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  • Articles  (87)
  • resistance  (87)
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (87)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 25 (1982), S. 127-130 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; virus breeding ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A clone ofSolanum berthaultii P.I. 265858 was not systemically infected when manually inoculated with isolates of PVX groups 1 to 3 but developed top-necrosis when grafted-inoculated, demonstrating it is hypersensitive. Plants sap- or graft-inoculated with an isolated of PVX group 4 or with PVXHB (a recently-discovered strain overcoming all reported sources of resistance to PVX) were infected systematically. The plants were extremely sensitive to these isolates, young leaves becoming necrotic and the plant dying within a few weeks and, whilst still alive, plants contained little virus and were a poor source of infection. These characteristics suggest that this clone could provide a means of breeding cultivars that would be protected against all known strains of PVX.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Potato research 32 (1989), S. 397-404 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: resistance ; inoculation of tuber slices ; infection of plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Eye-bearing slices, cut from healthy potato tubers and placed between Parafilm membranes, were inoculated with potato leafroll virus (PLRV) byMyzus persicae. PLRV was detected by ELISA and by transmission tests in tuber slices and in plants grown from the slices of the susceptible cv. Désirée, but not in those of the resistant cv. Arkula. These results suggest that PLRV replication and transport within tuber phloem is controlled by specific mechanisms of resistance.M. persicae was also able to acquire and transmit PLRV toPl floridana from slices cut from tubers of infected plants. The aphids effectively transmitted PLRV from slices cut from the sprouting rose end but they failed to transmit it from slices cut from the heel end of tubers.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: resistance ; potato breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Über Unterschiede in der Vermehrung des Kartoffelzystennematoden auf anfälligen Kartoffelsorten wurde schon früher kurz berichtet. Versuche, die im Scottish Crop Research Institute durchgeführt wurden und Ergebnisse aus Prüfungen von Zuchtmaterial haben ergeben dass im Hinblick auf die Resistenz gegen den Kartoffelzystennematoden phänotypische und genotypische Unterschiede zwischen den Klonen bestehen. Hier wird über Untersuchungen repräsentativer Sorten derSolanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum Gruppe in bezug auf Variationen ihrer Anfälligkeit gegenGlobodera pallida berichtet. Tabelle 1 zeigt eine Reihe von allgemein als anfällig geltenden Kartoffelsorten, die mitG. pallida (Pa 2/3) geprüft wurden. Es wird über fünf Versuche berichtet; in den ersten drei (1A, 1B und 1C) wird die Resistenz von Klonen die aus Knollen aufgewachsen waren, erfasst und in den anderen zwei Versuchen (2A und 2B) die Resistenz von Sämlingen die aus Kreuzungen mit anfälligen Sorten stammen. Im versuch 1A (1978) wurden Augenstecklinge von 9 Sorten in 8 Wiederholungen im Gewächshaus ausgepflanzt. Der Kompost John Innes Nr. 2 wurde mit 40 Eiern/g vonG. pallida (Pa 2/3) inokuliert. Nach 11 Wochen wurden die Zysten ausgezählt und als Prozent der Zysten auf Pentland Crown (% Anfälligkeit) ausgedrückt (siehe Tabelle 1, erste Reihe und statistische Verrechnung in Tabelle 2a) Im Versuch 1B (1982) wurden 25 Sorten in fünf Wiederholungen in geschlossenen Behältern mit 4 verschiedenen Inokulumdichten geprüft: 1500, 2000, 2500 und 3000 Eier Behälter. Sieben Wochen später wurden die Zysten gezählt und als % Anfälligkeit, basierend auf den durchschnittlichen Zystenzahlen der 4 Inokulumdichten (Tab. 1, statistische Verrechnung in Tabelle 2b) ausgedrückt. Im Versuch 1 C (1983) wurden 22 Sorten bei einer Inokulumdichte von 3500 Eiern/Behälter geprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigt Tabelle 1 und die Statistik Tabelle 2c. In Tabelle 1 sind die Sorten in absteigender Reihenfolge angegeben, beginnend mit P. Javelin, die die höchste Zystenzahl aufwies. Fünf der in Tabelle 1 angegebenen 36 Sorten wurden in allen drei Prüfungen verwendet: P. Javelin, Désirée, M. Piper, Croft und P. Crown. Tabelle 3 zeigt die Varianzanalyse der fünf Sorten und für drei Jahre. Die in den Tabellen 2a, 2b und 2c aufgeführten Analysen zeigen dass signifikante Unterschiede (P〈0,001) im Hinblick auf die Zystenbildung zwischen den Sorten bestehen. Die Analyse in Tabelle 3 veranschaulicht dass die signifikanten Unterschiede in bezug auf die Zahl der gebildeten Zysten auf die Haupteinflüsse (Jahre, Sorten) zurükzuführen ist. Im ersten Sämlingstest (2A) wurde die Resistenz von Nachkommenschaften eines North Carolina 2-Kreuzungsprogrammes untersucht, bei dem elf gegenG. pallida resistente Klone mit sieben anfälligen gekreuzt wurden. Tabelle 4 zeigt die durchschnittlichen Zystenzahlen für die Nachkommenschaften der anfälligen Sorten und in Tabelle 5 ist die statistische Verrechnung aufgeführt. Die Verteilung des allgemeinen Kombinationsfähigkeitseffektes (Tab. 5) zeigt dass die anfälligen Eltern regelmässig, aber mit unterschiedlichem Ausmass zum generellen, inherenten Resistenzgrad gegen Kartoffelzystennematoden in der Nachkommenschaft beitragen. Im zweiten Sämlingstest (2B) wurde die Resistenz gegenG. pallida in 4 Nachkommenschaften anfälliger Eltern untersucht. Diese wurden in 5×5×4,5 cm Plastiktöpfen ‘Plant Pak’ in John Innes Nr. 2 Kompost, inokuliert mit 40 Eiern/g vonG. pallida, untersucht. 24 Einzelsämlinge wurden in jedem von 4 Blöcken randomisiert, Abb. 1 gibt die nach neun Wochen ausgezählten sichtbaren Zystenzahlen wieder. Das zeigt dass in den 4 Nachkommenschaften eine Abstufung der Anfälligkeit vorhanden ist. Die Ergebnisse der fünf Versuche zeigen dass zwischen den ursprünglich als anfällig angesehenen Sorten Unterschiede im Ausmass der Zystenproduktion bestehen. Diese Unterschiede stellen sowohl phänotypische als auch genotypische Variationen dar, die vorher beiSolanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum nicht deutlich aufgezeigt waren. Diese Unterschiede können auf verschiedenen Faktoren des Phänotyps, ausser dem Resistenzmechanismus an sich, beruhen; im Zusammenhang mit einem Züchtungsprogramm ist aber am wichtigsten dass sie eine vererbbare Komponente haben, die zur Beschleunigung der phänotypischen Ausprägung der Resistenz beitragen kann.
    Abstract: Résumé Les variations de taux de multiplication des nématodes à kyste de la pomme de terre pour des variétés sensibles ont déjà été brièvement relatées. Des essais conduits au Scottish Crop Research Institute et les données de tests de routine dans le programme de sélection montrent que des différences phénotypiques et génotypiques existent entre clones, en ce qui concerne la résistance du nématode à kyste. Les études présentées concernent les variétés représentatives du groupeSolanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum pour leur variation de sensibilité auGlobodera pallida. Des variétés généralement connues pour leur sensibilité auG. pallida (Pa2/3) sont expérimentées et mentionnées dans le tableau 1. Cinq essais sont réalisés. Les 3 premiers (1A, 1B et 1C) concernant la résistance des clones à partir des plantes issues de tubercules tandis que les deux autres (2A et 2B) se rapportent à la résistance de descendants issus de plantules provenant de croisements avec des variétés sensibles. Dans l'essai 1A (1978), des oeilletons de neuf variétés sont plantés en serre, à raison de 8 répétitions par variété. Le compost John Innes No 2 est inoculé avec 40 oeufs/g deG. pallida (Pa2/3). Les comptages de kystes après 11 semaines, exprimés en pourcentage du nombre de kystes sur Pentland Crown (% sensibilité) sont présentés dans la première colonne du tableau 1 et l'analyse statistique figure dans le tableau 2a. L'essai 1B (1982) comporte 25 variétés répétées cinq fois, en containers clos, et inoculées à 4 niveaux: 1500, 2000, 2500 et 3000 oeufs par container. Les comptages de kystes après 7 semaines sont présentés dans le tableau 1 en pourcentage de sensibilité sur la base des comptages moyens de kystes pour les 4 niveaux d'inoculum et l'analyse dans le tableau 2b. L'essai 1 C (1983) comporte 22 variétés, également en containers clos, maís avec un seul niveau d'inoculum: 3500 oeufs par container. Les résultats sont présentés dans le tableau 1 et l'analyse dans le tableau 2c. Les variétés présentées dans le tableau 1 sont classées par ordre décroissant avec comme première variété P. Javelin, qui produit le plus grand nombre de kystes. Pour les 36 variétés présentées dans le tableau 1, tous les test ont été réalisés sur cinq d'entre elles: P. Javelin, Désirée, M. Piper, Croft et P. Crown. L'arrachage de variance pour les 3 années et les cinq variétés est indiquée dans le tableau 3. Les analyses dans les tableaux 2a, 2b et 2c démontrent que des différences significatives (P〈0,001) existent entre les variétés, quant à la production de kystes. L'analyse dans le tableau 3 montre que la variation significative n'est expliquée que par les facteurs principaux (années et variétés), en ce qui concerne le nombre de kystes. Le premier test sur plantules met en évidence la résistance de la descendance par un programme de croisement North Carolina-2 entre 11 clônes résistants àG. pallida et 7 variétés sensibles. Un résumé des moyennes des kystes dans la descendance des variétés sensibles est indiqué dans le tableau 4 et l'analyse dans le tableau 5. Le part des effets combinés possibles, dans le tableau 5, montre que les parents sensibles contribuent de façon notable, mais à des degrés différents, aux niveaux de résistance propre au nématode pour chaque descendant. Le deuxième test sur plantules met en évidence la résistance àG. pallida pour quatre descendants de variétés sensibles. L'étude est faite dans des pots en plastique ‘plant pak’ de 5×5×4,5 cm remplis de compost John Innes No 2 inoculés avec 40 oeufs/g deG. pallida. 24 plantules individuelles sont placées au hasard dans chacun des quatre blocs. Les kistes visibles sont comptés après 9 semaines (figure 1); les résultats indiquent que différents niveaux de sensibilité existent pour les quatre descendants. Les résultats des cinq expériences démontrent qu'il y a des différences dans les niveaux de production de kystes pour des variétés prealablement classées comme étant d'égale sensibilité. Ces différences représentent des variations à la fois phénotypique et génotypique, au départ non clairement identifiées avecS. tuberosum ssp.tuberosum. Ces différences peuvent provenir de facteurs divers du phénotype autres que les mécanismes de résistance véritables, cependant il est important de considérer ce facteur héréditaire dans un programme de sélection ou il peut être utilisé pour accroître la résistance phénotypique.
    Notes: Summary Many cultivars of theSolanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum group were investigated in a number of studies for their susceptibility toGlobodera pallida. Phenotypic and genotypic variation for this character is reported in material previously regarded as uniformly susceptible. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to potato breeding policy and nematological studies.
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  • 4
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    Potato research 24 (1981), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: gangrene ; host specificity ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In experiments carried out over two years at two sites, a differential interaction between two potato varieties and two isolates ofP. exigua var.foveata was demonstrated in the cortical tissue.
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  • 5
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    Potato research 28 (1985), S. 27-33 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: infection experiments ; latent infection ; resistance ; symptom development ; ring rot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wurzeln von gekeimten Saatknollen der Sorten Ostara, Laila, Kerrs Pink und Pimpernel wurden durch Tauchen in Suspensionen vonCorynebacterium sepedonicum inokuliert. Dies erbrachte einen beträchtlichen und signifikanten Ertragsrückgang, vor allem bei der Sorte Pimpernel (Tabelle 1); desweiteren zeigte sich eine signifikante Sorte/Infektion-Wechselwirkung. Inokulation ergab, mit Ausnahme von Laila, eine signifikante Senkung der durchschnittlichen Knollenzahl (Tabelle 2); am grössten war der Rückgang bei Kerrs Pink, während das durchschnittliche Knollengewicht am meisten zurückging bei Pimpernel (Tabelle 3). Der Ertragsrückgang bei Laila erfolgte durch Reduktion des durchschnittlichen Knollengewichtes, bei den anderen Sorten jedoch durch Rückgang der durchschnittlichen Knollenzahl. Diese Beobachtung lässt darauf schliessen dass die Entwicklung der Infektion bei Laila nach der Knollen-Initiierung einsetzte, während sie bei den anderen Sorten schon früher einsetzte und somit die Knollenzahl beeinflusste. Im Gegensatz zu den anderen Sorten zeigten einige Tochterknollen von Laila äussere Symptome, in Verbindung mit starker Fäule, während in der Entwicklung interner Symptome nur geringe Unterschiede zwischen den Sorten gefunden wurden (Tabelle 4). Dennoch waren die Konzentrationen vonC. sepedonicum in den meisten symptomlosen Tochterknollen inokulierter Pflanzen hoch (Tabelle 4). Die Ergebnisse zeigen dass die Sorte Laila gegen eineC. sepedonicum-Infektion resistenter als die anderen geprüften Sorten ist, dass jedoch hohe Konzentrationen des Erregers in symptomlosen Knollen von inokulierten Pflanzen gegen eine Verwendung bei der Züchtung sprechen.
    Abstract: Résumé Des racines de tubercules de semence germés (variétés Ostara, Laila, Kerrs Pink et Pimpernel) sont inoculées par immersion dans des suspensions deCorynebacterium sepedonicum. Cela provoque une diminution conéquente et significative du rendement, en particulier pour la variété Pimpernel (tableau 1), et il existe une interaction significative variété/infection. L'inoculation diminue significativement le nombre moyen de tubercules (tableau 2) sauf pour la variété Laila; la diminution est la plus importante pour la variété Kerrs Pink, tandis que le poids moyen de tubercules diminue le plus pour la variété Pimpernel (tableau 3). La diminution du rendement pour la variété Laila est provoquée par une réduction du poids de tubercules. Cette observation suggère que le développement de l'infection pour la variété Laila débute après l'initiation de tubérisation, alors que pour les autres variétés, elle commence plus tôt et de ce fait influence le nombre de tubercules. Peu de tubercules fils de la variété Laila montrent des symptômes externes associés à une pourriture importante en comparaison avec les autres variétés, alors que de petites différences s'observent entre toutes les variétés au niveau du développement de symptômes internes (tableau 4). Les concentrations deC. sepedonicum sont cependant élevées dans la plupart des tubercules fils ne présentant pas de symptômes et provenant de plantes inoculées (tableau 4). Les résultats montrent que la variété Laila est plus résistante à l'infection deC. sepedonicum que les autres variétés testées, mais les fortes concentrations du pathogène dans les tubercules sans symptôme provenant de plantes inoculées empêchent son utilisation en multiplication.
    Notes: Summary Inoculating the roots of potato cvs Ostara, Laila, Kerrs Pink, and Pimpernel withCorynebacterium sepedonicum caused severe rotting of tubers and between 12 and 51 % decrease in yield. There was a significant cultivar/infection interaction. The numbers of tubers decreased significantly except for cv. Laila, which also showed little rotting of tubers, and the average tuber weight decreased most in cv. Pimpernel. The concentration ofC. sepedonicum was high in most inoculated tubers including those not showing symptoms.
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  • 6
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    Potato research 30 (1987), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: resistance ; latent infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Kartoffelsorten auf das Vorhandensein vonPhoma exigua var.foveata in Stengeln und grünen Blättern untersucht. Pflanzknollen, die nach künstlicher Infektion faulten, wurden im Feld ausgepflanzt; nach 5, 12 und 17 Wochen wurden pro Sorte vier Stengel mit Blättern nach dem Zufallsprinzip ausgewählt, wobei jeder Stengel eine Pflanze repräsentierte. Die Stengel wurden gewaschen, getrocknet und in 5 cm-Segmente geteilt. Nach Oberflächensterilisation wurden die Segmente und die Blattschnitte in Petrischalen auf ein selektives Agarmedium gebracht, das zur Förderung der Pyknidienentwicklung Paraquat enthielt.P. exigua var.foveata wurde auf Malzextraktagar bestimmt, der Thiophanatmethyl und Chloramphenicol enthielt. Die Sorten reagierten unterschiedlich auf die Infektion, wie an der Anzahl der Schnitte, die das Pathogen lieferten, zu ersehen ist. Die Nachweishäufigkeit war am niedrigsten bei der ersten und am höchsten bei der letzten Probenahme (Tab. 2). Die mittleren Prozentwerte varierten von 13% bis 36%, die Reihenfolge war zwischen den Jahren ähnlich (Tab. 1). Das Verteilungsmuster der Schnitte, die das Pathogen lieferten, war unregelmässig; es wurde überall in Stengelschnitten und Blättchen vom oberirdischen Trieb nachgewiesen und in nur wenigen Fällen auch in Stengelsegmenten unterhalb der Bodenoberfläche (Tab. 3). Die Werte zeigen, dass die Anfälligkeit der Sorten zur symptomlosen Invasion der grünen Triebe differiert. Inwieweit in dieser Phase des Lebenszyklus des Pilzes eine Resistenzauslese lohnend ist, hängt von der möglichen Bedeutung des Stengelinokulums als Quelle für die Infektion der Knollennachkommenschaft ab. Es war mit dieser Untersuchung nicht beabsichtigt, Fragen, die sich auf die Ausbreitung des Pilzes beziehen, zu beantworten; ein besseres Verständnis der Biologie dieses Krankheitserregers ist aber entscheidend zur rationalen Anwendung der Ergebnisse in der Pflanzenzüchtung.
    Abstract: Résumé La présence dePhoma exigua var.foveata dans les tiges et les feuilles vertes est étudiée sur treize variétés de pommes de terre. Des tubercules de semence pourris après contamination artificielle, sont plantés au champ. Après 5, 12 et 17 semaines, 4 tiges avec les feuilles de chaque variété sont prélevées au hasard, chaque tige représentant une plante. Les tiges sont lavées, séchées et coupées en segments de 5 cm. Après une stérilisation de surface les segments et des sections de folioles sont placés en boites de pétri sur un milieu sélectif à base d'agar contenant du paraquat afin de favoriser le développement des pycnides.Phoma exigua var.foveata est identifié sur malt agar contenant du thiophanate-méthyl et chloramphenicol. Les variétés répondent différemment à l'infection, comme le montre le nombre de sections hébergeant le pathogène. La fréquence de détection est la plus faible à la première date d'échantillonnage et la plus élevée à la dernière (tableau 2). Le pourcentage moyen varie entre 13 et 36%, le classement est similaire entre les années (tableau 1). La distribution du pathogène hébergé par les échantillons est irrégulière. Il est détecté sur des sections de tiges et des folioles au dessus du sol et dans quelques cas sur des segments de tiges en dessous de la surface du sol (tableau 3). Les données montrent que la sensibilité des variétés à l'infection des parties aériennes est variable. L'intérêt d'une sélection à la résistance pour cette phase du cycle du champignon dépend de l'importance potentielle de l'inoculum sur tige en temps que source de contamination des tubercules-fils. Cette étude n'a pas pour but d'expliquer la dissémination du champignon, mais une meilleure connaissance de la biologie du pathogène est fondamentale pour une application rationnelle des résultats de la multiplication variétale.
    Notes: Summary Thirteen cultivars were tested for presence ofPhoma exigua var.foveata in stems and green leaves. The frequency of segments yielding the pathogen increased with time during the growing season and varied between cultivars from 13 to 36% and their distribution pattern was irregular. There were significant differences between cultivars to this symptomless invasion of the green shoots. The value of such cultivar differences depends on the interpretation of the importance of stem inoculum in carrying the disease to the next tuber generation.
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  • 7
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    European journal of plant pathology 88 (1982), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: TMV strains ; pathogenicity ; resistance ; hypersensitivity ; susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Om verschillen in pathogeniteit tussen twee in Nederland voorkomende paprikastammen van het TMV nader vast te stellen, werd een aantalCapsicum-herkomsten, waaronder negen soorten, op resistentie getoetst. Hierbij werden de representatieve paprika-isolaten P 11 en P 8 vergeleken met de uit tomaat afkomstige isolaten MA en SPS als vertegenwoordigers van respectievelijk de tabaks- en tomatestam van het TMV. Bij het beoordelen van de symptomen duidden lokale, necrotische vlekken en afvallen van geïnoculeerde bladeren op resistentie, systemische necrosen of mozaïeksymptomen op vatbaarheid. In deze symptomen kwamen tussen de gebruikte stammen verschillen in virulentie tot uitdrukking. Er werden echter vooral verschillen in agressiviteit waargenomen met betrekking tot zowel afzonderlijke, voor resistentie uitsplitsende,Capsicum-herkomsten als het totale aantal getoetste herkomsten. Van de ruim 73 herkomsten waren er 58 resistent tegen MA en SPS, 31 daarvan tegen P 11, maar slechts vijf daarvan tegen P 8. Deze resistentie tegen P 8 werd gevonden inC. chinense.
    Notes: Abstract A number ofCapsicum accessions including nine species were tested for resistance to TMV based on hypersensitivity. The tobacco strain MA and the tomato strain SPS, which were both isolated from tomato, and two pathogenically distinct pepper strains P 11 and P 8, were used. Of the 73Capsicum accessions tested 58 were resistant to MA and SPS, 31 were resistant to P 11 and five were resistant to P 8.
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  • 8
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    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CAT scanning ; drawdown ; plant roots ; resistance ; water uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using the technique of Computer Assisted Tomography applied to gamma ray attenuation measurement of soil water content, it has been shown that the assumption of uniform absorption of soil water along a plant root is clearly erroneous and that drawdown distance is a function of time. The results suggest that the plant sequentially removes water from the top to the bottom of the root as soil hydraulic resistance becomes a major limiting factor in the upper layers, even at the high soil water potential (−0.30 MPa) used.
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  • 9
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    European journal of plant pathology 95 (1989), S. 343-356 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: centre of virus origin ; hypersensitivity-associated resistance ; immunity ; resistance ; resistance sources ; sensitivity ; test plants ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Na inoculatie van een grote collectieNicotiana-soorten met 14 isolaten van de aardappelvirussen A (PVA), X (PVX) en Y (PVY) en tabaksmozaïekvirus (TMV), konden de secties of sectiedelen van het genus op basis van de gemiddelde reactie van hun soorten in vijf groepen worden verdeeld. Soorten uit Australische woestijngebieden en taxonomisch behorend tot de sectieSuaveolentes (subgenusPetunioides) bleken het meest gevoelig en het minst resistent, terwijl de sectiesPaniculatae (subgenusRustica),Tomentosae (Tabacum) enNoctiflorae (Petunioides) het minst gevoelig en het meest resistent waren. Van de collectienummers van de laatstgenoemde secties bleek 61% resistentie tegen minstens twee van de virussen te bezitten. De meest resistente soorten hebben hun verspreidingsgebied vooral in het centrale deel van het Andesgebergte (het zuidelijk deel van Peru, Bolivia en noord-westelijk Argentinië). Mogelijk is dit het ontstaansgebied van deze virussen. De einge andere resistente soort wasN. africana (Suaveolentes) uit zuid-westelijk Afrika. De meest gevoelige Amerikaanse secties, te wetenGenuinae (Tabacum) enTrigonophyllae, Alatae, Acuminatae enBigelovianae (Petunioides), waren gemiddeld gevoeliger danSuaveolentes-soorten die niet uit de Australische woestijnen afkomstig zijn. Het resterende deel van het genus, bestaande uit de Amerikaanse sectiesThyrsiflorae enRusticae (Rustica) enUndulatae, Repandae enNudicaules (Petunioides), stond met betrekking tot gevoeligheid en resistentie tussen laatstgenoemd deel van de sectieSuaveolentes en de groep resistente secties in, maar vertoonde in hoge mate tolerantie voor PVA, PVX en PVY en met overgevoeligheid samengaande resistentie voor TMV. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat de reacties van het genusNicotiana op virussen vooral geografisch bepaald zijn en in mindere mate taxonomisch.
    Notes: Abstract When testing the response of species of the genusNicotiana to 14 isolates of potato viruses A (PVA), X (PVX) and Y (PVY) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), sections and section parts of the genus could be divided into five groups according to the overall reaction of their species. Species from arid regions of australia and belonging to the sectionSuaveolentes (subgenusPetunioides) were most sensitive and least resistant, whereas the sectionsPaniculatae (subgenusRustica),Tomentosae (Tabacum) andNoctiflorae (Petunioides) appeared least sensitive and most resistant. Sixty-one percent of the accessions of the latter sections proved resistant to at least two of the viruses. The most resistant species have their main geographical distribution in the central Andes (southern Peru, Bolivia and north-western Argentina), where the viruses may have originated. One other resistant species wasN. africana (Suaveolentes) indigenous to south-western Africa. The most sensitive American sections, viz.Genuinae (Tabacum) andTrigonophyllae, Alatae, Acuminatae andBigelovianae (Petunioides), were generally more sensitive than species of theSuaveolentes section from outside the arid regions of Australia. The remaining part of the genus, viz. the American sectionsThyrsiflorae andRusticae (Rustica) andUndulatae, Repandea andNudicaules (Petunioides) was intermediate between the latter group ofSuaveolentes species and the resistant group of sections with regard to sensitivity and resistance, but had a high rate of tolerance to PVA, PVX and PVY and of hypersensitivity-associated resistance to TMV. The results indicate that the viral respons in the genusNicotiana is mainly determined geographically and to a lesser extent taxonomically.
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  • 10
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    European journal of plant pathology 89 (1983), S. 275-281 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: interspecific and intraspecific hybrids ; grafting experiments ; N gene ; resistance ; temperature effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Screening for the pathogenesis-related (b) protein patterns of 11Nicotiana species and 30N. tabacum varieties has revealed both inter- and intraspecific variability and 7 different b-proteins (b0, b1, b1′, b1″, b2, b3 and b4) have been clearly defined. Their genetic determinants are sexually transmitted independently of theN gene conferring resistance to TMV, and a monogenic inheritance has been demonstrated for one of them (b1′). Grafting experiments have revealed the existence of a species-aspecific ‘mobile compound’ responsible for the expression of the b-protein genes, the production of which is probably under the control of theN gene. Among the 5 intraspecific and 6 interspecific hybrids studied, one of them, theN. glutinosa x N. debneyi together with its amphidiploid, synthesizes b-protein (b1″) in a constituve way and possesses a high level of resistance to necrosis-inducing viruses. The amphidiploid is able to transfer these two properties to otherNicotianae not only by crossing but also by grafting; it therefore appears to permanently synthesize the ‘mobile compounds’. Furthermore, the hypersensitive reaction to TMV in these hybrids is only completely broken down at 35 °C, whereas this normally occurs at 30 °C in plants with theN gene.
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  • 11
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    Euphytica 29 (1980), S. 337-346 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Septoria nodorum ; Leptosphaeria nodorum ; glume blotch ; resistance ; tolerance ; escape ; selection ; selection indexes ; phenotypic correlations ; genotypic correlations ; heritability ; grain yield ; heading date ; plant height ; seed weight ; seed weight %
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A population of 572 F2 derived F3 lines from six crosses were used to estimate parameters relevant to selection for resistance to Septoria nodorum of wheat. Lines were grown in disease free (fungicide sprayed) and inoculated microplots in 2 replications of a split-plot design in a single environment in 1977. Average yield reduction due to disease was approximately 50%; this was associated with an average septoria score of 50% on the flag leaf, an average septoria score of 42% on the head, and a reduction of 37% in seed weight. Low S. nodorum scores were correlated with late heading date, tall plant height, high grain yield, and high seed weight in diseased plots, and high seed weight % (seed weight in diseased plots expressed as a percentage of seed weight in fungicide sprayed plots). Restricted selection indexes were used to study the relative contributions of disease escape, true resistance, and tolerance to variability in grain yield in diseased plots, seed weight in diseased plots, and seed weight %. True resistance appeared to be the most important factor causing variation in grain yield in diseased plots and seed weight %. Tolerance and escape seemed to be more important for seed weight in diseased plots. Heritabilities of S. nodorum scores on the flag leaf and head were 63% and 52%, respectively. Leaf and head scores could be used most effectively as selection criteria to upgrade resistance in a population before harvest. Selection for high seed weight % slightly reduced yields in disease free plots, although yield in diseased plots and seed weight in diseased plots were increased. However, selection for increased yield or increased seed weight in diseased plots improved yield in disease free plots. It is suggested that direct selection for yield or seed weight in diseased plots is likely to achieve more desirable goals than selection for seed weight %.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lactuca sativa ; lettuce ; Pemphigus bursarius ; root aphid ; Bremia lactucae ; downy mildew ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Many lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa L.) with high resistance to lettuce root aphid (Pemphigus bursarius L.) also carried the gene Dm-6 for specific resistance to downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel). This suggests the possibility of linkage between this gene and root aphid resistance. The origin of this association is discussed.
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  • 13
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    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 725-734 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea var. ; botrytis ; cauliflower ; evolution ; resistance ; Plasmodiophora brassicae ; clubroot ; Delia radicum ; cabbage root fly ; genetic resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A hypothetical scheme is given for the evolution of the different types of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.). This has been useful in identifying sources of reduced susceptibility to cabbage root fly (Delia radicum (L.)), and may also be useful in the search for reduced susceptibility to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron.). It is argued that knowledge of the phylogeny of types within each crop species is of great importance in the exploitation of genetic resources.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hyacinthus orientalis ; hyacinth ; Xanthomonas hyacinthi ; yellow disease ; resistance ; general combining ability ; flowering date ; leaf characters ; stomata ; correlation coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Analysis of an incomplete diallel design with 14 hyacinth cultivars and 4 wild accessions of Hyacinthus orientalis showed a significant GCA component for resistance to yellow disease. The late flowering hyacinth cultivars ‘King of the Blues’ and ‘Marconi’ and the early flowering Hyacinthus orientalis 70129 were found to be the best combiners for yellow disease resistance. Within a cultivar, the degree of earliness itself was not associated with the degree of resistance. Correlation coefficients of leaf characters and degree of resistance showed that hyacinths with short and/or narrow leaves are generally more resistant than those with long and/or broad leaves. Tetraploid cultivars with few, large stomata tend to be susceptible, diploid ones with many small stomata tend to be the more resistant.
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  • 15
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    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 571-576 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum ; barley ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; brid cherry-oat aphid ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty-seven accessions of Hordeum species and interspecific hybrids were screened in a growth chamber for resistance against the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. Resistance measurement was based on the aphids' population growth during a 16-day period. The mean number of nymphs produced per female was only about 14% of that on the control cv. Tellus. H. bogdani was the most resistant accession. As a group, interspecific F1-hybrids with common barley (H. vulgare × H. sp.) held an intermediate position. Differences in resistance between hybrids as well as between species (H. jubatum and H. lechleri) were observed. The most resistant species were all diploids. No effects of the host plant on formation of alatae or on the within-plant distribution of aphids were found.
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  • 16
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    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 719-724 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Chrysanthemum sp ; chrysant ; Liriomyza trifolii ; leafminer ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In three experiments, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cultivars and C. pacificum Nakai, were exposed for four days to adult flies of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess). The flies fed on all plants and laid eggs which were allowed to developed in a leafminer free greenhouse. Feeding level and oviposition varied between genotypes. The largest differences between entries were visible in the percentage of larvae that reached the pupal stage. In the most susceptible C. morifolium cultivar 97% of the larvae pupated against 1% in the most resistant cultivar ‘Penny Lane’. C. pacificum Nakai was also resistant with larval survival rates of 12%, 2% and 0% respectively in three consecutive experiments. Breeding prospects and areas for further study are discussed.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cicer arietinum L. ; early-wilting ; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris ; late-wilting ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Differences in time of wilting of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in response to Race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris, are confirmed. C-104 wilts later than JG-62 and the difference in time of wilting appears to be inherited as a single gene with early wilting partially dominant to late wilting. Considered in relation to earlier studies, the observations indicate that at least two genes are involved in the inheritance of resistance in chickpea to Race 1 and offer an explanation for previous difficulties in interpreting the inheritance of resistance.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Tulipa ; tulip ; Fusarium oxysporum ; Fusarium bulbrot ; resistance ; pre-selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In this third paper results are given regarding the resistance in adult bulbs of progenies from the incomplete diallel cross of cultivars described in paper 2. It appeared that the resistance in adult bulbs corresponded with the resistance found earlier in juvenile bulbs. Both for juvenile and adult progenies, resistance proved to be mainly determined by additive gene action; GCA's of individual parents of the adult progenies showed good agreement with those found for juvenile ones, indicating that early selection for Fusarium resistance is very effective.
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  • 19
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 649-657 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Coffea spp. ; coffee ; coffee leaf rust ; Hemileia vastatrix ; resistance ; heterogeneous reaction type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Incomplete resistance of the hybrid coffee population Icatu to race II of coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) was studied in the field, greenhouse and laboratory. The resistance components observed were: latency period (LP), lesion density (LD), sporulating lesion density (LSD) and relative sporulation lesion efficiency (RSLE=100. SLD/LD). RSLE is an indicator for the heterogeneity of the reaction. Disease score in the field was highly correlated with RSLE, less with LP and SLD, and not with LD. LP was highly correlated with RSLE. A new rust race (Is. 2), isolated in the field from Icatu in 1979, was more virulent than race II on some resistant, moderately resistant or moderately susceptible genotypes. This indicates that incomplete resistance, at different levels, can be race specific. Resistance was affected by leaf age and light intensity. Inheritance studies suggest that incomplete resistance in Icatu might be related to major genes, the effectiveness of which may depend on gene dose and genetic background. It is concluded that selection for incomplete resistance to coffee leaf rust in Icatu may not lead to durable resistance.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Allium cepa ; Allium porrum ; leeks ; onions ; resistance ; Sclerotium cepivorum ; screening method ; white rot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method has been developed to screen onion and leek seedlings under controlled conditions for resistance to white rot. Considerable differences in resistance were found between cultivars of onions and leek respectively. The highest resistance levels were observed in the onion cultivars Beth Alpha and Pukekohe Longkeeper and in the leek cultivars Batina, Carentan and Elephant.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cicer arietinum ; chickpea ; early-wilting ; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris ; late-wilting ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tests of parents and F1, F2 and F3 generations of crosses of JG-62 (early-rilting) and C-104 (late-wilting) with resistant cultivars provide further evidence that resistance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to Race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris is controlled by at least two genes, both of which must be present in homozygous recessive form for complete resistance. Singly, one of the genes delays wilting, as in C.104. The second has not yet been isolated but crosses of resistant parents with JG-62 suggest that it operates in similar fashion.
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  • 22
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 911-917 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Potatoes ; Solanum vernei ; potato cyst-nematodes ; Globodera rostochiensis ; G. pallida ; resistance ; virulence ; major genes ; pathotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Selection of potato cyst-nematode populations of several pathotypes on resistant Solanum vernei hybrids resulted in increased virulence in some populations. This increase is believed to be due to the selection of specific virulence genes in each population gene pool. Resistance based on S. vernei is race specific and its life in the field will probably be finite. Populations of Globodera pallida are conventionally classified into different pathotypes according to their response on resistant test plants. However, populations of the same pathotype did not all behave identically. Such variation of virulence within a pathotype suggests different complements and frequencies of genes for virulence. Many field populations may not fit simply into the current pathotype scheme but no alternative is at present available.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Truticum dicoccoides ; wild emmer wheat ; Erysiphe graminis tritici ; powdery mildew ; resistance ; Israel ; germplasm ; wheat ; collection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The reactions of 233 Triticum dicoccoides acessions, collected at 10 sites in Israel and elsewhere, to infection with cultures of Erysiphe graminis tritici, were determined. The reactions indicated that the number of sources of resistance to E. graminis tritici which can be obtained from T. dicoccoides plants growing wild in Israel and elsewhere is almost unlimited. One hundred and fourteen or 49% of the accessions were resistant, and 137 or 59% of the accessions were resistant or moderately resistant to infection with four cultures of E. graminis tritici which possess the virulence genes corresponding to most of the identified resistance genes in wheat. Accessions collected at sites with marginal habitats where T. dicoccoides grows poorly and has lower grain weight, were more susceptible than were accessions collected at sites with an optimal habitat for growth of T. dicoccoides. The results agreed with those in a previous study with Hordeum spontaneum, and indicate that to obtain H. spontaneum or T. dicoccoides accessions with the highest level of resistance to the powdery mildew pathogens, plants should be collected at sites in ecological and geographic regions where those two species occupy optimum habitats and are exposed to the powdery mildew pathogens.
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  • 24
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 215-220 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus ; okra ; Amrasca biguttula biguttula ; jassid ; resistance ; gene effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The resistance to cotton jassid in okra was found controlled by dominant genes. Both additive and dominance gene effects were significant but both additive gene effects and dominance x dominance type of interactions appear to be more important than other effects. The former could be exploited for developing genotypes resistant to jassids in okra.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Pisum sativum ; pea ; Ascochyta pinodella ; pea blight ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pea blight caused by Assochyta pinodella does considerable damage to the pea crop every year. To ascertain the inheritance of resistance to pea blight and incorporate resistance in the commercial cultivars, crosses were made between Kinnauri resistant to pea blight and four highly susceptible commercial pea cultivars — Bonneville, Lincoln, GC 141 and Sel. 18. Studies of the F1's, F2's, back crosses and F3's indicated that Kinnauri carries a dominant gene imparting resistance to pea blight.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; perennial ryegrass ; ryegrass mosaic virus ; resistance ; virus strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The extreme resistance to ryegrass mosaic virus (RMV) of a clone of Lolium perenne L. was due to a combination of two distinct types of resistance: resistance to infection and resistance to multiplication and movement of virus within the plant. Resistance to infection was quantitatively inherited and highly effective against three strains of RMV, while resistance to multiplication and movement was controlled by two complementary recessive genes and was effective against only two of the three RMV strains.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; common wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; resistance ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three lines derived from the old ‘dirty’ Dutch land variety Gelderse Ris were resistant against race 66(70)EO(16) of yellow rust. It was found that this resistance was conditioned by one recessive gene provisionally coded yrGR.
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  • 28
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 583-586 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Potatoes ; Solanum vernei ; Globodera pallida ; potato cyst-nematode ; resistance ; virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This paper re-examines the data in support of recent findings by Turner et al. (1984), that selection for virulence in Globodera pallida takes place on Solanum vernei hybrids. It is concluded that there are a number of factors that must be taken into account and that these data must be interpreted with caution.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lactuca ; lettuce ; Myzus persicae ; leaf aphid ; resistance ; honeydew production ; instant bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A reliable impression of the resistance of lettuce plants to the leaf aphid Myzus persicae can be obtained via aphid honeydew production. Under controlled temperatures, the number of honeydew droplets produced by these aphids per plant in 180 minutes with five plants per genotype offers a good criterion of this resistance.
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  • 30
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    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 309-315 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Populus spp ; poplar ; Melampsora medusae ; poplar leaf rust ; aggressiveness ; resistance ; differential interaction ; mutation ; virulence ; avirulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Infection Type (IT) and Uredinial Number per Leaf Disk (ULD), induced on eleven cultivars of poplar in vitro, were employed to compare five radiation induced, mono-uredinial mutant lines of Melampsora medusae Thum. with the wild type race 5A from which they were derived. IT produced by the mutants was higher than (eight cultivars), similar to (two cultivars) and pronouncedly less than (IT from 4 to 1 in P. deltoides cv. 7–2) that of race 5A. Although the five mutants produced a uniform IT within a particular cultivar. ULD varied significantly between mutants on individual cultivars and there was a significant differential interaction of the mutant lines with cultivars. The ranking of mutant lines for aggressiveness on cultivars was not consistent while the differences among the mutants in mean ULD over all cultivars were not associated with the dosage level of irradiation from which they were isolated. The implications of the results in the interaction of leaf rust with poplar cultivars are discussed.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Wild Lactuca species ; Erysiphe cichoracearum ; powdery mildew ; natural infection ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The natural infection of Erysiphe cichoracearum on 29 accessions of five wild Lactuca species (L. serriola, L. saligna. L. virosa, L. aculeata and L. dentata) and on one hybrid of L. serriola x L. sativa has been investigated for two and three years, respectively. No infection was observed on L. serriola (PI 255665), L. saligna (LSA/92/1 and LSA/92/2), L. virosa (LVIR/26 and LVIR/57/1) and L. dentata (PI 234204). The level of susceptibility of the control cultivars of L. sativa was found to be moderate (‘Fila’) to fairly high (‘Hilde’).
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei ; powdery mildew ; composite cross populations ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Barley powdery mildew was used as a model to evaluate the potential of barley composite cross populations for conservation of disease resistance. The objective was to determine if increases in resistance to powdery mildew could be detected over periods of time in composite cross populations developed in California, where the disease might have had a selective influence on the populations, and the same populations grown in Montana, where no selective influence of powdery mildew was expected. Four isolates of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei were used to monitor the frequencies of plants with specific mildew resistances through early, intermediate and late generations of three composite cross populations (CCII, CCV, CCXII) grown at Davis, California, and Bozeman and Moccasin, Montana. Changes in frequencies of plants resistant to the four isolates were observed between generations in all populations from the three locations. Trends in the frequencies of resistance are discussed in relation to selection pressure applied by E. graminis. It is suggested that associations with gene complexes other than resistance to E. graminis might help to explain the increased resistance observed in these studies. This research was funded in part by U.S. Agency for International Development Contract No. AID/DSAN-C-0024. The authors are grateful to Dr A. L. Kahler for seed of the composite cross populations and to Dr J. G. Moseman for the powdery mildew cultures.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; L. hirsutum glabratum ; Trialeurodes vaporariorum ; glasshouse whitefly ; resistance ; tomatine ; glycoalkaloids, capillary gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The total steroidal alkaloid compositions of the mature-harvested fruits of the tomato cultivar Allround (Lycopersicon esculentum), of the species L. hirsutum glabratum, resistant to the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), and of four resistant lines were determined by capillary gas chromatography. The contents of α-tomatine in the red-ripe fruits of ‘Allround’ and in those of the lines were low (≤5 mg/kg fresh weight). The green-mature fruits of the wild species had a high content (3390 mg/kg fresh weight) of α-tomatine. The total alkaloid profiles of ‘Allround’ and of the lines were similar. Comparison of flame ionisation detector response with thermoionic detector response indicated that in addition to tomatidine, the aglycone of α-tomatine, a small amount of one other steroidal alkaloid might be present in ‘Allround’ and in the lines. The wild species contained five compounds which possibly are steroidal alkaloids. The safety level of α-tomatine in tomatoes is discussed. It was concluded that, in respect of the glycoalkaloids of the mature-harvested fruits, the resistant tomato breeding lines are as safe for human cosumption as the standard cultivar.
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  • 34
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    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 609-614 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Index words (Lactuca spp. ; Microdochium panattoniana ; Marssonina panattoniana ; lettuce anthracnose ; resistance ; specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four hundred and forty-nine lines of Lactuca spp. were screened for resistance to an isolate of Microdochium panattoniana. Eighty-seven lines were resistant. Forty-four lines were then screened for resistance to four isolates; twelve groups of lines were identified on the basis of their pattern of resistance. A differential set of lines was used to analyse nine further isolates; this revealed five races of M. panattoniana. Salad Bowl was the only cultivar found to be resistant to three races. A line of L. saligna, UC83US1, was the only line found to be resistant to all the isolates tested.
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  • 35
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    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 187-191 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; Pyrenochaeta lycopersici ; corky root ; brown root rot ; resistance ; greenhouse screening method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse screening method for corky root (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici) resistance in the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is described in detail. In determining the reliability of the method, known resistance sources within wild asccessions, commerical cultivars and breeding lines were evaluated for resistance in fields naturally infested with corky root and their response compared under greenhouse conditions in soil heavily infested with corky root and artifically maintained at temperatures between 10–13°C. The procedure developed can be used year round and improves the efficiency of recovering resistant progeny in large segregrating populations.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Dianthus caryophyllus ; carnation ; cultivar ; races ; Fusarium wilt ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A simultaneous analysis of the virulence of races 1, 2 and 4 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi to a series of nine carnation cultivars revealed the presence of different interactions between races and cultivars, as well as differences in pathogenesis between race 1 on the one hand and race 2 and 4 on the other. The most common race 2 induced typical symptoms of Fusarium wilt in all susceptible cultivars. The cultivars showed considerable variation in resistance to race 2. Only Novada remained free of external symptoms throughout the experiment. In diseased plants of all cultivars studied, infected vascular tissue was white with dark brown margins, and heavy degradation of the cell walls and xylem parenchyma cells had occurred. All Dutch isolates corresponded with race 2. Race 4 induced wilt symptoms similar to those induced by race 2, and there was a similar variation in resistance to race 2 and 4 in the cultivars. On average, the race 4 isolates were less aggressive than those of race 2. Compared with race 2, there was evidence of some genotype × race interactions: Pallas proved to be considerably more susceptible, and Lena more resistant to race 4 than to race 2. The isolates of race 4 induced a nistopathology similar to that induced by race 2, but with less vascular browning. Race 1 induced atypical but severe wilt symptoms and unusual vascular discoloration in Elsy, Niky and Sam's Pride only. The vascular tissue in these cultivars turned pale brown; in spite of heavy colonization of these tissues virtually no degradation of cell walls was observed. All other cultivars tested proved virtually resistant to race 1, providing further evidence for genotype × race interactions. Within races, limited but statistically significant genotype × isolate interactions were found as well, in particular within race 4. These are tentatively attributed to independent variation of two (or more) resistance components.
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  • 37
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    Euphytica 42 (1989), S. 25-30 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Fragaria sp. ; inheritance ; Phytophthora fragariae ; red core ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary It has been found that complete resistance of the strawberry cultivars and selections Earliglow, Guardian, MdUS 2700, MdUS 2929, MdUS 3816 and Redchief to Phytophthora fragariae is inherited in a one-to-one ratio, suggesting that these genotypes have one major resistance gene effective to the races present in the test field. The high level of partial resistance of Cambridge Favourite has clearly been recovered in its progenies. However, from results presented here, no conclusions could be drawn with regard to the number of genes involved in the partial resistance of Cambridge Favourite. It is, however, suggestive that about half the susceptible selections derived from crosses with Cambridge Favourite have shown a relatively high level of partial resistance. The selections concerned were obtained by selection on horticultural characters in seedling populations planted on an uninfested field.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cucurbita maxima × C. ecuadorensis ; interspecific cross ; Zucchini yellow mosaic virus ; resistance ; Elisa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of resistance to zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) in the interspecific cross Cucurbita maxima × C. ecuadorensis was studied in generations P1, P2, F1, F2, BCP1 and BCP2. The continuous variation presented in these generations implies a quantitative inheritance. The resistance in C. ecuadorensis was partially dominant over that of sensitivity in C. maxima. Several genes with major effects along with genes with minor effects seem to control ZYMV resistance. Both the dominant and the additive contribution to resistance were found to be significant; their interaction was also significant. However, the major contribution was due to the additive rather than the dominance effects. The narrow sense heritability is 0.91. Virus titer as measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was positively correlated (r=0.76) with the intensity of visual symptoms. The efficiency of ELISA as a tool to the breeders, and the use of C. ecuadorensis as a source of resistance to ZYMV are discussed.
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  • 39
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    Euphytica 42 (1989), S. 233-240 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Malus sp. ; apple ; Nectria galligena ; apple canker ; resistance ; screening method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To find a fast and reliable test to assess resistance to Nectria galligena in apple, different methods of inoculation were compared using macroconidia of N. galligena and one-year-old cut shoots from mature trees of Cox's Orange Pippin, IVT 69078-19, James Grieve and Jonathan. With the best inoculation method 11 genotypes were screened for resistance. Elstar, Golden Delicious, Jonathan and Lombart's Calville were highly resistant and the level of resistance of Ingrid marie, Gloster, Melrose, IVT 69078-19, Cox's Orange Pippin, James Grieve and Idared decreased in this order. The best inoculation method proved to be simple, giving results within four to nine weeks after inoculation.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum dicoccoides ; wild emmer wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; minor genes ; temperature-sensitive genes ; resistance ; race-specificity
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty-four entries of wild emmer possessing temperature-sensitive genes for resistance to yellow rust were studied in the seedling stage, at two temperature-profiles, with 15 pathogenic races from 11 countries in South America, Africa, Asia and Europe. It was shown that the majority of the resistance genes in these wild emmer entries were race-specific. In most of these entries a more resistant reaction was displayed at the higher temperature-profile; however in three entries a shift in reaction towards resistance was observed with certain races but towards susceptibility with some of the other races, suggesting that two different kinds of temperature-sensitive genes were involved in each of these entries. The similarity of temperature-sensitive genes occurring in wild emmer and in cultivated wheat is discussed.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris ; common bean ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli ; bacterial disease ; common blight ; rapid leaf chlorosis ; inoculation methods and concentrations ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Common blight disease in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli, reduces crop yield and seed quality. Information is needed on the variation of leaves and pods disease reaction to strains of the bacterium after different inoculation methods. Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars ‘Red Kidney Charlevoix’, ‘GN Harris’, ‘GN 1140’, and ‘GN Emerson’ were inoculated with three different strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli at two inoculum concentrations (108 and 106 bacterial cells/ml) using water soaking, multiple needle, and razor blade inoculation on leaves, and razor blade scratch, dissecting needle, and razor blade cut inoculation on pods. Differential cultivar disease reactions of leaves, pods, or both to the bacterial strains were observed in some cases. Significant interactions among cultivars, inoculation methods, strains, and inoculum concentrations (leaves) were found. A rapid leaf chlorosis developed 6 to 7 days after inoculation. Strains of bacteria did not show specificity in inducing this reaction, but rapid leaf chlorosis was associated with high inoculum concentration and with the water soaking and multiple needle methods. Another experiment was conducted to count the number of living bacterial cells deposited in the leaf tissue after inoculation by different methods. The number of bacteria deposited by water soaking or multiple needle was higher than that deposited by razor blade.
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  • 42
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    Euphytica 44 (1989), S. 61-63 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cicer arietinum ; chickpea ; Botrytis cinerea ; grey mould ; inheritance ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) line ICC 1069 was selected as resistant parent after screening for resistance to grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) under artificial inoculation conditions. It was crossed with four high yielding susceptible varieties of chickpea. Crosses ICC 1069 × BGM 413 and ICC 1069 × BG 256 showed monogenic dominant resistance in ratio of 3R (resistant): 1S (susceptible). However, in crosses, ICC 1069 × BGM 419 and ICC 1069 × BGM 408, a ratio of 13S (susceptible) : 3R (resistant) was obtained indicating the presence of epistatic interaction. The results pointed towards the presence of a type of major gene resistance to grey mould in chickpea.
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  • 43
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    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 197-209 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbohydrate ; Disease ; resistance ; Hormones ; Micronutrients ; Phosphate ; Physiology ; VA mycorrhizae ; Water uptake
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The fungi of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae colonize considerable portions of the root system and in spite of the carbon drain they impose on the host plant, their presence within the root tissues can positively influence several aspects of the host plant's physiology. In the majority of cases, improved phosphate uptake is the primary cause of growth and yield enhancements in the mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal roots have different phosphate absorption kinetics and lower threshold values than nonmycorrhizal roots. The external hyphae developing around mycorrhizae explore a large volume of soil and absorb available phosphate beyond the depletion zone at the root surface. Phosphate accumulating in the external fungal hyphae is translocated to the internal mycelium by a well-developed transport system and transferred to the host tissues mainly across the intracellular arbuscules. Certain specialized enzyme activities are specifically associated with this alternative pathway of phosphate nutrition in mycorrhizal plants. Improved phosphate nutrition is not always sufficient to explain the observed effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on the host plant's physiology.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris ; French bean ; Phaseolus coccineus ; runner bean ; Isariopsis griseola ; angular leaf spot ; resistance
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Angular leaf spot (Isariopsis griseola Sacc.) is a serious disease of French bean in the hills of India and 40 to 70 per cent of the green pods are damaged and rendered unmarketable. Crosses were made between PLB 257, (Phaseolus coccineus L.), a red flowering pole tope, resistant to angular leaf spot, and Contender (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a highly susceptible commercial cultivar. Studies of the F1, F2, and F3 progenies indicated that PLB 257, carries a recessive gene imparting resistance to angular leaf spot.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Potato ; Phytophthora infestans ; late blight ; resistance ; general combining ability (GCA) ; specific combining ability (SCA) ; multiple mating scheme ; North Carolina Experiment II design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Parents used in a potato breeding programme were intercrossed in a multiple mating scheme. The resulting progenies were assessed for resistance to late blight, using as criteria the size and frequencies of lesions on leaves, on petioles and on stems, and an overall score. Analysis of variance showed that all the statistically significant genetic variation was attributable to general combining ability (GCA) differences. The seven variates were highly correlated.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Bremia lactucae ; downy mildew ; Lactuca species ; lettuce ; resistance ; physiologic races
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty-one accessions of 3 wild Lactuca species which could be hybridised with L. sativa, the cultivated lettuce, were inoculated at different stages of plant development with 3 multivirulent isolates of Bremia lactucae. Nineteen sources of resistance to B. lactucae, not attributable to the previously recognised resistance factors 1–11 were identified. Two lines of L. serriola showed similar resistance patterns as lines carrying R11. The resistance of some accession was incomplete particularly at the seedling stage and this phenomenon may be race specific. Tests on segregating F2 populations of crosses between 2 different L. serriola accessions and L. sativa cultivars showed that the resistance in one line (LSE/18) appears to be inherited as a single dominant gene, which is sometimes incomplete in expression and allelic to either Dm6 or R7. The segregation patterns for resistance in PI 281876 did not give readily interpretable ratios. To assess the frequency of occurrence in B. lactucae populations of virulence factors to overcome this novel resistance, 11 of the novel sources of resistance were inoculated with numerous collections of the pathogen from the UK, Czechoslovakia and elsewhere and found to show a high level of resistance.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris ; cultivated beet ; wild Beta species ; resistance ; Heterodera schachtii ; beet root nematode ; interspecific hybridization ; alloploidy ; alien chromosome addition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experiments were carried out for adding the chromosome carrying resistance to beet root nematode (Heterodera schachtii) from the wild Beta species of the section Patellares (B. procumbens, B. webbiana and B. patellaris) to the genome of B. vulgaris. Preliminary experiments indicated that crosses between the wild species and B. vulgaris cultivars of the mangold type yielded on average more viable F1 hybrids than crosses with sugar and fodderbeet. However, crossability varied strongly between individual parental combinations. It was concluded that most types of B. vulgaris can be hybridized with the wild species of the section Patellares if a sufficient number of pair-crosses is made. Crosses between diploid cultivars or species of the section Vulgares and diploid wild species of the section Patellares yielded many hybrids which, however, were highly sterile. From crosses between tetraploid B. vulgaris and the wild species a great number of viable allotriploid and allotetraploid hybrids was obtained. In the backcross progenies of allotriploid hybrids 26% alien monosomic additions occurred, of which 4.1% carried the resistance bearing chromosome of B. procumbens or B. patellaris. The programme will be continued by sereening progenies of the resistant monosomic addition plants for the occurrence of resistant disomic introgression products.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Pisum sativum ; pea ; fusarium wilt ; resistance ; protein ; esterase ; polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The soluble proteins from two near-isogenic lines of Pisum sativum. cv. William Massey have been compared electrophoretically. These lines differ in their physiological response to wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi), one being susceptible and the other resistant. The total protein profiles derived from the two lines appear to be identical. The resistant line differs electrophoretically from the susceptible line in carrying an esterase component which has been derived from its resistant parent, cultivar Delwiche Commando.
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  • 49
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    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 227-236 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Vicia faba ; broad bean ; fababean ; Orobanche crenata ; resistance ; root biomass ; shoot biomass ; tubercle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Orobanche attack on twelve broad bean cultivars was measured in connection with vegetative growth by means of two pot tests with different innoculum densities. Orobanche attack appeared to be related to the growth vigour of the host. The higher the root and shoot biomass of a cultivar, the higher the number and the more advanced the development of the tubercles was, independent of innoculum density. Therefore, in spite of the observed variation for Orobanche attack, the tested cultivars were considered to have the same level of susceptibility, however with exception of BPL 2210. This cultivar showed a lower attack than was expected of its growth vigour.
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  • 50
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 625-637 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Coffee leaf rust ; Coffea arabica ; coffee ; Hemileia vastatrix ; resistance ; components of resistance ; leaf retention period ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Variation for incomplete resistance to coffee leaf rust was studied in Coffea arabica. Disease level in the field was scored by a 0 to 9 scale. Components of resistance observed in laboratory and greenhouse tests were latency period (LP), lesion density (LD) and leaf retention period (LRP). LRP determines the duration of sporulation. Lines of ‘Mundo Novo’ and ‘Catuai’ showed relatively small but significant differences for disease level in the field. Heritibility was low (0.31) and part of the variance (34%) was explainable by a significant correlation between disease level and yielding capacity of the lines. The high susceptibility of ‘Ibaarê’, in comparison to other cultivars, was best explained by longer LRP values for ‘Ibaarê’. Also its LP was generally shorter than that of other cultivars. Among coffee accessions from Ethiopia great variation was observed for disease level in the field. A significant part of the variance (35%) was explained by differences in yielding capacity. Variation for resistance components was observed between accessions, tested in the greenhouse and laboratory. However, results of the two tests were inconsistent. Transgressive segragation for incomplete resistance was observed in F2 populations of the cross between Agaro C1164–19 and ‘Catuai’, tested in the laboratory and greenhouse. Resistance was expressed by a longer LP, a lower LD, a certain percentage of non-sporulating lesions and, in some populations, by early necrosis of lesions. Prospects for breeding for incomplete resistance to H. vastatrix in C. arabica are discussed. Factors which may hamper selection progress are: a) the positive correlation between yield and disease level in the field, b) the relative small genetic variation for incomplete resistance among C. arabica cultivars and productive breeding lines, and c) inconsistency of results between resistance tests.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lactuca virosa ; Leaf aphids ; Nasonovia ribis-nigri ; resistance ; inheritance ; multiple allelism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Six almost completely resistant (CR) accessions of L. virosa and one partially resistant (PR) accession of this species were intercrossed to investigate the inheritance of resistance and the location of the resistance genes. The CR in all accessions appeared to be governed by one (incompletely) dominant allele designated as Nr and the PR and possibly susceptibility (S) too by a recessive allele nr. The alleles for CR, PR and S were present on one and the same locus. It is still uncertain whether the alleles for CR in the various accessions are different, the same applies for the alleles for PR and S.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Rubus idaeus ; red raspberry ; Botrytis cinerea ; Didymella applanata ; inheritance ; resistance ; spur blight ; Rubus coreanus ; Rubus pileatus ; Rubus occidentalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Didymella applanata was studied both in a half diallel cross which involved resistant parents derived from red raspberry cv. Chief and a third backcross hybrid of Rubus occidentalis, and in backcrosses to raspberry of R. pileatus and R. coreanus hybrids. Resistances in the diallel were inherited additively with no interactions. The levels of resistance in the backcrosses were much higher than in the diallel and indicated good prospects for obtaining cultivars with very high levels of resistance. The resistances to the two diseases were highly correlated in progenies derived from each resistance source and, with the possible exception of resistance derived from R. coreanus, there was no evidence that resistance to one disease segregated independently of resistance to the other.
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  • 53
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Avena ; BYDV ; barley yellow dwarf ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The barley yellow dwarf virus resistance level was evaluated in acessions of most species of the genus Avena. Highest levels of resistance were found in A. sterilis and A. occidentalis. High resistance levels were also found in A. barbata, A. fatua, A. hybrida, A. macrostachya, diploid A. nuda and A. strigosa. Results are discussed in relation to breeding for resistance.
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  • 54
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Cucumis melo ; muskmelon ; resistance ; zucchini yellow mosaic virus ; genetics ; linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Resistance to zucchini yellow mosaic virus has been found in the muskmelon line ‘PI 414723’ from India. This resistance is effective against the ZYMV strains E15 and 1318 belonging respectively to the NF and F pathotypes. Resistance to E15 (no vein clearing and yellowing symptoms) is governed by one dominant gene (symbol Zym) according to segregations observed in F1, F2 and BC1 progenies. This gene is epistatic dominant over Fn, which induces wilting and necrosis after inoculation with F pathotype. Linkage studies suggest that Zym inherits independently from Fom-1, Fom-2, Vat, Wmv and Fn but is linked with a (13.1 ±2.4 units).
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  • 55
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 897-901 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Rhynchosporium secalis ; scald ; field reaction ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A 0–4 scoring system to quantify scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) infection is suggested. Scores 1, 2, 3 and 4 allocated to represent 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and 4/4 of the crop canopy scalded are easy to comprehend and intermediate scores e.g. 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 give it the breadth of a quantitative scale. Scores on a large number of lines showed a high degree of repeatability and were found to be highly correlated with the log transformed values of the actual leaf area damage. Although it was suggested that predictions of leaf area damage at scores 3–4 should be applied with caution, broad generalization of the scores in discriminating the amount of disease were shown to be soundly based and offered plant breeders a tool to standardize the evaluation of scald resistance in field plots on a large scale with this quick and reliable scoring system.
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  • 56
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    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 425-430 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Vicia faba ; faba bean ; Ascochyta fabae ; inoculation ; infection conditions ; resistance ; age of leaf
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method was developed for screening faba bean seedlings for resistance to Ascochyta fabae. Several factors were investigated, including amount and concentration of inoculum, period of high humidity and age of leaves. Seedlings of different cultivars were tested and results compared with available field data. Older leaves proved to be less susceptible than younger leaves. Seedling tests reflected differences in resistance in the field, especially in material uniform in growth habit.
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  • 57
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    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 801-809 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Ribes ; black currant ; Dasyneura tetensi ; host range ; resistance ; genetics ; gene Dt ; Sphaerotheca mors-uvae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Established Western European black currant cultivars are susceptible to Dasyneura tetensi but the Scandinavian ‘Sunderbyn II’, ‘Kangosfors’ and ‘Hedda’, and 10 out of 33 Russian cultivars showed very slight or no leaf symptoms of midge attack in the field. Of species within the black currant Section Eucoreosma, Ribes dikuscha, R. ‘pauciflorum’ (probably=syn R. ussuriense), and R. americanum were not attacked, but an accession of R. bracteosum proved very susceptible. Species within other sections of the genus were not attacked. A strong dominant resistance gene in R. dikuscha, designated Dt, appeared to be linked with (a) gene(s) controlling resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae. Resistance in ‘Sunderbyn II’ and, probably, in R. ‘pauciflorum’was oligogenic and dominant.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis ; Snowball cauliflower ; Indian cauliflower ; Xanthomonas campestris ; black rot ; resistance ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Black rot disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is a limiting factor in the commercial production of the cauliflower crop. Crosses were attempted between SN 445, a mid season cultivar resistant to black rot and two highly susceptible commercial cultivars (Pusa Snowball-1 and K-1). Studies of the F1's, F2's and back crosses indicated that SN 445, carries a dominant gene imparting resistance to black rot.
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  • 59
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    Euphytica 35 (1986), S. 993-999 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Avena ; oats ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; bird cherry-oat aphid ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Thirty-two accessions of Avena species and breeding lines were evaluated for resistance, primarily antibiosis, to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) in greenhouse and growth room tests. The highest levels of resistance were found in A. barbata and in the perennial species A. macrostachya. One breeding line, Obee, was also found to have interesting resistance characters. Resistance in A. macrostachya is discussed in relation to perenniality. A different screening method for rapid testing of large collections of varieties is evaluated.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Raparadish x Brassicoraphanus ; Brassica rapa ; Raphanus sativus ; amphidiploid ; intergeneric hybrid ; fertility ; resistance ; beet cyst nematode ; Heterodera schachtii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Raparadish, x Brassicoraphanus, the amphidiploid hybrid between Brassica rapa (syn. B.campestris) and Raphanus sativus (fodder radish) was made by Dolstra (1982). Primary hybrid plants grew vigorously, suggesting that the amphidiploid AARR might be useful as a fodder crop. Three populations of this new material were studied, with special attention to improvement of fertility and resistance to beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii), whilst preserving genetic variability. For lack of progress one of the populations was abandoned after the fourth generation. The other two populations were observed through nine or ten generations. Apart from the last two generations mass selection for seed set was carried out on the basis of single plants. This led to a considerable increase in average seed production, without losing a wide variation for this trait. Thus more progress is being expected. Five cycles of mass selection for resistance to beet cyst nematodes led to a considerable increase of the level of resistance of both populations. The prospects of this new agricultural crop are discussed.
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  • 61
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    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 21-29 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lactuca sativa ; lettuce ; Macrosiphum euphorbiae ; Myzus persicae ; Nasonovia ribisnigri ; leaf aphids ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three lines of lettuce with resistance to Nasonovia ribisnigri, based on the dominant Nr-gene, and four lines selected for partial resistance to Myzus persicae were tested against three species of leaf aphid: N. ribisnigri, M. persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae. The effect of the Nr-gene was also studied in a segregating F2 population. In the material tested, resistance to N. ribisnigri was exclusively based on the Nr-gene, lines selected only for resistance to M. persicae showed no resistance to N. ribisnigri. The Nr-gene also induces partial resistance to M. persicae, but the level of this resistance is influenced by other genes, because the lines with Nr-gene differed significantly from each other for reproduction of M. persicae. The Nr-gene had no effect on the resistance of lettuce to M. euphorbiae. In lines with the Nr-gene, levels of resistance to M. persicae and to M. euphorbiae were correlated, suggesting that the resistance may be determined by the same genes. The Nr-line with highest resistance to M. persicae was comparable for this characteristic to the lines selected for resistance to M. persicae. The cultivars Taiwan and Ravel possess a resistance factor to M. euphorbiae that has no effect on M. persicae or N. ribisnigri. Lines selected for resistance to M. persicae also showed partial resistance to M. euphorbiae. Based on the present results no conclusions can be drawn whether this resistance is based on the same genes that provide resistance to M. persicae, or on a resistance factor comparable to that found in Taiwan and Ravel.
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  • 62
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    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; triticale ; wheat-triticale hybrids ; Secale cereale ; rye ; Gaeumannomyces graminis ; take-all ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fifteen triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines were evaluated for resistance to the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and compared with five wheat and two rye lines in inoculated field and pot trials. The triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines varied in rye chromosome number and degree of resistance expressed. One line, Venus with seven pairs of rye chromosomes consistently showed levels of resistance intermediate between wheat and rye. A trend was observed where increasing rye chromosome content led to greater resistance but exceptions showed that variation within triticales could not be ascribed to rye chromosome content alone.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; genetics ; peanut stripe virus ; resistance ; incomplete dominance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of resistance to a soybean isolate of peanut stripe virus (PStV-strain PN) was studied in three soybean varieties, AGS 129, Ankur, and PI 230971. Genetic analysis was based on necrotic, mosaic and symptomless reactions in inoculated soybeans. A single incompletely dominant gene in AGS 129 was found to confer the resistance to PStV and was tentatively designated as Pst. The homozygous parent AGS 129, possessing the genotype Pst Pst, was immune while Ankur and PI 230971, with a genotype of pst pst, were susceptible showing mosaic symptoms. The heterozygous genotype Pst pst resulting from the cross of either Ankur or PI 230971 with AGS 129 reacted with necrosis, distinctly different from either of the homozygous genotypes. This genotypic effect was confirmed through the phenotypic segregation in BC, F2, and F3.
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  • 64
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    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 227-232 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lactuca ; lettuce ; Bremia lactucae ; resistance ; seedlings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary More than 200 accessions of three wildLactuca species were screened in the laboratory for race-specific resistance toBremia lactucae. Only a fewLactuca entries showed resistance both as seedlings and in a leaf disc test. Accessions ofL. serriola andL. sativa had a low degree of resistance. The best entries were also compared under field conditions. TheL. saligna entries were totally free from disease in the field test. High resistance was also recorded in a fewL. serriola entries and in lettuce cultivars such as Saffier and Mariska.
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  • 65
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    Euphytica 42 (1989), S. 31-33 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Capsicum annuum ; garden pepper ; potato virus Y ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Bell pepper suffers considerable losses from a strain of potato virus Y (PVYo-sbp). Crosses were attempted between two resistant lines Perennial and S41-1 and two highly susceptible bell pepper commercial cultivars California Wonder and Yolo Wonder. Studies of F1's, F2's, back crosses and F3's indicated that Perennial and S41-1 carry a recessive gene imparting resistance to potato virus Y.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; perennial ryegrass ; L. multiflorum ; Italian ryegrass ; Festuca pratensis ; meadow fescue ; F. arundinacea ; tall fescue ; Festuca × Lolium hybrids ; Phleum pratense ; timothy ; Dactylis glomerata ; cocksfoot ; Meloidogyne naasi ; root-knot nematode ; resistance ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars. Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glucine max ; soybean ; peanut stripe virus ; resistance ; genetics ; linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The possible linkage relationship between hypocotyl color, leaflet shape, resistance to soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and to a soybean isolate of peanut stripe virus (PStV-isolate PN) was examined in two soybean lines AGS 129 and Ankur. Hypocotyl color, leaf shape and reactions to SMV-G1 and PStV were found to be inherited monogenically, with purple hypocotyl color, ovate leaf shape and resistance to both of the viruses being dominant. The reactions to SMV and PStV were conditioned by genes with 9 ± 2.4 percent recombination as coupling phase. They were inherited independently from hypocotyl color and leaf shape.
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  • 68
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    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 197-202 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Ribes glutinosum ; R. sanguineum ; donors ; resistance ; Sphaerotheca mors-uvae ; American gooseberry mildew ; black currant ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A major dominant resistance gene Sph 3 has been transferred from Ribes ‘carrierei’ (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) to black currants of commercial promise by backcrossing repeatedly to R.nigrum. Probable causes of the almost invariable deficit of resistant plants in segregating progenies are briefly discussed. Response of young seedlings to mildew in the glasshouse was very highly correlated with their field response as mature plants.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lactuca ; lettuce ; interspecific crosses ; leaf aphids ; Nasonovia ribis nigri ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Interspecific crosses were carried out between the three Lactuca species L. virosa, L. serriola and L. sativa to transfer resistance to the leaf aphid Nasonovia ribis nigri from L. virosa to the cultivated lettuce. L. sativa, L. serriola was used as an intermediate parent between the other two species. Many irregularities were observed in the interspecific hybrids, ranging from premature dying of F1 plants resulting from a kind of bastard necrosis till complete male and female sterility and deviating microsporogenesis. Using in vitro culture and after several backcrosses male and female fertile plants were obtained with a L. sativa habit and with resistance to the leaf aphid.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Capsicum annuum ; sweet pepper ; Trialeurodes vaporariorum ; glasshouse whitefly ; cultivars ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fourteen cultivars, one F1-hybrid and one half-wild type (Cind) of sweet pepper were tested on resistance to glasshouse whitefly. Several mutually significant levels of resistance were found. Most resistant appeared to be ‘California Wonder’, ‘Severka M’, ‘Korál’ and ‘Yolo Wonder’. During the test sweet pepper plants were infested both with whiteflies and their parasite — Encarsia formosa, which caused the blackening of whitefly puparia. The blackened puparia are easily seen, enabling an easier and more rapid evaluation of the number of puparia present.
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  • 71
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    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 981-989 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; tomato ; Didymella lycopersici ; foot- and stemrot ; resistance ; interspecific crosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of the resistance to Didymella lycopersici was studied on F3- and Bc1⊗-lines from interspecific crosses of L. esculentum with L. hirsutum and with L. hirsutum glabratum. The resistance is not monogenic and is inherited in dominant fashion. The high h2 values based on line means offer possibilities to seleet efficiently for enhanced levels of resistance.
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  • 72
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    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 581-584 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; tomato leaf curl virus ; resistance ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of resistance to tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) was studied in the progenies derived from interspecific crosses between TLCV resistant Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum line B 6013 and five susceptible cultivars (HS 101, HS 102, HS 110, Pusa Ruby and Punjab Chhuhara) of L. esculentum. P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2 progenies of the five crosses were artificially inoculated with local strains of TLCV by means of the vector whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.). and the disease reaction was studied in all the crosses. Reaction of parents, F1, F2 and backcrosses suggests that resistance derived from L. hirsutum f. glabratum B 6013 is based on two epistatic genes, one from the wild parent and one from the cultivated one, resulting in a 13:3 segragation in the F2.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; breadwheat ; Triticum turgidum ; durum wheat ; Mayetiola destructor ; Hessian fly ; leaf pubescence ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Grain yield reductions of both breadwheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) caused by attacks of Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor Say) are second perhaps only to those caused by inadequate soil moisture in Morocco. To identify effective sources of resistance, 817 entries of common wheat and durum wheat reported to be resistant to Hessian fly were evaluated under natural infestations in Morocco. A large number of genes conferring virulence are present in populations of Moroccan Mayetiola. The genes H1, H2, H3, h4, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, H11, H14, H15, and H16 as well as the ‘Marquillo’, ‘Kawvale’ and PI 94587 resistance sources are not useful for cereal improvement in North Africa. ‘Luso’, which has the gene H12, also appeared susceptible in limited testing. Genotypes having the genes H5 and H13 were identified as significantly reducing larval survial in natural populations of Mayetiola. Of 11 resistant breadwheats identified with unknown genes, seven were from Portugal and three were from the Soviet Union. Although none of the durums tested had high levels of reistance, the two most promising durums were from Portugal. It is proposed that initially H5 be deployed in durum wheats and H13 be used in common wheat improvement. Leaf pubescence appears of little use in reducing the larval survival of Mayetiola.
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  • 74
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    Euphytica 34 (1985), S. 577-585 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryzasativa L. ; rice ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. ; oryzae ; bacterial leaf blight ; resistance ; induced mutations ; seleetion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dry seed lots of a rice cultivar, Harebare, susceptible for bacterial leaf blight (BLB), were exposed to thermal neutrons with and without pre-treatment of seed for boron-enrichment, and to gamma-rays. M1 plants of each of the treatments were grown and their seeds were separately harvested. M2 populations were raised in rice fields of a farmer in a region where BLB is epidemic every year, and M2 and control plants which expressed resistant reactions to BLB were selected. M3 and control lines as plant progenies of the selected M2 plants were raised in the same rice fields as in M2 generation in order to investigate their BLB resistance and other agronomically important traits. Variances for disease severity of M2 populations were significantly larger than those of the control population. whereas their means were not singificantly different from that of the control population, suggesting induction of mutations toward both resistance and susceptibility to BLB. Mean disease severity values of the M3 lines from selected M2 plants were significantly smaller than those of the control lines, indicating gains of selection in M2 for quantitative resistance against BLB. Thermal neutrons, especially with boron-enrichment pre-treatment were effective to induce mutations for resistance against BLB. Some M3 mutant lines with quantitatively enhanced resistance against BLB were not modified in other agronomic traits from those of the original cultivar. Significance of the induced quantitative resistance in breeding programmes for BLB resistance is discussed.
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  • 75
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    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 577-580 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Tilletia laevis ; Tilletia tritici ; common bunt ; physiologic races ; resistance ; Bt genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Australian Bunt Collection, obtained from infected crops between 1962–1977, has been classified into races, based on the differential reactions to ten known bunt resistant genes. Eight physiologic races of Tilletia laevis and three of T. tritici were identified. No race had virulence against the genes Bt3, Bt5, Bt8, or Bt10, of wheat. Consequently four major genes are available for breeding Australian wheat cultivars with resistance to common bunt.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; tomato ; Phytophthora nicotianae var.nicotianae ; foot and root rot ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Different levels of resistance to foot and root rot caused by P. nicotianae var. nicotianae were found, with the highest level in four American lines. The resistance of these lines depends on one incompletely dominant major gene.
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  • 77
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    Euphytica 38 (1988), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum durum ; durum wheat ; Septoria tritici ; resistance ; diallel analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary All crosses, except for reciprocals, were made among ten cultivars originating from crop improvement programs in North Africa and the Middle East. The entries varied widely in reaction to Septoria tritici. F1 and F2 progenies of the crosses were evaluated using eight S. tritici isolates from seven countries in the Mediterranean area. Thus, sixteen separate combining ability analyses were excecuted. General combining ability (GCA) was the major component of variation, although specific combining ability (SCA) was present in most cases. Additive variance thus appears to be of predominant importance. Nevertheless, non-additive variance may interfere when line selection in a breeding program is practiced. While differing greatly among cultivars, specific GCA effects for each cultivar separately were of similar magnitude for all isolates. Ranking statistics determined that cultivars were ranked in similar order for both means and specific GCA effects independent of the isolate used. Different isolates may therefore interact with similar or identical genetically controlled mechanisms in a particular cultivar. This could indicate the absence of differential gene-for-gene relationships and suggests that isolates vary in aggressiveness rather than in virulence.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum species ; potato ; Globodera pallida ; G. rostochiensis ; potato cyst nematodes ; resistance ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A detailed study of the resistance to Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis populations in eleven selected wild Solanum accessions showed that all the accessions had a high level of resistance to a broad spectrum of G. pallida populations Six of the accessions showed a high level of resistance to G. rostochiensis populations as well. The others were, in comparison with the susceptible cultivar Maritta, partial resistant to G. rostochiensis. Progenies of crosses between different resistance sources and between resistant clones and a partial resistant S. phureja clone showed to G. pallida (pathotype Pa3) a level of resistance comparable to that of the resistant parent. The resistance of progenies of crosses between resistant (R) and susceptible (S) clones was intermediate between that of the parental clones. When the distribution of the F1 genotypes over different ‘resistance’ classes was examined, significant differences between the RxS progenies were observed. Five groups with different distributions were distinguished, varying in percentage of resistant plants from 16.1 to 58.9 (s.e. 6.5). Significant differences in resistant breeding values were found between clones of different accessions as well as between clones from the same accession. Between progenies of reciprocal RxS and SxR crosses no difference was observed.
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    European journal of plant pathology 95 (1989), S. 225-240 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: aphid transmission ; celery latent virus ; cucumber mosaic cucumoviurs ; resistance ; sources of infection ; tobacco rattle tobravirus ; virus ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Sinds 1969 trad gedurende een aantal opeenvolgende jaren in de provincie Zeeland in knolselderij een ernstige virusziekte epidemisch op. Vaak mislukten gewassen geheel. Uit viruszieke planten konden het latente selderijvirus, komkommermozaïekvirus, tabaksratelvirus en een potyvirus worden geïsoleerd. Het laatste kwam echter het meest voor en was in zijn optreden gecorreleerd met de voor de epidemie karakteristieke symptomen. Het kon op grond van waardplanten en symptomen, deeltjesvorm en grootte (ca 780 nm) en serologie worden geïdentificeerd als het selderijmozaïekvirus. In de kas konden in selderij de voor de ziekte kenmerkende symptomen ermee worden gereproduceerd. Reeds in 1970 waren in de omgeving van Kruiningen en Waarde in 12 van de 25 geïnspecteerde velden meer dan 60% van de planten ziek. Een systematische inventarisatie gedurende 1971 tot en met 1977 toonde aan dat de ziekte in die periode snel verder om zich heen greep en de teelt in het oorspornkelijke teeltgebied niet meer lonend maakte. De ziekte volgde echter geleidelijk de noordwaarts uitwijkende teelt. In 1976 was 41% van de 117 geïnspecteerde velden voor meer dan 75% aangetast. In zulke velden kon het percentage zieke planten vanaf eind juli tot begin september toenemen van 0 tot nagenoeg 100. De eerste symptomen treden jaarlijks rond eind juli of begin augustus op. Proeven, waarbij veldjes met planten gedurende bepaalde perioden werden afgedekt met bladluisdichte gaaskooien, toonden aan dat de eerste infectie optreedt ca 3 weken (2–4) voor het verschijnen van de eerste symptomen en op zijn vroegst begin juli, en dat verdere verspreiding nog tot na 20 september plaatsvindt. De besmettingsbronnen zijn nog steeds niet gevonden. De wijze van optreden van de ziekte in het veld doet vermoeden dat het virus niet afkomstig is van dichtbij voorkomende wilde planten. Er blijken grote rasverschillen in resistentie te bestaan. De voor consumptie en conservenverwerking gewilde rassen, waaronder vooral ‘Roem van Zwijndrecht’, zijn alle zeer kwetsbaar. Met het geleidelijk naar voren komen van meer resistante, en voor de export vooral gevraagde anthocyanine-vrije rassen, zoals ‘Monarch’ en ‘Iram’, heeft de knolselderijteelt zich in Zeeland grotendeels hersteld.
    Notes: Abstract An annually recurring virus epidemic has caused severe damage and sometimes total yield loss in crops of celeriac in the south-west of the Netherlands for several years since 1969. Celery leatent virus, cucumber mosaic cucumovirus and tobacco rattle tobravirus were isolated from diseased plants, but a potyvirus was the most prevalent virus present. It did not cause local lesions inChenopodium amaranticolor orC. quinoa and did not infect other non-Umbelliferae. The virus was identified as celery mosaic potyvirus and confirmed to be the causal agent. Field surveys from 1971 to 1977 showed a rapid increase of disease incidence in consecutive years, soon leading to near-abandonment of the crop in the original centre of cultivation and its northward translocation, gradually followed by the disease. Incidence in fields often increased from zero by the end of July, when symptoms first appeared, to 100% early during September. In 1976 final incidence was 75 to 100% in 41% of the fields inspected. Temporary protection with aphid-proof cages showed that first infection occurred about three weeks before symptoms appear and not before the beginning of July, and that the virus may still spread after late September. When testing samples from other umbelliferous crops and wild species near infested crops, several viruses were detected but not celery mosaic virus. The virus may be introduced from yet unknown distant sources, as also suggested by the pattern of spread in crops of celeriac. Celeriac cultivars differe considerably in resistance to the virus, but resistant cultivars generally are of poorer quality for consumption and processing than the original highly sensitive cultivar. In recent years cultivation has recovered considerably with the advent of new cultivars.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: gene-for-gene interaction ; leaf mold disease ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; resistance ; susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Fysio's vanCladosporium fulvum, die de resistentie-genen Cf2, Cf4, Cf5, Cf8, Cf9 en Cf11 kunnen doorbreken, zijn in Nederland, Frankrijk en Polen opgetreden. Met behulp van een groep genotypen, die de resistentie genen Cf2 tot en met Cf11 dragen, zijn Nederlandse, Franse en enkele nieuwe Poolse isolaten onderzocht op de aanwezigheid van virulentiegenen. Enkele Nederlandse isolaten, eerder aangeduid met 2.4, 2.4.5. en 2.4.5.9, bleken het resistentie-gen Cf11 te kunnen doorbreken. Deze moeten daarom aangeduid worden als respectievelijk 2.4.11, 2.4.5.11 en 2.4.5.9.11. In de nieuwe Poolse isolaten werd virulentie gevonden voor Cf2, Cf4, Cf8, Cf9 en Cf11. Alle fysio's die op genotypen met Cf4 konden groeien, groeiden ook op genotypen met Cf8. Daarom kon geen ondersheid gemaakt worden tussen Cf4 en Cf8. De Poolse isolaten behoren tot de fysio's 4.11, 2.4.11 en 2.4.9.11. De gevolgen van het voorkomen van deze fysio's voor de tomateveredeling worden besproken.
    Notes: Abstract Races ofCladosporium fulvum, which can overcome the resistance of the genes Cf2, Cf4, Cf5, Cf8, Cf9 and Cf11 have appeared in the Netherlands, France and Poland. Known isolates from the Netherlands and France and three new isolates from Poland have been investigated for the presence of virulence genes using a set of genotypes carrying resistance genes Cf2 to Cf11.Several Dutch isolates of races, earlier designated as 2.4, 2.4.5 and 2.4.5.9, were found to break down the resistance gene Cf11. These races must therefore be designated as 2.4.11, 2.4.5.11 and 2.4.5.9.11 respectively. In the new Polish isolates virulence genes, overcoming the resistance genes Cf2, Cf4, Cf8, Cf9 and Cf11 were found. Since all races able to grow on genotypes with Cf4, could also grow on genotypes carrying Cf8, it was impossible to discriminate between the genes Cf4 and Cf8. These Polish isolates were designated as races 4.11, 2.4.11 and 2.4.9.11. The consequences of the occurrence of these races for tomato breeding are discussed.
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  • 81
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    European journal of plant pathology 89 (1983), S. 245-254 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: pathogenesis ; stress ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The main properties of ‘pathogenesis-related’ proteins induced inNicotiana species during hypersensitive reactions to different pathogens, as well as by chemical or physical treatments, are listed. These properties are compared with those of similar protein compounds occurring in other plant species in similar circumstances. The plants include cucumber, cowpea,Gomphrena globosa kidney bean,Gynura aurantiaca, tomato, potato, citron and celery. Similarities with other proteins normally occurring in plants, such as proteinase inhibitors, are considered. Analogies and differences with proteins induced in plants by environmental stresses, and with the ‘antiviral factors’ and the ‘inhibitor of viral replication’ occurring inNicotiana species are briefly discussed.
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  • 82
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    European journal of plant pathology 91 (1985), S. 249-251 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cucumber ; powdery mildew ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Samenvatting In proefvelden van een instituut voor gewasbescherming te Heraklion op Kreta, waar fungiciden op hun werking tegen komkommermeeldauw worden getoetst, bleek de werking van ditalimfos na toepassing in twee proeven reeds verminderd te zijn. Het optreden van resistentie werd bevestigd in proeven in een klimaatkamer. Voor drie isolaten uit de proefvelden was de ED50 van het middel ongeveer 19 maal zo hoog als die voor zes willekeurige isolaten uit praktijkpercelen. De detalimfos-resistente isolaten waren wel gevoelig voor fenarimol en pyrazophos. In proefvelden, die niet met het fungicide werden behandeld, bleken de resistente isolaten zich temidden van gevoelige isolaten te handhaven gedurende tenminste negen maanden.
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  • 83
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    European journal of plant pathology 91 (1985), S. 285-294 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: resistance ; hypersensitivity ; susceptibility ; tolerance ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Op drie isolaten van het tomatemozaïekvirus, A.8, SJ-64 en SLa, die naar alle waarschijnlijkheid de pathogene stammen 1 en 2 bevatten, werd selectiedruk uitgeoefend door een herhaalde waardplantpassage. Voor de afscheiding van stam 1 onderging elk van de isolaten eerst driemaal een passage doorSolanum pennellii en vervolgens 22 maal door de tomaatselectie ‘CStMW-18’ (Tm-1/Tm-1). Voor stam 2 passeerde elk isolaat eerst driemaalLycopersicon peruvianum P.I. 128655 en vervolgens 22 maal de tomaatselectie “Pérou-2’ (Tm-2/Tm-2). Op gezette tijden werden de sub-isolaten, verkregen uit de gelijktijdig verlopende passageproeven, getoetst op een differentiële reeks tomaatselecties. Deze waren heterozygoot en homozygoot voor de resistentiegenen Tm-1 en Tm-2 en voor de combinatie van Tm-1 en Tm-2. Voor elk van de isolaten A.8, SJ-64 en SLa werden na passage door ‘CStMW-18’ sub-isolaten verkregen van stam 1. Terwijl voor A.8 en SLa na passage door ‘Pérou-2’ sub-isolaten van stam 2 werden verkregen, leverde dezelfde passage voor SJ-64 een sub-isolaat, op van stam 1.2. Voor SJ-64 en SLa gaven, twee passages door de tomaatselectie ‘Craigella Tm-1/2 Tm-2/+’ in aansluiting op 20 passages door ‘Pérou-2’ aanleiding tot de vorming van stam 1.2. In de discussie wordt op de mogelijke ontstaanswijze van stam 1.2 ingegaan.
    Notes: Abstract Three isolates of tomato mosaic virus, A.8, SJ-64 and SLa, assumed to contain the pathogenic strains 1 and 2, were each subjected to selection pressure by passage through different hosts in concurrent series. The sub-isolated obtained were tested at intervals on differential tomato lines heterozygous for each of the resistance genes Tm-1 and Tm-2 and for the combination of Tm-1 and Tm-2. Three preliminary passages throughSolanum pennellii followed by 22 passages through the tomato line ‘CStMW-18’ (Tm-1/Tm-1) resulted for A.8, SJ-64 and SLa in sub-iolates, of strain 1. Three preliminary passages throughL. peruvianum P. I. 128655 followed by 22 passages through the tomato line ‘Pérou-2’ (Tm-2/Tm-2) resulted for A.8 and SLa in sub-isolates of strain 2 and for SJ-64 in a sub-isolate of strain 1.2. Twenty passages through ‘Pérou-2’, followed by two additional passages through the tomato line ‘Craigella Tm-1/+Tm-2/+’ resulted for SJ-64 and SLa in sub-isolates of strain 1.2 and for A.8 in a sub-isolate of strain 2.
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  • 84
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    European journal of plant pathology 94 (1988), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: tolerance ; resistance ; perennial ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Om na te gaan of inLolium perenne tolerantie en resistentie t.a.v. ectoparasitaire nematoden voorkomt, werd de interactie tussen 10 cultivars vanL. perenne en de ectoparasitaire nematodeTylenchorhynchus dubius onderzocht. De verschillen in tolerantie bleken gering. Cultivars met een lage spruit/wortel-verhouding en een lage transpiratiecoëfficiënt waren in het algemeen wat toleranter. Er werden verschillen in resistentie gevonden, maar voor het verminderen van schade in het waardplant/parasiet-systeemL. perenne/T. dubius is resistentie van, weinig belang.
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between 10 cultivars ofLolium perenne andTylenchorhynchus dubius was studied to investigate the incidence of tolerance and resistance to ectoparasitic nematodes inL. perenne. Differences in tolerance were small; the nematode treatments yielded 67 to 76% of the dry shoot mass of the controls. Cultivars with a low leaf weight ratio and a low transpiration coefficient tended to have a somewhat better tolerance. Differences in resistance occurred, but resistance is of minor importance to reduce damage in theL. perenne/T. dubius host-parasite system.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: insecticide ; organophosphoré ; résistance ; sélection ; auxiliaire ; Phytoseiidae ; insecticide ; organophosphates ; resistance ; selection beneficial arthropods ; Phytoseiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The toxicity of methidathion was tested against seven strains ofPhytoseiulus persimilis obtained from laboratory cultures, commercially-produced stocks and from the field. The CL50 of the most resistant strain tested was 100 times higher than that of the most susceptible. All strains were subsequently selected using methidathion, until they were more or less equally resistant. The strains were then mixed and their overall progeny were again selected with methidathion and other pesticides before being used in integrated control programmes. Although the populations ofPhytoseiulus eventually released were still affected by methidathion, they were not eliminated by residues on the ground and were less susceptible to residues on leaves.
    Notes: Résumé La toxicité du méthidathion a été mesurée sur 7 souches dePhytoseiulus persimilis provenant de collections de laboratoire, d'unités de production ou du terrain. Les résultats obtenus se sont avérés être très variables: la CL50 de la souche la plus résistante est 100 fois plus élevée que celle de la souche la plus sensible. Chaque souche a ensuite été sélectionnée pour la résistance à cet insecticide; toutes les souches ont répondu à la sélection et ont atteint des niveaux de résistance similaires. Elles ont ensuite été mélangées, à nouveau sélectionnées pour la résistance au méthidathion et à d'autres insecticides et utilisées dans les programmes de lutte intégrée. La résistance a pu ainsi être légèrement augmentée et la souche obtenue, bien qu'encore affectée par le méthidathion sur le terrain, n'est plus complètement éliminée par les traitements et est moins sensible aux résidus présents sur les feuilles.
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  • 86
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    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 83-95 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aphytis ; biological control ; parasitic Hymenoptera ; pesticide tolerance ; resistance ; toxicological methodology ; Aphytis ; lutte biologique ; hyménoptères parasites ; pesticide ; tolérance ; résistance ; essais toxicologiques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La résistance aux pesticides est devenue largement répandue chez les ravageurs, mais elle n'a été que rarement mentionnée chez leurs ennemis naturels. Des agents de lutte biologique résistants peuvent jouer un rôle important dans les programmes de Lutte Intégrée en réduisant le nombre d'espéces nécessitant une lutte chimique et en limitant l'ensemble des applications de pesticides. Le manque de techniques toxicologiques appropriées aux insectes petits, fragiles et hautement actifs, peut limiter les projets de choix et de sélection. Les méthodes toxicologiques disponibles ont été trouvées comme non satisfaisantes pour notre travail avecAphytis holoxanthus DeBach—(Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae), parasite du Pou de Floride,Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) (Homoptera : Diaspididae). Une méthode alimentaire test, basée sur l'accès contrôlé à des solutions pesticides appâts, a été développée. Des concentrations progressives de malathion dans des solutions de sucrose ont été offertes dans des cellules de Munger adaptées en combinant ainsi les effets par contact et par ingestion du poison. Les cages d'élevage et de traitment, les procédés de fabrication et de manipulation ont été adaptés pour le travail avec les grands nombres d'individus requis pour des résultats statistiquement significatifs. La méthode se prête à la récupération des survivants qui pourraient être utilisés dans des expériences de multiplication et de sélection. Les résultats obtenus avec plusieurs populations test sont représentés par le rapport entre le dosage et la mortalité dont les valeurs de la DL 50 correspondante et leur limite ont été calculées. Le procédé décrit peut se révéler souhaitable pour des programmes de sélection avec des espèces semblables, dont beaucoup sont d'importants agents de lutte biologique et avec un large éventail de pesticides combinant les effets de contact et d'ingestion.
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to many pest species, important biological control agents have only rarely been found to be pesticide resistant. Biochemical and ecological mechanisms have been implicated, but lack of toxicological techniques suitable for the minute and fragile insects concerned may limit screening and research projects. Standard techniques are criticized, and a method utilizing controlled access to pesticidecontaining sucrose solutions is described. The method was used to test tolerance ofAphytis holoxanthus to malathion, and is suggested for screening and selection experiments with this and similar species.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Spodoptera frugiperda ; nuclear polyhedrosis virus ; resistance ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; virus de la polyédrose nucléaire ; résistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les doses léthales moyennes (DL 50) du virus de la polyédrose nucléaire (NPV) ont été déterminées dans la descendance néo-natale de larves deSpodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) capturées au Sud-Est de la Louisiane en 1981, 1982 et 1984. Ces doses moyennes léthales (DL 50) variaient de 1,8 à 16,3 corps d'inclusion polyédriques par insectes (PIB/Insect). Les DL 50 augmentaient significativement (P〈0,05) durant la saison 1982, mais ne présentaient aucune tendance régulière ni en 1981 ni en 1984. Cependant, les populations deS. frugiperda accroissaient l'hétérogénéité de leur réaction au virus de la polyédrose nucléaire durant les 3 années. La DL 50 augmentait de 4,1 à 18,7 PIB/insecte dans une colonie deS. frugiperda exposée au virus de la polyédrose nucléaire (DL 50) durant 7 générations, tandis que dans une colonie témoin non exposée au virus, la DL 50 était de 5,9 PIB/insect après 7 générations.
    Notes: Abstract Median lethal doses (LD50s) of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) were determined in neonatal offspring ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Sf) larvae captured in southeastern Louisiana in 1981, 1982, and 1984. These LD50s ranged from 1.8 to 16.3 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/insect. The LD50s significantly (P〈0.05) increased during the season of 1982 but had no pattern in 1981 or 1984. However, the Sf populations increased in heterogeneity of response to the NPV during all 3 years. The LD50 increased from 4.1 to 18.7 PIB/insect in a Sf laboratory colony exposed to the NPV LD80 for 7 generations, whereas in a control colony not exposed to NPV the LD50 was 5.9 PIB/insect after 7 generations.
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