carbonate of the sludge raised soil pH more effectively than agricultural lime, probably because of finer particle size in the former. It was not possible to achieve the yield obtained with 25 t ha−1 of sludge with combinations of agricultural lime, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at high rates of application. This was attributed to the effects of the sludge on improving soil physical properties.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 269-278 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; nitrogen-15 ; nitrogen efficiency ; nitrogen balance ; residual nitrogen ; sugar beet ; spring wheat ; winter rye
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The recovery of15N labelled ammonium fertilizer was studied during two cropping sequences: sugar beet—spring wheat and winter rye—sugar beet with the labelled N applied to the first crop of each sequence. The difference between fall and spring application was also investigated. For the first cropping sequence 100 kg N ha−1 labelled with 11.4%15N atom excess (a.e.) was applied to the sugar beets. This labelled N was followed in the sugar beets, in the soil profile at harvesting time as well as in the spring wheat of the following year. The first crop of sugar beet recovered 43–46% of the applied N, with 26–29% remaining in the soil at harvesting time and 25–31% could not be accounted for. Of the residual N, less than 1% could be recovered by the next crop of spring wheat. For the second cropping sequence 50 kg N ha−1 labelled with 11.5%15N a.e. was applied to the winter rye and followed in the winter rye and in the sugar beets of the following year. The recovery of the labelled fertilizer N applied to the winter rye of the second sequence was 20–27% and the sugar beets of the next year could only recover 2%. With respect to time of application, no difference in fertilizer N recovery was found between fall or spring application for the two sequences.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Growth ; nutrient concentration ; nitrogen ; okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) phosphorus
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The growth response and nutrient concentration in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as influenced by four nitrogen rates (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha−1) and three phosphorus rates (0, 13 and 26 kg ha−1) were examined using two varieties (‘White velvet’ and ‘NHAE 47-4’). Nitrogen application generally increased fruit and shoot dry weights markedly whereas phosphorus increased them only moderately. Leaf and primary branch production and plant height were also enhanced by nitrogen fertilization up to 100 kg N ha−1 but were not influenced by phosphorus application. The application of nitrogen enhanced the concentration of N, P and K in fruits and N and Mg in leaves while P and K concentrations in leaves were depressed. Nutrient concentrations in plant tissues were also partly a function of plant age and variety.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 9 (1986), S. 187-197 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: lime ; lucerne ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; ryecorn ; ryegrass ; sewage sludge ; sewage ash
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were conducted to compare the fertilizing and liming properties of dried lime-treated sewage sludge with its incineration product (ash). One experiment used a mixture of ryecorn and ryegrass on a relatively fertile soil and the other lucerne on a strongly acidic and phosphorus deficient soil. The first harvest of the ryecorn-ryegrass experiment showed small but significant linear responses in dry matter yield to both ash and sludge. Ash applications did not affect foliage nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, or uptakes, but sludge applications increased these significantly. Sludge also increased the concentrations of K, S, Mg, Cu and Zn but ash only increased the concentrations of S and Mg. At the second harvest (ryegrass) 5 t ha−1 of sludge increased dry matter yield and foliage nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations whereas ash had no effect. Levels of phosphorus extracted from the soil were increased by both amendments but the sludge was much more effective than the ash. Both ash and sludge raised soil pH. In the lucerne experiment comparisons between sludge and ash were calculated from response surfaces fitted to the data which showed marked increased in soil pH and dry matter yield. Sludge markedly increased extractable phosphorus whereas ash had no effect. The sludge was 22% as effective as ash in raising soil pH to 6.5. The amounts of ash required to obtain the same yield as 10 t ha−1 of sludge were 5.78, 12.78 and 6.39 t ha−1 respectively for three successive harvests. These results and those for foliage concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were also ascribed to the much greater availability of the sludge phosphorus than the ash phosphorus, and the presence of nitrogen in the sludge but not in the ash.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 10 (1986), S. 97-112 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; plant analysis ; nutritional status
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study consisted of a survey on the nutritional status of rice plants in relation to nutrient application and yield in 70 farmers' fields in four provinces of Bangkok plain during the 1977 wet season. In addition a series of fertilizer experiments were carried out on rice experimental stations in the same provinces to study yield response to N and P fertilization and to develop a fertilizer recommendation system based on plant analysis. The average grain yield in the survey was 3.2 t ha−1 and the early (high yielding varieties), medium (local) and late maturity (local) types yielded 3.3, 2.8 and 3.0 t ha−1, respectively. The average amount of fertilizers applied to these maturity types were 33, 15 and 7 kg N ha−1 and 15, 8 and 6 kg P ha−1, respectively. Regression analysis indicated only a slight correlation between yield and any level of fertilizer application. On experimental stations yields over 6 t ha−1 were obtained with applications of N over 100 kg ha−1 and P over 22 kg ha−1. Evaluation of nutritional status of plants based on plant analysis showed that in all provinces there were strong and widespread nutrient deficiences primarily of N and secondarily of P, and possibly of some other nutrients. Fertilizer application based on plant analysis gave high yield responses. It was concluded that the major constraints of yield on Bangkok plain are too low fertilizer application especially of N, and unbalanced fertilization of N and P.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 25-41 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer ; high analysis nutrient compounds ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Rhodes grass ; slow-release ; sulphur ; Townsville stylo
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fertilizer potential of two unusual N-P compounds with cage structures was evaluated in pot experiments where plants were repetitively cut over 400 days. One of the compounds, hexamethyl-hexaaza-tetraphosphaadamantane (APA), having 41.6% P and 28.2% N, showed high fertilizer capability. After more than 400 days, dry matter yield of Rhodes grass given APA was 83–102% of that given conventional N-P sources, and yield of Townsville stylo 60–70%. Curves for N and P uptakes over time were of sigmoidal form, with the steepest parts between days 40 and 120, suggesting a slow-release feature. However growth was depressed up to day 40, presumably by some toxic factor associated with the decomposition of the APA. This toxicity was avoided if some conventional fertilizer was applied with the APA. The other compound, the tetrasulphide of APA (APAS) had only limited fertilizer potential. Plants did absorb P and S at least from this compound, but Townsville stylo yield was only 32–38% of that with conventional fertilizers, and Rhodes grass yield not much greater than from control pots. The possible slow-release feature, and the toxic effect, did not occur with APAS.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 245-250 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: plantain ; intercropping systems ; nitrogen
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The investigation evaluated the productivity of plantain intercropped with cassava, cocoyam and yam, fertilized annually with 0, 320 and 480 kg N ha−1 respectively. Yields from nitrogen fertilized intercrops were higher than those of unfertilized treatments. In plantain + cassava intercrop receiving 480 kg N ha−1 plantain growth was suppressed. Plantain intercropped with yam and fertilized with 320 kg N ha−1 matured early and produced better bunches than other treatments. Plantain + yam or cocoyam intercropping systems fertilized with 320 kg N ha−1 were recommended because of improved plantain establishment and increased combined crop yields.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 127 (1988), S. 529-544 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Ionosphere ; nitrogen ; vibrational temperatures ; N2 and CO2 and populations of N2 and CO2 in the D, E and F regions
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Theoretical and experimental aspects of the production, transformation, diffusion and loss of N2 in the upper atmosphere are considered. The N2-CO2 near-resonant system in theD andE regions is taken into account. We describe our understanding of the methods necessary to find the vibrational populations of N2 and CO2 (asymmetric mode of CO2). The calculations of the vibrational temperatures in theD, E, andF regions for the mid-latitude ionosphere and an aurora are presented. The connection between the excited species and the 4.26-μm radiation intensities is considered. The models for the rate coefficient of the reaction of O+ with N2 and the electron density decrease resulting from N2 in the F region are discussed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1563-1564 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cytosine deaminase ; kinetics ; pyrophosphate ; orotidine monophosphate
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The maximal velocity of the reaction (Vmax) and the half-saturation constant (K0.5) values of theS. typhimurium cytosine deaminase were altered in the presence of its effectors, pyrophosphate and orotidine monophosphate. From the kinetics of orotidine monophosphate inhibition of cytosine deaminase, it was characterized as a mixed-type noncompetitive inhibitor.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1985), S. 251-253 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: paracetamol ; antacids ; acetaminophen ; bioavailability ; kinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of two antacids on the bioavailability of paracetamol has been investigated in 12 young healthy volunteers. Following a random cross over design, each subject swallowed, on three separate occasions, one weak apart, 500 mg paracetamol alone, or together with two different aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide preparations (Dimalan and Maalox). Plasma paracetamol levels were measured by HPLC. The bioavailability of paracetamol was not altered by either antacid, but they both delayed the time to peak plasma concentration (0.85 h; 1.43 h; 1.25 h, without antacid, with Dimalan and with Maalox respectively). The peak plasma concentration was not affected by concurrent antacid administration.
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    European biophysics journal 16 (1989), S. 321-325 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Sodium currents ; inactivation ; kinetics ; channel gating
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The time constant of the process producing the delay in Na inactivation development as determined by the two pulse method (τdelay) was extracted and compared to that of the slowest Na activation process τ3 for the I Na during the conditioning pulse of that same determination. τdelay and two pulse inactivation τc values were computer generated using a nonlinear least squares algorithm. τh and single pulse inactivation τh values were independently generated for each determination also with the aid of the computer using the same non-linear least squares algorithm. In one determination at 2 mV, τc was 4.68 and τdelay 0.494 ms while τh was 4.70 and τ3 0.491 ms for a τc/τh of 0.996 and a τdelay/τ3 of 1.006. Mean τdelay/τ3 from five determinations in four axons, both Cs and K perfused, and spanning a potential range of-27 to 2mV was 1.068. The precursor process to inactivation is channel opening. Some fraction of channels presumably inactivate via another route where prior channel opening is not required.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 163-169 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indomethacin ; platelet aggregation ; prostanoids ; plasma concentration ; arachidonic acid ; thromboxane B2 ; 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α ; kinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A single oral dose of indomethacin 1 mg/kg was given to 6 male and 6 female volunteers. The formation of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α) in clotting whole blood was measured by radioimmunoassay, and platelet aggregation induced by archidonic acid (AA) was measured with a plasma aggregometer. The results were related to the concomitant plasma concentration of indomethacin. The maximum plasma concentration ranged between 3.24 and 8.11 µg/ml and the elimination half-life between 4 and 11 h. Formation of the prostanoids was reversibly inhibited, with maximum suppression when the drug concentration in plasma exceeded 0.5–1.0 µg/ml; the IC50 was approximately 0.1 µg/ml. Platelet aggregation was also reversibly inhibited. The correlation between the formation of prostanoids and the different phases of the aggregatory response to exogenous AA is discussed.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1986), S. 529-534 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pethidine ; epidural injections ; pain scores ; kinetics ; spinal cord
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-one patients who had undergone total hip replacement were randomly assigned to one of three groups in order to compare a single dose of 1 mg/kg of pethidine im (I) and 20 mg (II) or 60 mg of extradural pethidine (III) in a double-blind design. The degree of analgesia, the adverse effects, and the kinetics were studied for 18 h. Pain was monitored using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Supplementary doses of oxycodone if required were given no earlier than 0.75 h after pethidine. Plasma concentrations of pethidine were measured with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Hypoalgesia to pin prick test was evaluated. Low pain scores were observed in the extradural groups between 0.25 and 1.5 h after the dose. A significant difference in pain score compared with the im group was found after the higher extradural dose only between 0.5 and 1 h (p〈0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of pain score versus time (0–18 h) was not significantly different between groups. The recorded adverse effects were minor in all three groups. The terminal half-lives and plasma clearances of pethidine, and the time to peak concentration were not different between the groups. Single patients in the extradural groups showed hypoalgesia to pin prick in parallel to the effect. The present study shows that extradural pethidine produces shortlived analgesia, in contrast to the long-lasting effect of morphine found in other studies.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1972), S. 111-115 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; kinetics ; multicompartmental analysis ; simultaneous serum urine and bile assessment ; one week treatment
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To aid interpretation of the fall in the serum concentrations of rifampicin observed in the early phase of continuous treatment, the distribution of the antibiotic was assessed simultaneously in the serum, bile, and urine of patients treated for one week. Transfer constants between these compartments were calculated on the 1st and 7th day of treatment by multicompartmental kinetic analysis. — The results obtained suggest that the decrease in serum concentrations is due to enhanced biliary excretion; no significant change was observed in the amount of antibiotic excreted in the urine. The increased capacity of the liver to excrete rifampicin in bile might result from enzyme induction by the antibiotic in hepatocytes.
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    European biophysics journal 13 (1986), S. 343-353 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Lipid/cholesterol ; phase transition ; kinetics ; second order transition ; pressure jump relaxation
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    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Lipid bilayers and monolayers composed of dimyristoylphosphatidic acid (DMPA) and cholesterol were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and film balance measurements. Increasing cholesterol content decreases the bilayer phase transition temperature and enthalpy in a manner similar to that observed before for other lipid/cholesterol systems. In monomolecular films at the air-water interface cholesterol exhibits the well known condensing effect in the liquid-expanded phase, while the liquid-condensed phase is less affected. As with the bilayer phase transition, the transition temperature and change in area at the liquid-condensed to liquid-expanded phase transition, as measured from isobars at 25 dynes/cm, decreases with increasing cholesterol content. The kinetics of the phase transition of DMPA/cholesterol bilayers were measured using the pressure jump relaxation technique with optical detection. Three relaxation times were observed. The relaxation times and amplitudes pass through maximum values at the transition midpoint. With increasing cholesterol content the maximum values of the relaxation times decrease but not in a linear fashion. The time constants display an intermediate maximum at ca. 10% to 12 mol% cholesterol. This observation is discussed in terms of a possible change in the nature of the phase transition from first-order with phase separation to a continuous second-order transition. The dependence of the relaxation amplitudes on cholesterol content gave evidence for nucleation being the rate limiting step for the transition in this particular system.
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 5 (1985), S. 293-316 
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasma chemistry ; halocarbon decomposition ; kinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract For the case of weak feed gas decomposition, where the concentration of CCl4 exceeds those of decomposition and built-up products, the emission of CCl* is shown to originate from dissociative excitation of CCl4. With electron concentration measured independently, the kinetics of CCl4 decomposition has been extracted from the time dependence of the CCl* intensity. Supported by EPR determinations of radical concentrations in rapidly flowing CCl4 and CCl4/O2 afterglows, the primary decomposition reaction is shown to be the electron impact dissociation into CCl3 and Cl. Its rate constant (k 1=4×10−8 cm3s−1) indicates strongly that dissociative electron attachment is the main reaction channel at least at r.f. power densities just above the threshold of a self-maintaining discharge. At extremely low mean electron energies the emission of a continuum is observed, which is tentatively ascribed to the radiative CCl3-Cl recombination.
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 6 (1986), S. 429-436 
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasma ; laser ; diagnostics ; free radicals ; kinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The plasma of a pulse discharge (0.05 J/cm3) in methane at low pressure (200 Pa) is studied. The dynamics of formation and decay of C2(a3IIu, v″=0) is monitored using a stroboscopic laser absorption method. It was found that substantial amounts of C2, 1015 cm−3, arise with a 1-µs delay after the current pulse.
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 8 (1988), S. 101-110 
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Plasma ; laser ; diagnostics ; hydrocarbons ; free radicals ; kinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the formation and decay of excited hydrogen during a pulse discharge in methane at a pressure of 200 Pa and energy density of 0.05 J/cm3 has been studied. The population of hydrogen in the n=2 state was monitored by the laser absorption method. The time constant of the decay of the excited hydrogen was measured to be 95±15 ns. The concentration of free electrons reached a maximum value of 7×1014 cm−3, and the time constant of their recombination was 220±50 ns. The formation of appreciable amounts of atomic hydrogen in the ground state during the discharge, H(n=1)〉1016 cm−3, was estimated on the basis of a kinetic model.
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Methane ; acetylene ; kinetics ; modeling
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that it is basically possible to model plasma-chemical methane conversion using a kinetic concept regardless of the kind of plasma, i.e., the kind of activation. While the temporal plasma-chemical decomposition of methane is controlled by a first-order rate equation, the temporal product formation can be described by a set of first-order consecutive reactions. Prolonged portions of constant product concentrations in the temporal product formation curves were explained by the assumption of an equilibrium between forward and reverse reactions. The modeling revealed the special role of the re-formation of dissociated molecules.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 86 (1989), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: Hex A ; Hex B ; N-acetyl-glucosaminidases ; kinetics ; thermodynamic transitions ; ion-exchangers
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetic and thermodynamic properties of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase A (Hex A) and N-acetyl-β-D-D-glucosaminidase β (Hex B) from goat testes were investigated in free and bound (after binding them on ion-exchangers such as DEAE- or CM-cellulose respectively) forms. The optimum pH of free Hex A and Hex B was at 4.2 and 5.4, whereas the bound forms showed the optimum pH at 4.0 and 5.2 respectively. While apparent Km of free and bound Hex A (0.8 and 1.0 mM respectively) did not differ, the Km of Hex B increased when bound on CM-cellulose (Km of free Hex B = 0.96 mM versus bound Hex B = 1.6 mM). Though the free Hex A was more thermo-labile than the free Hex B, both isozymes, on insoluble matrices decayed at faster rates on heating. Activation analysis revealed that the energy of activation (E infa supo ) for transition state of free Hex B (81 Kcal deg−1 mole−1) did not differ from E infa supo of bound Hex B. On the other hand, E infa supo of free Hex A declined from 77.2 to 71.1 Kcal deg−1 mole−1 when heat transitions were carried out in free and bound state respectively. Thermodynamic analysis suggested a change in entropy of activation (ΔS*) of free Hex A and Hex B as 200 and 211 eu respectively. While ΔS* of Hex B did not change after heat transitions, ΔS* of Hex A was 182.5 eu.
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    Biochemical genetics 12 (1974), S. 69-79 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: l-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, purified ; inbred mice ; kinetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract l-Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.8) was purified from the muscle of BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J mice. The half-lives of the enzyme at 50 C were 6 and 33 min, respectively, for the BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J strains. Enzyme preparations from the two strains of mice were compared with respect to the following properties and found to be essentially indistinguishable: K m values for dihydroxyacetone phosphate, NADH, l-α-glycerophosphate, and NAD+; maximum velocity; competitive inhibition by inorganic phosphate; pH optimum; energy of activation; electrophoretic mobility; molecular weight and subunit molecular weight. From these data, it is concluded that the kinetic properties of the purified enzyme are not the factors responsible for the differences in activity found in crude homogenates of mouse tissues.
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 859-876 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: allozyme ; Cnidaria ; cline ; isozyme ; kinetics ; Metridium senile ; phosphoglucomutase ; polymorphism ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) locus from populations of the sea anemone Metridium senile has three alleles in natural populations from the northeastern coast of North America. Two of the alleles exhibit clinal variation north of Cape Cod, suggesting a possible association of allele frequency with environmental temperature. This clinal pattern is reproducible and stable over at least brief periods of time. The allozymes encoded by each of the six Pgm genotypes have been partially purified and characterized. The symmetrical pH optimum for V max is pH 7.5; the apparent K m (K m app ) of glucose-1-phosphate declines monotonically as the pH increases from 6.5 to 8.5. There are no pronounced differences in heat stabilities of PGM produced by various genotypes, nor are there significant differences in specific activities. There are no differences in the sensitivity of V max to temperature. K m app values are very low for all genotypes, ranging from about 2 to 12 µm, depending upon the temperature. K m app of glucose-1-phosphate declines as the temperature is raised for all genotypes, whether the pH is held constant or allowed to vary with the temperature. Under certain conditions, there are small significant differences among genotypes in K m app values, but there is no systematic pattern to these differences. The present data provide no biochemical explanation for the maintenance of the Pgm cline by selection for functional differences under different thermal regimes.
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  • 44
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    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 139-155 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; Co-Cr-Ti alloys ; kinetics ; scale morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cobalt-based alloys containing 3,5,10,15, and 20% Cr with 1 and 3% Ti were oxidized at 1000°C in slowly flowing oxygen gas. In general, titanium additions decreased the oxidation rate with the most pronounced effect being observed at the 10% Cr level. Titanium accelerated the formation of Cr2O3 layers at the metal-oxide interface. Faceted CrxTiyOz spinel particles were found at the metal-oxide interface which varied in composition according to microprobe results. There was no evidence of spalling on the Co-Cr-Ti alloys studied in contrast to the severe spalling normally encountered in Ni-Cr-Ti alloys. Distinct morphological differences existed on the outer CoO layer of the 1% Ti alloys in comparison to the O and 3% Ti alloys.
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  • 45
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    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 417-430 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cyclic carburization-oxidation ; carbides ; austenite ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Several austenitic heat-resistant steels were exposed to alternating periods of carburization at 1273 K [a c= 1,po2〈10−28 atm] and oxidation at 973°K [a c≈ O,po2 = 0.2 atm]. In all cases the depth of internal carbide precipitation increased with cumulative carburization time. It was found that the carburization rates of high nickel content alloys were unaffected by intermittent oxidation cycles, whereas the low nickel, high iron content alloys experienced a reduction in carburization rate subsequent to oxidation treatment. The latter group of alloys formed external scales of chromium-rich M7C3 which were shown by sulfur tracing experiments to be gas permeable. It was concluded, therefore, that oxidation of these materials led to blockage of cracks and holes in the scales, thereby decreasing the surface carbon activity and hence the carburization rate. High nickel, low iron alloys formed external scales of chromium-rich M7C3 covered by Cr3C2. These scales were shown to have very low gas permeabilities. It was concluded that the carbon activity at the surface of these alloys was controlled by scale-alloy equilibration, and was therefore not affected by brief periods of oxidation. The pattern of carbide scale formation is qualitatively consistent with the thermodynamics of the Fe-Cr-C system.
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  • 46
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    Oxidation of metals 8 (1974), S. 379-391 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; sulfidation ; kinetics ; parabolic rate law
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The conditions necessary to determine the oxidation kinetics of metals and alloys are discussed quantitatively, and a new method of calculating the rational rate constants was suggested. It was shown that the size and the shape of a metal sample has an effect on the kinetics of oxidation. Further, it was established that the values of the parabolic rate constants of corrosion, calculated from the empirical Pilling and Bedworth equation, contain a serious systematic error, if changes in the metallic core surface area during the oxidation process are neglected.
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  • 47
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 86 (1989), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: porcine glucokinase ; purification ; kinetics ; sulfhydryl-related states
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Porcine hepatic glucokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.1) has been purified by a modification of the procedure for its purification from rats. However, difficulties were encountered with endogenous proteases and the reliability of a source for porcine livers. The molecular weight has been determined to be 60 400 ± 1400 by sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme has been characterized kinetically. The parameter values, S 0.5 (glucose) and Hill coefficient (nH) are 2.4 mM and 1.9 respectively under sulfhydryl-reducing conditions. The enzyme undergoes the two sulfhydryl-related decays of its activity previously observed in the enzyme isolated from rat (Tippett PS, Neet KE: Arch Biochem Biophys 222:285–298, 1983). The enzyme is inhibited by palmitoyl-CoA, K i (apparent) = 1.0 µM, nH = 1.8; this concentration of inhibitor is significantly below its critical micelle concentration. Physically and kinetically glucokinase isolated from pig is similar to the enzyme isolated from rat. The porcine system provides a second source for isolation and further characterization of this important and unusual enzyme.
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  • 48
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    Oxidation of metals 25 (1986), S. 1-28 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; yttrium ; duplex-sulfide scales ; lamellar sulfides ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The sulfidation of Ni-10Cr-5Al, Ni-20Cr-5Al, and Ni-50Cr-5Al, and of the same alloys containing 1% Y, was studied in 0.1 atm sulfur vapor at 700°C. The sulfidation process followed linear kinetics for all the alloys except Ni-50Cr-5Al-1Y, and possibly Ni-50Cr-5Al, which followed the parabolic law. The reaction rates decreased with increasing chromium content in alloys without yttrium, and the addition of yttrium reduced the rates by at least a factor of two for the alloys containing 10 and 20% Cr and by an order of magnitude for Ni-50Cr-5Al. Alloys containing 10 and 20% Cr (with and without yttrium) formed duplex scales consisting of an outer layer of NiS1.03 and an inner lamellar layer of a very fine mixture of Cr2S3 and A12O3 in a matrix of NiS1.03. The two alloys containing 50% Cr formed only a compact layer of Cr2S3, which was brittle and spalled during cooling. The lamellae in the duplex scales were parallel to the specimen surface and bent around corners. The lamellae were thicker than those on Ni-Al binary alloys. The lamellae were also thicker in scales on the 20% Cr alloy than on the 10% Cr alloy. The presence of yttrium refined the lamellae and increased the lamellae density near the scale/metal interface in the 10% alloy, but in the 20% Cr alloy the lammellae were thicker and more closely spaced. Platinum markers were found in the inner portion of the exterior NiS1.03 layer close to the lamellar zone. A counter-current diffusion mechanism is proposed involving outward cation diffusion and inward sulfur diffusion, although diffusion was not rate controlling for alloys containing 10 and 20% Cr. Auger analysis of scales formed on Ni-50Cr-1Y showed an even distribution of yttrium throughout the layer of Cr2S3, suggesting that some yttrium dissolved in the sulfide. The reduced sulfidation rate of samples containing yttrium is explained by the possible dissolution of yttrium as a donor. The presence of Y4+ would then decrease the concentration of interstitial chromium ions in the N-type layer of Cr2S3, which would decrease the reaction rate.
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  • 49
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    Oxidation of metals 23 (1985), S. 207-235 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: stainless steel ; duplex oxide ; kinetics ; growth rates
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the first-formed oxide on 20% Cr/25% Ni/Nb stabilized steel during exposure to CO2 at high and low temperatures has been determined by surface analytical techniques. These results together with a consideration of gas/solid interactions show that the oxide produced may be determined by kinetics or thermodynamic factors, and a diagram is presented to show that rhombohedral Cr2O3 or spinel may be the oxide first formed. Under most standard conditions, a mixed spinel oxide is formed initially, and the subsequent growth of a duplex oxide is analyzed in terms of a solid-state reaction in which the spinel oxide is reduced to Cr2O3 at the metal/oxide interface. Diffusion control of growth by either spinel or Cr2O3 is incorporated in new equations describing the kinetics of oxidation, and weight-gain predictions are tested against experimental observations.
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  • 50
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    Oxidation of metals 32 (1989), S. 225-240 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Hot corrosion ; nickel ; TGA ; kinetics ; mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The accelerated oxidation of pure nickel in the presence of a molten carbonate mixture has been studied in O2 and CO2-containing atmospheres. The oxidation rate of nickel with carbonate coatings was at least four orders of magnitude faster than that without salt coatings. The extent of oxidation, in terms of unit area weight gain, depended on both the amount of carbonate mixture coatings and the gas atmosphere. The unit area weight gain due to oxidation increased with increasing amounts of salt coatings up to a certain value. These observations suggest that the termination of nickel oxidation results from the exhaustion of either the salt coatings or metallic nickel. Porous and particulate oxide products were observed from scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examinations. The energy-dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX) shows that no salt remains on the specimen surface after the oxidation experiment.
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  • 51
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 76 (1987), S. 45-54 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: DNA methyltransferase ; hemimethylated DNA ; kinetics ; affinity chromatography ; (rat liver)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract DNA substrate analogs were constructed from poly(dC-dG), M13, and XP12 DNA which do not contain a mixture of types of methylation sites. These were used to distinguish different kinetic mechanisms for maintenance and de novo methylation using a highly purified rat liver DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase (DMase−) preparation. De novo methylation on single (ss) and double-stranded (ds) DNA was found to obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics while methylation of hemimethylated sites showed differences depending on size of the hemimethylated region. On long stretches analogous to maintenance methylation of newly replicated DNA, saturation could not be achieved and the kinetics showed non-ideal positive cooperative kinetics, while short stretches showed non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics and rapid saturation. Two types of DMase-DNA complexes could be distinguished by means of affinity chromatography on DNA-agarose matrices and in preincubation assays. The later complex, which is engaged in methyl group turnover, exhibited enhanced stability. The competitiveness of variously configured DNAs was found to parallel the stability of complex formation, e.g., ss, hemi- and ds DNA, respectively. In studies utilizing 5-bromodeoxyuridine, the thymine analog left the basic reaction mechanisms unchanged but increased the km and S0.5 while reducing the velocity of these reactions.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heterotheca subaxillaris ; Asteraceae ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; volatile terpenes ; nitrogen ; herbivory
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen-limited plants ofHeterotheca subaxillaris accumulate greater quantities of leaf volatile terpenes than do nitrogen-rich plants. A series of feeding trials were performed to determine if such nitrate-limited plants are better defended against generalist-feeding insect herbivores. Soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens) larvae were fed leaves fromH. subaxillaris rosettes grown under high and low nitrate supply regimes. Larval consumption, growth, and survival declined as the leaf volatile terpene content increased. Larval consumption and growth were enhanced by higher plant nitrate supply and with increasing leafage. The results suggest that the higher quantity of volatile terpenes in the leaves of nitrate-limited plants may better defend these leaves against generalist-feeding insects.
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  • 53
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2379-2390 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acidic fog ; Phaseolus lunatus ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; nitrogen ; free amino acid ; soluble protein ; plantinsect interactions ; air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phaseolus lunatus L. (Henderson Bush lima beans) were exposed to 2 hr acidic fogs with 2.5∶1.0 (v/v) nitrogen-sulfur ratio typical of the west coast of the United States. Fogs with pH values of 2.0 (P 〈 0.01,t tests), 2.5 (P 〈 0.05), or 3.0 (P 〈 0.01) increased percent total nitrogen (dry weight) of foliage as compared to plants subjected to control fogs with a pH of 6.3–6.5. Fresh weight concentrations of soluble protein and certain free amino acid concentrations were increased by plant exposure to acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 (t tests,P 〈 0.05). Concentrations of free amino acids considered essential for insect growth, as well as nonessential and total free amino acids were not significantly affected by any treatment (P 〉 0.05,t test). Water content (%) of foliage was not changed significantly (P 〉 0.05,t test) by exposure to any of the fogs.Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae ate significantly more foliage and gained significantly more weight on plants treated with 3.0 pH fogs (P 〈 0.01,t test). Several potential explanations are offered for the lack of significant weight gain by larvae on plants in which soluble protein levels, free amino acid concentrations, or percent total nitrogen contents were enhanced by acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 and 2.0. No larval feeding preference was detected for foliage exposed to acidic versus control fogs, and no significant differences were detected in percent survival ofT. ni eggs exposed to acidic or control fogs. Some implications of acidic fogs for population dynamics ofT. ni are discussed.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ozone ; nutrition ; insect-plant interactions ; nitrogen ; secondary plant compounds ; Keiferia lycopersicella Lepidoptera ; Gellechiidae ; tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tomato pinworms,Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham), survived better and developed faster on tomato plants,Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., damaged by ozone than on plants not subjected to ozone fumigation. Other measures of fitness, including survival during pupation, sex ratio of adults, female longevity, and fecundity, were not affected. Analyses of ozonated foliage at zero, two, and seven days following fumigation demonstrated a transient but significant increase (18–24%) in soluble protein concentration. Although the concentration of the total free amino acids in ozonated foliage did not increase significantly, significant changes were observed in at least 10 specific amino acids, some of which are critical for either insect development or the production of plant defensive chemicals. A reduction in total nitrogen in ozonated foliage at seven days postfumigation indicated that nitrogen was being translocated to other portions of the plant. The implications of increases in assimilable forms of nitrogen in ozonated foliage, which lead to improved host-plant suitability for insect herbivores, are discussed both in relation to some current ecological theories and in regard to pest-management strategies.
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  • 55
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    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 237-258 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Steel oxidation ; duplex scale ; steam ; activation energy ; kinetics
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the oxidation of ferrous alloys in steam (10–60 kPa) at 450–550°C have been studied by measuring both the rate of hydrogen emission and the amount of metal oxidized. Excellent agreement has been found between the amount of metal oxidized calculated from both the total mass of hydrogen produced in the reaction and the thickness of the oxide layer formed; rate constants calculated from the rate of hydrogen emission, the mass of hydrogen produced as the reaction proceeds, and the oxide formed agree within experimental error. The rate of oxidation of a 9%Cr-1%Mo alloy at 501°C was found to be independent of the partial pressure of the steam. For this alloy, the activation energy agreed with literature values obtained at higher temperatures and pressures. The effect of the chromium and silicon content on the oxidation rates is compared. The rate constants are compared with theoretical calculations, assuming that the rate is determined by diffusion of iron in the magnetite lattice. For the 9%Cr-1%Mo alloy, the parabolic rate constant and activation energy are in excellent agreement with values calculated using Wagner's theory. The experimental rate constants are greater for the alloys containing smaller amounts of chromium; diffusion of iron along magnetite grain boundaries may be the dominant mechanism.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Ni-base alloy IN 617 ; reactor helium ; oxidation ; carburization ; decarburization ; kinetics ; mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Application of the technical nickel-base alloy IN 617 in the primary circuit of the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is limited essentially by the chemical reactions with the impurities (CO, CO2, H2, CH4, H2O) in the helium coolant. The interactions of the alloy with the reactive impurities in different helium-base gases were investigated by thermogravimetry in a gas-tight microbalance and by simultaneous measurement of the changes in gas composition by a continuous sensitive mass spectrometric analysis. The results demonstrate that the set of six reaction equations deduced in part 1 can be applied to describe the corrosion of the alloy. The occurrence of the various reactions is determined essentially by temperature. For the case of a standardized helium gas (HHT-He), three temperature regions can be distinguished. Below a critical temperature (about 1105 K), the presence of CO can cause simultaneous oxidation and carburization. Above this temperature, this reaction does not reverse itself. Rather, oxidation by CO2 and H2O takes place that shows, after a transient period, the same kinetics observed in undiluted oxygen-containing gases. At temperatures above about 1205 K, decarburization of the alloy accompanied by the production of CO takes place, leading to severe destruction of the carbide microstructure and, therefore, limiting the applicability of the material.
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  • 57
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    Oxidation of metals 30 (1988), S. 185-200 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: austenitic steels ; oxidation resistance ; protective αA12O3 film ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The cyclical oxidation behavior of an austenitic stainless steel (24% Ni, 10% Cr, 5% Al, and balance Fe) has been evaluated in the temperature range 800–1300°C. The effects of trace elements such as S, Y, Zr, and Ti on the oxidation of the austenitic stainless steel have also been evaluated. The results indicate that Fe-Ni-Cr-Al stainless steels exhibit superior oxidation resistance up to 1300°C due to the formation of a very adherent and thin film of α-Al2O3.
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  • 58
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    Biochemical genetics 11 (1974), S. 309-317 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: genetics ; rat ; kinetics ; brain MAO ; serum ChE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study was performed in order to delineate differences in kinetic enzyme characteristics of brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) derived from the Walker-Walker (Fawn Hooded, FH) rat and from its putative ancestors, the Wistar (W) and Long-Evans (LE). As compared with the enzyme isolated from the other two strains, brain MAO from FH has both a higher V max and increased reaction rate at lower substrate concentrations. It may thus be described as a “more efficient” enzyme. This study confirms previous work which shows that plasma ChE activity of females is higher than that of males. Fluoride ion is a noncompetitive inhibitor of the Wistar ChE, is a competitive inhibitor of the FH enzyme, and has no effect on the LE enzyme. Dibucaine is a competitive inhibitor in all cases except one: ChE derived from the FH female is uncompetitively inhibited. A comparison of the inhibitor constants shows that FH ChE is more resistant to Dibucaine than is that of W, and that LE is the most sensitive. FH cholinesterase is twice as resistant to the action of fluoride as is the Wistar enzyme.
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  • 59
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    The protein journal 8 (1989), S. 529-548 
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: carmin ; association-dissociation ; denaturation ; reaggregation ; kinetics ; reversibility ; hydrophobic interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a decrease inpH on the structural integrity of carmin has been monitored by a variety of biophysical techniques. The protein undergoes initial dissociation up topH 3.5–4.0 without any significant denaturation. Below thispH the process of dissociation and denaturation appears to be simultaneous. Further, in thepH range of 2.5–1.6 the protein reassociates to probably a different polymer resulting from possibly, an entropically driven hydrophobic interaction. The process of dissociation appears to be reversible to a large extent. The process of denaturation appears to be governed by the kinetic path that the denatured protein molecule follows either by a sudden decrease inpH or through a gradual decrease inpH. These results are interpreted while keeping in view the oligomeric and globular structure of carmin at neutralpH. The results would help in understanding of structure-function relationship of the protein and its role in hydrogen ion bindingin vivo.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes ; lactate-to-pyruvate reaction ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In order to evaluate the functional differences that may exist in human lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes widely used for clinical examination the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the lactate to pyruvate reaction that they catalize were examined. Small but significant differences in the kinetic properties of the three isoenzymes were observed. The difference in the rate constants might affect the activity measurement of the individual isoenzyme as the initial velocity for the L-P reaction catalyzed will not be the same for an equal amount of enzyme. Equilibrium constants for the overall reaction in the presence and absence of pyruvate have been determined. On the basis of transition-state theory, the standard enthalpy and free-energy changes for formation of ternary activated complex were positive, while the standard entropy change was negative. Although the standard free-energy change was the same for activation by the three isoenzymes, the enthalpy and entropy changes for the LDH-3-catalyzed reaction were different from the respective values for others. A large positive value for the free-energy change and a negative value for the entropy change indicated unfavorable production of the activated complex (K infeq. sup╪ =1.89×10-16). The enzyme appears to stabilize and retain the activated complex until it dissociates into the products.
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    The journal of membrane biology 90 (1986), S. 67-87 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: cotransport ; kinetics ; reaction kinetic model ; dual isotherm ; random binding ; slip
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Solute uptake in many cells is characterized by a series of additive Michaelis-Menten functions. Several explanations for these kinetics have been advanced: unstirred layers, transport across more than one membrane, effects of solute concentration on membrane potential, numerous carrier systems. Although each of these explanations might suffice for individual cases, none provides a comprehensive basis for interpretation of the kinetics. The most common mechanism of solute absorption involves cotransport of solute with a driver ion. A model is developed in which solute and driver ion bind randomly to a membrane-bound carrier which provides a single transmembrane pathway for transport. The kinetic properties of the model are explored with particular reference to its capacity to generate additive Michaelian functions for initial rate measurements of isotopic solute influx. In accord with previous analysis of ordered binding models (Sanders, D., Hansen, U.-P., Gradmann, D., Slayman, C.L. (1984)J. Membrane Biol. 77:123), the conventional assumption that transmembrane transit rate-limits transport has not been applied. Random binding carriers can exhibit single or multiple Michaelian kinetics in response to changing substrate concentration. These kinetics include high affinity/low velocity and low affinity/high velocity phases (so-called “dual isotherms”) which are commonly observed in plant cells. Other combinations of the Michaelis parameters can result incis-(substrate) inhibition. Despite the generality of the random binding scheme and the complexity of the underlying rate equation, a number of predictive and testable features emerge. If external driver ion concentration is saturating, single Michaelian functions always result and increasing internal substrate concentration causes uncompetitive inhibition of transport. Numerical analysis of the model in conditions thought to resemble those in many experiments demonstrates that small relative differences in a few key component rate constants of the carrier reaction cycle are instrumental in generation of dual isotherms. The random binding model makes the important prediction that the contributions of the two isotherms show opposing dependence on external concentration of driver ion as this approaches saturation. In the one case in which this dependence has been examined experimentally, the model provides a good description of the data. Charge translocation characteristics of the carrier can be determined from steady-state kinetic data on the basis of the response of substrate flux to modulation of internal driver ion concentration. The application of the model to dual isotherm kinetics is discussed in relation to “slip” models of cotransport, in which the carrier is assumed to have the capability to transport substrate alone or with the driver ion. A method for distinguishing between the two models is suggested on the basis of measurement of charge/solute transport stoichiometry as a function of external driver ion concentration.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: sodium ; pyruvate ; transport ; proximal tubule ; kinetics ; kidney
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The experiments reported in this paper aim at characterizing the carboxylic acid transport, the interactions of pyruvate and citrate with their transport sites and specificity. The study of these carriers was performed using isotopic solutes for the influx measurements in brush-border membrane vesicles under zerotrans conditions where the membrane potential was abolished with KCl preloading with valinomycin or equilibrium exchange conditions and Δψ=0. Under zerotrans condition and Δψ=0, the influence of pyruvate concentrations on its initial rates of transport revealed the existence of two families of pyruvate transport sites, one with a high affinity for pyruvate (K t =88 μm) and a low affinity for sodium (K t =57.7mm) (site I), the second one with a low affinity for pyruvate (K t =6.1mm) and a high affinity for sodium (K t =23.9mm) (site II). The coupling factor [Na]/[pyruvate] stoichiometry were determined at 0.25mm and 8mm pyruvate and estimated at 1.8 for site I, and 3 when the first and the second sites transport simultaneously. Under chemical equilibrium (Δψ≅0) single isotopic labeling, transport kinetics of pyruvate carrier systems have shown a double interaction of pyruvate with the transporter; the sodium/pyruvate stoichiometry also expressed according to a Hill plot representation wasn=1.7. The direct method of measuring Na+/pyruvate stoichiometry from double labeling kinetics and isotopic exchange, for a time course, gives an=1.67. Studies of transport specificity, indicate that the absence of inhibition of lactate transport by citrate and the existence of competitive inhibition of lactate and citrate transports by pyruvate leads to the conclusion that the low pyruvate affinity site can be attributed to the citrate carrier (tricarboxylate) and the high pyruvate affinity site to the lactate carrier (monocarboxylate).
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    The journal of membrane biology 108 (1989), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Chara ; Cl− ; cotransport ; reaction kinetic model ; pH ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary H+-coupled transport in plant and fungal cells is relatively insensitive to external pH (pH o ). H+-coupled Cl− transport at the plasma membrane ofChara corallina was studied to explore the phenomena responsible for this insensitivity. Raising pH o from a control value of 7.5 to 9.0 results in a modest (2.5-fold) decline inJ max and increase inK m . Further increase in pH o results in a selective increase inJ max, in accordance with predictions from a reaction kinetic model of the transport system (Sanders, D., Hansen, U.-P., 1981.J. Membrane Biol. 58:139–153). Increase in cytosolic Cl− concentration ([Cl−] c ) also results in a selective decrease inJ max at pH o =7.5. Quantitative kinetic modeling of the results is not possible if it is assumed that the sole effect of pH o isvia mass action on the binding of external H+ to a transport site. If, instead, the dependence of cytosolic pH (pH c ) on pH o (Smith, F.A., 1984,J. Exp. Bot. 35:1525–1536) is taken into account along with the dependence of Cl− influx on pH c (Sanders, D., 1980,J. Membrane Biol. 53:129–141), then the observed modest changes in Michaelis parameters can be accommodated by a reaction kinetic model. The quantitative parameters of the model yield respective pK a s of the internal and external H+-binding sites=7.85 and 7.2, respective dissociation constants of the internal and external Cl−-binding sites=160 and 40 μm, and an additional, kinetically transparent, H+-binding site with a pK a 〉8.0. The quantitative model independently predicts the response ofJ max andK m to acidic conditions. The results are discussed in terms of the general physiological requirement that fluxes through H+-coupled transport systems are relatively insensitive to environmental variation in pH o . It is proposed that (i) the weak (but finite) dependence of pH c on pH o , coupled with (ii) the strong dependence of H+-coupled transport on pH c are instrumental in endowing H+-coupled transport systems with a relative insensitivity to variation in pH o . This hypothesis might also explain why pH c in plants and fungi is not acutely controlled with respect to variation of pH o .
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    The journal of membrane biology 110 (1989), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: fluorescence ; water transport ; vasopressin ; kidney collecting tubule ; kinetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Water transport across the mammalian collecting tubule is regulated by vasopressin-dependent water channel insertion into and retrieval from the cell apical membrane. The time course of osmotic water permeability (P f ) following addition and removal of vasopressin (VP) and 8-Br-cAMP was measured continuously by quantitative fluorescence microscopy using an impermeant fluorophore perfused in the lumen. Cortical collecting tubules were subjected to a 120 mOsm bath-to-lumen osmotic gradient at 37°C with 10–15 nl/min lumen perfusion and 10–20 ml/min bath exchange rate. With addition of VP (250 μU/ml), there was a 23±3 sec (sem,n=16) lag in whichP f did not change, followed by a rise inP f (initial rate 1.4±0.2×10−4 cm/sec2) to a maximum of 265±10×10−4 cm/sec. With addition of 8-Br-cAMP (0.01–1mm) there was an 11±2 sec lag. For [8-Br-cAMP]=0.01, 0.1 and 1mm, the initial rate ofP f increase following the lag was (units 10−4 cm/sec2): 1.1±0.1, 1.2±0.1 and 1.7±0.3. MaximumP f was (units 10−4 cm/sec): 64±4, 199±9 and 285±11. With removal of VP,P f decreased to baseline (12×10−4 cm/sec) with aT 1/2 of 18 min; removal of 0.1 and 1mm 8-Br-cAMP gaveT 1/2 of 4 and 8.5 min. These results demonstrate (i) a brief lag in theP f response, longer for stimulation by VP than by 8-Br-cAMP, representing the transient build-up of biochemical intermediates proximal to the water channel insertion step, (ii) similar initialdP f /dt (water channel insertion) over a wide range of [8-Br-cAMP] and steady-stateP f values, and (iii) more rapidP f decrease with removal of 8-Br-cAMP than with VP. These pre-steady-state results define the detailed kinetics of the turn-on and turn-off of tubuleP f and provide kinetic evidence that the rate-limiting step for turn-on ofP f is not the step at which VP regulates steady-stateP f . If water channel insertion is assumed to be the rate-limiting step in the turn-on ofP f , these results raise the possibility that water channels must be activated following insertion into the apical membrane.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: charybdotoxin ; erythrocytes ; iodination ; kinetics ; peptides ; potassium channels ; scorpions
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Two charybdotoxin peptides were purified from venom of the Israeli scorpion,Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. Microsequencing of the most abundant toxin, ChTX-Lq1, revealed identity with the 37-residue peptide previously sequenced by Gimenez-Gallego et al. [Gimenez-Gallego, G., et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:3329–3333 (1988)]. Sequence data on the minor peptide, ChTX-Lq2, showed substantial homology to ChTX-Lq1 with differences observed at eight positions. These two charybdotoxin sequences, along with that of noxiustoxin, define a distinct family of scorpion peptide toxins with activity against K+ channels. Both charybdotoxin homologs inhibited Ca2+-dependent K+ efflux from human erythrocytes with similar potency,K 0.5∼-40nm. In planar bilayer assays of single K(Ca) channels from rat muscle, ChTX-Lq1 and ChTX-Lq2 blocked with intrinsicK d's of 1.3 and 43nm, respectively, in the presence of 50mm external KCl. A new application of dwell-time histogram analysis of single-channel blocking events was used to characterize the kinetic homogeneity of toxin samples and the blocking kinetics of ChTX derivatives. The lower blocking affinity of ChTX-Lq2 was the combined result of a faster dissociation rate and a slower association rate as compared to ChTX-Lq1. The blocking activity of two mono-iodinated derivatives of ChTX-Lq1 was also analyzed. Blocked dwell-time histograms of the iodinated peptides were characterized by predominately brief (0.2–2 sec) blocking events in comparison to the native toxin (20 sec). Histogram analysis revealed that mono-iodination of ChTX-Lq1 impairs blocking activity by adverse effects on both dissociation and association rate constants. Frequency density histograms of single channel blocking events provide a sensitive assay of toxin purity suitable for quantitating structure-activity relationships of charybdotoxin derivatives.
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  • 66
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    The journal of membrane biology 102 (1988), S. 225-234 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: erythrocytes ; valinomycin ; protonophore ; CCCP ; permeability ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A transport model for translocation of the protonophore CCCP across the red cell membrane has been established and cellular CCCP binding parameters have been determined. The time course of the CCCP redistribution across the red cell membrane, following a jump in membrane potential induced by valinomycin addition, has been characterized by fitting values of preequilibrium extracellular pHvs. time to the transport model. It is demonstrated, that even in the presence of valinomycin, the CCCP-anion is “well behaved,” in that the translocation can be described by simple electrodiffusion. The translocation kinetics conform to an Eyring transport model, with a single activation energy barrier, contrary to translocation across lipid bilayers, that is reported to follow a transport model with a plateau in the activation energy barrier. The CCCP anion permeability across the red cell membrane has been calculated to be close to 2.0×10−4 cm/sec at 37°C with small variations between donors. Thus the permeability of CCCP in the human red cell membrane deviates from that found in black lipid membranes, in which the permeability is found to be a factor of 10 higher.
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  • 67
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    Potato research 28 (1985), S. 43-53 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: phosphate ; potassium ; nitrogen ; sprouting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Calzium förderte das Symptom einer subapikalen Spitzennekrose an wachsenden Keimen, verminderte als Sulfatsalz appliziert jedoch nicht die Konkurrenzwirkung zwischen Keimen für Reserven der Mutterknolle; die Keim-Trockengewichts-Akkumulation pro Auge war beispielweise durch eine höhere Zahl keimender Augen je Knolle noch stärker reduziert (Abb. 1 und 2). Die Konkurrenzwirkung reduzierte sich durch Zufuhr von exogenem NO3-N und wurde durch komplette Nährlösung verhindert. Die Bedeutung von N, P und K für die Konkurrenzminderung und eine optimierende Wachstumsverlängerung ergab sich aus dem selektiven Auslassen individueller Komponentender Lösung (Abb. 3 und 4). Beim Wachstum ergaben sich keine signifikanten Effekte wenn Mg, Fe und Spurenelemente aus dem Wachstumsmedium herausgenommen wurden. Dosis-Wirkungs-Kurven für Wachstum bei mehreren Calzium- und Stickstoff-Dosierungen zeigten, dass sich optimale Wachstumsraten ergaben wenn diese Elementen bei einer Konzentration von 10 mmol/l vorhanden waren. Signifikante Wachstumsreduktionen ergaben sich bei Senkung der NO3-N-Konzentration auf 1 mmol/l (Abb. 5). Gleiches ergab sich bei Calzium durch Senkung der Konzentration auf 0,1 mmol/l (Abb. 6 und 7).
    Abstract: Résumé Le calcium réduit l'apparition de nécroses subapicales de germes en croissance mais, apporté sous forme de sulfate, ne diminue pas la compétition entre les germes pour l'utilisation des réserves du tubercule mère. C'est-à-dire que l'accumulation de poids sec des germes par oeil était toujours sévèrement abaissée par une augmentation du nombre d'yeux par tubercule (fig. 1 et 2). La compétition est réduite par l'apport de NO3-N exogène et éliminée avec une solution nutritive complète. L'importance de N, P et K dans la diminution de la compétition et l'optimisation de la croissance en longueur est établie par l'omission individuelle et sélective de certains composants de la solution (fig. 3 et 4). Les absences de Mg, Fe et microéléments du milieu nutritif sont sans effet sur la croissance. Les courbes de réponse à la dose avec différents niveaux de calcium et d'azote montrent que les vitesses optimales de croissance sont établies quand ces éléments sont présents à la concentration de 10 mmol/l. Des réductions significatives de la croissance apparaissent lorsque la concentration en NO3-N est abaissée jusqu'à 1 mmol/l (fig. 5). En ce qui concerne le calcium, l'effet est marqué lorsque la concentration est réduite à 0,1 mmol/l (fig. 6 et 7).
    Notes: Summary Competition between sprouting eyes for mother tuber reserves (as determined by sprout dry-weight accumulation) was eliminated by incubating tubers in perlite watered with a complete nutrient solution. The importance of N, P and K in the alleviation of competition was established by the selective omission of individual components of the solution. However, within an eye the number of branch sprouts was reduced by an increase in the number of sprouting eyes per tuber and this response was not influenced by supplying exogenous mineral ions.
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    Investigational new drugs 7 (1989), S. 27-36 
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: kinetics ; fluorouracil ; bolics ; administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thymidylate synthase (TS) is the enzyme target of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) that recent laboratory and clinical studies with folinic acid (calcium leucovorin) suggest may mediate important antitumor cytotoxicity. Measurement in carcinoma tissue of parameters related to TS inhibition by 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate (FdUMP), by analogy to hormone receptor analysis, should be useful to determine which patients should receive fluoropyrimidine drug therapy and to evaluate folinic acid requirements. Folinic acid is metabolized to 5,10-methylenetetrahydropteroylglutamine (CH2FH4), which must be present in large excess to effect desired levels of maximal inhibition of TS, by promoting formation and stabilization of TS-FdUMP-CH2FH4 ternary complexes. In patients with metastatic disease, serial biopsies of tumor and normal tissues for studies of pharmacodynamic responses to test-dose FUra or folinic acid are shown to be easily added to routine intraoperative management. A suitable methodologic approach is described and examples given of assays of free TS, FdUMP, dUMP, and CH2FH4 levels after FUra or folinic acid, that may be useful in future studies aimed at improving the cost-effectiveness of FUra-folinic acid combinations.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: heterogeneity ; polyamines ; cell killing ; kinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) on survival, cell kinetics and polyamine levels were studied on two clones of human astrocytoma in vitro. The survival responses were dose and time dependent; and treatments with DFMO which lasted for 72 h resulted in heterogeneous responses with one clone being up to 6 times more sensitive than the other. Shorter treatments produced more uniform killing in the clones. A continuous exposure of the cells to 5 mM DFMO resulted in a rapid decrease in putrescine values in both clones, followed by decreases in the spermidine levels. These effects were closely followed by 148% to 170% increases in cell population doubling times, and a lowering of saturation densities. No clear correlations could be established among baseline polyamine levels and cell kinetics or survival responses to DFMO treatments.
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    Aquatic ecology 22 (1988), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: estuaries ; tidal mixing ; suspended matter ; sedimentation ; nitrogen ; plankton ; benthos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An estuary such as the Westerschelde is a highly dynamic environment, both on an ecological time scale where climatic and hydrodynamic forces, mainly the tides, shape a very variable environment and on a geological, evolutionary time scale, since estuaries are young and very unstable habitats. Low species diversity and high adaptability of the resident animal and plant populations are characteristic of estuarine habitats where large fluctuations in submersion, salinity, temperature etc. occur. The existing biota are therefore resilient to environmental stress and effects of the important influx of anorganic and organic pollutants from the river Schelde and its tributaries on the biota in the estuary are not easy to detect. Although water movement and sedimentation patterns in the Westerschelde are relatively well known, there exists little information on important ecological processes such as primary production and heterotrophic metabolism in the estuary.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 101 (1986), S. 365-366 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: hematopoietic stem cells ; CFU-S ; self-maintenance ; kinetics
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 103 (1987), S. 660-662 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: hydrogenated phenazepam analog ; metabolism ; kinetics ; excretion ; differences
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  • 73
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 13 (1985), S. 229-241 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: food effects ; propranolol ; kinetics ; dogs ; oral and intravenous doses
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The intravenous and oral dose kinetics of propranolol were studied in the dog both in a fasted state and immediately after a meal consisting of 100 g of cooked beef liver. Fifty ΜCi of3H-propranolol was administered intravenously simultaneously with a 40-mg oral dose of unlabeled propranolol. Plasma3H-propranolol was measured by specific extraction and liquid scintillation spectrometry, and unlabeled plasma propranolol was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Feeding significantly reduced (25%) the elimination half-life and increased (52%) the systemic clearance of intravenous propranolol. The increase in the systemic clearance of propranolol after feeding was mostly due to an increase (60%) in apparent hepatic blood flow, which appeared to remain elevated for 5–7 hr. The meal had no influence on the apparent volume of distribution or plasma binding. Feeding did not affect the area under the concentration-time curve of oral propranolol, but significantly delayed the rate of oral propranolol absorption, shifting the time to reach peak plasma levels from 60 to 158 min. The results of this study suggest that feeding alters the disposition of propranolol in the dog by producing a sustained increase in hepatic blood flow.
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  • 74
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 17 (1989), S. 47-66 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: theophyliine ; population analysis ; methylxanthines ; neonatal apnea ; kinetics ; NONMEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The population pharmacokinetics of theophylline were evaluated using 391 theophylline serum concentration measurements from 108 neonates and young infants (postnatal age 0–26 weeks), who received theophylline for the treatment of neonatal apnea. A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model with first-order elimination was used, with intravenous aminophylline and oral theophylline administration modeled as zero-order infusions. The effect of a variety of developmental and demographic factors on clearance (CL) and volume (V) were investigated. Hypothesis testing to evaluate potentially significant factors produced a final model in which clearance was based on weight (kg) raised to an exponential power and postnatal age (weeks), with CL (ml/hr)=17.5 (weight)1.28 + 1.17 (postnatal age). Clearance was reduced by 12% for patients receiving parenteral nutrition. Volume of distribution in this population was adequately described using only weight, with V (L)=0.858 L/kg. Bioavailability of orally administered drug was not significantly less than unity. Interindividual variability in clearance was modest, with a coefficient of variation for clearance of 16%. An estimate of interindividual variability in volume could not be obtained. As a measure of residual variability in theophylline serum concentrations, the coefficients of variation for theophylline serum concentrations of 5.0, 10.0, and 13.0 mg/L were found to be approximately, 25, 12, and 9%, respectively. The identification of influential patient factors and the quantification of their influence on theophylline disposition allow for a priori estimates of theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters in these patients.
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  • 75
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    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 8 (1988), S. 293-305 
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: isolated snail neuron ; acetylcholine ; chloride current ; kinetics ; noise analysis ; concentration clamp technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Kinetics of activation and desensitization phases of the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced chloride current (I Cl) were studied using isolated single neurons of Japanese land snail and the “concentration clamp” technique. 2. The dose-response curve for the peakI Cl gave a dissociation constant of 7.1 × 10−6 M and a Hill coefficient of 1.8. 3. The current-voltage relationship was linear in the voltage range examined (−60 to +10 mV) and the reversal potential (E ACh) was −7.2 ± 1.5 mV (N = 10). The value was close to the calculated equilibrium potential for chloride ions (E Cl). 4. Both activation and desensitization phases of the ACh-inducedI Cl consisted of a single exponential at concentrations less than 3 × 10−6 M and a double exponential at higher concentrations. The time constants of both phases decreased with increasing ACh concentrations but showed no potential dependency. 5. The recovery from desensitization of theI Cl induced by 5 × 10−6 M ACh proceeded double exponentially, with time constants of 11 and 114 sec at a holding potential of −30 mV. 6. Noise analysis was performed on a steady-state current induced by 3 × 10−7 to 2 × 10−6 M ACh. The mean open time was about 60 msec at 10−6 M ACh and the single-channel conductance was 14 PS. 7. These results suggest that the ACh receptor-Cl channel complex in snail neurons has two binding sites with the dissociation constant of 7.1 × 10−6 M and is rapidly activated and desensitized to a steady level in the presence of the agonist.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; erosion ; land clearing ; nitrogen ; noncalcic brown soils ; phosphorus ; spatial variability ; xerosols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several transects of topsoil samples were taken immediately after land clearing and one year later from a savannah soil in the semiarid NE of Brazil. Natural spatial variability of key fertility indicators (C, N, P) was large with coefficients of variation 〉50%. This variability was related to heterogeneity of the soil parent material, and to relative slope position which affected deposition and removal of erodible materials. The distribution of gravel and different particle size fractions was an indicator of the variability as related to soil formation and erosional resorting. One year after the site was cleared and planted to trees, the decrease in C, N and resin-extractable P was in the same range as the initial spatial variability. Treatment effects were therefore difficult to observe but became more obvious when regression analysis on soil textural components was used to reduce data variability.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal ; Ceanothus ; Frankia ; nitrogen ; propagation ; inoculation ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rooted cuttings ofCeanothus griseus varhorizontalis were irrigated with 0, 10, 20, 50, 75 or 100ppm nitrogen as NH4NO3 for eight weeks prior to inoculation with infectiveFrankia. After inoculation, half of the plants for each treatment nitrogen level continued to be irrigated with the preconditioning nitrogen level and half were given no more supplemental nitrogen. For plants continuously receiving nitrogen, nodule initiation (nodule number) was inversely correlated with increasing supplemental nitrogen levels, and suppressed above 50 ppm N. Leaf nitrogen above 2% in continuous-N plants correlated with greatly reduced or suppressed nodulation. Plants maintained after inoculation without supplemental nitrogen showed influence of the prior nitrogen treatment on nodulation. Preconditioning at 50 ppm and above greatly reduced the number of nodules formed. The evidence suggests that stored internal nitrogen can regulate nodulation. Plant biomass accumulated maximally when nodulation was suppressed, at 75 and 100 ppm supplemental N applied continuously. Internode elongation during the nodulation period occurred only on nodulated plants, or in the presence of supplemental N (10 ppm and above).
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 313-335 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: subcutaneous ; absorption ; kinetics ; local anesthetics ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The subcutaneous absorption kinetics of a homologous series of local anesthetics and lidocaine were studied under controlled pH conditions using a previously described in vivorat model. All local anesthetics exhibited biexponential absorption profiles suggesting accumulation into a tissue compartment. Evidence supporting this hypothesis was supplied by back-extraction of lidocaine from subcutaneous tissue into an acidic environment, by multiple dosing experiments, and by movement of compound into subcutaneous tissue of a postmortem rat preparation. A series of interanimal relationships were demonstrated between structure and parameters of a twocompartment open model. Particularly striking were the correlations between in vivopartition and tissue clearance and the octanolwater (pH 7.95)partition coefficients.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: barley ; Triticeae ; grain ; amino acid composition ; nitrogen ; chemical score
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Barley grains (9 samples from 7 cultivars) with nitrogen contents (N) ranging from 1.45 to 4.01% of dry matter were analysed for their amino acid (AA) composition with high accuracy from six different hydrolysates per sample. AA levels in grain increased as linear functions ofN with correlation coefficients close to unity. A comparison with literature data confirmed that the AA composition of any grain sample of normal barley can be predicted from itsN for all phenotypes and genotypes. AAs in grain protein changed as hyperbolic functions ofN which increased for Phe, Pro and Glx but more or less strongly decreased for the other AAs. By plotting AA scores againstN, barley proteins were shown to be always richer than wheat and rye in Val and Phe + Tyr; sometimes richer than both other species forN〈2 (Lys); 2.2 (Leu and Ile); 3.4 (Thr); sometimes intermediate to wheat and rye above the latterN values. They were also intermediate in sulphur AAs forN〈1.9 and drastically poorer forN〉1.9. However, they were richer than both other species in Trp forN〉1.6. The hyperbolic variations of non-protein nitrogen and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were determined as a function ofN and also compared with those of wheat and rye.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor ; RS-10085 ; degradation ; kinetics ; products ; diketopiperazine ; peptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The degradation kinetics, products, and mechanisms of RS-10085(1), 2-[2-(l-ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl]amino-l-oxopropyl]-6,7-dimethoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid(S,S,S), in aqueous solution were investigated at 40, 60, and 80°C from pH 1 to pH 13. Pseudo-first-order kinetics were observed throughout the pH range studied and the log(rate)−pH profiles reflected four kinetic processes (k o, k′o, k″o, and k OH) as well as the two pKa's of 1. Excellent (〉98%) mass balance was obtained through products 2–5. At pH 4 or below, intramolecular cyclization leading to diketopiperazine 5 accounted for greater than 93% of the observed neutral- or water-catalyzed processes (k o and k′o). At pH levels greater than 5, hydrolysis giving 2 predominated and was responsible for the observed neutral- or water-catalyzed (k″o) and specific base-catalyzed (k OH) kinetic processes. Some epimerization leading to the S,S,R drug isomer (4) was also observed at pH levels greater than 7. The relative acidity of the protons at the three chiral centers of 1 was qualitatively compared and was used to explain the observed specificity in epimerization.
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    Pharmaceutical research 4 (1987), S. 379-384 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: acute tolerance ; bumetanide ; kinetics ; dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bumetanide was administered intravenously to four mongrel dogs, in a random crossover fashion, at doses of 0.05 mg/kg (I), 0.15 mg/kg (II), and 0.5 mg/kg (III) where urinary losses were replaced with lactated Ringer's solution at 1.5 ml/min (hydropenic conditions) or at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg (IV) where urinary losses were replaced with lactated Ringer's solution isovolumetrically (euvolemic conditions). Serial plasma and urine samples were assayed for bumetanide by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and for sodium by flame photometry. There were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of bumetanide among Treatments I–IV. The dynamic parameters E max (maximum effect attributable to the drug) and s (slope factor) were not different between treatments. However, a consistent, demonstrable increase in ER50 (urinary excretion rate of drug producing 50% of E max) was observed among Treatments I (2.34 µg/min), II (3.92 µg/min), and III (6.54 µg/min); also, a significant decrease in ER50 was observed between Treatment III (6.54 µg/min) and Treatment IV (2.66 µg/min). These results show that hydration status has a marked effect on natriuretic and diuretic response and that tolerance can rapidly develop within a single intravenous dose of bumetanide.
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    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 193-205 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Poly(TMPS) ; in situ ; SAXS ; crystallization ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(TMPS) has been measured by ISSAXS and results obtained for a molecular weight fraction (21,000) below the critical entanglement molecular weight (25,000) and another one above it (371,000). The SAXS intensity vs. time curves suggest that a single transformation mechanism exists. The SAXS long period is independent of crystallization time for both poly(TMPS) fractions. However the interlamellar thickness contribution to the long period is dependent upon molecular weight and crystallization temperature, increasing with temperature and molecular weight. The crystallite contribution also increases over the range studied. Both fractions exhibit a significant, but reversible decrease in thickness on cooling the sample from the crystallization temperature to room temperature and recyling again. The change is more pronounced for 371,000 specimen in keeping with its lower crystallinity. The path dependence of lamellar dimensions has significant implications in the morphological characterization of polymers annealed or crystallized at one temperature and then measured at another one.
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  • 83
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    Colloid & polymer science 267 (1989), S. 179-183 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Gel ; swelling ; kinetics ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Tanaka and Fillmore treated the swelling of a gel as a process where a crosslinked polymer network having been initially under uniform stress is expanded by osmotic pressure, sucking up the surrounding fluid medium. We point out that their physical reasoning is unnatural and leads to an unacceptable conclusion; we propose a more sound approach to the same problem. Our treatment assumes that the gel network is extended not by the osmotic pressure of the gel, but rather by the swelling pressure which is generated by the excess fluid penetrating in against the real nature of a polymer network that tends to shrink. The diffusion equation of the fluid, hence, plays a dominant role and gives the distribution of fluid concentration in contrast to Tanaka-Fillmore's scheme. The expression for the distribution of local strain in a spherical gel is deduced from the relation of mechanical balance between two forces, the one is due to the elasticity of the network and the other due to the gradient in the chemical potential of the fluid. The results obtained have forms analytically similar to Tanaka-Fillmore's, but are differ in the physical meanings.
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  • 84
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    Colloid & polymer science 267 (1989), S. 460-464 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Diffusion ; silica gel ; kinetics ; surface area ; proton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of preparation pH of silica hydrogel on the effective diffusion coefficient of protons in silica hydrogel (D e , m2/s), on surface area of silica gel (S, m2/s) and on particle size of silica gel (D p , mm) was studied. Silica hydrosols were obtained by adding water glass to sulfuric acid. The effective diffusion coefficient of proton in silica hydrogel was determined by the method of diffusion from silica hydrogel plane sheet to a stirred solution of a limited volume. A numerical solution was obtained for the diffusion equation using the Regula Falsi method. Regression analyses of experimental data were conducted. Diffusion of protons in silica hydrogel is a complicated process due to a decelerating effect of the porous structure of silica hydrogel and to the accelerating effects of slow ions such as Na+ and surface diffusion. The effective diffusion coefficient increased with surface area of silica gel, indicating the diffusion of protons on the surface of the silica particles.
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  • 85
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    Colloid & polymer science 74 (1987), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Triplet energy transfer ; micelle ; solubilization ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Triplet energy transfer from 9-methylanthracene to azulene or guajazulene has been used to probe the migration of azulenes between micelles in aqueous solution. The migration of the hydrophobic solutes between small ionic and nonionic micelles had the temperature dependence expected for a process controlled by diffusion through the intermicellar solution, although the rate in some cases was substantially less than calculated from the Smoluchowski equation. Under conditions in which the micelles grow into large, probably rod-like structures, there are severe difficulties in separating the inter- and intramicellar deactivation processes. The intermicellar migration was enhanced under these conditions, in cetyltrimethylammonium surfactants on addition of chlorate ions, and in hexaethylene glycol dodecylether at temperatures approaching the cloud-point. The mechanism of this migration is discussed and compared with pertinent results from micelle relaxation kinetics and surfactant self-diffusion measurements.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: added nitrogen interaction ; green manure ; 15N ; N loss ; neem ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Little is known about whether the high N losses from inorganic N fertilizers applied to lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) are affected by the combined use of either legume green manure or residue with N fertilizers. Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 on an Andaqueptic Haplaquoll in the Philippines to determine the effect of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cropping systems before rice on the fate and use efficiency of15N-labeled, urea and neem cake (Azadirachta indica Juss.) coated urea (NCU) applied to the subsequent transplanted lowland rice crop. The pre-rice cropping systems were fallow, cowpea incorporated at the flowering stage as a green manure, and cowpea grown to maturity with subsequent incorporation of residue remaining after grain and pod removal. The incorporated green manure contained 70 and 67 kg N ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The incorporated residue contained 54 and 49 kg N ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The unrecovered15N in the15N balances for 58 kg N ha−1 applied as urea or NCU ranged from 23 to 34% but was not affected by pre-rice cropping system. The partial pressure of ammoniapNH3, and floodwater (nitrate + nitrite)-N following application of 29 kg N ha−1 as urea or NCU to 0.05-m-deep floodwater at 14 days after transplanting was not affected by pre-rice cropping system. In plots not fertilized with urea or NCU, green manure contributed an extra 12 and 26 kg N ha−1, to mature rice plants in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The corresponding contributions from residue were 19 and 23 kg N ha−1, respectively. Coating urea with 0.2g neem cake per g urea had no effect on loss of urea-N in either year; however, it significantly increased grain yield (0.4 Mg ha−1) and total plant N (11 kg ha−1) in 1987 but not in 1986.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; green manure ; litterbag ; nitrogen ; paddy rice ; Sesbania sesban ; Sri Lanka
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sesbania sesban was evaluated as green manure crop for lowland rice in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. The legume was grown during a fallow period before lowland rice (Oryza sativa) and ploughed under just before transplanting. Weight loss and nitrogen content in litterbags containing leaves, stems and roots of the legume were monitored. Comparisons were made between rice yields from 20 m2 plots after green manuring in combination with different nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 2.4, 4.8 and 7.2 gm−2) and nitrogen fertilizer (9.6 gm−2) alone. Above-ground biomass ofS. sesban was 440 gm−2 (dry wt) when ploughed under after 84 days growth. N-content in leaves, stems and roots was 3.76%, 0.41% and 0.73%, respectively. This gave a N-input fromS. sesban of 9.2 gm−2 (8.3 g from above-ground parts and 0.9 g from roots). The corresponding K and P inputs were 7.3 and 0.6 gm−2 respectively. The nitrogen rich leaves, which contained 88% of the nitrogen in the above-ground parts, decomposed and released its nitrogen much more rapidly than the stems and roots. After only four days the leaves had released 5.3 g Nm−2 and after 14 days they had released 6.4 g Nm−2. The highest rice yield (505 gm−2) was obtained usingS. sesban and 4.8 gm−2 of N-fertilizer. The yields with only N-fertilizer or onlyS. sesban were 442 gm−2 and 396 gm−2, respectively. Due to the rapid decomposition of the nitrogen rich leaves,S. sesban did not behave as a slow release fertilizer. Thus, it is not necessary to apply nitrogen fertilizers as a basal dose.
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  • 88
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    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; amino acids ; ammonium ; Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; leachates ; lucerne ; Medicago sativa L. ; nitrogen ; rhizosphere ; root exudates ; soyabean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An enclosed root chamber containing sterile sand medium was used to study net nitrogen (N) release from actively growing root systems of ‘Saranac’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and ‘Fiskeby V’ soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Plants were inoculated with a rhizobial strain appropriate to each host, irrigated with N-free nutrient solution, and grown either to 85 or to 173 d after germination (alfalfa) or to physiological maturity (soybean). Alfalfa released 4.5% of symbiotically-fixed plant N into the root zone over its growth period; soybean released 10.4% of plant N. Root zone leachates were analyzed for total N and for amino acid and ammonium content. Significant ammonium-N release occurred from the alfalfa but not the soybean root system; little amino-N was released by root systems of either species. Shoot harvest and water deficit caused increased release of N from alfalfa roots. The results provide evidence that alfalfa and soybean released significant proportions of their N into the root zone, and indicate that while substantial ammonium-N was released from alfalfa roots, passive leakage of amino-N was not a primary mechanism for N release from root systems of either species.
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  • 89
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    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 35-41 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; crop residue ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mineralization of C, N, and S from residues of three different crop species (wheat, lentil, and rape) grown under diverse nutritional regimes was measured over a 12-week incubation period under controlled conditions. The rate of decomposition, as measured by CO2 evolution, varied considerably among treatments and appeared to be controlled almost entirely by N content of the residue (R2=0.98). Similarly, N mineralization was strongly tied to N concentration. The critical N concentration, below which significant immobilization of N occurred, declined over time, ranging from 1.9% at day 14 to 1.1% at day 84. Mineralization of S was positively correlated with initial S concentration (R2=0.95) and negatively related to N concentration, apparently because of a dilution effect. The results demonstrate that decomposition and N and S mineralization of crop residues, under conditions prevalent in the experiment, are primarily a function of their nutrient concentrations rather than biochemial composition related to crop species. As a result, it should be possible to enhance rate of residue decomposition, increase quantities of N and S mineralized, and avert detrimental immobilization losses in the following year by governing the nutritional regime under which the crop is grown.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; lignin ; litter ; nitrogen ; sub-tropical-forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the initial lignin and nitrogen contents of the leaves of five tree species, on their decomposition dynamics, was studied in the sub-tropical forest ecosystem existing at Shiroy hills. The decomposition dynamics of litter materials are described by inverse linear relationships between the percentage of the original biomass remaining and the nitrogen concentration in the residual material. Initial lignin and nitrogen were highly correlated with remaining biomass (r=0.94 and 0.77). The rate constants (K), for the annual leaf mass loss, ranged from −0.18 to −0.56. The values for initial lignin (%), initial nitrogen (%), the ratio between initial lignin, initial nitrogen and the annual decomposition rate constants were compared with similar results from other studies in various climatic zones of the world.
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  • 91
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    Plant and soil 102 (1987), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: green manure ; leaching ; loam ; nitrogen ; nitrogen budget ; N-15 ; subterranean clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The leaching of subterranean clover-derived N (15N) was investigated in a laboratory and a field experiment. In both experiments 30 cm i.d. ×50cm soil columns were used. In the laboratory experiment the clover material was buried in the soil in mesh bags, and leaching of clover-derived N was compared to leaching of added NH 4 + −N and NO 3 − −N over a period of 75 days at 20°C. During that time 75% of the clover-N was released from the mesh bags and 17% of the clover-N, 50% of the NH 4 + −N and 70% of the NO 3 − −N was leached through the soil column. In the field experiment 6 lysimeters and 7 control microplots were constructed. The clover material was buried in soil (to the soil of two control microplots within mesh bags) in October. During one year 2% of the added clover-N was leached. This was despite a release of 65% of the N from the mesh bag contents and despite a 26% loss of the clover-derived N in total from the controls.
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  • 92
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    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; calcareous soils ; CEC ; nitrogen ; nitrogen losses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative model of ammonia volatilization from the calcareous soil uppermost 1-cm layer was developed and tested. The model accounts for the following processes: ammonium-ammonia equilibration in the soil solution, cation exchange between calcium and ammonium which results in ammonium distribution between soil liquid and solid phases, nitrification of dissolved ammonium, distribution of ammonia between liquid and gaseous phases and diffusion of gaseous ammonia in the soil air. The combined effect of various characteristics such as soil pH, cation exchange capacity, water capacity and nitrification rate on ammonia losses from various soil types have been studied. The model was validated against experimental results of ammonia losses from different soils for its use as a predicting tool. The model shows that most of ammonia losses can be explained by the interactive effect of high soil pH and low cation exchange capacity. Computations show increased ammonia volatilization with decreasing soil water capacity. Increasing fertilizer application rate has a small effect on percentage of ammonia losses. Increased nitrification rate and shorter “lag” period of nitrification reduce ammonia losses considerably. Good agreement was obtained between model calculations and experimental results of ammonia volatilization from 13 soils.
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  • 93
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    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chronosequence ; desert ; ion-exchange resins ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; nutrient availability ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anin situ resin bag technique was used to measure the relative availabilities of N and P along a chronosequence of soils in southern New Mexico, and was compared to two more common indices of nutrient availability. Accumulations of N and P during 10-week intervals over an 18 month period were separable into wet season (September–January) and dry season (February–August) groups, with wet season values significantly greater than dry season values. Only accumulations during the wet season showed significant differences among sites, thus stressing the role of field water regime in interpreting resin accumulation results. Total mineral N (NO3+NH4) sorbed by resins was significantly correlated to laboratory N mineralization rates. Although accumulation patterns of N and P were similar to patterns of %N and %P in shrub species growing along the chronosequence, these similarities were not statistically significant. A laboratory experiment demonstrated that bicarbonate-form anion resins are preferable to hydroxyl-form resins, as long as standards are made from solutions extracted by resins to account for variable ion recovery efficiencies.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: extractable carbon ; fulvic acids ; humic acids ; humification ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; oxidizable carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A calcareous soil was treated with an organic fertilizer mixture of grape debris and peat, or with pig manure, chicken manure, city refuse or with aerobic or anaerobic sewage sludges. Changes in different fractions of carbon and nitrogen were followed by analysis of the soil, immediately after these additions, after they had decomposed for six months in the soil, after a maize harvest, and after a subsequent barley harvest. The various forms of carbon had decreased after six months. The rate of decrease varied with the nature of the organic materials. In all samples, the fulvic acids fraction decreased most. The main transformations happened during the first six months whether there was a crop growing or not, but the crops had no influence on the breakdown of the organic materials. The ratio of humic acids/fulvic acids had increased after six months of humification and, in general terms, the final values of the ratio oxidizable carbon/extractable carbon were lower than the initial ones, indicating a higher degree of humification in the organic matter by the end of the experiment. The total nitrogen level remained practically constant after the first six months of humification even after the second crop. Part of the organic nitrogen of the soil samples amended with chicken manure, city refuse or the two sludges was transformed into mineral nitrogen during the humification process. The extractable nitrogen values increased because of the fertilizer applied during the pot trials.
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  • 95
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    Euphytica 43 (1989), S. 259-262 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; perennial ryegrass ; nitrogen ; protein, yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four varieties of Lolium perenne with similar flowering dates bred over a 30 year period were grown in an orthogonal plot trial with two contrasting harvesting frequencies and three levels of fertiliser (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 t/ha of N annually). In the second harvest year, the nitrogen (N) content of herbage at each harvest was determined and the yields of N calculated. The newest variety (Ba 10761) gave a 20% higher mean annual yield of N than the oldest (S.321). The influence of variety in increasing the ratio of N recovered: N applied was as great or greater than the influence of harvesting frequency or level of applied N. There were small differences between varieties in N content (%N), N content being inversely related to N yield.
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  • 96
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    Photosynthesis research 22 (1989), S. 69-87 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: electron transport ; kinetics ; Q-cycle ; Rb. sphaeroides ; thermodynamics ; ubiquinol:cytochrome c 2 oxidoreductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The temperature dependence of the partial reactions leading to turn-over of the UQH2:cyt c 2 oxidoreductase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides have been studied. The redox properties of the cytochrome components show a weak temperature dependence over the range 280–330 K, with coefficients of about 1 m V per degree; our results suggest that the other components show similar dependencies, so that no significant change in the gradient of standard free-energy between components occurs over this temperature range. The rates of the reactions of the high potential chain (the Rieske iron sulfur center, cytochromes c 1 and c 2, reaction center primary donor) show a weak temperature dependence, indicating an activation energy 〈 8 kJ per mole for electron transfer in this chain. The oxidation of ubiquinol at the Qz-site of the complex showed a strong temperature dependence, with an activation energy of about 32 kJ mole−1. The electron transfer from cytochrome b-566 to cytochrome b-561 was not rate determining at any temperature, and did not contribute to the energy barrier. The activation energy of 32 kJ mole−1 for quinol oxidation was the same for all states of the quinone pool (fully oxidized, partially reduced, or fully reduced before the flash). We suggest that the activation barrier is in the reaction by which ubiquinol at the catalytic site is oxidized to semiquinone. The most economical scheme for this reaction would have the semiquinone intermediate at the energy level indicated by the activation barrier. We discuss the plausibility of this simple model, and the values for rate constants, stability constant, the redox potentials of the intermediate couples, and the binding constant for the semiquinone, which are pertinent to the mechanism of the ubiquinol oxidizing site.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: genotype ; nitrogen ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; rice ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four Indica and five Japonica varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were examined to elucidate their differences in photosynthetic activity and dark respiratory rate as influenced by leaf nitrogen levels and temperatures. The photosynthetic rates of single leaf showed correlations with total nitrogen and soluble protein contents in the leaves. Respiratory rate was also positively correlated with the leaf nitrogen content. When compared at the same level of leaf nitrogen or soluble protein content, the four Indica varieties and one of Japonica varieties, Tainung 67, which have some Indica genes derived from one of its parents, showed higher photosynthetic rates than the remaining four Japonica varieties. At the same photosynthetic rate, the Indica varieties showed lower respiratory rate than Japonica varieties. When the leaf temperature rose from 20°C to 30°C, the photosynthetic rate increased by 18 to 41%, whereas the respiratory rate increased by 100 to 150%. These increasing rates in response to temperature were higher in the Japonica than in the Indica varieties. In this respect, Tainung 67 showed the same behavior as of the other four Japonica varieties.
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  • 98
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    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legume growth ; nitrogen ; nodulation ; Rhizobium strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nodules were collected from 14 legume species from the Indonesian Islands of South Sulawesi, Java and Sumatra. Their rhizobia were isolated and growth characteristics, nodulation ability and nitrogen fixing effectiveness were assessed against recommended commercially available Australian strains. The test legumes wereMacroptilium atropurpureum Urb. cv. Siratro,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv Eureka,Centrosema pubescens Benth cv. Belalto andDesmodium heterocarpon (L) DC. A significant portion of the native rhizobial isolates were of the fast growing type. Dry matter and total nitrogen production forM. atropurpureum andV. unguiculata was highest when inoculated with native strains while the commerical strains produced superior dry matter production forC. pubescens andD. heterocarpon. However the total nitrogen production of native and commercial strains was not significantly different for the latter two legumes. The study indicated that a potential exists for developing inocula from local Rhizobium strains.
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  • 99
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    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 99-104 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; cellulose ; nitrogen ; VAM fungi ; VAM symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lucerne plants inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were grown in pots in a sandy soil amended or not amended with cellulose. Whatever the endophyte or cellulose sources used, the rate of VAM colonization was lower in amended soil. The inhibition of VAM infection increased with the cellulose concentration in the soil. Sequential harvest experiments showed a clear reduction of root colonization from the early stages of plant growth. The effectiveness of cellulose in reducing VAM colonization was influenced by the addition of N fertilizer.
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  • 100
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    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 61-65 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: computer model ; fertilizer requirement ; leaching ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; optimum yield ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tests were made of the ability of a leaching/mineralization model to predict the amounts of mineral N in the soil in spring as a step towards estimating the nitrogen fertilizer requirement of sugar-beet crops. There was good agreement between predicted and measured values, both under conditions of natural winter rainfall and when the soil was covered to prevent leaching. The model also successfully predicted leaching losses of soil mineral N soon after drilling in a year in which early season irrigation and heavy rain induced considerable leaching.
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