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  • Rat  (409)
  • Immunocytochemistry  (208)
  • temperature  (155)
  • Springer  (755)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 1985-1989  (626)
  • 1970-1974  (129)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Brain tumour ; Rat ; Detection ; Fluorescence ; Laser ; Haematoporphyrin derivative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence has been used for the identification of brain tumours in rats, which have been previously given tumour-seeking haematoporphyrin derivative. A pulsed nitrogen laser (λ=337 nm) was used in conjunction with an optical multichannel analyzer. For both inoculated RG-2 and TCVC rat-brain-tumour models, the blue autofluorescence was strongly reduced in the tumour compared with normal brain tissue, and at the same time the characteristic red-drug signal increased. The contrast between tumour and normal tissue was strongly enhanced by forming the ratio between the two signals. Implications for possible improvement of tumour delineation in brain tumour surgery are discussed.
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  • 2
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 454-461 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Impregnation ; void ; liquid ; fabric ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Under the condition that liquid epoxy resin impregnation was through polyester non-woven fabric sheets, sandwiched between two circular glass plates, the increase in gas pressure caused by decrease in the volume of non-impregnating area was not as much as expected according to Boyle's law. Hence, the quantity of the gas consumed by dissolution and diffusion into the liquid resin and the polyester fibers, as well as by the void formation in the impregnating area of liquid resin, was calculated. According to the results, the quantities of gas decreased by dissolution and diffusion from the non-impregnating area into the impregnating liquid resin and into the polyester fiber are found to be so small that the deviation from Boyle's law mostly depends on the gas consumption due to the void formation in the impregnating area. Observing the impregnating region with a microscope, many voids were found in the area between the non-impregnating area and the completely impregnated area. The number and size of voids are theoretically estimated by assuming the non-uniformity of the fiber distribution in the polyester non-woven fabric.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; maize ; water ; drought ; stress ; development ; models ; phytotron ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des plants de maïs se développent dans un phytotron dans 4 conditions d'humidité du sol (de la saturation à la dessication) et à 3 températures constantes (20°, 25° & 30°C). Chaque pied est contaminé au moment de l'émission du pollen, par une ooplaque d'O. nubilalis Hübn. (ECB) de race européenne E. L'installation, la colonisation et le développement des chenilles sont notés lors de 12 périodes de prélèvements destructifs (4 par température). La vitesse de développement d'O. nubilalis est affectée par la température, main non par l'humidité du sol. Les 4 niveaux d'humidité du sol n'ont aucun effet sur la teneur en eau des tiges de maïs. En fait, les feuilles de maïs présentent une senescence précoce lorsqu'il y a déficit en eau dans le sol. La teneur en eau du sol agit sur l'installation, sur la distribution verticale, la dispersion et le lieu d'alimentation des chenilles; mais ces effets sont légers et ne modifient pas la vitesse de développement. L'environnement larvaire dans la tige de maïs est efficacement isolé des variations externes par l'aptitude de la plante à maintenir la teneur en eau des tiges relativement élevée et stable. Ainsi, des changements importants au niveau du sol n'ont pratiquement pas d'effets sur le développement d'O. nubilalis, malgré les conséquences brutales pour la plante. Cette étude montre que la vitesse de développement d'O. nubilalis est relativement insensible aux modifications de la teneur en eau du sol ainsi qu'aux effets de ce stress de sécheresse sévère sur le pied de maïs. La discussion porte sur l'importance de ces résultats pour la modélisation de la dynamique de l'insecte, la physiologie de la culture et les interactions entre insecte et plante.
    Notes: Abstract Maize plants were grown under four moisture regimes (wet to extreme deficit) and three constant temperatures (20°, 25° & 30°C) in a phytotron. Each plant was infested with one E-race European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubn.)] (ECB) egg mass at pollen shed. ECB development, location, and establishment were recorded over the course of 12 destructive sample dates (4/temperature). ECB developmental rates were not significantly affected by soil moisture treatments, but were significantly affected by temperature. In spite of successful establishment of four distinctly different soil moisture regimes, the maize stalk tissue water levels were not significantly different among soil water treatments. Instead, the maize plants exhibited accelerated leaf senescence in response to the water deficit conditions. Among the soil water treatments, differences were found in larval establishment, vertical distribution and dispersion, and feeding site selection; however, those effects were slight and could not explain the similarity in ECB developmental rates observed in these treatments. In maize, the larval environment within the stalk was effectively insulated from changes in the external environment by the plant's ability to maintain a relatively high and stable stalk tissue water content. Thus, large changes to the soil environment had essentially no effect on ECB development, though drastic consequences for the plant. This study indicates that ECB rates of development are relatively insensitive to changes in the soil water environment as well as the associated changes in the maize plant that accompany severe drought stress. The significance of these findings to insect modelling, crop physiology, and insect-crop interactions is discussed.
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  • 4
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    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 849-852 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: alternative mating tactics ; temperature ; Stictia heros ; Sphecidae ; Costa Rica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
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    Journal of solution chemistry 15 (1986), S. 749-764 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Apparent molar enthalpy ; heat capacity ; volume ; compressibility ; expansitivity ; Debye-Hückel limiting law ; dielectric constant ; PVT properties ; pressure ; temperature ; thermodynamic properties ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using internationally recognized critical evaluations for the dielectric constant of water by Uematsu and Franck and the thermodynamic surface of water by Haar, Gallagher, and Kell, the Bureau of Mines presents values for the Pitzer-Debye-Hückel limiting slopes for osmotic coefficients, apparent molal enthalpies, apparent molal heat capacities, apparent molal volumes, molal compressibilities, and apparent molal expansivities from 0 to 350°C and from saturation to 1 kbar.
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  • 6
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 73-84 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Liriomyza trifolii ; Agromyzidae ; Diptera ; temperature ; thresholds ; life history ; feeding ; intrinsic rate of increase ; tomato ; host-plant suitability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La vitesse de développement, la mortalité, l'alimentation, la fécondité et la longévité de L. trifolii (Burgess) élevés sur plants de tomates du cultivar ‘Moneydor’ ont été examinées au laboratoire sous 3 températures constantes (15°C, 20°C et 25°C) et une thermopériode (16/22°C, moyenne 19,5°C). Les taux de développement et les seuils de chaque stade ont été déterminés à partir des droites de régressions. Aucune corrélation n'a été mise en évidence entre ces variables biologiques et la taille des pupes. De plus, certaines données sur la biologie de L. trifolii sont fournies et discutées. Le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement, rm a varié de-0,0023 oeuf viable/femelle/jour à 15°C à 0,1254 oeuf viable/femelle/jour à 25°C et la reproduction nette de 1 oeuf femelle viable/femelle à 15°C à 26 oeufs femelles viables/femelle à 25°C. La durée d'une génération a varié de 48 jours à 15°C à 24 j à 25°C. 90% de la ponte a eu lieu dans les 115 premiers degrés jours de la vie imaginale à 20 et 25°C. La fécondité et la longévité étaient fortement liées au nombre de piqûres nutritionnelles. Ces résultats montrent que la tomate est un hôte convenable permettant aux populations de L. trifolii de se développer lorsque la température est supérieure à 16°C.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of three constant (15°C, 20°C and 25°C) and one alternating (16–22°C, mean 19.5°C) temperatures on development, mortality, feeding, fecundity and longevity of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) on tomato plants cv. ‘Moneydor’ were examined in the laboratory. Development rates and thresholds for each instar were estimated by means of linear regression. No correlation was found between life history variables and pupal length. Further, data on the biology of L. trifolii are given and discussed. The intrinsic rate of increase, rm, varied from-0.0023 viable female eggs/⧫/day at 15°C to 0.1254 eggs/⧫/day at 25°C and net reproduction from one viable female egg/⧫ at 15°C to 26 eggs/⧫ at 20°C. Generation time varied from 48 days at 15°C to 24 days at 25°C. Ninety % oviposition occurred within the first 115 degree-days of adult life at both 20°C and 25°C. Fecundity and longevity were highly correlated with the number of feeding punctures. The data indicate that tomato is a suitable host plant allowing populations of L. trifolii to increase if temperatures are above 16°C.
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  • 7
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1554-1557 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; neuropeptide Y ; radioimmunoassay ; rat pancreas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Significant quantities of a newly discovered peptide, neuropeptide Y, were found in the rat pancreas, where they were localized to nerves in the exocrine parenchyma and around arterial and ductal structures. Although unaffected by surgical parasympathectomy, the periarterial and periductal nerves were abolished by chemical sympathectomy, suggesting that NPY is partially costored with sympathetic transmitters in nerve fibers.
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  • 8
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 265-266 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; hydrochlorothiazide ; pain threshold ; antinociceptive activity ; analgesic activity ; morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hydrochlorothiazide, acutely injected in rats, has a weak analgesic activity per se and potentiates and prolongs the antinociceptive effect of morphine.
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  • 9
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 171-173 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Estrogen receptor ; homogenization ; temperature ; nucleus ; uterus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Homogenization of rat uterus at elevated temperatures results in an increased nuclear localization of unoccupied estrogen receptor. This is a nonlinear effect which is accounted for by an increased population of KCl-resistant nuclear binding sites at the elevated homogenization temperatures.
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  • 10
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1429-1430 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Fish ; serotonin ; hydrostatic pressure ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The contents of serotonin (5 HT) and its metabolite 5 hydroxy indoleacetic acid (5 HIAA) have been measured (HPLC technique) in the brains of eels exposed to different conditions of hydrostatic pressure and temperature (HP=1 or 101 ATA in winter, Tw=14°C, and in summer, Tw=19°C). It appears that an increase of Tw induces a significant increase of the 5 HT/5 HIAA ratio. In contrast, eels exposed at 101 ATA of HP for 1 h do not exhibit any modification in the 5 HT/5 HIAA brain ratio at a given temperature. The involvement of 5 HT under the conditions studied is discussed.
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  • 11
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1532-1533 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Marlin ; muscle ; mechanics ; ATPase activity ; temperature ; skinned fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary ATPase activity and force generation have been measured simultaneously in isolated, demembranated muscle fibers of the Pacific blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) between 0 and 30°C. Tension generation is relatively independent of temperature above 15°C and falls with a Q10 of 〈1.5 on decreasing the temperature to 0°C. In contrast, the Q10 for ATPase activity is 2.2 over the range 0–30°C. The results are interpreted in terms of the cross bridge theory of contraction.
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  • 12
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1192-1197 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Psychrophily ; psychrotrophy ; microorganisms ; temperature ; physiology ; activities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms have the ability to grow at 0°C. Psychrotrophic microorganisms have a maximum temperature for growth above 20°C and are widespread in natural environments and in foods. Psychrophilic microorganisms have a maximum temperature for growth at 20°C or below and are restricted to permanently cold habitats. This ability to grow at low temperature may be correlated with a lower temperature characteristic than that of the mesophiles, an increasing proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the lipid phase of the cell membrane, which makes it more fluid, and a protein conformation functional at low temperature. The relatively low maximum temperature of growth for these microorganisms is often considered to be due to the thermolability of one or more essential cellular components, particularly enzymes, while some degradative activities are enhanced, resulting in an exhaustion of cell energy, a leakage of intracellular substances or complete lysis. Psychrotrophic microorganisms are well-known for their degradative activities in foods. Some are pathogenic or toxinogenic for man, animals or plants. However in natural microbial ecosystems psychrotrophic and psychrophilic microorganisms can play a large role in the biodegradation of organic matter during cold seasons.
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  • 13
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 414-415 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junction ; quantal content ; antarctic fish ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The quantal contents of endplate potentials from extraocular muscles of an antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki were measured over a range of temperatures. Quantal release was maximal at about 5°C but showed little dependence on temperature between −2°C and 10°C. Above 10°C quantal content declined until release ceased about 18°C. In view of the fact that the ambient temperature at which these fish live is constant at −1.9°C, the results suggest thatPagothenia borchgrevinki is only partially adapted to its environment despite 25 million years acclimatization.
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  • 14
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 349-351 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; temperature ; brain ; hibernation ; Helix aspersa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ablation of the brain from hibernatingHelix aspersa maintained at 25°C causes a significant increase in the proliferation of male cells in the gonad, whereas the ablation of the optic tentacles has no effect. The brain, therefore, produces a factor which specifically inhibits the multiplication of spermatogonia and spermatocytes.
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  • 15
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 38 (1985), S. 165-169 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: temperature ; growth rates ; cassava mealybug ; Phenacoccus manihoti ; life table ; Manihot esculenta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des tables de vie ont été établies pour déterminer l'effet de températures constantes sur les taux de croissance de populations de la cochenille du manioc, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., et ainsi comprendre les changements au sein des populations du ravageur dans les champs et mener à bien le programme de lutte biologique organisé à l'I.I.T.A. contre cette cochenille. P. manihoti, introduit à partir de l'Amérique latine en Afrique, y menace la production du manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement natural (rm) a augmenté de 0.114 à 20°C, à 0.185 à 27°C, avant de descendre à 0.182 à 30.5°C. Le taux net de reproduction (Ro) a été relativement élevé (426–584 oeufs femelles/génération). Dans nos conditions expérimentales, la mortalité a atteint 50% au bout de 37.5, 21.5, 19.0 jours respectivement à 20, 23.5, 27 et 30.5°C. La durée du cycle et le coefficient d'accroissement (λ) étaient inversement liés à la température. Le ravageur possède la capacité de doubler sa population en 6.08 jours à 20°C alors que 3.81 jours seulement suffisent pour doubler la population à 30.5°C. Ces résultats nous ont permis de comprendre et d'expliquer l'énorme pouvoir de pullulation de la cochenille observé dans les champs pendant la saison sèche; il s'ensuit que les lâchers des entomophages produits en élevages doivent se faire très tôt au début de la saison sèche, afin de contrecarrer la grande fertilité et la capacité d'augmentation rapide des populations de P. manihoti.
    Notes: Abstract Life table studies were conducted to assess the effect of constant temperature on the rate of population growth of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Four temperatures, between 20 and 30.5°C, were tested. An inverse relationship was observed between temperature and most demographic parameters. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) increased from 0.1 at 20°C to 0.2 at 27°C and 30.5°C. The net reproductive rate varied between 426.3 at 30.5°C and 584.7 at 20°C. The mealybug population reached 50% mortality after 37.5, 21.5, 19.0 and 19.0 days respectively at 20, 23.5, 27 and 30.5°C. The results indicate that P. manihoti can persist and increase in numbers within the range between 20 and 30.5°C.
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  • 16
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 237-242 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: photoperiod ; temperature ; Inachis io ; life-cycle ; geographical variation ; butterfly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Inachis io (L.), observable dans une grande partie de l'Europe, y présente des différences quant au cycle biologique, au voltinisme et à la durée du développement. Trois populations provenant de la zone de transition entre monovoltinisme et bivoltinisme ont été échantillonnées pour examiner les différences de réponses à la photopériode et à la température, et pour évaluer l'étendue des possibilités d'adaptation de cette espèce à l'environnement et ainsi optimaliser son potentiel reproductif. L'induction photopériodique de la diapause est de type jour long pour toutes les souches examinées, mais la photopériode critique 50 (CPh50) varie suivant les populations et paraît étroitement ajustée aux conditions locales. Il y a cependant assez de variabilité à l'intérieur des populations pour que le seuil puisse être rapidement abaissé dans chaque population par des expériences d'élevage sélectif. Par contre, la vitesse de développement ne varie pas significativement entre les populations pour la gamme de température: 15–27°C. Les poids de chrysalides ne diffèrent pas suivant les populations, bien qu'ils augmentent quand la température de dévelppement diminue. On peut penser que des modèles, prédisant que la diminution du nombre de générations pendant une saison sera accompagnée d'une prolongation de la durée de développement et d'une augmentation de la taille, et que ceci est d'origine génétique et non le résultat seul du refroidissement de l'environnement, ne tiendront pas compte de l'absence de variation entre populations dans la relation entre température et développement.
    Notes: Abstract The variation in response to photoperiod and temperature of different populations of the peacock butterfly, Inachis io (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), was investigated to test the extent to which species can adjust their response to the environment, and therefore maximise their reproductive potential. The photoperiodic (adult) diapause induction response varies between populations, and appears to be finely tuned to the local conditions. There is however variation within populations and the response can be adjusted in a population by selective breeding. The developmental rate is not significantly different between three latitudinally distinct populations, over the range of temperatures tested, and pupal weights are similar at given temperatures. However, pupal weights increase with decreasing development temperature. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to modelling life history strategies.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: composantes phéromonales ; diffusion ; température ; vent ; Z9-12:Ac ; 12:Ac ; Z9-14:Ac ; pheromonal components ; diffusion ; temperature ; wind ; Z9-12:Ac ; 12:Ac ; Z9-14:Ac
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary To determine the effect of various factors influencing the emission rate of pheromones from slow release dispensers, laboratory tests were undertaken with two types of rubber (Michelin) and one type of plastic trilaminate (Hercon®) dispenser. The effects of chain length, and the presence of double bonds were tested with three pheromonal compounds, Z9-12: Ac, 12: Ac and Z9-14: Ac impregnated on both types of rubber dispenser. The influences of temperature, wind velocity, humidity and percent loading were also tested. Data obtained indicated that chain length has a greater effect than the presence of a double bond. Amongst the climatic factors tested, wind speed has a greater effect than temperature while humidity has a minimal effect.
    Notes: Abstract Deux types de diffuseurs en caoutchouc (Michelin) et en plastique polystratifié (Hercon®) sont testés en laboratoire pour étudier quelques aspects des phénomènes de diffusion. Trois composantes phéromonales, le Z9-12: Ac, le 12: Ac et le Z9-14: Ac imprégnées dans ces différents supports servent à détermineer le rôle joué par la longueur de la chaîne de la molécule et la présence de doubles liaisons sur la vitesse de diffusion. L'influence de la température, de la vitesse du vent et de l'humidité est déterminée en cellules climatisées. Parmi les facteurs relatifs à la structure chimique, l'influence de la longueur de la chaîne est prédominante par rapport à la présence d'une double liaison. Parmi les facteurs climatiques, le vent agit plus que la température sur la diffusion, alors que l'humidité paraît secondaire.
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  • 18
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Pyrrhocoris apterus ; adult size ; egg weight ; starvation ; temperature ; pollution ; crowding ; duration of development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Körpergrösse bei den Imagines eines Wildstammes der Feuerwanze Pyrrhocoris apterus wurde teilweise durch die Veränderlichkeit der Eigrösse determiniert, teilweise auch durch Hungern der Larven, niedrige Temperatur und metabolischen Produkten beeinflusst. Der Effekt letzterer Faktoren stieg mit deren Dauer und war je grösser desto näher sich die Wirkungsperiode zur Imaginalhäutung befand. Unterschiedliche Photoperioden wirkten auf die Körperlänge nicht. Wurden die Larven zwischen der ungünstigen Periode und der Imaginalhäutung noch den optimalen Bedingungen ausgesetzt, kompensierten sich die negativen Einflüsse weitgehend. Zu einer drastischen Verkleinerung der Imagines kam es nur, wenn das letzte Larven-stadium mit Hunger beeinflusst wurde und bis zur Imaginalhäutung keinen Zutritt zum Futter hatte. Minimales Gewicht, wo die Metamorphose der Larven noch möglich war, wurde zu 18 mg festgestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The determination of body size (length or weight) of teneral adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus L. was investigated. About 50% of size variation was determined already in the egg stage (average egg weight adult length correlations were 0.67 in males and 0.71 in females). During the larval development, starvation, low temperature, and pollution by excreta combined with crowding reduced adult size and usually increased the development length. The effects were directly proportionate to the length of the stress period, and increased with larval age. Photoperiod or intrinsic variation of development time did not affect adult size. The effects of stress were largely compensated when it was followed by a period of compensation growth at optimum conditions. A dramatic reduction of size appeared when last inster larvae starved and moulted to adults without access to food. Average adult weight was then reduced by up to 48%. Threshold weight for adult moulting was 18 mg, being attained after 1–2 day feeding of the last instar.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dacus tryoni ; fruit fly ; frosts ; cold ; survival ; winter ; step ; ramp ; cooling ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'aptitude à survivre à une ou plusieurs expositions à des températures inférieures à zéro dépend à la fois de leur sévérité et du laps de temps entre les expositions. L'effet d'une température minimale déterminée dépend de sa valeur, de sa durée et du type de refroidissement: brutal (step) ou progressif (ramp). Les effets de toute température minimale peuvent être exprimés en termes de LE50 (temps nécessaire pour obtenir une mortalité de 50% avec une exposition unique). Lorsque le temps d'application de la température minimale correspond à 35% du LE50, il n'y a pas de mortalité, de même dans le cas de répétitions quotidiennes. Lorsque le minimum est subi pendant 44% du LE50, il provoque environ 14% de mortalité après la première exposition, avec 3% supplémentaire après chaque exposition quotidienne, mais l'augmentation est nulle si l'exposition au froid n'a lieu que tous les 3 jours. Lorsque le minimum est subi pendant 88% de LE50, la mortalité après la première exposition est d'environ 40% et de même importance à chaque nouvelle exposition, même si elles sont espacées de 7 j. Lorsque la durée d'exposition au minimum correspond à 125% et à 150% de LE50, les mortalités sont respectivement d'environ 80% et 100% à la première exposition. La température maximale quotidienne, entre 15 et 25°C, semble avoir peu d'influence sur la mortalité provoquée par des expositions répétées à-5°C. Les mouches d'âges différents résistent de la même façon jusqu'à 6 expositions répétées à-6°C, mais au-delà les mouches âgées sont plus sensibles que les jeunes. Dans la mesure où, dans la nature, la durée d'exposition à la température minimale est connue et où la température dans le sol peut être calculée ou mesurée, ces résultats peuvent permettre d'interpréter la mortalité provoquée par le gel.
    Notes: Abstract Ability to survive exposure to single or repeated periods at a subzero temperature is related to the temperature experienced, whether it is approached quickly or slowly, the time for which it prevails and the interval between exposures. The severity of any low temperature can be expressed in terms of LE50 (time required to kill 50% of individuals with one exposure). Minima enduring for 35% LE50 do not cause any mortality, even when repeated daily. Minima enduring for 44% LE50 cause ca 14% mortality on the first occurrence but no more if repeated at 3 day intervals, but 3% more per occasion if repeated daily. Minima enduring for 88% LE50 cause ca 40% mortality on first occurrence and an equal amount at each recurrence even if each is 7 days apart. Minima enduring for 125% LE50 and over 150% LE50 cause respectively ca 80% and 100% mortality respectively on first occurrence. The daily maximum temperature (in the range 15°C to 25°C) appears to have little relevance to the mortality caused by a repeated minimum of -5°C. Flies of different ages have a similar ability to survive a repeated minimum of -6°C for up to six exposures, but thereafter old flies are more susceptible than young ones. These results can be related to mortality caused by frosty conditions in the field so long as the time spent at the minimum is known and the temperature on the ground can be measured or calculated.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae ; parasitoids ; Pseudococcidae ; mealybugs ; Anagyrus pseudococci ; Leptomastix dactylopii ; Leptomastidea abnormis ; temperature ; predicting development ; thresholds ; temperate glasshouses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les vitesses de développement de 3 parasitoïdes de cochenilles ont été étudiées dans les conditions de température de serre, avec thermopériode ou en température constante. En conditions constantes, la vitesse augmente jusqu'à 35°C, mais est létale à 40°C. Avec thermopériode, une thermophase de 40°C peut être tolérée pendant 12 heures. Les vitesses de développement sous thermopériodes pourraient être calculées à partir des données obtenues en conditions constantes, modifiées en fonction des durées respectives des cryophases et thermophases. Une méthode originale est présentée pour obtenir les seuils inférieurs de développement, en utilisant des thermopériodes, et pour calculer les vitesses de développement à températures élevées. Une méthode de régression polynomiale, non vérifiée préalablement, a été utilisée pour prévoir les durées moyennes des développements sous serre. Ces estimations sont beaucoup plus sûres que les prédictions basées sur le concept de degré-jour (Do), lorsque les températures extrêmes durent longtemps, mais en serre chaude elles ne présentent aucune différence significative. De plus, une méthode d'évaluation des 95% d'émergences, a donné de bonnes estimations des premières et dermières émergences en conditions périodiques.
    Notes: Abstract Developmental rates of three encyrtid mealybug parasitoids were examined under constant, cycling and glasshouse temperatures. Under constant conditions the rate of development increased with rising temperature up to 35°C, but a constant 40°C was lethal. Under cycling conditions, 12 h periods at 40°C could be tolerated. Developmental rates under cycling conditions could be calculated from constant temperature data, by incrementing development on an h/h basis. A new technique was developed to determine the lower thresholds for development, using cycling regimes and to calculate the rates of development over short periods at high temperature. A previously untested polynomial regression technique was used to predict mean developmental periods under glasshouse conditions. These predictions were considerably more accurate than day-degree (Do) predictions when substantial periods at extreme temperatures were involved, but not significantly different from day-degree predictions under ‘hot-house’ conditions. In addition a method was developed to calculate a 95% range for emergence, which gave consistently good estimates of first and last eclosion observed under fluctuating conditions.
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  • 21
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 47 (1988), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bembidion lampros ; Pterostichus cupreus ; Carabidae ; Coleoptera ; behaviour ; temperature ; searching ; consumption ; cereal aphid ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; prey ; density ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les taux maximum de consommation de R. padi L. à différentes températures ont été déterminés au laboratoire chez deux carabes, B. lampros Herbstet P. cupreus L. La consommation moyenne a augmenté avec la température chez les deux espèces, B. lampros consommant un maximum de 15,9 larves des stades 1 à 3 et 9,1 pucerons adultes aptères, à 25°C. P. cupreus a été particulièrement vorace et a consommé 125,3 adultes aptères par jour à 20°C. Le comportement des deux espèces a été observé en filmant en vidéo des carabes à jeun, maintenus à différentes températures constantes, dans des enceintes semées en orge de printemps. Des éléments du comportement, communs aux deux espèces, ont été définis: 1) immabilité, 2) marche et course, 3) recherche, 4) affrontement. P. cupreus a été plus actif à toutes les températures, B. lamprosa été inactif au-dessous de 10°C. La part de temps consacrée à la recherche, le nombre de plantes prospectées, et la vitesse ont augmenté avec la température chez les deux espèces. Dans des enceintes similaires colonisées par R. padi, P. cupreus a significativement augmenté le temps consacré à la recherche dans les enceintes, parallèlement à l'augmentation de la densité des pucerons. Après la découverte d'une colonie de pucerons, P. cupreus escalade et prospecte la plante et ses voisines immédiates; tandis que les plantes des enceintes sans pucerons sont rarement escaladées. B. lampros n'a pas été observé escaladant des plantes d'enceintes avec ou sans pucerons, et il n'a pas accru son temps de prospection en fonction de la densité de pucerons. Les quelques B. lampros qui ont capturé des pucerons l'ont fait lorsque ceux-ci marchaient sur la surface du sol. La discussion a porté sur l'efficacité relative des deux carabes comme prédateurs de R. padi, et les résultats ont été comparés à ceux d'études du même type, menées ailleurs, avec des prédateurs de Sitobion avenae sur blé d'hiver.
    Notes: Abstract Maximum consumption rates were determined for two carabids, Bembidion lampros Herbst. and Pterostichus cupreus L., feeding on the cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. at different temperatures in the laboratory. Mean daily consumption increased with increasing temperature for both species, B. lampros consuming a maximum of 16 1–3 instar nymphs and 9 apterous adult aphids at 25°C. P. cupreus was particularly voracious and consumed 125 apterous adult R. padi per day at 20°C. The behaviour of both species was analysed by video filming starved beetles, maintained at different constant temperatures, in arenas sown with spring barley. The behavioural components (1) still; (2) run/walk; (3) search and (4) confrontation were identified and were common to both species. P. cupreus was more active over the temperature range tested; B. lampros was inactive under 10°C. The proportion of time spent searching, number of plants searched, and velocity increased with increasing temperature for both species. When observed in similar arenas seeded with R. padi colonies, individuals of P. cupreus significantly increased their time spent searching in arenas with increasing aphid density. Following discovery of an aphid colony, individuals climbed and searched the host plant and its nearest neighbours. Plants in aphid free arenas were rarely climbed. B. lampros was not observed climbing in either aphid free arenas or in arenas with increasing aphid densities, and did not significantly increase its time spent searching in response to increased prey density. The few B. lampros that found aphids caught them walking on the soil surface. The relative efficiences of these two carabids as predators of R. padi are discussed, and the results are compared with similar studies elsewhere with predators of Sitobion avenae on winter wheat.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; Morimus funereus ; development ; laboratory conditions ; food quality ; temperature ; season
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur les effets d'une température constante (23 °C), de la qualité de l'aliment,-B = aliment naturel, c'est-à-dire de l'écorce de chêne pulvérisée; B+C = aliment naturel enrichi avec de la poudre de biscuits sucrés-, et de la saison sur le développement larvaire de M. funereus L. La température de 23 °C a été défavorable aux larves récoltées en septembre dans des souches de chênes et élevées sur aliment B: les larves étaient mortes en 30 jours. Avec aliment B+C, l'effet défavorable a été neutralisé et le poids des larves augmenté de 543%, 897% et 1179% en 1, 2 et 3 mois. Des larves néonates d'été ou d'hiver se sont bien développées sur B+C, mais toutes les larves d'hiver étaient mortes sur B en 40 j. Des larves de mêmes parents, écloses à différentes époques de l'année, ont présenté des différences saisonnières du taux de survie et de la vitesse de développement lors de leur élevage à 23 °C sur B+C. Le développement le plus rapide et la meilleure survie ont été obtenus avec des larves écloses au début ou au milieu de l'été; tandis que le développement le plus lent et la plus mauvaise survie ont été obtenus avec les larves écloses à la fin de l'été. Les changements saisonniers synchrones des adultes et de leurs descendants, exprimés à différents niveaux d'organisation biologique, suggèrent l'existence d'un rythme annuel endogène qui dépend de l'expression de différents gènes au cours du cycle annuel.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of constant temperature (23 °C), food quality (B, natural diet i.e. powdered oak bark; B+C, natural diet enriched with powdered sweet crackers) and season on larval development of the cerambycid Morimus funereus L. were studied. The temperature of 23 °C exerted an unfavourable effect on larvae collected from oak stumps in September and bred on B; i.e. the larvae died within 30 days. When the larvae consumed B+C the unfavourable effect of temperature was abolished and the larvae increased their weight by 543%, 897% and 1179% in 1, 2 and 3 months, respectively. Newly hatched summerand winter-larvae developed successfully on B+C, while all the winter-larvae died within 40 days on B. Larvae of an identical parentage hatched in different phases of the annual cycle and showed seasonal differences in the rate of development and survival when reared on B+C at 23 °C. The fastest development and the highest survival rate were observed in larvae which emerged in early- and midsummer, whereas the slowest development and the lowest survival rate were in those hatched in late summer. The synchronized seasonal changes of adults and their offspring, as expressed at different levels of biological organization, suggest the existence of an endogenous annual rhythm which is dependent upon the expression of different genes in the course of the annual cycle.
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  • 23
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 52 (1989), S. 185-188 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Dolycoris baccarum ; S. Norwegian population ; adult hibernal diapause ; diapause completion ; diapause activation ; diapause induction ; diapause prevention ; photoperiod ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Developmental rates ; temperature ; parasitoid ; mealybug ; Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae ; Epidinocarsis diversicornis ; Acerophagus coccois ; Homoptera ; Pseudococcidae ; Phenacoccus herreni ; cassava ; yucca
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les vitesses de développement des oeufs et de tous les stades larvaires mâles et femelles de P. herreni Cox & Williams ont été déterminées à 18°, 20°, 22°, 25°, 30° et 35°C. La longévité des adultes mâles et femelles a été déterminée. Les vitesses de développement de la ponte à la formation du cocon et de celleci à l'émergence de E. diversicornis Howard, encyrtide parasite de P. herreni ont été déterminées à 18°, 20°, 25° et 30°C. Il en a été de même pour un second encyrtide parasite A. coccois Smith à 20°, 25° et 30°C. Les équations polynomiales des derniers carrés dérivés et les équations logistiques ont été ajustées pour chaque lot de données (à l'exception de A. coccois) de façon à ce qu'elles aient pu être interpolées pour analyser l'impact de ces parasites sur la dynamique de population de P. herreni. Les résultats de cette analyse sont présentés à part.
    Notes: Abstract Developmental rates for Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams were determined at 18°, 20°, 22°, 25°, 30° and 35°C for the egg, all juvenile male and all juvenile female stadia. Longevity was determined for adult females and adult males. Developmental rates for the P. herreni parasitoid Epidinocarsis diversicornis (Howard) were determined at 18°, 20°, 25° and 30°C for the oviposition-to-mummy-formation period and the mummy-formation-to-adult-eclosion period. Developmental rates were determined for the P. herreni parasitoid Acerophagus coccois Smith for the same two life stages at 20°, 25° and 30°C. Least-squares-derived polynomial equations or logistic equations were fitted to each data set (except for A. coccois) so that rates could be interpolated for temperatures between observed points for use in an analysis of the impact of these parasitoids on population dynamics of P. herreni. Results of this analysis are presented separately.
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  • 25
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 75-78 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Codling moth ; Cydia pomonella ; diapause ; rearing method ; larval storage ; production ; temperature ; photoperiod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article porte sur les aspects principaux de l'élevage et de la production de chenilles diapaussantes de Cydia pomonella L. (Lep. Olethreutidae) pour des travaux de recherche. La diapause a été induite sous obscurité totale ou photophases inférieures à 15 heures. Des chenilles diapausantes ont été conservées en laboratoire jusqu'à deux ans, mais la survie pendant la première année était supérieure. Les conditions recommandées pour l'induction de la diapause sont une photophase de 12 heures, 25°C et 55–65 h.r.
    Notes: Abstract The rearing and production of diapausing codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.) [Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae]) larvae for use in research programmes is outlined. Diapause was induced under conditions of complete darkness or under photoperiods of up to 15 h. Diapausing larvae were stored for over 2 years in the laboratory but greatest survival occurred when the storage time was one year or less. The recommended conditions for the induction of diapause are a 12 h photoperiod, 25°C and 55–65% r.h.
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  • 26
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 239-245 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Arctiidae ; calling behaviour ; light intensity ; photoperiod ; rhythms ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Aux faibles températures le moment moyen de déclenchement de l'appel apparaît plus tôt au cours de la photopériode chez Haploa clymene Brown, Spilosoma virginica Fab., Pareuchaetes insulata Walk., Cycnia tenera Hübn. et Euchaetes egle Drury. La température n'a apparemment pas d'effet sur le moment où l'appel débute chez Pyrrharctica isabella J.E. Smith, S. congrua Walk. et Apantesis nais Drury. L'analyse porte sur les relations entre les températures subies par les adultes de ces espèces et leurs réactions d'appel aux différentes températures. L'apparition de la lumière peut induire le comportement d'appel chez C. tenera, bien que ce ne soit pas indispensable puisqu'il peut éventuellement commencer à des températures plus basses avant l'illumination quand celle-ci est retardée de 4 heures. Les périodes d'appel sont prolongées avec la scotophase chez C. tenera et S. congrua, et même après l'apparition d'une photophase à faible intensité lumineuse (40 lux), l'appel de S. congrua se poursuit, ce qui suggère que les photophases à intensité lumineuse plus élevée (450 lux) inhibent l'appel et ainsi en provoquent la fin.
    Notes: Abstract Mean times of onset for calling in Haploa clymene (Brown), Spilosoma virginica (Fabricius), Pareuchaetes insulata (Walker), Cycnia tenera (Hübner), and Euchaetes egle (Drury) advance to earlier times in the photoperiod at lower temperatures. Temperature has no apparent effect on the calling period in Pyrrharctia isabella (J. E. Smith), Spilosoma congrua Walker, and Apantesis nais (Drury). The relationship between the temperatures experienced by each of these species as adults and the response of their calling rhythms to temperature is discussed. Lights-on can elicit calling behaviour in C. tenera, although it is not an absolute requirement because calling eventually begins when lights-on is delayed 4 h and calling also begins prior to lights-on at lower temperatures. Calling periods lengthen in C. tenera and S. congrua when the scotophase is prolonged and in S. congrua after the onset of a lower photophase light intensity (40 lux), suggesting that a higher photophase light intensity (450 lux) inhibits calling and thus causes its termination.
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  • 27
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Curculionidae ; Cyrtobagous singularis ; Cyrtobagous salviniae ; Salvinia molesta ; population increase ; survivorship ; fecundity ; fertility ; biological control ; temperature ; nutrition ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les taux intrinsèques d'accroissement (rm) deC. salviniae du Bresil et deC. singularis de Trinidad, ont été établis au laboratoire à 23°C; 27°C; 31°C, sur des plants deS. molesta riches en azote. Les différences entre les rm des deux espèces provenaient pour l'essentiel de la ponte et de la mortalité préimaginale. Aux 3 températures, les valeurs de rm deC. salviniae (0.210; 0.366; 0.404) étaient supérieures à celles deC. singularis (0.148; 0.140; 0.064). A toutes les températuresC. salviniae a pondu 7 fois plus d'oeufs queC. salviniae; à 31°C, la ponte a été réduite de 45% pour les 2 espèces et été accompagnée d'une diminution des taux d'éclosion. La ponte deC. salvinae était presque continue (92% des semaines avec des oeufs), tandis que celle deC. singularis était intermittent (50% des semaines avec pontes), les interruptions étant en moyenne de 2 semaines. La teneur deS. molesta en azote a affecté la reproduction deC. singularis plus que celle deC. salviniae; un accroissement de 0.1% en poids sec, augmentant les pontes hebdomadaires respectivement de 7% et de 3.6%. Les différences de valeur de rm des 2 espèces sont examinées pour évaluer leurs potentialités comme éléments de la lutte biologique.
    Notes: Abstract The intrinsic rates of increase (rm) ofCyrtobagous salviniae Calder & Sands from Brazil andC. singularis Hustache from Trinidad W.I., were determined in the laboratory at 23°C, 27°C and 31°C on nitrogen-rich plants of the aquatic weed,Salvinia molesta Mitchell. Variation in oviposition and immature survivorship accounted for most of the differences between species in rm values (exponential growth of a stable-age population in a non-limiting environment). Values for rm were higher forC. salviniae (0.210, 0.366, 0.404) than forC. singularis (0.148, 0.140, 0.064) at the three temperatures respectively. At all temperatures,C. salviniae laid seven times more eggs thanC. singularis while at 31°C oviposition was reduced for both species by 45%, and was accompanied by a reduction in egg hatch. Oviposition byC. salviniae was almost continuous (92% of weeks with some eggs laid) whereas oviposition byC. singularis was intermittent (50% of weeks) with intervals averaging 3 weeks without oviposition. Nitrogen concentration inS. molesta affected reproduction byC. singularis more thanC. salviniae, an increase of 0.1% (dry wt) increasing weekly oviposition by 7.0% and 3.6% respectively. The differences in rm for the two weevil species are discussed in relationship to their potential as biological control agents.
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  • 28
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Pherbellia cinerella ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; larva ; pupa ; temperature ; Lymnaea truncatula ; snails ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'action de la température a été examinée à 14, 17, 20, 23 et 26°C. Les 2 espèces sont prédatrices de L. truncatula, vecteur de la douve du foie en Irlande, où elle provoque à l'àgriculture une perte évaluée à 10 millions de livres par an. Les données recuellies en conditions contrôlées du laboratoire doivent permettre de définir les conditions optimales pour l'élevage continu de ces espèces. Ceci est indispensable pour évaluer, dans la nature leurs potentialités pour la lutte biologique. Ilione albiseta: C'est à 23°C que le développement des larves de premier et second stades sont les plus brefs; la survie du premier stade est totale à toutes les températures constantes examinées. La durée moyenne du 3ème stade décroît de 104 jours à 17°C jusqu'à 27,5 jours à 26°C. Le taux de survie total est plus élevé à 17°C qu'à 26°C. La durée moyenne de la nymphose diminue quand la température croît, et ceci se produit aussi à la température ambiante extérieure. On réduit de moitié la durée du développement de l'éclosion de l'oeuf à l'apparition de l'adulte, entre la nature et le laboratoire, en utilisant respectivement: 23°, 17° et 26°C pour les premier et second stades, le troisième stade, la nymphé. Cela devrait aider à multiplier la souche pour la lutte biologique. Pherbellia cinerella: Avec élévation de la température la durée du développement larvaire diminue, mais aussi le nombre de larves parvenant à la pupaison (100% à 14° et 33,3% à 26°C). La nymphose tendait à être plus brève aux températures les plus élevées.
    Notes: Abstract The duration of larval and pupal stages of two species of predatory flies was investigated at five constant temperatures. Ilione albiseta (Scopoli): Mean duration of first and second instars was shortest at 23°C and there was 100% survival of first instar larvae at all temperatures. Mean third instar larval duration decreased from 104 days at 17°C to 27.5 days at 26°C. Total percentage larval survival was greatest at 17°C and least at 26°C. Mean pupal duration decreased as temperature increased and this occurred also under outdoor conditions. Pherbellia cinerella (Fallén): As temperature increased mean larval duration decreased but the percentage of larvae pupating also decreased (100% at 14°C, 33.3% at 26°C). There was a trend for shorter mean pupal durations at higher temperatures.
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  • 29
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphids ; greenbug ; Schizaphis graminum ; mating ; oviposition ; eggs ; sterilization ; hatching ; temperature ; photoperiod ; moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine einfache und effektive Methode beschrieben, die Eier von Schizaphis graminum auf Filterpapier zu sammeln, sie nachfolgend zu sterilisieren und unter verschiedenen Temperatur- und Photoperiodebedingungen bis zum Schlüpfen zu inkubieren. Hierbei wurden folgende Resulate erzielt: (a) Inkubation der Eier in vollkommener Dunkelheit bei 16°C führte zu einem Schlupferfolg von 19% nach einer Entwicklungszeit von im Mittel 81 Tagen; (b) Kühlung der Eier bei 6°C während 40 Tagen (vom 10. Tag nach der Eiablage an) erhöhte die Schlupfrate unter ansonsten gleichen Bedingungen auf 45% und reduzierte die Entwicklungszeit auf 71 Tage; (c) durch einen Licht/Dunkel-Rhythmus, dem die Eier nach der 40-tägigen Kühlung ausgesetzt wurden, konnte eine weitere Steigerung der Schlupfrate und eine Verkürzung der Entwicklungszeit erreicht werden.
    Notes: Abstract Techniques are described for the collection of fertile eggs of Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) on filter paper, and for the subsequent sterilization and incubation of the eggs under various temperature and photoperiodic conditions. 19% of the eggs incubated continuously at 16°C in complete darkness hatched in 81 days after deposition. 45% of the eggs chilled at 6°C for 40 days (starting 10 days after deposition) hatched in 71 days if the postchilling incubation at 16°C was completed in darkness. The results indicate a further enhancement in the percentage egg hatch and a reduction in developmental time when the eggs were subjected to a light-dark regime during the post-chilling incubation.
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  • 30
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: temperature ; development ; simulation ; phenology ; budmoth ; Zeiraphera canadensis ; Tortricidae ; degree-days
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La diapause des oeufs de Zeiraphera canadensis Mutuura et Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) a été complétée après 15 semaines d'élevage à 0,5°C. A ce stade de leur développement, une température supérieure à 30°C leur est létale. Les relations entre la température et le développement des larves sur l'épinette blanche, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, et des pupes ont été observées au laboratoire. Les temps de développement les plus courts ont été observés à 28°C. Les larves sont tolérantes à la chaleur et se développent à 32 C, une température qui est létale aux pupes. II y a peu de variabilité des taux de développement de tous les stades immatures. Ceci explique le haut degré de synchronie observé au sein de populations de cet insecte. Un modèle simulant la phénologie a été mis au point et calibré pour prédire la fréquence des divers stades du cycle vital sous des conditions de terrain. La processus de calibration a révélé que la température dans le microhabitat des oeufs est très semblable à celle de l'air, mais que les larves, retrouvées sous l'enveloppe des bourgeons, sont exposées à des températures pouvant excéder celle-ci de plusieurs degrés. Pour des fins de planification du synchronisme entre le développement de l'insecte et des programmes de suivi et de lutte, le nombre de degré-jours nécessaires pour atteindre 10% d'éclosion des oeufs ou 75% d'émergence des adultes ont été estimés à partir d'une température seuil de 4,4°C.
    Notes: Abstract Diapause requirements of eggs of Zeiraphera canadensis Mutuura and Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are satisfied by 15 weeks of storage at 0.5°C. Temperatures above 30°C are lethal for this life stage. Temperature-dependent development of larvae fed on white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and of pupae was observed under laboratory conditions. The shortest development times were observed at 28°C. Larvae are tolerant to heat, and developed at 32°C, a lethal temperature for pupae. There was little variation of development rates in all stages of the life cycle, explaining the high degree of phenological synchrony reported in populations of this species. A phenological model was developed and calibrated to simulate the relative abundance of the various immature stages under field conditions. The calibration process suggested that temperature in the microhabitat of eggs may be very close to air temperature, but that temperatures under bud caps where larvae are feeding may rise several degrees above air temperature. For the purposes of planning the timing of survey and control practices, degree-day requirements for 10% egg hatch and 75% adult emergence were estimated based on a 4.4°C threshold temperature.
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 238-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Growth ; Bone ; Rat ; Tetracycline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La vitesse de croissance normale en longueur de la métaphyse proximale du tibia est déterminée chez le rat Sprague-Dawley entre les âges de 20 et 100 jours, en utilisant la méthode à la tétracycline. Le taux de croissance ne varie que légèrement dans les groupes d'âges différents. Il est plus élevé chez les animaux jeunes et décroit considérablement en fonction de l'augmentation de l'âge. Les rats mâles présentent une croissance plus élevée que les femelles. Cette étude a pour but de mettre au point une méthode permettant de déterminer les facteurs expérimentaux, liés à la croissance en longueur du rat.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die normale Längenwachstums-Geschwindigkeit der proximalen Wachstumsplatte der Tibia wurde bei Sprague-Dawley-Ratten in einem Alter zwischen 20 und 100 Tagen mittels der Tetracyclinmethode gemessen. Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit variierte nur wenig innerhalb der einzelnen Altersgruppen. Die Geschwindigkeit war bei jungen Tieren am höchsten und nahm mit zunehmendem Alter beträchtlich ab. Männliche Ratten wuchsen schneller als weibliche. Diese Arbeit dient als Grundlage, um die experimentelle Beeinflussung des Längenwachstums der Ratte abschätzen zu können.
    Notes: Abstract The rate of normal growth in length from the proximal growth plate of the tibia in the Sprague-Dawley rat was measured between 20 and 100 days of age using the tetracycline method. The growth rate varied only slightly within different age groups. The rate was highest in young animals and decreased considerably with increasing age. Male rats grew faster than female. This study is intended to provide a base for an evaluation of experimental influence on the growth in length of the rat.
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cathepsin D ; Extracellular ; Ossification ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De la cathepsine D extracellulaire d'origine principalement ostéoblastique a été démontrée par immunohistochimie dans le cartilage en voide de calcification de cultures d'os des membres d'embryons de poulet. L'intérêt de ce fait pour l'ossification est discuté.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde mit einer immunohistochemischen Methode gezeigt, daß extrazelluläres Kathepsin D, welches hauptsächlich aus Osteoblasten gewonnen wurde, Knorpel von kultivierten Knochen von Kükenembryonen mineralisiert. Die Bedeutung dieser Feststellung für den Mechanismus der Knochenbildung wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Extracellular cathepsin D derived mainly from osteoblasts has been demonstrated immunohistochemically in ossifying cartilage of cultured embryonic chick limb bones. The relevance of this observation to the mechanism of ossification is discussed.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Ribosomal protein ; Immunological homology ; Yeast ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies raised against ribosomal protein (r-protein) L2 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were used to check for cross-reaktions with total r-proteins of rat liver. Using this procedure, the rat liver r-proteins, L4 and L24, were identified as being immunologically related to yeast L2. In addtional, homologies between rat liver L4 and L24 were detected. The possible implications for the regulation of r-protein synthesis are discussed.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Carcinoembryonic antigen ; Evolution ; Gene family ; Human ; Rat ; Synonymous substitutions ; Silent molecular clock ; Evolutionary trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Various rodent and primate DNAs exhibit a stronger intra- than interspecies cross-hybridization with probes derived from the N-terminal domain exons of human and rat carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-like genes. Southern analyses also reveal that the human and rat CEA gene families are of similar complexity. We counted at least 10 different genes per human haploid genome. In the rat, approximately seven to nine different N-terminal domain exons that presumably represent different genes appear to be present. We were able to assign the corresponding genomic restriction endonuclease fragments to already isolated CEA gene family members of both human and rat. Highly similar subgroups, as found within the human CEA gene family, seem to be absent from the rat genome. Hybridization with an intron probe from the human nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) gene and analysis of DNA sequence data indicate the conservation of noncoding regions among CEA-like genes within primates, implicating that whole gene units may have been duplicated. With the help of a computer program and by calculating the rate of synonymous substitutions, evolutionary trees have been derived. From this, we propose that an independent parallel evolution, leading to different CEA gene families, must have taken place in, at least, the primate and rodent orders.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 24 (1987), S. 260-271 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Mouse ; Rat ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Quantitative variability of proteins ; Qualitative variability of proteins ; Protein classes ; Membrane proteins ; Organ-specific proteins ; Regulatory genes ; Speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Proteins of membranes and cytosols were extracted from the livers and brains of mice (inbred strain DBA/6J) and rats (inbred strain DA/Han) and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The 2-DE patterns were compared with regard to qualitative (spot position) and quantitative (spot intensity) characteristics of the proteins of these two species. The following results were obtained: (1) Brain had more (higher percentage) conservative proteins (proteins found in both mice and rats) than liver; (2) plasma membranes had more conservative proteins than the cytosols; (3) organ-unspecific proteins contained more conservative proteins than relatively organ-specific proteins; (4) the pattern of distribution of genetic variability among different classes of proteins represented by findings 1–3 was the same for the qualitative and quantative characteristics of the proteins; and (5) some observations indicated that quantitative variability occurred more frequently among proteins than did qualitative variability. Our conclusion is that regulatory sequences in the DNA (regulatory genes) are subjected to functional constraints that differ in strength among different classes of proteins by the same ratios as the constraints acting on the structural genes. The overall effect of the selective pressure is, however, less stringent for regulatory genes than for structural genes. The results obtained here by comparing two different species are very similar to previous results we obtained by studying different subspecies (inbred strains of the mouse). From this finding arises a new concept: the study of molecular evolution on the basis of different classes of proteins. Our results were compared with data from the literature that were obtained in part from studies on cultured cells. The comparison suggested that cultured cells have lost their tissue-specific proteins, and so generate predominantly extremely conservative proteins.
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    European journal of nutrition 26 (1987), S. 43-51 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Dietary protein ; Vitamin A ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß von Qualität und Quantität von Nahrungsproteinen auf die Verteilung einer einzigen massiven Dosis von Vitamin A in verschiedenen Organen wachsender Wistar-Ratten untersucht. Die Untersuchungen wurden mit Casein- und Bengal-Gram-Diäten mit 20 % und 10 % Proteingehalt und auch mit radioaktiv markiertem Retinylacetat durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Leberspeicherung sowohl von Vitamin A aus der Nahrung als auch die einer einzigen starken Vitamin-A-Gabe (20 000 I.U.) stark herabgesetzt war bei Ratten, die nach der Bengal-Gram-Diät gefüttert wurden, verglichen mit Ratten, die auf Casein-Diät gesetzt waren. Im Gegensatz zur Leberspeicherung ist das Vitamin-A-Niveau im Plasma in allen Gruppen vergleichbar. Füttern niedriger Protein-Qualität reduzierte die Gewebeverteilung von [3H]-Retinylacetat sowohl bei Kontrollratten als auch bei solchen, denen eine massive Dosis Vitamin A gegeben wurde. Diese Untersuchung läßt vermuten, daß sowohl schlechte Qualität als auch unzureichende Mengen von Nahrungsproteinen nachteilige Einflüsse auf den Vitamin-A-Zustand wachsender Ratten haben.
    Notes: Summary The influence of the quality and the quantity of dietary proteins on the distribution of a single massive dose of vitamin A in various organs of growing Wistar strain rats has been studied by using casein and bengal gram diets at 20 % and 10 % protein levels. The distribution of [3H]-retinyl acetate in various tissues was also investigated in these dietary conditions. The results show that the hepatic storage of dietary as well as a single massive dose (20,000 I.U.) of vitamin A was profoundly decreased in the rats fed on bengal gram diets as compared to those fed on casein diets. Regardless of hepatic stores, the plasma vitamin A levels were comparable in all the groups. Feeding of low quality of protein reduced the tissue distribution of [3H]-retinyl acetate in control as well as rats given a massive dose of vitamin A. This study suggests that both the poor quality and the inadequate quantity of dietary protein are detrimental influences on the vitamin A status of the growing rats.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrification ; nitrification inhibitor ; fertilizer N ; temperature
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The transformations of urea, ammonium sulfate and dicyandiamide (DCD) were studied in an Inceptisol and three Andisols from Costa Rica, considering the influence of temperature and DCD as a nitrification inhibitor. Nitrification was very slow with or without DCD in the strongly acid Inceptisol. A higher urea dose resulting in higher pH was well nitrified without DCD and appreciably retarded by DCD. In Andisols nitrification was retarded as long as a higher DCD level existed. Higher temperatures accelerated the DCD-breakdown and were followed by a quicker nitrification. The decomposition of DCD was slower compared with the Inceptisol. According to these experiments DCD is suitable as a nitrification inhibitor in tropical soils.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 255-267 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; ammonium nitrate ; model ; temperature ; rainfall ; grassland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Direct and residual effects of urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) on dry matter (DM) response were measured at a total of 12 application times in early spring over three years. The variation in the direct effect was described by models that included temperature and long-term rainfall for CAN and, additionally, short-term rainfall for urea. The operative temperature was the accumulated mean daily air temperature for combined intervals pre-application and postapplication of N. The effect of rainfall was apparent only when the data were adjusted for temperature. Simulation studies with the models indicated that, although the influence of temperature was dominant, rainfall modified it strongly in terms of the relative efficiencies of the two N sources and the magnitude of response. For instance, the temperature-induced increase in DM response to urea between cold and normal years was 402 kg ha−1 for a specified period, whereas differences between dry and wet years were decreases of 166 and 259 kg ha−1 in the case of urea and CAN, respectively. Short-term rainfall had a positive effect on response to urea. The experimental values varied widely both between and within years. The direct effect of the application of urea at 50 kg N ha−1 varied from 0 to 750 kg DM ha−1, and the residual effect varied from 0 to 1620 kg DM ha−1. The corresponding values for apparent N recovery varied from 0.1 to 45% and from 7 to 68%, respectively. The efficiency of urea was comparable to, and in instances better than, CAN.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N balance ; nitrification ; denitrification ; NH3 loss ; flooded soils ; windspeed ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of NH3 volatilization to the total N loss after the application of urea to flooded rice fields was evaluated in a series of experiments at two locations in the Philippines. Urea was applied in three ways: A. Broadcast and surface incorporated before transplanting (BI treatments), or B. Broadcast into the floodwater 14–21 days after transplanting (AT treatments), or C. Broadcast into the floodwater 5–7 days before panicle initiation (PI treatments). Total N loss was determined by using15N balance methods on microplots within fields where NH3 loss was measured concurrently by a direct, nondisturbing technique. The total15N losses in the AT studies at the completion of the NH3 loss measurements at Muñoz and Los Baños accounted for 45 and 60% of the15N applied, respectively. Ammonia volatilization accounted for all of the15N lost in the Muñoz study but only 45% of that lost at Los Baños. In comparison with the AT studies, lower N losses (18–26% of N applied) were obtained in the BI treatments. At Los Baños, NH3 loss again accounted for about half of this N loss. In the PI study at Muñoz, NH3 loss and total N loss accounted for 11 and 13% of the N applied, respectively. Thus, NH3 volatilization appeared to be the only important loss mechanism at Muñoz. In contrast, loss by an alternative mechanism, most probably involving nitrification-denitrification, was of equal importance to NH3 volatilization at Los Baños. Differences in windspeeds, temperatures, and soil properties at the two sites may account for the variation in the relative importance of the two N loss mechanisms.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 251-266 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zinc ; controlled-release ; diffusion ; pH ; temperature ; phosphate ; clay ; sand ; moisture content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The emission and movement of zinc from planar arrangements of controlled-release (C.R.) thermoplastic matrix zinc fertilizer formulations was studied in cylindrical diffusion cells packed with a clay or a sand. The influences of a number of soil characteristics known to affect zinc diffusion were also investigated. Zinc emission was initially (over 2 days) very rapid. The rate declined markedly thereafter. Morphologically distinct C.R. zinc formulations released zinc at different rates. Zinc moved appreciably and consistently further in the sand than in the clay. Of the soil characteristics studied, increasing phosphate levels had no effect upon zinc emission or mobility in either soil. Increasing pH in the sand did not affect zinc emission, but decreased zinc mobility. Conversely, in the two soils, increasing temperature stimulated zinc emission, but had little influence on zinc mobility. At higher water contents, zinc release was increased in both soils. However, zinc movement was only increased in the sand.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: mosquito pathogen ; growth ; sporulation ; temperature ; pH ; salinity
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The New Zealand strain of Tolypocladium cylindrosporum was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium under varying regimes of growth conditions. The isolate exhibited good tolerances to temperature (4–35 °C), pH (3–10) and salinity (0–7% NaCl). Optimal vegetative growth and sporulation were recorded between a temperature range of 20–30° C, pH of 5–6 and a salinity level of 0–2% NaCl. The North American isolate of the fungus showed similar tolerances, while the European isolate was less tolerant.
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    Biodegradation 7 (1989), S. 159-193 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Brachiopod biogeochemistry ; diagenesis ; secular isotopic variations ; carbon isotopes ; oxygen isotopes ; Sr/Ca ; temperature ; Recent ; Late Paleozoic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sr/Ca ratios in modern brachiopod shells reflect variations in ambient seawater, whereas their Na contents show no relationship with water depth or habitat. Their Mn and Fe contents are controlled, in part, by leaching of these elements from oxide coatings or the low input/sedimentation rate of detrital material into depositional areas such as Quatsino Sound. For most Carboniferous brachiopods from North America, the Mn and Fe contents are similar to those recorded by their Recent counterparts. The high Mn and Fe contents in the brachiopods from shales suggest several possibilities for these levels. One possibility is the leaching of Mn and Fe from oxide coatings/matrix which was not completely removed in the cleaning process, or the high levels in part reflect unusual depositional conditions (some degree of anoxia) for the local shaly environments. The Sr/Ca ratio of brachiopods and, by inference, complementary seawater, did not vary significantly during the Carboniferous. The Sr/Ca minimum observed in brachiopods of Mississippian age coincides with a dip in the 87Sr/86Sr curve and correlates with the Hercynian orogeny. This is attributed to the cycling of seawater through mid-ocean ridge basalts, and postulated exchange reactions account for variation in the composition of seawater-Ca. The unidirectional trend of heavier δ13C values from the Devonian to the Permian is intricately coupled with the evolution of the terrestrial biomass. In addition to expansion of terrestrial plants, burial of reduced carbon in the form of coal (organic matter) contributed to the observed shift. The start of the Permo-Pennsylvanian glaciation is marked by a negative excursion of the secular carbon trend, which is linked to weathering of reduced carbon and its return to the oceanic reservoir with its oxidized carbon. The oxygen isotope values reflect the unidirectional trend towards higher values of the carbon data with decreasing geologic age. Negative excursions of the trend may be related to extensive weathering of terrestrial and submarine rocks, whereas positive excursions may be related to hydrothermal alteration of submarine rocks and dehydration of oceanic crust during times of active sea-floor spreading. Oxygen-calculated water temperatures of unaltered brachiopod material are unrealistically high for all of the Devonian, and the Chesterian-Meramecian, Desmoinesian-Missourian, and Artinskian Epochs. During these times maximum water temperatures of 42° to 56°C are well above the thermal threshold of protein denaturation. This process, which is lethal to most higher organisms, demands an adjustment in oxygen of -2.5%. for samples older than Missourian, and of -1.250%. for samples spanning the Missourian-Artinskian interval. With these adjustments and salinity considerations made prior to calculations, water temperatures become reasonable for the Late Paleozoic epeiric, tropical seas of North America.
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    Development genes and evolution 194 (1985), S. 429-432 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Tail bud ; Tail gut ; Gut ; Organogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The formation of the tail portion of the primitive gut was investigated by light and electron microscopy in 10- and 11-day rat embryos. The observations permit the conclusion that the tail gut does not form as a posterior extension of the hindgut but originates from the tail bud mesenchyme by mechanism analogous to the secondary neurulation. It includes cell condensation, aquisition of apicobasal polarity and the radial, rosette-like arrangement around a central cavity. These cells bear the cytological characteristics of both the absorptive epithelial cells and the mesenchymal cells at their apical (adluminal) and abluminal ends respectively.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 124 (1986), S. 445-469 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Shear strength ; temperature ; deformation rate
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Layers of artificial granite gouge have been deformed on saw-cut granite surfaces inclined 30° to the sample axes. Samples were deformed at a constant confining pressure of 250 MPa and temperatures of 22 to 845°C. The velocity dependence of the steady-state coefficient of friction (μss) was determined by comparing sliding strengths at different sliding rates. The results of these measurements are consistent with those reported bySolberg andByerlee (1984) at room temperature andStesky (1975) between 300 and 400°C. Stesky found that the slip-rate dependence of (μss) increased above 400°C. In the present study, however, the velocity dependence of (μss) was nearly independent of temperature.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Middle atmosphere ; temperature ; neutral and ion composition ; turbulent transfer ; model
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using a numerical model for temperature and neutral and ion composition behaviour at middle atmospheric heights, an analysis has been made of the dependence of atmospheric structural parameters on temperature, solar activity, and on turbulent transfer intensity. For mesospheric heights, an inverse dependence of the nitric oxide density on the temperature has been found. It is thus possible to explain experimentally obtained temperature variations over a cyclc of solar activity at mesospheric and lower thermospheric heights. Numerical simulation results indicate that the temperature in the height range ∼75–120 km depends considerably on both the absolute values of turbulent transfer coefficients and their vertical gradients.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; alloxan diabetes ; intestinal villus ; alkaline phosphatase ; sucrase ; epithelial cells ; villus-crypt axis
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sucrase activity in enterocytes isolated from the villus crypt axis was found to increase in all regions of the villus from day 2 after induction of diabetes, and the increase continued until day 4. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase activity increased mainly in the apical one-third of the villus-crypt column, and the increase occurred abruptly on day 4 with increase in food intake.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 758-759 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Crickets ; corpus allatum activity ; juvenile hormone III ; temperature ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the Mediterranean field cricket,Gryllus bimaculatus, reproduction is controlled by temperature and the corpus allatum (CA) hormone JH III. In CA of females reared at 24°∶12°C(16∶8 h) (high reproduction rate) a first peak in JH III synthesis is reached about 4 days earlier than in those of 20°C females (low reproduction rate). Furthermore, in 20°C animals CA activity is low during the entire oviposition period, whereas at 24°∶12°C high CA activity is found during this period of adult life. The results indicate a stimulation of CA activity and reproduction by thermoperiods around a constant low temperature.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 169-171 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; olfactory pathway selective lesions ; plasma corticosterone ; lactacidemia ; adrenal glands
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In comparison to control rats, basal plasma corticosterone level and lactacidemia significantly increased in rats submitted to a bilateral lesion of the lateral olfactory tract and/or the anterior branch of the anterior commissure. Only the anterior branch of the anterior commissure induced hyperglycemia; that of the lateral olfactory tract exerted an opposite effect.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1340-1342 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; calmodulin ; secretory granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Calmodulin is a regulator of several calcium-dependent cellular processes. It has been suggested that it plays a role in the mechanism of secretion. Employing an indirect immunoperoxidase technique at the light microscope level, this study demonstrates the presence of calmodulin in several exocytotic cells (mast cells, thyroid follicular cells, neurohypophyseal neurosecretory terminals, pancreaticβ-cells and pancreatic acinus cells) in rat and man. The positive staining reaction for calmodulin was granular and at least in the case of rat mast cells it appeared to be associated with the granule membrane.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 273-275 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rat ; embryo ; embryo ; rat ; β-hydroxybutyrate ; diabetes ; maternal ; fetal malformation ; malformation ; fetal ; ketone bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate further the relationship between maternal diabetes and fetal malformation, rat embryos were grown in vitro in the presence of β-hydroxybutyrate, one of the ketone bodies produced by diabetics. At 10 mM, β-hydroxybutyrate produced minor abnormalities and at 20 mM it produced major abnormalities in rat embryos.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1179-1182 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Extreme environments ; environmental stress ; temperature ; pH ; radiation ; toxic elements
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 102-103 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Djungarian hamster ; photoperiod ; temperature ; T3 ; T4 ; testosterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of photoperiod, temperature and testosterone treatment on plasma T3 and T4 levels were investigated in the Djungarian hamster. Plasma T3 level was affected by temperature (25°C〈7°C) but not by photoperiod. Plasma T4 level was affected by photoperiod (short day 〈 long day) at 25°C. Administration of testosterone increased plasma T4 level under short photoperiod at 25°C. Thus, higher plasma T4 level under long photoperiod at 25°C might be induced by testosterone.
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Sodium fluoride ; Osteoporosis ; Bone ; Strength ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'utilisation thérapeutique de fluorure de sodium a été recommandée dans le traitement de diverses maladies osseuses ostéopéniques. Cet emploi est basé principalement sur les effects ostéosclérotiques bien connus du fluorure de sodium, mais on connait mal son effet sur la force de résistance osseuse. L'influence de diverses concentrations de fluorure de sodium sur la force de résistance osseuse de jeunes rats soumis à des régimes riches et pauvres en calcium a été étudiée. L'administration de fluorure de sodium augmente le diamètre osseux, indiquant une stimulation de la formation de l'os périosté, mais la force de résistance osseuse est réduite ou non modifiée par l'ingestion de fluor.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die therapeutische Verwendung von Natriumfluorid ist für eine Anzahl von Knochenmangel-Krankheiten empfohlen worden. Die Empfehlungen basieren hauptsächlich auf den bekannten osteosklerotischen Wirkungen von Natriumfluorid; über dessen Effekt auf die Knochenstärke ist wenig bekannt. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluß verschiedener Konzentrationen von Natriumfluorid auf die Knochenstärken von wachsenden Ratten mit hoher und niederer Calciumeinnahme untersucht. Die Verabreichung von Natriumfluorid erhöhte den Knochendurchmesser, was auf eine Stimulierung der Periostbildung hinwies, die Knochenstärke wurde jedoch durch Fluorideinnahme herabgesetzt oder nicht beeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract The therapeutic use of sodium fluoride has been recommended in a variety of osteopenic bone diseases. The recommendations are based mainly on the known osteosclerotic effects of sodium fluoride and little information is available as to its effect on bone strength. The influence of various concentrations of sodium fluoride on bone strength in growing rats on high and low calcium diets was studied. The administration of sodium fluoride increased bone diameter, indicating stimulation of periosteal bone formation, but bone strength was reduced or not affected by fluoride ingestion.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 113-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Growth ; Epiphyses ; Hypophysectomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La largeur de la métaphyse tibiale, la zone indifférenciée, la zone sériée et les cellules en dégénerescence ont été observées chez des rats Sprague-Dawley normaux et hypophysectomisés. La production cellulaire de la métaphyse est déterminée sur la base de la croissance osseuse longitudinale déterminée par l'oxytétracycline et la taille des cellules en dégénérescence. La diminution de la croissance osseuse longitudinale, en fonction de l'augmentation de l'âge et après hypophysectomie, est due partiellement, à la diminution de production cellulaire et partiellement à une décroissance de la taille des cellules en dégénérescence dans la métaphyse. L'influence de la production cellulaire et de l'activité mitotique prédomine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Breite der proximalen Wachstumsplatte der Tibia, deren undifferenzierter und säulenförmiger Zone und die Größe der nahe bei der Metaphyse auftretenden degenerativen Zellen wurden in normalen und hypophysektomierten Sprague-Dawley-Ratten bestimmt. Die Zellproduktion in der Wachstumsplatte wurde aus dem longitudinalen Knochenwachstum berechnet, welches mittels Oxytetracyclin und der Größe der degenerativen Zellen bestimmt wurde. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Abnahme des longitudinalen Knochenwachstums bei zunehmendem Alter und nach Hypophysektomie zum Teil einem Rückgang in der Zellproduktion, zum Teil einer Verminderung der Größe der degenerativen Zellen in der Wachstumsplatte zuzuschreiben ist. Der Einfluß der Zellproduktion, und somit der mitotischen Aktivität, herrscht vor.
    Notes: Abstract The width of the proximal growth plate of the tibia, its undifferentiated and columnar zone and the size of the degenerative cell close to the metaphysis, were determined in normal and hypophysectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. The cell production in the growth plate was calculated from the longitudinal bone growth determined with oxytetracycline and the degenerative cell size. It was found that the decrease in longitudinal bone growth with increasing age and after hypophysectomy, is due partly to a decrease in cell production, and partly to a decrease in degenerative cell size in the growth plate. The influence of cell production and thus the mitotic activity predominates.
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    International journal of biometeorology 32 (1988), S. 17-20 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; Electromagnetic fields ; Rat ; Audiogenic seizure
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the possible association between epileptic seizures and natural electromagnetic fields, 32 female audiogenic seizure (AGS)-susceptible rats were exposed to simulated 10 kHz and 28 kHz atmospherics and to a sinusoidally oscillating magnetic field with a frequency of 100 Hz and field strength of 1 A/m. After the electromagnetic exposure, seizures were induced in the rats with a sound stimulus. The severity of the seizure was determined on an ordinal scale, the audiogenic response score (ARS). The time from the beginning of the sound stimulus to the onset of the seizure (seizure latency) and the duration of the convulsion was measured. No differences from the control experiments were found in the experiments with simulated atmospherics, but the 100 Hz magnetic field increased the seizure latency by about 13% (P〈0.02). The results do not support the hypothesis that natural atmospheric electromagnetic signals could affect the onset of epileptic seizures, but they suggest that AGS-susceptible rats may be a useful model for studying the biological effects of electromagnetic fields.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Atmospherics ; Carrageenan inflammation ; Rat ; Susceptibility ; Correlations
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Between the mean daily density of 28 kHz atmospherics and the onset of epileptic fits there is a highly significant correlation coefficient (r) of 0.30; there is a negative coefficient of −0.20 between the fits and the mean daily density of 10 kHz atmospherics. The onset of heart infarction is correlated with 28 kHz atmospherics (r=0.15). Furthermore, we have discovered that sudden deafness is also correlated with certain configurations of atmospherics. In this paper we report the following correlation coefficients between the inflammatory reaction of rats to a carrageenan injection (rci) into a hind paw and the mean daily pulse rate of atmospherics of the same day:r=0.49 for the 8 kHz atmospherics (P〈0.02) andr=0.44 for the 10 kHz atmospherics (P〈0.04). The correlations between rci reaction and other atmospherics (12 and 28 kHz) are smaller and not significant. By the method of multiple linear regression we found a multipleR=0.54 between rci reaction and the 8 and 10 kHz atmospherics (the regression function for the rci reaction is 0.15+0.004×8 kHz+0.002×10 kHz,P〈0.05).
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glycine (xanthine dehydrogenase) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Polyclonal antibody ; Root nodule ; Xanthine dehydrogenase
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.2.1.37) was purified from root nodules of soybean (Glycine max) and used to prepare a polyclonal rabbit antiserum. Monospecificity of this antiserum was ascertained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipate. During root nodule development of soybean, only one form of XDH was detected on an immunological basis. Titration of XDH by immunoelectrophoresis showed that a remarkable increase in the amount of XDH occurred between two and four weeks after inoculation, in parallel with the increase in enzyme activity. Localization of XDH by immunofluorescence indicated that the enzyme was present exclusively in uninfected cells where it appeared to be associated with discrete organellels
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Rat ; Melatonin ; Circadian rhythm ; 5-hydroxytryptophan
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rhythm in melatonin production in the rat is driven by a circadian rhythm in the pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity. Rats adapted to an artificial lighting regime of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness per day were exposed to an 8-h advance of the light-dark regime accomplished by the shortening of one dark period; the effect of melatonin, triazolam and fluoxetine, together with 5-hydroxytryptophan, on the reentrainment of the NAT rhythm was studied. In control rats, the NAT rhythm was abolished during the first 3 cycles following the advance shift. It reappeared during the 4th cycle; however, the phase relationship between the evening rise in activity and the morning decline was still compressed. Melatonin accelerated the NAT rhythm reentrainment. In rats treated chronically with melatonin at the new dark onset, the rhythm had already reappeared during the 3rd cycle, in the middle of the advanced night, and during the 4th cycle, the phase relationship between the evening onset and the morning decline of the NAT activity was the same as before the advance shift. In rats treated chronically with melatonin at the old dark onset or in those treated with melatonin 8 h, 5 h and 2 h after the new dark onset during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd cycle, respectively, following the advance shift, the NAT rhythm reappeared during the 3rd cycle as well but in the last third of the advanced night only. Neither triazolam nor fluoxetine together with 5-hydroxytryptophan administered around the new dark onset facilitated NAT rhythm reentrainment after the 8-h advance of the light-dark cycle.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Extracellular proteins ; Surface fibrils ; Algae-fungi-Chrysochromulina ; Immunocytochemistry ; Agglutination ; Fimoriae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An extensive network of extracellular fibrils was revealed by negative staining in the greenish gold algal flagellate, Chrysochromulina breviturrita. These fibrils were of uniform diameter (4–5 nm), sometimes exceeding 5 μm in length. In addition there were short, narrower fibrils (2–3 nm) on the surface of the flagella. Six protein bands were isolated from spent culture medium by SDS-PAGE and one of 80,000 Da was found to polymerize after dialysis into 4–5 nm fibrils identical to those found on the cell surface. Two other proteins of 58,000 Da and 65,000 Da also formed 4–5 nm fibrils but these were either rare or of a shorter length and different appearance. An antiserum directed against the surface 7 nm fibrils (fimbriae) of fungi agglutinated cells of C. breviturrita and some other Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyceae, but did not agglutinate cells of algal species in other groups. Immunofluorescence and protein A gold labelling confirmed that antigens related to fungal fimbriae were present on the surface of cells of C. breviturrita. Only the 80,000 and 58,000 Da proteins labelled heavily following protein A gold labelling. Some individual 4–5 nm fibrils labelled with gold were observed in the material prepared from the 80,000 Da band. These results therefore establish that C. breviturrita produces a surface network of fibrils that are serologically related to the fimbriae of fungi, and suggest a previously unrecognized relationship between members of the Prymnesiophyceae, Chrysophyceae and fungal groups.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ; Methyl-CoM reductase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Colloidal gold ; Energy conservation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were fixed with glutaraldehyde, sectioned and labeled with antibodies against the β subunit of component C (=methyl-CoM reductase) of methyl-CoM reductase system and with colloidal gold-labeled protein A. It was found that the gold particles were located predominantly in the vicinity of the cytoplasmic membrane, when the cells were grown under conditions where methyl-CoM reductase was not overproduced. This finding confirms the recent data obtained with Methanococcus voltae showing via the same immunocytochemical localization technique that in this organism methyl-CoM reductase is membrane associated.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acidaminococcus fermentans ; Glutamate fermentation ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Post-embedding labelling ; Antibody-gold complexes ; Protein A-gold complexes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the in situ location of glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase and 2-htdroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase in Acidaminococcus fermentans using the antibody-gold and protein A-gold techniques carried out as a post-embedding immunoelectron microscopic procedure. Polyclonal antisera were raised in rabbits against homogeneous fractions of the enzymes. Anaerobically grown cells of A. fermentans of the late exponential growth phase were fixed with 0.2% glutaraldehyde and 0.3% formaldehyde (final concentrations) in the growth medium. Dehydration of the cells was achieved with methanol. The cells were embedded in the low temperature embedding resin Lowicryl K4M. The markers indicative for antigenic sites of the two enzymes unequivocally demonstrate that the sodium pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase is located at the cell periphery being a membrane-bound enzyme as expected whereas 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase is a soluble cytoplasmic enzyme.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Hansenula polymorpha ; Peroxisomes ; Methanol ; Dihydroxyacetone synthase ; Cell fractionation ; Immunocytochemistry
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The subcellular localization of dihydroxyacetone synthase (DHAS) in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha was studied by various biochemical and immunocytochemical methods. After cell fractionation involving differential and sucrose gradient centrifugation of protoplast homogenates prepared from methanol-grown cells, DHAS cosedimented with the peroxisomal enzymes alcohol oxidase and catalase. Electron microscopy of this fraction showed that it contained mainly intact peroxisomes, whereas SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two major protein bands (75 and 78 kDa) which were identified as alcohol oxidase and DHAS, respectively. The localization of DHAS in peroxisomes was further established by immunocytochemistry. After immuno-gold staining carried out on ultrathin sections of methanol-grown H. polymorpha using DHAS-specific antibodies, labelling was confined to the peroxisomal matrix.
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    Archives of microbiology 146 (1987), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiosis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultracryotomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Immunogoldlabelling on ultrathin cryosections of Frankia sp. Cc1.17 showed specific labelling of nitrogenase in the spherical cells called vesicles. No label was found in the hyphae in any cells grown on a medium with combined nitrogen, nor in those to which no specific antiserum was added. Similar results were obtained with cultures grown under high (20%) and low (2%) oxygen tension in the gas phase.
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 705-728 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glucosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) ; Mytilus edulis ; alleloenzymes ; enzyme kinetics ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI;D-glucose-6-phosphate ketolisomerase; EC 5.3.1.9) alleloenzymes from the blue mussel,Mytilus edulis, were purified to homogeneity. The steady-state kinetic properties of GPI1.00 and GPI.96, which exhibit latitudinal clines in frequency along the Atlantic coast of North America, were determined in both the glycolytic and the gluconeogenic reaction directions at physiological temperatures and pH levels. The two alleloenzymes are catalytically similar at low temperatures (5–10°C), while GPI1.00 diverges to become more efficient at higher physiological temperatures (15–25°C). This pattern of differentiation is consistent with the latitudinal distributions of the alleloenzymes and is due to the greater temperature sensitivities of GPI1.00 V max /K m values of the two alleloenzymes are virtually the same over the physiological range of temperatures. The observed pattern of catalytic differentiation is similar to that seen for interspecific GPI variants.
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    Biochemical genetics 23 (1985), S. 705-728 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glucosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) ; Mytilus edulis ; alleloenzymes ; enzyme kinetics ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI;D-glucose-6-phosphate ketolisomerase; EC 5.3.1.9) alleloenzymes from the blue mussel,Mytilus edulis, were purified to homogeneity. The steady-state kinetic properties of GPI1.00 and GPI.96, which exhibit latitudinal clines in frequency along the Atlantic coast of North America, were determined in both the glycolytic and the gluconeogenic reaction directions at physiological temperatures and pH levels. The two alleloenzymes are catalytically similar at low temperatures (5–10°C), while GPI1.00 diverges to become more efficient at higher physiological temperatures (15–25°C). This pattern of differentiation is consistent with the latitudinal distributions of the alleloenzymes and is due to the greater temperature sensitivities of GPI1.00 V max /K m values of the two alleloenzymes are virtually the same over the physiological range of temperatures. The observed pattern of catalytic differentiation is similar to that seen for interspecific GPI variants.
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    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 873-889 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; temperature ; adaptation ; enzyme polymorphism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The gene products of the two major alleles of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-F and ADH-S) have been subjected to kinetic and biochemical analyses over a range of temperatures. Although temperature was found to have a significant effect on both kinetic and biochemical properties ofDrosophila ADH, no significant differential effect was observed between the major ADH allozymes. The results are discussed within the context of the selective maintenance ofAdh polymorphism in natural populations.
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 287-307 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: macromolecular interactions ; temperature ; electrophoresis ; esterase-5 ; Drosophila pseudoobscura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Esterase-5 is one of the most polymorphic loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Some variants reportedly produce a dimeric enzyme, while a few produce a monomeric form. This paper reports the finding that during electrophoresis ESTERASE-5 exists in a dynamic equilibrium between monomers and dimers, an equilibrium that is dependent on the running temperature of the gels. This is shown by a series of analytical electrophoresis experiments in which the apparent molecular weights of several variants are determined at four different temperatures. Increasing temperatures result in a linear decrease in the logarithm of apparent molecular weights. Macromolecular interactions thus are a significant determinant of EST-5 electrophoretic mobility.
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 717-728 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: male sterility ; mutant ; proteins ; temperature ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The soluble proteins of the normal and male-sterile stamenless-2 (sl-2/sl-2) mutant of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum) grown in different temperatures were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The normal and mutant stamens had some common proteins, but certain proteins were either present or more enriched in one genotype than in the other. The other floral organs of the normal and mutant showed no major differences in proteins, suggesting that the sl-2/sl-2 allele is active primarily in anther development. Normal and mutant stamens grown in high temperatures were enriched in some proteins in comparison to the intermediate temperatures. At low temperatures, the protein pattern of normal and mutant stamens was essentially similar.
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    Bioscience reports 6 (1986), S. 573-577 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: temperature ; cholinesterases ; brain capillaries
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The activities of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in rat brain capillaries were measured as a function of temperature. Arrhenius plots of the data revealed that AChE exhibits a biphasic Arrhenius plot with a distinct break (transition temperature) at about 15.2 kcal/mol. In contrast, BuChE did not show evidence of discontinuity. BuChE showed an activation energy higher than that of AChE in the physiological range of temperature. These data suggest a lack of lipid-protein interaction in the case of BuChE. Although the possibility exists that BuChE is weakly anchored to the membranes, our results indicate that BuChE is not bound, at least significantly, to cellular membranes in brain capillaries as is ACHE.
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    Planta 165 (1985), S. 522-526 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Albumin (localisation) ; Cotyledon ; Pisum (albumin protein) ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major albumin protein in storage parenchyma tissue of developing peas has been localised at an ultrastructural level by immunocytochemistry. Tissue was fixed in buffered aldehyde and embedded in LR White resin which was polymerised by addition of catalyst. Sections were labelled by the indirect method of absorption of Protein A-gold to specifically bound antibodies. This method gives high levels of specific labelling on sections which retain good ultrastructural preservation and have high contrast after conventional staining. The albumin is located throughout the cytoplasm although no labelling was found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles-protein bodies or other organelles.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cotyledon ; Golgi complex ; Immunocytochemistry ; Phaseolus (seed proteins) ; Phaseolin ; Phytohemagglutinin ; Protein (seeds)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Development of legume seeds is accompanied by the synthesis of storage proteins and lectins, and the deposition of these proteins in protein-storage vacuoles (protein bodies). We examined the subcellular distribution, in developing seeds of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., of the major storage protein (phaseolin) and the major lectin (phytohemagglutinin, PHA). The proteins were localized using an indirect immunocytochemical method in which ultrathin frozen sections were immunolabeled with rabbit antibodies specific for either PHA or phaseolin. Bound antibodies were then localized using goat-anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G adsorbed onto 4- to 5-nm colloidal gold particles. The sections were post-fixed with OsO4, dehydrated, and embedded in plastic on the grids. Both PHA and phaseolin exhibited a similar distribution in the storage-parenchyma cells, being found primarily in the developing protein bodies. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes (cisternal stacks and associated vesicles) also were specifically labeled for both proteins, whereas the cytosol and other organelles, such as mitochondria, were not. We interpret these observations as supporting the hypothesis that the transport of storage proteins and lectins from their site of synthesis, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, to their site of deposition, the protein bodies, is mediated by the Golgi complex.
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    The journal of membrane biology 100 (1987), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hepatocyte ; cell volume ; K+ conductance ; temperature ; quinine HCl ; intracellular K+ activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Mouse hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture (4 hr) were exposed for 10 min at 37°C to anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration. Hepatocytes maintained constant relative cell volume (experimental volume/control volume) as a function of external medium relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm), ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. In contrast, the relative cell volume fit a predicted Boyle-Van't Hoff plot when the experiment was done at 4°C. Mouse liver slices were used for electrophysiologic studies, in which hepatocyte transmembrane potential (V m ) and intracellular K+ activity (a K i ) were recorded continuously by open-tip and liquid ion-exchanger ion-sensitive glass microelectrodes, respectively. Liver slices were superfused with control and then with anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration.V m increased (hyperpolarized) with hypoosmotic medium and decreased (depolarized) with hyperosmotic medium, and ln [10(experimentalV m /controlV m )] was a linear function of relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm) in the range 0.8–1.5. Thea K i did not change when medium osmolality was decreased 40–70 mOsm from control of 280 mOsm. Similar hypoosmotic stress in the presence of either 60mm K+ or 1mm quinine HCl or at 27°C resulted in no change inV m compared with a 20-mV increase inV m without the added agents or at 37°C. We conclude that mouse hepatocytes maintain their volume anda K i in response to anisosmotic medium; however,V m behaves as an osmometer under these conditions. Also, increases inV m by hypoosmotic stress were abolished by conditions or agents that inhibit K+ conductance.
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    The journal of membrane biology 103 (1988), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: H+ pump ; K+ channel ; light ; Nitella ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary At membrane potentials different fromE K, the temperature effect on membrane potential ofNitella consists of two components. One of them changes its sign atE K, the other one does not. This leads to the assignment of these components to changes in the K+ channel and in the H+ pump, respectively. It is shown that the fast time constant (3 to 30 sec) of the temperature effect on the H+ pump measured as a change in membrane potential and that of the temperature effect on the K+ channel measured as a change in resistance (having about twice the value of that of the pump) are sensitive to light intensity. Both time constants measured inNitella become smaller if light intensity increases from 0 to 15 Wm−2. This supports the suggestion of Fisahn and Hansen (J. Exp. Bot. 37:440–460, 1986) that temperature acts on plasmalemma transport via photosynthesis via the same mechanism as light does.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: cryptand ; Na+ selectivity ; temperature ; ionizable mobile carrier ; nonactin ; cation transport kinetics ; lipid membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of Na+ and K+ transport across the membrane of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) were determined at two pH's when transport was induced by (221)C10-cryptand (diaza-1,10-decyl-5-pentaoxa-4,7,13,16,21-bicyclo [8.8.5.] tricosane) at various temperatures, and by nonactin at 25°C and (222)C10-cryptand at 20 and 25°C. The rate of Na+ and K+ transport by (221)C10 saturated with the cation and carrier concentrations. Transport was noncooperative and exhibited selectivity for Na+ with respect to K+. The apparent affinity of (221)C10 for Na+ was higher and less pH-dependent than that for K+, and seven times higher than that of (222)C10 for K+ ions (20.5vs. 1.7 kcal·mole−). The efficiency of (221)C10 transport of Na+ was pH-and carrier concentration-dependent, and was similar to that of nonactin; its activation energy was similar to that for (222)C10 transport of K+ (35.5 and 29.7 kcal · mole−1, respectively). The reaction orders in cationn(S) and in carrierm(M), respectively, increased and decreased as the temperature rose, and were both independent of carrier or cation concentrations; in most cases they varied slightly with the pH.n(S) varied with the cation at pH 8.7 and with the carrier for Na+ transport only, whilem(M) always depended on the type of cation and carrier. Results are discussed in terms of the structural, physico-chemical and electrical characteristics of carriers and complexes.
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    The journal of membrane biology 112 (1989), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: myelinated nerve fiber ; gating current ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Asymmetrical displacement currents and Na currents of single myelinated nerve fibers ofXenopus laevis were studied in the temperature range from 5 to 24°C. The time constant of the on-response atE=4 mV,τ on, was strongly temperature dependent, whereas the amount of displaced charge atE=39 mV, Qon, was only slightly temperature dependent. The mean Q10 forτ on -1 was 2.54, the mean Q10 for Qon was 1.07. The time constant of charge immobilization,τ i , atE=4 mV varied significantly (α=0.001) with temperature. The mean Q10 forτ i -1 was 2.71±0.38. The time constants of immobilization of gating charge and of fast inactivation of Na permeability were similar in the temperature range from 6 to 22°C. The Qoff/Qon ratio forE=4 mV pulses of 0.5 msec duration decreased with increasing temperature. The temperature dependence of the time constant of the off-response could not be described by a single Q10 value, since the Q10 depended on the duration of the test pulse. Increasing temperature shifted Qon (E) curves to more negative potentials by 0.51 mVK −1, but shiftedP Na (E) curves andh ∞ (E) curves to more positive potentials by 0.43 and 0.57 mV K−1, respectively.h ∞ (E=−70 mV) increased monotonously with increasing temperature. The present data indicate that considerable entropy changes may occur when the Na channel molecule passes from closed through open to inactivated states.
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    The journal of membrane biology 101 (1988), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hemolysis ; membrane ; erythrocyte ; pyrexia ; phospholipid ; phase transition ; unilamellar ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Rates of human red blood cell hemolysis were measured as a function of temperature. Three distinct temperature intervals for hemolysis were noted: a) At temperatures equal to or less than 37°C no hemolysis was observed for the duration of the incubation (30 hr). b) For temperatures exceeding 45°C hemolysis rates are rapid and are accompanied by gross changes in cellular morphology. The activation energy for hemolysis is 80 kcal/mole; this value is characteristic of protein denaturation and enzyme inactivation suggesting that these processes contribute to hemolysis at these high temperatures. c) Between 38 and 45°C the energy of activation is 29 kcal/mole, indicating that a fundamentally different process than protein inactivation is responsible for hemolysis at these relatively low temperatures. A mechanism based on the concept of the critical bilayer assembly temperature of cell membranes (N.L. Gershfeld,Biophys. J. 50:457–461, 1986) accounts for hemolysis at these relatively mild temperatures: The unilamellar state of the membrane is stable at 37°C, but is transformed to a multibilayer when the temperature is raised; hemolysis results because formation of the multibilayer requires exposing lipid-free areas of the erythrocyte surface. An analysis of the activation energy for hemolysis is presented that is consistent with the proposed unilamellar-multibilayer transformation.
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  • 77
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    The journal of membrane biology 98 (1987), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: control ; curve fitting ; I/V curves ; K+ transporter ; Nitella ; lazy state ; reaction-kinetic model ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary InNitella, current-voltage relationships were measured at different temperatures ranging from 5 to 25°C. Sets of theseI/V curves were subject to curve fitting on the basis of a cyclic reaction scheme (Class I model). Different hypotheses of the mode of action of temperature on theI/V curve were tested, including changes in reaction constants in the transport cycle and deactivation of transport molecules. It was found that models assuming an influence of temperature on pairs of rate constants of the transport cycle gave very bad fits. Good fits were obtained with models implying that temperature influences the number of active transporters. The lazy-state model (the exchange of an inactive state with a stateN 3 in the transport cycle is influenced by temperature) gave a slightly better fit than the assumption of an unspecific inactivation (independent of the state of the transport molecule). According to the lazy-state analysis, the inactive state is kinetically closer toN o , the state in which the transport molecule is open to the outside substrate than toN i , the state in which it is open to the inside substrate. The two inactivation models imply that temperature does not act directly on the properties of the plasmamembrane, but that temperature-sensitive metabolic processes in the cell send signals which control the activation and deactivation of the transporter.
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle Spindles ; Different types of sensory endings ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Muskelspindel der Ratte, die an einer Serie alternierender Semidünn- und Ultradünnquerschnitte untersucht wurde, wurden zwei benachbart an „nuclear chain“-Fasern gelegene Nervenendformationen unterschiedlicher Bauweise festgestellt. Die beiden Endformationen sind mit ein und derselben Nervenfaser der Gruppe II verbunden und daher als Bestandteile einer sekundären sensorischen Endigung zu betrachten. Die Nervenendformation an einer der beiden „nuclear chain“-Fasern hat anulo-spirale Form. Die Nervenendformation an der anderen „nuclear chain“-Faser weist am Querschnittsbild eine Anzahl von Axonen auf, die zwischen Plasmalemm und Basalmembran der intrafusalen Muskelfaser eng aneinanderliegen. Nicht alle Axonquerschnitte stehen in direktem Kontakt mit der intrafusalen Faser. Das terminale Axon scheint sieh nach Eintritt unter die Basalmembran der intrafusalen Faser mehrfach in relativ dünne Äste unregelmäßigen Verlaufs zu teilen. Diese Form der Endigung könnte ein Korrelat der sog. „flower spray“-Endigung im Sinne Ruffinis (1898) darstellen. Die beiden morphologisch unterschiedlichen Endformationen innerhalb der sekundären Endigung gleichen einander und den Endformationen der primären Endigung bezüglich folgender Ultrastrukturmerkmale: 1. Es besteht synaptischer Kontakt zwischen Axon und intrafusaler Muskelfaser (synaptischer Spalt durchschnittlich 200 Å) ohne Zwischenlagerung von Basalmembranmaterial; 2. die terminalen Axonabschnitte liegen direkt unter der Basalmembran der intrafusalen Muskelfaser und sind nicht von Schwannschen Zellen bedeckt; 3. Mangel an synaptischen Bläschen; 4. desmosomenartige Verhaftungen zwischen Zellmembranen von Axon und intrafusaler Faser; 5. dyadenartige Anlagerungen des sarkoplasmatischen Retikulums an die Zellmembran der intrafusalen Faser im Bereich des synaptischen Spaltes. Nach unseren derzeitigen Vorstellungen sprechen diese Ultrastrukturmerkmale für eine rezeptorische Natur der beschriebenen Nervenendigungen.
    Notes: Summary In a rat muscle spindle transversally cut into a series of alternating semithin and ultrathin sections, two different forms of nerve terminations were found on two neighbouring nuclear chain fibres. The two nerve terminations were connected to the same group II nerve fibre and are consequently constituents of one particular secondary sensory ending. The nerve termination on one of the two nuclear chain fibres is of the anulo-spiral type. The nerve termination on the second nuclear chain fibre shows a number of axons lying closely together between plasma membrane and basement membrane of the intrafusal muscle fibre. Not all of these axons are in direct contact with the intrafusal fibre. The terminating nerve fibre seems to be divided into several branches of rather small diameters and irregular courses. It is suggested that this kind of termination could be a correlate of the so-called “flower spray” type of sensory endings in muscle spindles. The two morphologically different nerve terminations in the secondary ending have the following ultrastructural characteristics in common with those of the primary ending: 1) Synaptic contact between axon and intrafusal muscle fibre (synaptic gap about 200 Å) without interposition of basement membrane material; 2) terminal axons located beneath the basement membrane layer of intrafusal muscle fibres without covering by Schwann cells; 3) lack of synaptic vesicles; 4) desmosome-like structures between plasma membranes of axon and intrafusal muscle fibre, and 5) dyads of the sarcoplasmic reticulum adjacent to the synaptic cleft. According to present knowledge these features indicate that all of these endings are sensory ones.
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Innervation ; Receptors ; Rat ; Pig
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    Notes: Summary The innervation of the adrenal cortex of the rat and the pig is investigated with the electron microscope. Nerve fibers containing synaptic and two types of dense-cored vesicles come into contact with endocrine cells. There are no specialized pre- and postsynaptic membranes. The synaptic cleft is about 200 Å wide. Generally the basement membrane between nerve and cell is absent. These observations are discussed on the base of more recent experimental findings. Small fibers having an average diameter of about 0.2 to 0.5 μ and containing only tubules and filaments are considered to represent parts of an afferent nervous system.
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  • 80
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    Keywords: Adrenergic neurons ; “Short” and “long” systems ; Pre- and postnatal development ; Peripheral organs ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation in the submaxillary gland, heart, kidney, small intestine, and accessory male genital organs and the development of the adrenal chromaffin cells and the sympathetic ganglia were studied in the rat from 15 days post coitum to 16 days post partum using the fluorescence histochemical method of Falck and Hillarp. The postnatal development of the noradrenaline concentrations in the heart and vas deferens was followed by fluorometric determinations. At about 15 days post coitum, the anlagen of the sympathetic chains were well visible in the form of two dorsal segmented columns of small branching sympathicoblasts exhibiting an intense catecholamine fluorescence. In the midline, ventrally to these two anlagen, another column of sympathicoblasts developed; this seemed to give rise to the prevertebral ganglia and to the short adrenergic neurons supplying the internal genital organs. At the level of the adrenal anlagen, small intensely fluorescent chromaffin cells were collected in two bilateral groups which became enclosed by adreno-cortical cells. This enclosure was, however, not complete even at two weeks post partum. Bundles of growing sympathetic nerves were visible in the periphery of the various organs studied at 19–21 days post coitum. A terminal innervation of the organs suggestive of a functional transmitter mechanism did not start to establish until at or immediately after birth. The final pattern of innervation was usually reached at about one week post partum, and the following development proceeded largely in the form of a quantitative increase in the number of nerves participating in the innervation apparatus. The adult level of noradrenaline in the heart and vas deferens was reached three to five weeks after birth. The small intestine was an exception in that the final pattern of innervation in the wall was attained immediately after birth. There was no overt difference in the rate of development of the terminal sympathetic innervation in organs supplied by short adrenergic neurons (accessory male genital organs) compared to the innervation of the submaxillary gland, heart and kidney, which receive classical long adrenergic neurons.
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 58-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Rat ; Fowl ; Granulosa cells ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle of the rat and the domestic fowl have been studied with the light and electron microscope. The nuclei of the granulosa cells were irregular with indentations and large in proportion to the cytoplasm of the cell. The mitochondria had a dense, dark matrix with only few cristac. The Golgi apparatus was moderately developed, located towards the oocyte in a juxtanuclear position. The endoplasmic reticulum was rather sparse. Lipid droplets were only occasionally encountered. Microtubules were regularly observed. The functions of the granulosa cells are discussed. Compared with the steroid-producing cells of the theca interna of the same follicles, the granulosa cells primarily are the nursing cells for the growing oocyte and mainly have the characteristics of protein forming cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 283-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat ; Synthesis of hormones ; Acid phosphatase ; Osmium impregnation ; Neurosecretion
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural features of the paraventricular neurones of the non-treated rat are presented comparing them with those of the supraoptic neurones. No striking differences are seen between the general electron microscopic characteristics of the paraventricular and supraoptic neurones. The importance of adequate fixation to obtain good preservation of the neurones is emphasized, since inadequate fixation can cause e.g. artefactual appearance of “dark neurones”. The previously presented classification of the neurosecretory neurones into two categories (e.g. “light and dark neurones”) on the basis of the number of ribosomes is not considered justifiable, since their number can vary to a very great extent even within a single cell. The synthesis of neurosecretory products in the paraventricular neurones obviously follows the general mode of the synthesis of secretory proteins: ribosomes—RER—Golgi complex—secretory vesicles. On the basis of the localization of heavy metal deposits after osmium impregnation and demonstration of acid phosphatase the Golgi complex of the paraventricular neurones is found to be polarized. The direction of the polarity is discussed. The substructures of the dense cores of the neurosecretory granules and of the contents of the lysosomal dense bodies are nearly identical. Therefore it is considered impossible to determine positively the nature of the dark condensed material within the Golgi complex. The characteristics of the immature neurosecretory granules and the possibility of releasing neurosecretory products into the cytoplasm already within the perikarya are speculated.
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  • 83
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    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Two-filament system ; Small intestine ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The structure of glycerinated smooth muscle from small intestine of adult rat was investigated by electron microscopy. In the central parts of the tissue blocks a two-filament system was found, consisting of parallel thick and thin filaments with regularly spaced interconnections, closely resembling that of striated muscle. In the peripheral parts of the blocks only thin filaments were found. The thin filaments were identified as actin by the formation of arrowhead complexes after incubation with heavy meromyosin.
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 531-547 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Helical polyribosomes ; Skeletal muscle ; Polysomes ; Levator ani ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization and configurations of ribosomes in mature white skeletal muscle fibers of the rat were investigated. Differential visualization of ribosomes and glycogen granules was obtained by fixation with glutaraldehyde only and staining of the sections with uranyl acetate. Ribosomes are then electron dense and glycogen granules electron transparent. Their identity was ascertained by selective extractions of ribonucleic acid and polysaccharide. The vast majority of the ribosomes is not membrane-bound. They are located intermyofibrillarly (predominantly at the level of the I-bands), beneath the sarcolemma, and in the paranuclear cones of sarcoplasm. Occasionally short stretches of granular reticulum occur, often as characteristic double walled vesicles with ribosomes on the inner membrane only. Three main types of polysomal configurations are observed: rosettes of 4 to 6 ribosomes, helical arrays, and whorls of up to about 25 probably membrane-bound ribosomes. The average number of ribosomes in the extended helical configurations is estimated to be about 60. It is argued that these helices represent the polysomes instrumental in the synthesis of the large subunits of myosin. It is emphasized that helical polyribosomes are by no means typical of striated muscle, but probably represent a common configuration of large free polysomes.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 261-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal medulla ; Rat ; Cell types ; Secretion ; Influence of fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Nebennierenmark der Ratte wurde nach Anwendung verschiedener Fixationsmethoden untersucht. Nach Immersionsfixation mit Glutaraldehyd oder Osmiumtetroxyd finden sich in der Nebenniere sog. Mischzellen, helle Zellen, syncytiale oder plasmodiale Zellen, die von den Untersuchern als Artefaktbildungen angesehen werden. In allen Proben nach Perfusionsfixation wurden solche Artefaktbildungen niemals beobachtet. Bei Immersionsfixation wurde eine enge Beziehung zwischen Sekretgranula und Cytoplasmamembran beobachtet, was bei Perfusionsfixation selten der Fall war. Die heutigen Theorien über den Sekretionsmechanismus bei Nebennierenmarkzellen werden aufgrund der vorgelegten Ergebnisse diskutiert. Die Arbeit zeigt die wesentlichen Vorteile der Anwendung der Perfusionsfixation für die Untersuchung der Nebenniere.
    Notes: Summary The adrenal medulla of the rat was studied utilizing various methods of fixation. In adrenal medulla specimens after immersion fixation either with glutaraldehyde or osmium tetroxide, elements such as mixed, clear, syncytial, or plasmodial cells, believed to be of artifactual origin, are observed in all of this material examined. These elements are absent in the specimens prepared by perfusion fixation. In specimens prepared by immersion fixation, secretory granules are found in close proximity to the plasma membrane; this localization is infrequent after perfusion fixation. Current theories of the mechanism of secretion of adrenal medullary hormones are discussed on the basis of our results. This investigation demonstrates the advantage and necessity of perfusion fixation in the study of the adrenal medulla.
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 466-482 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophages ; Microtubules ; Enamel organ ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the enamel organ of rat incisors macrophages are present in the zone of matrix formation, the transitional zone, the enamel maturation and pigmentation zone. The macrophages accumulate adjacent to redifferentiating amelocytes in the transitional zone. The macrophages phagocytize fragments of disintegrating amelocytes. In addition to the well known complement of organelles the macrophages present an elaborated microtubular system, scattered, thick filaments, a cortical feltwork of thin filaments, and spherical nuclear bodies. The microtubules emanate from “attached” and free pericentriolar satellites and radiate aster-like towards the cell surface or into pseudopods or curve along the nuclear surface for long distances, often related to nuclear constrictions. It is suggested that the microtubular system plays a prominent role in directional movement of the macrophages. The cortical filaments, if contractile, may create the cytoplasmic flow necessary for the cell motility.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory tubercle ; Rat ; Degeneration ; Synapse
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    Notes: Summary The olfactory tubercle of the rat was studied by electron microscopy both in the normal and after ipsilateral olfactory bulb ablation at survival times of from 14 hours to seven days. Particular emphasis was placed on synaptic structures and their changes following the lesion. Normal synapses are similar to those described in previous studies and presynaptic profiles are of at least three types. Types-A and -B contain round vesicles and form asymmetrical contacts and type-C profiles contain flattened vesicles and form symmetrical contacts. There appear to be two major types of degenerative changes. The electron-lucent type predominates at early survival times and is seen first at 14 hours. These profiles show an early reduction in numbers of vesicles with mitochondrial swelling followed by shrinkage of the profile. These profiles become increasingly electron-dense at later survival times. The second major type of degenerating profile is initially electron-dense. The earliest changes in these profiles are an increased axoplasmic density and increased microtubular density and clumping without apparent loss of vesicles. These profiles also become progressively more electron-dense at longer survival times. The observations are discussed in relation to previous reports.
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; Rat ; Mitosis ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The pattern of intercellular cytoplasmic bridges between rat spermatogonia and between spermatocytes is illustrated from electron microscopy of serial sections. Clones, or syncytia, containing as many as 22 connected spermatogonia and as many as 74 connected spermatocytes were observed. The absence of closed rings of cells agrees with the observation that intercellular bridges are the result of incomplete cell division, rather than cell fusion. The bridges thus are a record of spermatogonial divisions within a clone. In early spermatogonial generations there is a predominantly linear arrangement. The groups of spermatocytes have more side branches. From the presence of synaptonemal complexes it is concluded that the connected spermatocytes of a given clone are in about the same developmental stage. The pattern of intercellular bridges indicates, however, that not all nuclei in a clone undergo mitosis in the same cycle. The connected cells of a clone are therefore not all of the same generation. From unconnected bridges it is assumed that new clones originate from single cells or groups of spermatogonia which separate from an existing clone.
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tubuli seminiferi ; Rat ; Structure ; Contractility ; Organ culture
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isolated pieces of seminiferous tubules of adult rats were grown in organ culture for up to 8 weeks in Petri dishes on the surface of nutrient agar. The medium consisted of newborn calf serum, Eagle's minimum essential medium, glutamate and antibiotics. This method allowed observation of the contractions of the seminiferous tubules in the culture. Contractility, light and electron microscopic structure and histochemically demonstrable activities of alkaline phosphatase and ATPase of the tubule walls were studied at 1-week intervals. The contractility and alkaline phosphatase activity were maintained in the tubule wall for 3 weeks, and the activity of ATPase was maintained for 5 weeks. The thin filaments of the myoid cells, which are responsible for the contractility, were seen with the electron microscope in tubules cultured for 5 weeks. The organ culture method described in the present paper seems to be valuable for studies concerning the functioning of the myoid cells of the seminiferous tubules and the possibility that this is regulated by hormones.
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Exocytosis ; Micro-pinocytosis ; Releasing factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Exocytosis has been demonstrated by electron microscopy in the external zone of the median eminence of the rat. Exocytotic profiles have been observed in nerve fibres characterized by the presence of granular vesicles with median diameters of 90–103 nm and agranular vesicles of about 50 nm. In addition to the small agranular vesicles, coated vesicles of the same size have been found in many nerve fibres, suggesting that at least part of the agranular vesicles in the median eminence originate by micro-pinocytosis. The nature of the fibres showing exocytosis is discussed. Attention is drawn to the possibility of identifying types of fibres in the median eminence by the occurrence of exocytosis.
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 553-562 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basement membrane ; Brain ventricles ; Rat ; Subependymal labyrinths ; Light- and electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit der Perjodsäure-Bisulfit-Aldehydthionin-Färbung (Specht) lassen sich am ganzen Ventrikelsystem des Rattengehirns sub- und interependymale Strukturen lichtmikroskopisch nachweisen, die elektronenmikroskopisch als Basalmembranlabyrinthe (BML) identifiziert werden können. Verschiedene Formen dieser BML lassen sich unterscheiden. Sie stehen in Verbindung mit subependymalen Kapillaren. Die Verteilung der BML wird in Ventrikelkarten dokumentiert.
    Notes: Summary Sub- und interependymal structures, being demonstrable by a period-acid-bisulfit-aldehydthionine-method (Specht), occur in the whole ventricular system by light microscopy. They can be identified electron microscopically as basement membrane labyrinths (BML). Different shapes of these BML can be distinguished. They are in communication with the basement membrane of subependymal capillaries. The distribution of BML is documented in “ventricular maps”.
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    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 205-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Diabetes insipidus ; Rat ; Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ; Synthesis of hormones ; Light- and Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The general ultrastructural features of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI-rats, Brattleboro strain) are described. There is no decisively distinguishing difference between the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The neurons of both nuclei show signs of active protein synthesis. The perikarya of the neurons are markedly hypertrophic, the nuclei are large and the nucleoli prominent. In the cytoplasm there are numerous ribosomes, abundant rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and extensive Golgi complexes. However, very few neurosecretory granules are to be seen. The axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract are likewise enlarged and the paucity of neurosecretory granules is a striking feature also in the area of the tract. The majority of nerve endings in the posterior pituitary of DI-rats are devoid of neurosecretory granules. Microvesicles are abundant in the nerve endings and there are findings which suggest that microvesicles are involved either in endoor exocytosis. The signs of active protein synthesis and the concomitant paucity of neurosecretory granules are interpreted to imply transportation of the secretory proteins in an extragranular phase. The possible mode of release of the secretory proteins from the nerve endings and the role of microvesicles therein are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 25-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Perivascular cells ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study is to investigate the ultrastructural features of perivascular cells as found in the neural lobe of the hypophysis. In particular, an inquiry was made into the nature of the relationship of such cells to neurosecretory fibers and endings. The latter, in fact, are often invaginated within the perivascular cells and enveloped by their processes; furthermore, they often reveal a certain number of empty granules as well as characteristics of degenerative nature. In the course of this study the localization of the perivascular cells has been investigated as well as that of their processes within the extensive interlobular network typical of the hypophysial neural lobe of rodents. Based on the data gathered, the hypothesis is put forward that the perivascular cells play an important role in the turnover of neurosecretory endings, both under physiological and experimental conditions, contributing thereby to the release of post-hypophysial hormones.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 101-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Infundibulum ; Rat ; Neuro-glial synapses ; Neuro-Vascular contacts ; Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Gefäßfortsätze von ependymalen und subependymalen Zellen bilden in der subependymalen Zone und in der Zona interna des Ratteninfundibulum mit Nervenfasern kompakte neuro-gliöse Faserbündel, die sich in der Zona externa aufzweigen. 2. In allen Zonen des Infundibulum kommen zwischen den Nervenfasern und den Gefäßfortsätzen zahlreiche neuro-gliöse Synapsen vor. In den Gefäßfortsätzen fällt die hohe Zahl an Mikrotubuli sowie die zahlreichen, vielgestaltigen Einschlüsse auf. 3. In der subependymalen Zone sind die Interzellularspalten an bestimmten Stellen außerordentlich weit. Sie haben eine kanalartige Beschaffenheit und enthalten feine Bündel von Nervenfasern. 4. Von den lateralen Anteilen des Infundibulum her erreichen Dendriten von Ganglienzellen des Nucleus infundibularis die Mitte des Infundibulum. In dieser Region sind axodendritische Synapsen anzutreffen. 5. Morphometrische Analysen der Nervenfaserendigungen der Zona externa von Normaltieren zeigen, daß die prozentuale Verteilung der nach Granulagröße differenzierten Nervenfaserklassen für Mitte und Seite der Zona externa etwa gleich ist. Zwischen der Größe der Elementargranula und der Anschnittfläche der zugehörigen Nervenfasern besteht eine direkte Beziehung. 6. Die Nervenfaserendigungen erreichen die Basalmembran des perikapillären Raumes fast ausschließlich im Bereich von gefäßwärts gerichteten Vorwölbungen der Zona externa. Das Ausmaß, in dem Nervenfasern im Vergleich zu den Gefäßfortsätzen von Ependymund Gliazellen den perivaskulären Raum erreichen, ist medial weitaus größer als lateral. 7. Bei bilateral adrenalektomierten Ratten nimmt in bestimmten, vorwiegend lateral gelegenen Nervenfasern die Zahl und Größe der Elementargranula in Abhängigkeit von der Überlebensdauer zu. Dies dürfte auf eine verstärkte Synthese und Speicherung von Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in diesen Nervenfasern zurückzuführen sein. Gegenüber dem Normalbefund ist die neurohämale Kontaktfläche erheblich vergrößert. Der perivaskuläre Raum enthält zerfallene Nervenfaserteile, die durch Bindegewebszellen phagocytiert werden. Diese Veränderungen dürften durch eine unter Versuchsbedingungen verstärkte Wachstumstendenz der Nervenfasern in Richtung auf die Blutgefäße und durch eine Abschnürung der Nerven-faserendigungen ausgelöst werden.
    Notes: Summary 1. In the subependymal and internal zones of the rat median eminence nerve fibres and vascular processes of ependymal and subependymal cells form neuro-glial bundles. They branch in the external zone. 2. In all these three zones of the infundibulum numerous neuro-glial synapses are found between nerve fibres and vascular processes of glial cells. The vascular processes contain a high number of microtubules as well as polymorphous granular inclusions. 3. In certain regions of the subependymal layer the intercellular spaces are enlarged. They form channel-like spaces containing small bundles of delicate nerve fibres. 4. Nerve cells of the infundibular nucleus located in the lateral parts of the infundibulum send dendrites to the medial parts of the infundibulum. In this area axo-dendritic synapses are found. 5. For morphometric analysis, the nerve fibres of the external zone were classified according to the diameter of their granules. It is shown that in the different regions of the external zone the distribution of the various types of nerve fibre is similar. Moreover it can be seen that a direct correlation exists between the size of the sectional plane of a given nerve fibre and the size of the granules it comprises. 6. Nerve fibre endings abutting on the basement membrane of the pericapillary space are mostly found in bulb-like protrusions of the external zone. The extent to which nerve fibres reach the perivascular space—as compared with the vascular processes of ependymal and glial cells—is higher in the medial than in the lateral parts of the infundibulum. 7. In bilaterally adrenalectomized rats the number and diameter of elementary granules increases in nerve fibres located laterally. This increase is directly related to the survival time and may be due to an enhanced synthesis and storage of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in these nerve fibres. Compared with the findings in untreated animals the neurohemal contact area is significantly enlarged. The perivascular space contains degenerating nerve fibres which are undergoing phagocytosis by connective tissue cells. It is assumed that these alterations are due to the increased growth of nerve fibres towards the vessels of the “Mantelplexus”, and that, following adrenalectomy, this excessive growth leads to a pinching off of nerve fibres.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 261-272 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Extrarenal blood vessels ; Rat ; Adrenergic nerves ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the extrarenal blood vessels of the rat left kidney was investigated by fluorescence histochemistry and by electron microscopy. The trunk of the renal artery proximal to the aorta is elastic and appears to be very sparsely innervated. In contrast, near the kidney the renal artery—which divides into 3 to 4 large branches of the muscular type possesses a dense adrenergic innervation. The adrenergic terminal axons are situated in the adventitia close to the external elastic lamella, but only rarely in close contact with smooth muscle cells. In most instances several terminal axons are grouped and enclosed by a Schwann cell, single axons being rare. All terminal axons are able to take up and to store 5-hydroxydopamine which strongly suggests that they are adrenergic. The innervation of the renal vein is more sparse than that of the muscular arteries but somewhat denser than that of the elastic artery. In addition, close to the origin of the renal artery the presence of “small intensively fluorescent” (SIF) cells as well as of some adrenergic ganglion cells is noted. The latter are situated in the adrenergic nonterminal axon bundles, which run parallel to the blood vessels. It is concluded that the uneven adrenergic innervation along the artery as well as individual variations in the branching of the artery are the main causes of the unusually high individual variations of the NA content of this organ such as used in pharmacological experiments.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Rat ; Gonadotrophic cells ; Cycle, influence of testosterone ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 4-day cyclic adult female Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with testosterone propionate on diestrus 1 at 16:00 and on diestrus 2 at 10:00 respectively. Non-injected females served as controls. Autopsy was performed on diestrus 2 at 23:00, and on proestrus at 14:00 and 17:00 respectively. The blue Alcian-PAS staining was used to evidence FSH (β) and LH (γ) pituitary cells. In control animals and in diestrus 2 injected females only a small number of FSH cells could be detected on diestrus 2 at 23:00. This number increased markedly on proestrus at 14:00 and decreased on proestrus at 17:00. A similar evolution was observed in diestrus 1 testosterone injected females, but the number of FSH cells appeared higher at any stage of autopsy in these females than in diestrus 2 injected females and in control rats. In control females, numerous LH cells were observed on diestrus 2 at 23:00. The number of these cells was diminished on proestrus at 14:00 and still more at 17:00. On the contrary few LH cells were detected in testosterone injected females on the evening of diestrus 2. An increase of these cells occurred on proestrus at 14:00, followed at 17:00 by only a weak diminution as established by comparison with control animals. An inhibition of FSH release and a suppression of the proestrus surge of LH were therefore supposed to cause, on one hand, the slowing up of follicular growth observed in diestrus 1 injected females and, on the other hand, the blockage of ovulation noted in both diestrus 1 and diestrus 2 treated animals.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 3-8 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GnRH receptors ; Gonadotropes ; Coated pits ; Internalization ; High-resolution autoradiography ; LHRH, Gonadoliberin ; Pituitary gland ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Localization of GnRH receptors in rat pituitary gonadotropes was studied by use of 125I-[azidobenzoyl-D-Lys6]GnRH which, upon photolysis, is covalently bound to the receptor molecule. Using high resolution autoradiography, it was found that, after a 90-min incubation of the analog with pituitary cells at 4° C, 93% of the silver grains were associated with the plasma membrane of the gonadotropes. After 45-min incubation of the cells at 37° C, clustering and internalization of the receptor-bound GnRH analog were evident. Silver grains were associated with coated pits, intracellular vesicles, Golgi complexes, lysosome-like structures and secretory granules. The data indicate that receptor-bound GnRH agonist is internalized, at least in part, via coated pits and is subsequently routed to lysosomes where degradation of the hormone-receptor complex may occur. The presence of a considerable amount of silver grains associated with secretory granules may suggest that some of the internalized receptor molecules can escape degradation and be recycled to the cell membrane.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph filtration ; Antigen and antibody distribution ; Subcapsular sinus ; Lymph node ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A recent study of lymph nodes of the rat showed that they are morphologically and physiologically compartmentalized. A compartment of a node includes a portion of subcapsular sinus into which the lymph, entering via the related afferent lymphatic opening, is filtered. The study also showed that colloidal carbon injected locally in a small dose becomes predominantly associated with the areas of the inner wall of the subcapsular sinus that cover the extrafollicular zone of the peripheral cortex. Little carbon is seen over the folliculo-nodules (follicles with a nodule or germinal center). The question arose as to whether drained natural substances, as antigens and antibodies, follow the same pattern of distribution in the subcapsular sinus as the carbon. Therefore, small doses of fluorescein isothyocyanate (FITC)-conjugated antigens were injected locally into normal rats whose own antibodies in the nodes were stained by immunofluorescence. The pattern of distribution of the antigens in the draining nodes was found to be the same as that of the carbon. Furthermore, the lymph-carried antibodies of the rats were found to follow the same pattern. The morphological basis for such a pattern is explained. The results are further discussed with regard to the probable normal entry route of lymph-carried antigens in the parenchyma of nodes.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lanthanum ; Odontoblasts ; Tight junctions ; Tooth pulp ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Odontoblasts are known to be involved in the process of dentinogenesis but it is not clear whether substances may also be deposited in predentine and dentine by passing between these cells. Although tight junctions have been described, it is not clear if they are macular or “leaky” as opposed to continuous or “tight”. In this study use has been made of the permeability of fenestrated capillaries amongst the odontoblasts to deposit the penetrative tracer lanthanum in the interodontoblastic space. This was done by perfusion of anaesthetized rats with physiological solutions containing lanthanum nitrate at 37° C. Immersion fixation of transverse segments of mandibular incisors and examination with an electron microscope showed that lanthanum could permeate 40–50 μm between the odontoblasts to reach the peripheral pulp. Towards the predentine, often less than 10 μm from the capillaries, its progress was abruptly and completely halted by the junctions at the apical ends of the odontoblast cell bodies. Lanthanum was not found in the predentine. The mature secretory odontoblasts in the rat incisor have therefore been shown to be joined by continuous tight junctions. In the process of dentinogenesis this means that all substances deposited in predentine and dentine must arrive by passing through the odontoblasts.
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fenestrations ; Basal lamina ; Intestine, small ; Immune system ; SEM ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fenestrations of the basal lamina of rat intestinal villi were revealed by scanning electron microscopy after removal of the overlying epithelial cells by osmic acid maceration. These fenestrations are circular to oval in shape and are 0.5 μm to 5 μm in diameter. They are richly distributed at a density of 1–2x104/mm2 in the upper two thirds of the villi, except at the very tips. Roughly 500 fenestrations are found on each side of an average sized tongue-shaped villus. Transmission electron-microscopic observations showed that these fenestrations were passages for migrating cells of the immune system such as lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages. Protrusions from the basal parts of epithelial cells were also observed passing through these fenestrations. These findings are discussed with respect to their immunological implications and to the passage of nutrients.
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