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  • Aerodynamics
  • Ecology
  • 1990-1994  (118)
  • 1950-1954  (76)
  • 1935-1939  (15)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    AI & society 7 (1993), S. 117-126 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Ecology ; Causal science ; Human-centred technology ; Human purpose ; Taylorism ; Belief systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract If one interprets the ‘ecology of technology’ as the study of technology in relation to its environment, there are two important levels at which this study can be made. It is possible to consider the different environments in Europe, Japan and the USA, and look for the different technological influences which accompany them. At a more general level, one can look at those factors which are common to all three environments, and which are associated with generic similarities in the technology of all three areas. The paper considers both aspects as they have been experienced in Europe in some attempts to develop a ‘human-centred technology’.
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  • 2
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    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 93-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Voucher specimens ; Biology ; Ecology ; Taxonomy ; Soil animals ; Soil biologist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Voucher specimens ensure that the identity of organisms studied in the field or in laboratory experiments can be verified, and ensure that new species concepts can be applied to past research. Guidelines on the collection, preparation, and deposition of voucher specimens and means of referral to them are given. Type specimens and the nomenclature of species names are briefly described.
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  • 3
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    Journal of comparative physiology 174 (1994), S. 461-467 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Ecology ; Great Barrier Reef ; Lutjanidae ; Microspectrophotometry ; Visual pigments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The visual pigments in the retinal photoreceptors of 12 species of snappers of the genus Lutjanus (Teleostei; Perciformes; Lutjanidae) were measured by microspectrophotometry. All the species were caught on the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) but differ in the colour of the water in which they live. Some live in the clear blue water of the outer reef, some in the greener water of the middle and inshore reefs and some in the more heavily stained mangrove and estuarine water. All the species had double cones, each member of the pair containing a different visual pigment. Using Baker's and Smith's (1982) model to predict the spectral distribution of ambient light from chlorophyll and dissolved organic matter it was found that the absorption spectra of the visual pigments in the double cones were close to those that confer the maximum sensitivity in the different water types. Single cones contained a blue or violet-sensitive visual pigment. The visual pigments in the rods showed little variation, their wavelength of maximum absorption always being in the region 489–502 nm.
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  • 4
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    International journal of biometeorology 35 (1991), S. 239-251 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Modelling ; Ecology ; Response functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This article describes the further development and new applications of the already well-known method of response functions. This method is used to present the quantitative evaluation of the reactions of various ecological and biological systems to environmental impacts. Two ecological problems were chosen as examples: the model of growth and development of cereal crops and the model of pollutant dynamics in the elementary ecosystem. In each case the results are given of the evaluation of parameters and the testing of models. It is shown that the method of response functions allows resolution of the wide range of ecological problems with sufficient accuracy, and some new theoretical results are presented. For example, based on the existing hypotheses of higher plant development, a biological time scale has been worked out. The method was elaborated to determine the minimum time of development, which is a genetically stipulated characteristic of a species and is realized when all environmental factors are optimal.
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  • 5
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    Oecologia 100 (1994), S. 397-405 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Evolution of sex ; Ecology ; Clones ; Lepidoaactylus lugubris ; Gekkonidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report differences in the thermal biology, elevational, temporal and geographic distributions of sympatric clones of the widespread asexual house gecko, Lepidodactylus lugubris. The two most common L. lugubris clones in Fiji, clones 2NA and 2NB, differ significantly in preferred temperature as measured in a laboratory heat gradient, but were similar in critical thermal maximum and minimum. Significant differences were found in the relative frequency of clones 2NA, 2NB, and a third Fijian clone, clone 3NB, at seven sites along an elevational gradient in Fiji. Clone 2NB was not collected at sites above 235 m, consistent with its higher preferred temperature, whereas clone 2NA was captured as high as 835 m. Clone 3NB was extremely rare at sealevel (1% of all individuals at three sites below 100 m), but predominated at the two highest-elevation sites (42% and 100%). Clones 2NA and 2NB did not differ significantly in their activity time or ambient activity temperature at low-elevation sites. Clone 3NB however, was active on significantly cooler nights at two of those sites. These significant inter-clonal differences in spatial and temporal distribution should allow a more complete utilization of resources by the assemblage of clones than by any single clonal genotype, and may promote coexistence of clones at a within-island and within-site scale. Clone 2NA, which is the most common clone in Fiji and has the broadest elevational distribution, also has the widest geographic distribution. It was the predominant clone at 27 of 34 sites surveyed in nine Pacific archipelagoes. This suggests that the ecological attributes that favor this clone in Fiji also favor it elsewhere in the Pacific despite differing environmental conditions and clonal composition in those areas.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Ecology ; Butterfly ; Oeneis chryxus ; Population structure ; Population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes temporally varying determinants of the spatial distribution of adults in an insect population and the relationship between that distribution and the mating system. Male Oeneis chryxus butterflies were distributed nonrandomly throughout a sloping Colorado meadow divided horizontally by a dirt road into an upper and lower slope. Over an eight-year period of intensive study, the proportion of males located on the road, the upper slope, and the lower slope varied as a function of population size and sex ratio. In each year, more than half of the male population aggregated on sections of the road in a distinct and recurring pattern that was not correlated with the distribution of any food resource or thermal regime. Females were usually extremely scarce and not distributed in any pattern apparent from the few observations of them. Areas densely occupied by males were associated with visual landmarks. We hypothesize that the male distribution is determined by a pattern of movement of receptive females toward these landmarks. The road offers a thermally favorable environment with an unobstructed view in which to await the passage of scarce females. The mating system in this population has several lek-like features and supports the prediction that landmark mating is a favored strategy under conditions of female scarcity and wide dispersal of resources.
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  • 7
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    Oecologia 93 (1993), S. 349-355 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas ; Ecology ; Infectivity ; Specificity ; Selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Specificity in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM), arising from selection favouring host plant/mycorrhizal fungus associations in which both organisms receive benefit, might have a significant influence on interactions between co-existing plant species. In an attempt to detect such specificity root inoculum of four tempt to detect such specificity root inoculum of four plant species, harvested from a species-rich grassland on three dates during the plant growth season, was used to infect the same plant species grown in pots. The rate and overall level of infection was different according to inoculum source and the time of year in which the inoculum was harvested, i.e. temporal variation in VAM infectivity occurs. However, there was no evidence for either specificity or mycorrhizal benefit. Inoculum produced during this experiment was used to infect “bait” Trifolium pratense plants and protein patterns of these roots indicated that a number of biochemically different endophytes were present, both within the inoculum of the four plant species but also within inoculum from one plant species. Temporal variation in mycorrhizal infectivity could be important for mycorrhizal propagation in the field. However, the lack of evidence, in this study, for specificity of VAM or an obvious nutritional benefit to plants with mycorrhizas make the role of mycorrhizas in this community difficult to interpret.
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  • 8
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    Oecologia 83 (1990), S. 14-19 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Nematodes ; Maturity ; Ecology ; Colonization ; Biomonitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nematode assemblages constitute a potential instrument for assessing the quality of submersed, temporarily submersed, and terrestrial soils and for the development of an ecological typology and biomonitoring system. Interpretation of physical or pollution-induced disturbances has hitherto mainly been based on changes in diversity, dominance patterns or percentage of dorylaimids (Adenophorea). The maturity index, based on the nematode fauna, is proposed as a gauge of the condition of the soil ecosystem. Values on a coloniser/persister scale are given for nematodes that occur in The Netherlands. The possibilities of the use of this index are demonstrated by a retrospective interpretation of some literature data. The use of nematodes in environmental studies is discussed.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Mangroves ; N2-fixation ; Ecology ; Nutrient cycling ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Heterotrophic dinitrogen fixation in root associations of successional stages of the tropical mangrove plant community at the Ganges river estuary in India was investigated by excised-root acetylene reduction assay, and enumeration and identification of diazotrophic bacteria from sediment, root and tidal water samples. High to very high rates of nitrogenase activity (64–130 nmol C2H4/g dry root/h) were associated with washed excised roots of seven common early-successional mangrove species at the inundated swamps. Declining, late-successional mangroves at the occasionally inundated ridges had considerably lower values and the “declined” mangroves and other non-littoral species at embankment protected highlands had very low to insignificant values of root nitrogenase activity. Total and inorganic nitrogen contents of the mangrove sediments were low and were positively related to the stages of physiographic succession. Plant-associated sediments of particularly the old formation swamps had very high C/N ratios. Nine isolates of nitrogen-fixing bacteria belonging to all known O2 response groups were distinguished from a large population of diazotrophs associated with roots of mangroves and other associate plant species of the community. The isolates differed with respect to their N2-fixation efficiency and halotolerance in pure culture. There was no specificity of any of the bacterial isolates to any of the plant species of the community but a higher number of efficient isolates were seen to be associated with mangroves at the swampy succession. Sediment-free tidal water also contained a large population of microaerophilic and anaerobic N2-fixing bacteria.
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  • 10
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    Environmental management 14 (1990), S. 359-365 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Planning ; Ecology ; Rest camp ; Natural Resources ; Zoning ; Landscape facets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The premise of this article is that the planning and design of new rest camps in conservation areas should be based on ecological principles in such a way that the plant ecology within the camp be an integral part and extension of the natural ecology of its immediate vicinity. This is desirable so that visitors to the camp will be provided not only with facilities for resting, eating, and sleeping, but also be able to enjoy and study the natural environment in a relaxed atmosphere. The Berg-en-Dal rest camp, which was established in Kruger National Park, was planned in such a way and designed according to the principles outlined by the authors in a companion article. The planning included six zones: a control zone, day visitor zone, overnight visitor zone, staff accommodation zone, recreation zone, and service zone. The point is stressed that plant species selected to be used as additional vegetation to those already growing in the camp were endemic to the nine landscape facets identified in the camp. The design allowed for separation of the various land-use zones in such a way that they would complement each other rather than be a hindrance to each other. The camp has been built according to the plans included in this article and has proved to be a great success. The conclusion is drawn that the planning principles are sound and should be used in the future for the planning and design of rest camps for conservation areas in South Africa.
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  • 11
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    Environmental management 14 (1990), S. 349-358 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Conservation ; Ecology ; Planning ; Land use ; Zoning ; Camp siting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This article discusses an application of the ecological planning model proposed by Van Riet and Cooks. The various steps outlined in this model have been applied to Kruger National Park in South Africa. The natural features of Kruger National Park, which form the basis of such an ecological planning exercise and from which the various land use categories, values, and zoning classes can be determined, are discussed in detail. The suitability of each of the various features is analyzed and a final zoning proposal for Kruger National Park is suggested. Furthermore a method for selecting a site for a new camp is illustrated by referring to the site for the new Mopane rest camp which is now under construction in the Kruger National Park. The conclusion is reached that the proposed ecological planning model can be used successfully in planning conservation areas such as Kruger National Park and for the selection of the most desirable sites for the establishment of new rest camps. Its suitability as a practical model in such planning exercises is proven by the fact that the siting proposals of two new camps based on this model have been accepted by the National Parks Board, the controlling body of Kruger National Park.
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  • 12
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    Journal of comparative physiology 167 (1990), S. 145-154 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Moth ; Flight ; Migration ; Kinematics ; Aerodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Air speeds and wing kinematics were determined for the Neotropical moth Urania fulgens in natural migratory flight over Lake Gatun, Republic of Panama. Morphological parameters are presented for the same insects filmed in free flight. A quasi-steady aerodynamic analysis was used to show that unsteady mechanisms of lift generation are probably not necessary to produce the forces necessary for fast forward flight. Mechanical power requirements of forward flight were estimated from the biomechanical and morphological data. Over an airspeed range of 1.5 to 4.5 m/s, the mechanical power required to fly is predicted to increase dramatically with forward speed. A comparison of estimated metabolic rates with endogenous lipid reserves suggests that U. fulgens feeds extensively on flower nectar during migration from Central into South America.
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  • 13
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    Journal of mathematical biology 30 (1992), S. 413-436 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Travelling waves ; Integrodifferenceequations ; Bifurcations ; Diffusion ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Integrodifference equations are discrete-time models that possess many of the attributes of continuous-time reaction-diffusion equations. They arise naturally in population biology as models for organisms with discrete nonoverlapping generations and well-defined growth and dispersal stages. I examined the varied travelling waves that arise in some simple ecologically-interesting integrodifference equations. For a scalar equation with compensatory growth, I observed only simple travelling waves. For carefully chosen redistribution kernels, one may derive the speed and approximate the shape of the observed waveforms. A model with overcompensation exhibited flip bifurcations and travelling cycles in addition to simple travelling waves. Finally, a simple predator-prey system possessed periodic wave trains and a variety of travelling waves.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-1343
    Keywords: Analysis of variance ; Choropleth map ; Ecology ; Genetics ; Geography ; Permutation test ; Spatial autocorrelation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article présente une solution au problème de l'analyse de variance, pour certains cas où la variable à analyser est spatialement autocorr élée alors que le critère de classification représente des sous-régions connexes du territoire à l'étude. On sait que les méthodes classiques d'analyse de variance ne sont pas applicables dans ce type de situation puisque la condition d'indépendance des échantillons n'est pas respectée; l'autocorrélation positive réduit la variabilité intragroupe, si bien que la quantité relative de variabilité intergroupe s'en trouve artificiellement augmentée. Cette situation correspond en réalité à une vaste catégorie de problèmes en génétique des populations, en écologie et dans d'autres branches de la biologie, ainsi qu'en épidémiologie, en géographie, en géologie, en science économique, en science politique et en sociologie. Ce nouveau test appartient à la famille des tests par permutation. Nous calculons la somme des dispersions intragroupes et testons contre une distribution de référence obtenue en permutant les régions géographiques un grand nombre de fois sur la carte. La véritable difficulté de ce test est d'ordre algorithmique, puisqu'il n'est pas facile de permuter des régions sur une carte, de façon à ce que chaque groupe demeure connexe, et que la carte permutée occupe le même espace total que la carte d'origine. Cet article présente la théorie, les algorithmes, ainsi que des résultats obtenus par cette méthode. Un programme écrit en PASCAL est disponible.
    Notes: Abstract The classical method for analysis of variance of data divided in geographic regions is impaired if the data are spatially autocorrelated within regions, because the condition of independence of the observations is not met. Positive autocorrelation reduces within-group variability, thus artificially increasing the relative amount of among-group variance. Negative autocorrelation may produce the opposite effect. This difficulty can be viewed as a loss of an unknown number of degrees of freedom. Such problems can be found in population genetics, in ecology and in other branches of biology, as well as in economics, epidemiology, geography, geology, marketing, political science, and sociology. A computer-intensive method has been developed to overcome this problem in certain cases. It is based on the computation of pooled within-group sums of squares for sampled permutations of internally connected areas on a map. The paper presents the theory, the algorithms, and results obtained using this method. A computer program, written in PASCAL, is available.
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  • 15
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    Plant ecology 107-108 (1993), S. 3-13 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Ecology ; Frugivory ; Seed dispersal ; Tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract I explore the ‘specialization’ versus ‘generalization’ paradigm in frugivory and seed dispersal. This view predicts that some tropical trees produce nutritious fruits adapted for use by a small coterie of specialized frugivores that provide reliable seed dissemination. Other tree species are expected to offer superabundant fruits of lower nutritional reward, relying instead on common opportunistic frugivores that are individually less reliable, but collectively disperse seeds effectively. Though widely referenced, many aspects of ‘the paradigm’ are untested with tropical trees and avian frugivores, primarily because plant ecologists rarely determine whether ‘specialist’ or ‘generalist’ foragers are responsible for different patterns of seed distribution, while students of foraging behavior rarely determine the effects seed dispersal by different animals for survival of seeds or seedlings of ‘specialist’ or ‘generalist’ trees. Ecological paradigms provide alternative hypotheses, without evolutionary arguments. ‘Keystone’ species have ecological effects disproportionate to their abundance; it is important for management considerations to know whether fruiting trees or frugivores serve as keystone mutualists in tropical forests. Alternatively, the extent to which vertebrate seed dispersers influence density-dependent seed, seedling, sapling, or adult mortality may have important consequences for spatial dispersion and population dynamics of tree species in tropical forests.
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  • 16
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    Plant ecology 98 (1992), S. 33-41 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Chorology ; Ecology ; Lithology ; New association ; Numerical classification ; Saxifraga depressa ; Saxifragetum depressae ; Scree ; Syntaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Saxifraga depressa grows only on the summits of eleven siliceous massives in the western Dolomites. It is restricted to the habitat of steep N-faced screes lying above 2000 m. Syntaxonomically, Saxifraga depressa characterizes the association Saxifragetum depressae which is here described for the first time with two subassociations. With respect to the closely allied Oxyrietum digynae, the Saxifragetum depressae colonizes debris richer in fine material. The soil pH in the habitats of the Saxifragetum depressae varies from acid to slightly basic, mainly as a result of lithological differences in the parent rocks. The habitats having a subneutral or basic soil are colonized by a well-defined subassociation of the Saxifragetum depressae, which is differentiated by some basiphilous species.
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  • 17
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    Plant ecology 99-100 (1992), S. 19-34 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Biogeography ; Ecology ; Paleoecology ; Variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quercus ilex sensu lato plays an important role in Western Mediterranean ecosystems, but is poorly developed in the Eastern Mediterranean where it is often replaced by Quercus calliprinos. The occurrence of Quercus ilex in the different bioclimates and their thermic subdivisions is presented on a small scale. Under certain geographical and ecological conditions, Quercus ilex participates in the organization of vegetation ecosystems from the meso-Mediterranean to the oro-Mediterranean altitudinal zones. Quercus ilex imposes microclimatic constraints on its associated species; it thus organizes and original understory vegetation structure (ethological groups) which will be defined in this study. One of the reasons for the success of Quercus ilex stems from its remarkable resistance to ecological constraints. A broad synthetic presentation of foliar area index variations in relation to different types of stress serve as a basis for an explanation of the sclerophyllous model in the Mediterranean region. Finally, historical factors are outlined as being critical characteristics in the determination of the present organization and spatial structure of Quercus ilex ecosystems. These considerations will be analyzed from a paleobioclimatical point of view, including data related to human pressure.
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  • 18
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    Biology and philosophy 8 (1993), S. 359-384 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Ecology ; evolution ; competition ; theory testing ; modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract There is a long history of controversy in ecology over the role of competition in determining patterns of distribution and abundance, and over the significance of the mathematical modeling of competitive interactions. This paper examines the controversy. Three kinds of considerations have been involved at one time or another during the history of this debate. There has been dispute about the kinds of regularities ecologists can expect to find, about the significance of evolutionary considerations for ecological inquiry, and about the empirical credentials of theoretical studies of competition. Each of these elements is examined with an eye toward gaining philosophical clarification of the issues involved. In the process, certain shortcomings of contemporary philosophical theories are revealed. In particular, I argue that plausibility arguments based on background considerations are an important part of the model building tradition, but that current accounts of the structure and evaluation of scientific theories do little to illuminate this side of theoretical ecology.
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  • 19
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    Plant ecology 107-108 (1993), S. 149-162 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Ecology ; Frugivory ; Herbivory ; Seed dispersal ; Seedling Ecology ; Virola
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the causes and consequences of seed and seedling mortality of the tree Virola nobilis (Myristicaceae) Central Panama in order to understand the advantage to local seed dispersal by birds and monkeys. Post-dispersal mortality due to insects (primarily Conotrachelus spp., Curculionidae) accounts for 30–35% of seed and seedling death during the first 12 weeks after seed fall. Because more seeds and seedlings are killed under and near fruiting trees than 15–45 m away, seed dispersal confers a 20–40 fold advantage on seeds carried 45 m from fruiting adults. In contrast, 〉60% of seed and seedling death during the first year is due to seed predation by mammals, with 〉90% due to mammals among the 〈2% seeds that survive until maternal endosperm is exhausted ±12 weeks after seed fall. Mortaliy due to mammals is independent of distance from parent trees, confering no advantage to seed dispersal. Insects account for variation in mortality attributable to distance effects, mammals to between site effects. Early weevil infestations put a premium on seed removal by large birds (Ramphastos swainsonii, R. sulfuratus, Penelope purpurascens), which carry 〉50% of the seeds that they eat 〉40 m, as compared with smaller birds (Baryphthengus martii, Tityra semifasciata, Trogon massena) and monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), which leave most or all of the seeds that they eat under or near the tree crown.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Biogeography ; Cryptogam ; Ecology ; Moss ; Plant dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and frequency of bryophyte and lichen vegetation on ice-free regions of the Windmill Islands are presented using data derived from aerial photography and ground surveying. The qualitative and quantitative plant cover of sites are listed and related to the topography and major soil characteristics of each site. The richest associations of macrolichens and bryophytes occurred on the metamorphic northern peninsulas. Species richness and frequency was generally reduced on the charnockitic southern peninsula and the islands which have been deglaciated longer. Salinity varied significantly throughout the region with the highest levels in the northern islands reflecting the presence of penguin colonies. In such sites bryophytes and lichens were virtually absent. Wind blown sea-spray contributed far less salts than direct excretion from penguins. On the peninsulas snow cover and site exposure appeared to delimit plant distribution. Higher salt levels from sea-spray on the northern aspects of the peninsulas seemed to have negligible impact on vegetation patterns with the possible exception ofBiatorella cerebriformis which was encountered only inland. The total phosphorus and nitrogen levels of the skeletal soils were generally low except in eutrophic sites adjacent to penguin colonies. The vegetation patterns are discussed in terms of the climate, topography and species autecology.
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  • 21
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    Primates 33 (1992), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Infant development ; Parental care ; Propithecus ; Reproductive costs ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the results of a three-month field study on parental care and infant development in the diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema edwardsi) in the primary rain-forest of south-eastern Madagascar. They are compared with a three-and-a-half-month study of captive white sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli) in the Duke University Primate Centre. Records were taken by means of focal animal and instantaneous sampling. In both species the mother was the primary carrier and caretaker; theP. verreauxi father carried the infant significantly more than did any animal other than the mother in theP. diadema group. The infantP. verreauxi spent less time off the mother than didP. diadema from week 4 through week 10. It is concluded thatP. verreauxi shows more non-maternal care thanP. diadema and also develops at a slower rate. The difference in the two species' habitats is discussed as a possible cause.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Crested gibbons ; China ; Behavior ; Ecology ; Monogamy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The black-crested gibbon,Hylobates concolor, is one of the few species of gibbons that has not yet been the subject of a long term field study. Field observations in the Ai Lao and Wu Liang Mountains of Yunnan Province, China indicate that in this area the habitat and ecology of this species differ markedly from those of other gibbons that have been studied to date. These differences are correlated with some behavioral differences. In particular, these gibbons apparently have greater day ranges than other gibbons. It has also been suggested that this species lives in polygynous groups. To demonstrate this requires observation of groups with two or more females with young. Our own observations and those from other recent studies suggest that there are alternative explanations consistent with available data.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Rhinopithecus ; Distribution ; Population ; Ecology ; Conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti), an endangered species in China, has received more protection in theory than in practice. Therefore it is on the very verge of extinction. The population of the species was estimated less than 2,000 individuals spread in 19 distinct groups. It was confirmed that the monkey was confined to the Yunling Mountain System, the area between the Yangtze River (Changjiang, aka Jinshajiang) to the east and the Mekong River (Lancangjiang) to the west. We further concluded that a lowland belt to the east, about 100 km long and 20 – 30 km wide was not suitable habitat for the monkeys, and appeared to serve as the natural ecogeologic barrier for the species. Our results indicated that the southern limit of the distribution was at Longma (26°14′N), and that the northern limit of the distribution was at Xiaochangdu (29°20′N). The distribution area of the species was substantially smaller than previously estimated. There were substantial ecological differences between the southern and northern parts of the species range. The monkey was found only in fir-larch forest.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 39 (1994), S. 329-338 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Management ; Ecology ; Traditional fishing ; Nile perch ; Tilapias ; Introduced species ; Haplochromines ; Predator-prey relationships ; Economics ; Agriculture ; Wichlum Beach ; Yala Swamp ; Conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The introduction of the Nile perch into Lake Victoria has dramatically altered the fishery in that lake and contributed to the decline of the fishery for indigenous tilapias. One sector of the fishery in Lake Victoria has benefitted from the Nile perch introduction, although catches have declined in recent years. Inefficient enforcement of fisheries regulations has had a detrimental effect on indigenous species but may also have contributed to the recent decline in Nile perch catches. Fisheries development plans have tended to favour capital-intensive fisheries and to ignore small scale subsistence fisheries. A case study at Wichlum Beach on the Kenyan shores of Lake Victoria has revealed the efficiency of traditional fishing and fish drying methods as well as the high ecological costs of the practice of kiln-drying Nile perch. Forty-five tons of firewood are used per month at Wichlum Beach alone for kiln-drying perch. The increased economic viability of the fishery has attracted professionals into the industry and resulted in the development of an export-oriented trade. The Yala Swamp adjacent to Lake Victoria has been extensively drained as part of a large land reclamation scheme and more draining is planned. Increased environmental awareness in Kenya, and Kenya's membership in the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, has resulted in a critical review of these plans.
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  • 25
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    Environmental biology of fishes 33 (1992), S. 153-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Neuroanatomy ; Ecology ; Vision ; Olfaction ; Gustation ; Plasticity ; Adaptation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The size of seven neural structures was compared in 51 species of Notropis, Pteronotropis, Cyprinella, Luxilus, Lythrurus, and Hybopsis, and related to the turbidity of the species& habitat. This last parameter was assessed for each species by personal communication with 42 ichthyologists. To control for size differences among species, all analyses were performed on the residuals from a regression of each character on standard length. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the residuals produced four significant PC-axes that together explained 65% of the total variation represented in the original variables. The size of brain structures concerned with vision, olfaction, and gustation was correlated with habitat turbidity. Two-way Analyses of Covariance (ANCOVAs) revealed significant differences between species in the size of all structures. Sexual dimorphism was found in the size of the olfactory bulb and the cerebellum, and significant two-way interactions (species vs. sex) were detected for the telencephalon, optic lobes, cerebellum, vagal lobe, and the eye. Cluster analysis indicated that neither similar turbidity preference nor shared phylogeny is alone sufficient to explain the observed differences in brain morphology.
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  • 26
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    Environmental biology of fishes 40 (1994), S. 159-174 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Gulf of Carpentaria ; Estuary ; Feeding guilds ; Ecology ; Coexistence ; Molluscs ; Polychaetes ; Ariidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The diets of 13 species of ariid catfishes from the tropical waters of the Gulf of Carpentaria are described and compared. Fishes were collected from two estuaries and inshore and offshore marine areas. Up to 10 species have been recorded from a single estuary. Although all are carnivorous and consume a variety of prey, diet analyses and statistical ordination reveal three feeding guilds - piscivores, polychaete-eaters and molluscivores. The diets of most species are similar between sites. There are strong relationships between dietary guild and the size and arrangement of the palatine teeth. The piscivorous group of catfish (guild 1) have large mouths with relatively large multiple palatine tooth plates, either in a band or in a triangular pattern and armed with sharp recurved teeth. The primarily polychaete-feeding group (guild 2) have a variable mouth size but it is usually smaller than that of guild 1 fish; their palatine teeth plates are fewer and smaller, and they have small, sharp recurved teeth. Guild 3 eat mainly molluscs, and have a small mouth and large posteriorly situated palatine plates with globular, truncated teeth. Overlaps in diet between species are probably reduced by differential distribution patterns within estuaries and different habitat preferences. The mouth-width and tooth-plate arrangements of ariids in tropical Australia are suitable for dealing with broad classes of prey rather than specific items, conferring dietary flexibility. This probably optimizes the trade-off for most species between occupation of broad feeding niches and the ability to shift diet easily.
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    AI & society 7 (1993), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Ecology ; Technology ; Demilitarisation ; Euro-centrism ; Techno-giants ; Humancentred
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Science and technology are on trial due to the rapid changes — neither university nor science lead developments in technology, the most advanced military technology has lost linkages with industries, the widened North-South gaps — they are all sources of crisis in the global ecological balance. The Euro-centric universalism is useless to solve the global technology problems.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 37 (1993), S. 25-46 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Ecology ; Seasonality ; Catch-rates ; Lake levels ; Oxygen ; Predators ; Size-at-maturity ; Growth ; Mortalities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Three observed dynamic aspects of the Nile tilapia population around Ferguson's Gulf at Lake Turkana, Kenya are evaluated and discussed: the seasonality in catch rates, the enormous inter-annual abundance variations, and the large changes in median size at first maturity. A clear understanding of the regulating mechanisms behind these features has never been achieved, although seasonal changes in the hydrology of shallow sheltered refuges seems to play an important role. This paper suggests a further holistic approach taking the impacts and interrelationships of both the primary productivity and the various predators into account. A synthesizing ecological hypothesis is elaborated, which concludes that most observations on the tilapia dynamics can be explained from changes in the oxygen concentrations and size-specific mortality pressures. Variations in these two proximate factors can ultimately be explained by the floodplain-type fluctuations in the Ferguson's Gulf environment.
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  • 29
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    Environmental biology of fishes 28 (1990), S. 33-75 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Sharks ; Rays ; Chimaeras ; Chondrichthyes ; Evolution ; Success ; Diversity ; Ecology ; Ecomorphotypes ; Reproductive modes ; Conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Cartilaginous fishes, the sharks, rays and chimaeras (class Chondrichthyes), are a very old and successful group of jawed fishes that currently contains between 900 and 1100 known living species. Chondrichthyians show a high morphological diversity during most of their evolutionary career from the Paleozoic to the present day. They are relatively large predators which have remained a major, competitive element of marine ecosystems despite the varied rivalry of numerous other marine vertebrate groups over at least 400 million years. Although restricted in their ecological roles by morphology, reproduction and other factors, the living cartilaginous fishes are highly diverse and show numerous alternative life-history styles which are multiple answers to exploiting available niches permitted by chondrichthyian limitations. Chondrichthyians living and fossil can be divided into at least eighteen ecomorphotypes, of which the littoral ecomorphotype is perhaps the most primitive and can serve as an evolutionary origin for numerous specialist ecomorphotypes with benthic, high-speed, superpredatory, deep-slope and oceanic components. Reproductive modes in cartilaginous fishes are of six types, ranging from primitive extended oviparity through retained oviparity and yolk-sac viviparity (previously ovoviviparity) to three derived forms of viviparity. Reproductive modes are not strongly correlated with ecomorphotypes and with the phylogeny of living elasmobranchs. The success and importance of cartilaginous fishes is largely underrated by marine biologists and by the public, and requires new and ‘heretical’ emphasis to overcome the present inadequacies of chondrichthyian research and the problems of overexploitation that cartilaginous fishes face.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 28 (1990), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Lakes ; Floodplains ; Rivers ; Perturbation ; Resilience ; Resistance ; Guarders ; Non-guarders ; Bearers ; Altricial ; Precocial ; Predictable ; Unpredictable ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The continent of Africa has a wide variety of inland waters ranging from rift valley lakes to endorheic and coastal lakes, floodplains and rivers. This paper makes a preliminary comparison of the number of species in different eco-ethological sections of the reproductive guild categories of non-guarders, guarders and bearers in ancient African Great Lakes (Malawi, Victoria and Tanganyika), fluctuating endorheic lakes (Ngami, Chad and Chilwa), typical rivers (Orange-Vaal, Limpopo, Phongolo, Sabi-Lundi, Middle and Lower Zambezi, Kafue, Cunene, Okavango, Niger, Luongo, Lower Zaire) and wetlands (Okavango Delta and Kafue floodplain). The results indicate that the highest percentage of bearers and guarders is found in the ancient African Great Lakes, which are characterised by relatively predictable physico-chemical regimes, whereas a higher percentage of non-guarders is found in the rivers and wetlands, which have less predictable physico-chemical regimes. The management implications of this observation are discussed, and the usefulness of the species as a unit in ecology is assessed.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Exotic fishes ; Overfishing ; Predation ; Competition ; Fisheries management ; Conservation ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis There has been a decline, and in some cases an almost total disappearance, of many of the native fish species of lakes Victoria and Kyoga in East Africa since the development of the fisheries of these lakes was initiated at the beginning of this century. The Nile perch, Lates niloticus, a large, voracious predator which was introduced into these lakes about the middle of the century along with several tilapiine species, is thought to have caused the reduction in the stocks of several species. But overfishing and competition between different species also appear to have contributed to this decline. By the time the Nile perch had become well established, stocks of the native tilapiine species had already been reduced by overfishing. The Labeo victorianus fishery had also deteriorated following intensive gillnetting of gravid individuals on breeding migrations. L. niloticus is, however, capable of preying on the species which haven been overfished and could have prevented their stocks from recovering from overfishing. L. niloticus is also directly responsible for the decline in populations of haplochromine cichlids which were abundant in these lakes before the Nile perch became established. Even without predation by Nile perch, it has been shown that the haplochromine cichlids could not have withstood heavy commercial exploitation if a trawl fishery had been established throughout Lake Victoria. Their utilisation for human food has also posed some problems. The abundance of the native tilapiine species may also have been reduced through competition with introduced species which have similar ecological requirements. At present, the Nile perch and one of the introduced tilapiine species, Oreochromis niloticus, form the basis of the fisheries of lakes Victoria and Kyoga.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 27 (1990), S. 273-283 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Ecology ; Larvae ; Juveniles ; Recruitment ; Nursery areas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Several freshwater species use the Kyrönjoki River estuary as a spawning and nursery area. The main reasons for this seem to be the morphology of the estuary, the abundance of shelter provided by aquatic macrophytes, high food production and favourable temperature conditions. Acidification of the estuary due to drainage from acidic soils has made part of the estuary unsuitable for fish reproduction. In addition, year to year fluctuations in the acidity of the estuarine water have affected the reproductive success of several species. The severity of the effects of the acidification at the population level is determined by the spatial and temporal distribution of the larvae and juveniles.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 31 (1991), S. 55-74 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Floodplain fisheries ; Subsistence fisheries ; Feeding ; Condition ; Reproduction ; Ecology ; Niches ; Arius ; Hemipimelodus ; Pisces ; Ariidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Ariids accounted for approximately 25% of the weight of catches and landings from rivers and lakes in the floodplain region (= 50% weight of native species). Habitat preferences were:A. solidus, lakes and rivers;A. utarus, rivers and occasionally lakes;A. coatesi andA. velutinus, rivers only;A. nox, lakes and floodplain.A. solidus andA. utarus occasionally entered the floodplain but onlyA. nox exhibited any, albeit modest, affinity for this environment. In general, the fishes showed no marked seasonality relating to the flood cycle: in four species slight increases in feeding, condition, breeding and fat deposition occurred during the dry season whilst onlyA. nox showed modest increases in these parameters during the flood season due to its increased feeding on the floodplain at that time. All species are omnivorous but diets differed according to morphology and habitat preferences. Diet overlap was greatest amongstA. coatesi, A. solidus andA. utarus which fed mainly on prawns and a variety of other plant and animal matter.A. nox is a specialised filter-feeder consuming mainly small crustaceans and small insect larvae.A. velutinus fed mainly on large insect larvae and emergent and terrestrial insects and its diet excluded prawns.A. solidus and, especially,A. utarus also fed on fish scales. Feeding commenced immediately after hatching while free embryos were still in the male parent's mouth. Large amounts of fat were stored prior to brooding during which time males fast. The reproductive style of ariid catfishes limits their colonisation of the floodplain and is a constraint to increased fisheries exploitation of the stocks. The importance of ariids to the local fishery and nutrition (fat) for the local people should be recognised.
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    Journal of comparative physiology 162 (1992), S. 267-277 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Aerodynamics ; Insect flight ; Body drag ; Drag coefficient ; Lift coefficient ; Honeybee
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Drag forces and lift forces acting on honeybee trunks were measured by using specially built sensitive mechanical balances. Measurements were made on prepared bodies in ‘good’ and in ‘bad’ flight position, with and without legs, at velocities between 0.5 and 5m·s-1 (Reynolds numbers between 4·102 and 4·103) and at angles of attack between-20° and +20°. From the forces drag coefficients and lift coefficients were calculated. The drag coefficient measured with a zero angle of attack was 0.45 at 3≤v≤5m·s-1, 0.6 at 2m·s-1, 0.9 at 1m·s-1 and 1.35 at 0.5m·s-1, thus demonstrating a pronounced effect of Reynolds number on drag. These values are about 2 times lower (better) than those of a “drag disc” with the same diameter and attacked at the same velocity. The drag coefficient (related to constant minimal frontal area) was minimal at zero angle of attack, rising symmetrically to larger (+) and smaller (-) angles of attack in a non-linear fashion. The absolute value is higher and the rise is steeper at lower speeds or Reynolds numbers, but the incremental factors are independent of Reynolds number. For example, the drag coefficient is 1.44±0.05 times higher at an angle of attack of 20° than at one of 0°. On a double-logarithmic scale the slope of the drag versus Reynolds number plot was 1.5: with decreasing Reynolds number the relationship between drag and velocity changes from quadratic (Newton's law) to linear (viscous flow). Trunk drag was not systematically increased by the legs at any velocity or Reynolds number or any angle of attack. The legs appear to shape the trunk “aerodynamically”, to form a relatively low-drag trunk-leg system. The body is able to generate dynamic lift. Highly significant positive linear correlations between lift coefficient and angle of attack were determined for the trunk-leg system in the typical flight position. Lift coefficient was +0.05 at zero angle of attack (possibly attained during very fast flight), +0.1 at 5° (attained during fast flight), +0.25 at +20° (attained during slow flight) and +0.55 at 45° (attained whilst changing over to hovering). Average slope ΔcLΔα was 0.66±0.07, and average profile efficiency was 0.10. Non-wing lift contribution due to body form and banking only accounts for a few percent of body weight during fast flight. A non-wing lift contribution due to the legs has been demonstrated. The legs increase trunk lift by 23–24%. Reynolds number lift effects are present but of no biological significance. Force and power calculations do not support maximum flight speeds substantially higher than approximately 7m · s-1 relative to the ambient air. At this speed body drag attains 35% and body lift 8.4% of the body weight, and parasite power is 5% of the maximum metabolic power.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Macaca sylvanus ; Ecology ; Demography ; Migration ; Group fission ; Population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Over a 9-year period from 1982 to 1990 ecological and demographic data were collected on two genetic isolates of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) in Algeria, from the deciduous oak-forest of Akfadou and from the evergreen cedar-oak forest of the National Park Djurdjura. Macaques at Djurdjura profit from more suitable ecological conditions and have a higher rate of population increase as well as a higher male migration rate than those at Akfadou. Genetic data, gained from 23 genetic markers (blood proteins), proved to be highly influenced by the demographic structure of the groups. The macaque populations of Akfadou and Djurdjura have become genetically differentiated. Group fission, coupled with founder effect (genetic drift) and kin-structured (matrilineal) separation, resulted in a priori genetic diversity between one newly-established group and its parent group.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 11 (1990), S. 39-56 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Aerodynamics ; Turbulence ; Separation ; CLmax ; Laminar ; Bubble ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The algebraic turbulent model of Baldwin and Lomax was incorporated into the incompressible full Navier-Stokes code FIDAP. This model was extensively tested in the past in finite difference codes. We believe that the incorporation of the model also into the finite element code has resulted in a practical method to compute a variety of separated turbulent 2D flows. Firstly, we use the model to compute the attached flow about an aerofoil. Next, the application of the model to separated flows is presented by computing the flows at high angles of attack up to maximum lift. It is shown that the model is capable of predicting separation, steady stall and CLmax. As a difficult test of the model we compute the laminar separation bubble development directly using the full Navier-Stokes finite element code. As far as we know, this approach has not yet been reported. The importance of using an appropriate upwinding is discussed. When possible, comparison of computed results with experiments is presented and the agreement is good.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 15 (1992), S. 427-451 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Aerodynamics ; Rotor ; Blade-vortex ; Interactions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite-difference procedure has been developed for the prediction of three-dimensional rotor blade-vortex interactions. The interaction velocity field was obtained through a non-linear superposition of the rotor flow field, computed using the unsteady three-dimensional Euler equations, and the embedded vortex wake flow field, computed using the law of Biot-Savart. In the Euler model, near wake rotational effects were simulated using the surface velocity ‘transpiration’ approach. As a result, a modified surface boundary condition was prescribed and enforced at each time step of the computations to satisfy the tangency boundary condition. For supercritical interactions using an upstream-generated vortex, accuracy of the numerical results were found to rely on the user-specified vortex core radius and vortex strength. For the more general self-generated subcritical interactions, vortex wake trajectories were computed using the lifting-line helicopter/rotor trim code CAMRAD. For these interactions, accuracy of the results were found to rely heavily on the CAMRAD-predicted vortex strength, vortex orientation with respect to the blade, and to a large extent on the user-specified vortex core radius. Results for the one-seventh scale model OLS rotor and for a non-lifting rectangular blade having a NACA0012 section are presented. Comparisons with the experimental windtunnel data are also made.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 18 (1994), S. 415-432 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Aerodynamics ; Aerodynamic design ; Inverse problems ; Body shaping ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The axial singularity inverse method for designing bodies of revolution has been improved by using higher-order doublet elements. The performance of the method for various element orders and other solution parameters is presented in detail. The results indicate that the method is generally more robust, less sensitive to insets and has a better-conditioned coefficient matrix compared with the source method of the same order. The condition number of the matrix is shown to increase with the thickness of the body, the order of the method, the number of elements and the degree of stretching of the node distribution. In general, good performance is attained for most bodies even with ƒr as low as 2 by using 10-12 second-order doublet elements with insets greater than 0.02L from rounded ends. Increasing the insets to 0.06L appears to improve the accuracy of the method for most bodies but slows its convergence.
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    In:  Ökologische Realpolitik an der Schwelle zum Jahrhundert der Umwelt, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, vol. 4. aktualisierte Auflage, no. 7, pp. 294-295, pp. B06304, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1994
    Keywords: Ecology ; politics ; taxes ; Geothermics ; exploration ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; Applied geophysics ; Weizsacker
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    Publication Date: 1991-05-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simon, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 3;252(5006):629-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2024114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Ecology ; Environmental Health
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Publication Date: 1991-07-12
    Description: Competition between larval populations of the native North American treehole mosquito Aedes triseriatus and Aedes albopictus, recently introduced from Asia to North America, was assessed by comparing per capita growth rate estimates for experimental cohorts of larvae developing under a variety of initial density combinations in fluid obtained from tires or from treeholes. Estimates of carrying capacities and competition coefficients indicate that competition between the two species will result in stable coexistence in treehole communities but local extinction of A. triseriatus in tire habitats.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Livdahl, T P -- Willey, M S -- R15AI27940/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 12;253(5016):189-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1853204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aedes/*physiology ; Animals ; Ecology ; Population Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; Species Specificity ; Trees ; Water
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Publication Date: 1991-07-26
    Description: Theories of density-dependent natural selection state that at extreme population densities evolution produces alternative life histories due to trade-offs. The trade-offs are presumed to arise because those genotypes with highest fitness at high population densities will not also have high fitness at low density and vice-versa. These predictions were tested by taking samples from six populations of Drosophila melanogaster kept at low population densities (r-populations) for nearly 200 generations and placing them in crowded cultures (K-populations). After 25 generations in the crowded cultures, the derived K-populations showed growth rate and productivity that at high densities were elevated relative to the controls, but at low density were depressed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mueller, L D -- Guo, P Z -- Ayala, F J -- S07 RR07008/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 26;253(5018):433-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1907401" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Ecology ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Population Growth ; *Selection, Genetic
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    Publication Date: 1991-12-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Culotta, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 6;254(5037):1446.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1683716" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Bees ; *Culicidae ; Ecology ; Mollusca ; Pest Control ; Plants
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1992-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pimm, S L -- Gittleman, J L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 21;255(5047):940.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-0810.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ecology ; *Genetic Variation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 1991-07-12
    Description: Effects of infections by the ciliate Lambornella clarki on larval populations of its mosquito host Aedes sierrensis were examined in laboratory and field studies. When host populations developed with sufficient food, mortality from parasites was additive and reduced the number of emerging mosquitoes. For food-limited populations, mortality was compensatory or depensatory; emerging adults were as or more abundant with higher average fitness than those from uninfected control populations. When nutrients were scarce, parasitic infections relaxed larval competition and increased per capita food by reducing host abundance. Food limitation altered larval feeding behavior, reducing horizontal transmission and subsequent mortality from parasitism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Washburn, J O -- Mercer, D R -- Anderson, J R -- AI20245/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 12;253(5016):185-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1906637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aedes/*parasitology/physiology ; Animals ; Ciliophora/*physiology ; Ecology ; Population Dynamics ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 46
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-08-13
    Description: A genetic algorithm is a form of evolution that occurs on a computer. Genetic algorithms are a search method that can be used for both solving problems and modeling evolutionary systems. With various mapping techniques and an appropriate measure of fitness, a genetic algorithm can be tailored to evolve a solution for many types of problems, including optimization of a function of determination of the proper order of a sequence. Mathematical analysis has begun to explain how genetic algorithms work and how best to use them. Recently, genetic algorithms have been used to model several natural evolutionary systems, including immune systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Forrest, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 13;261(5123):872-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131-1386.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8346439" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Algorithms ; Antibody Formation ; Biological Evolution ; *Computer Simulation ; Ecology ; Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics ; *Software
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 47
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-08-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 6;261(5122):683-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8342036" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; Contraception, Immunologic/*veterinary ; Ecology ; Female ; *Foxes/microbiology ; *Genetic Engineering ; Male ; Myxoma virus/genetics ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; *Rabbits/microbiology ; Viruses/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 48
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-08-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 6;261(5122):680-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8342035" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Disease Vectors ; Ecology ; Epidemiologic Methods ; Female ; Humans ; Infection/*epidemiology/transmission ; Male ; Papua New Guinea/epidemiology ; *Trees ; Tropical Medicine
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 49
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-11-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Nov 5;262(5135):833.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8235603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bunyaviridae Infections/*epidemiology/microbiology/transmission/veterinary ; Disease Outbreaks ; *Disease Reservoirs ; Ecology ; Hantavirus/*physiology ; Humans ; Lung Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Nuts ; Peromyscus/*microbiology/physiology ; Rodent Diseases/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Rodentia/microbiology ; United States/epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 50
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1992-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lipfert, F W -- Morris, S C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 8;256(5058):722.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Air Pollution ; Biometry ; Ecology ; Humans ; *Mortality ; United States/epidemiology ; Urban Population
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 51
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1993-07-16
    Description: Insects possess a surprisingly extensive fossil record. Compilation of the geochronologic ranges of insect families demonstrates that their diversity exceeds that of preserved vertebrate tetrapods through 91 percent of their evolutionary history. The great diversity of insects was achieved not by high origination rates but rather by low extinction rates comparable to the low rates of slowly evolving marine invertebrate groups. The great radiation of modern insects began 245 million years ago and was not accelerated by the expansion of angiosperms during the Cretaceous period. The basic trophic machinery of insects was in place nearly 100 million years before angiosperms appeared in the fossil record.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Labandeira, C C -- Sepkoski, J J Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jul 16;261(5119):310-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11536548" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Earth (Planet) ; Ecology ; *Fossils ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Insects/*classification ; Phylogeny ; Plants ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 52
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2018-06-09
    Description: In high performance boardsailing, demands on the vertical fin or "skeg" often produce "spinout" - when the skeg loses horizontal lift creating a force imbalance and causing the tail of the board to slide sideways. Richard Caldwell, RACE Technology, Inc. used NASA airfoil technology to solve this problem and formed a business based on his solution. After determining that the spinout resulted from air ventilating down the low pressure side of the underwater fin, he adapted the airfoil technology to the design of a short board skeg, which would overcome the problem and lower the drag, resulting in improved performance. He patented his RACE 145 foil section, formed his company and later returned to Langley for additional technical assistance. The company's newest product is a rigid sail that also incorporates NASA technology and has excellent performance. This company no longer exists - product is no longer in production.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: Spinoff 1992; 60-61; NAA-NP-201
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  • 53
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2018-06-09
    Description: A NASA contractor and Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) participant has converted its research into commercial software products for auto design, structural analysis and other applications. ViGYAN, Inc., utilizing the aeronautical research principle of computational fluid dynamics, has created - with VGRID3D and VPLOT3D - an easier alternative to conventional structured grids for fluid dynamic calculations.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: Spinoff 1991; 114-115; NASA-NP-147
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  • 54
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2018-06-09
    Description: A NASA report detailing a wind tunnel investigation of a variable camber and twist could effectively reduce drag, thus improving performance. The resulting VooDoo fin is made of composite materials, has a rigid internal spar and a flexible polymer exterior coating. It is computer-designed and exceptionally durable.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: Spinoff 1994; 79; NASA-NP-214
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Any aircraft preliminary design study requires a structural model of the proposed configuration. The model must be capable of estimating the structural weight of a given configuration, and of predicting the deflections which will result from foreseen flight and ground loads. The present work develops such a model for the proposed Oblique All Wing airplane. The model is based on preliminary structural work done by Jack Williams and Peter Rudolph at Mdng, and is encoded in a FORTRAN program. As a stand-alone application, the program can calculate the weight CG location, and several types of structural deflections; used in conjunction with an aerodynamics model, the program can be used for mission analysis or sizing studies.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA-CR-202164 , NAS 1.26:202164
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The purpose of this investigation is to provide a comprehensive data base for the validation of numerical simulations. The objective of the present paper is to provide a tabulation of the experimental data. The data were obtained in the two-dimensional, transonic flowfield surrounding a supercritical airfoil. A variety of flows were studied in which the boundary layer at the trailing edge of the model was either attached or separated. Unsteady flows were avoided by controlling the Mach number and angle of attack. Surface pressures were measured on both the model and wind tunnel walls, and the flowfield surrounding the model was documented using a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). Although wall interference could not be completely eliminated, its effect was minimized by employing the following techniques. Sidewall boundary layers were reduced by aspiration, and upper and lower walls were contoured to accommodate the flow around the model and the boundary-layer growth on the tunnel walls. A data base with minimal interference from a tunnel with solid walls provides an ideal basis for evaluating the development of codes for the transonic speed range because the codes can include the wall boundary conditions more precisely than interference connections can be made to the data sets.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: OTN-035236 , OTN-BIBL-AGARD-AR-303-Vol-2
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2018-06-05
    Description: Using a frequency-doubled Nd-YAG pulsed laser and a single-intensified CCD camera, Rayleigh scattering measurements have been performed to study the cluster formation in a Mach 6 wind tunnel at NASA Langley Research Center. These studies were conducted both in the free stream and in a model flow field for various flow conditions to gain an understanding of the dependence of the Rayleigh scattering (by clusters) on the local pressures and temperatures in the facility. Using the same laser system, we have also performed simultaneous measurements of the local temperature using the rotational Raman scattering of molecular nitrogen and determined the densities of molecular oxygen and nitrogen by using the vibrational Raman scattering from these species. Quantitative results will be presented in detail with emphasis on the applicability of the Rayleigh scattering for obtaining quantitative measurements of molecular densities both in the free stream and in the model flow field.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A technique to obtain the sensitivity of the static aeroelastic response of a three dimensional wing model is designed and implemented. The formulation is quite general and accepts any aerodynamic and structural analysis capability. A program to combine the discipline level, or local, sensitivities into global sensitivity derivatives is developed. A variety of representations of the wing pressure field are developed and tested to determine the most accurate and efficient scheme for representing the field outside of the aerodynamic code. Chebyshev polynomials are used to globally fit the pressure field. This approach had some difficulties in representing local variations in the field, so a variety of local interpolation polynomial pressure representations are also implemented. These panel based representations use a constant pressure value, a bilinearly interpolated value. or a biquadraticallv interpolated value. The interpolation polynomial approaches do an excellent job of reducing the numerical problems of the global approach for comparable computational effort. Regardless of the pressure representation used. sensitivity and response results with excellent accuracy have been produced for large integrated quantities such as wing tip deflection and trim angle of attack. The sensitivities of such things as individual generalized displacements have been found with fair accuracy. In general, accuracy is found to be proportional to the relative size of the derivatives to the quantity itself.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA-CR-200793 , NAS 1.26:200793
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Control law design for rotorcraft fly-by-wire systems normally attempts to decouple angular responses using fixed-gain crossfeeds. This approach can lead to poor decoupling over the frequency range of pilot inputs and increase the load on the feedback loops. In order to improve the decoupling performance, dynamic crossfeeds may be adopted. Moreover, because of the large changes that occur in rotorcraft dynamics due to small changes about the nominal design condition, especially for near-hovering flight, the crossfeed design must be 'robust'. A new low-order matching method is presented here to design robust crossfeed compensators for multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) systems. The technique identifies degrees-of-freedom that can be decoupled using crossfeeds, given an anticipated set of parameter variations for the range of flight conditions of concern. Cross-coupling is then reduced for degrees-of-freedom that can use crossfeed compensation by minimizing off-axis response magnitude average and variance. Results are presented for the analysis of pitch, roll, yaw and heave coupling of the UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter in near-hovering flight. Robust crossfeeds are designed that show significant improvement in decoupling performance and robustness over nominal, single design point, compensators. The design method and results are presented in an easily used graphical format that lends significant physical insight to the design procedure. This plant pre-compensation technique is an appropriate preliminary step to the design of robust feedback control laws for rotorcraft.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA-CR-202403 , NAS 1.26: 202403
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Hybrid grids, composed of structured and unstructured grids, combines the best features of both. The chimera method is a major stepstone toward a hybrid grid from which the present approach is evolved. The chimera grid composes a set of overlapped structured grids which are independently generated and body-fitted, yielding a high quality grid readily accessible for efficient solution schemes. The chimera method has been shown to be efficient to generate a grid about complex geometries and has been demonstrated to deliver accurate aerodynamic prediction of complex flows. While its geometrical flexibility is attractive, interpolation of data in the overlapped regions - which in today's practice in 3D is done in a nonconservative fashion, is not. In the present paper we propose a hybrid grid scheme that maximizes the advantages of the chimera scheme and adapts the strengths of the unstructured grid while at the same time keeps its weaknesses minimal. Like the chimera method, we first divide up the physical domain by a set of structured body-fitted grids which are separately generated and overlaid throughout a complex configuration. To eliminate any pure data manipulation which does not necessarily follow governing equations, we use non-structured grids only to directly replace the region of the arbitrarily overlapped grids. This new adaptation to the chimera thinking is coined the DRAGON grid. The nonstructured grid region sandwiched between the structured grids is limited in size, resulting in only a small increase in memory and computational effort. The DRAGON method has three important advantages: (1) preserving strengths of the chimera grid; (2) eliminating difficulties sometimes encountered in the chimera scheme, such as the orphan points and bad quality of interpolation stencils; and (3) making grid communication in a fully conservative and consistent manner insofar as the governing equations are concerned. To demonstrate its use, the governing equations are discretized using the newly proposed flux scheme, AUSM+, which will be briefly described herein. Numerical tests on representative 2D inviscid flows are given for demonstration. Finally, extension to 3D is underway, only paced by the availability of the 3D unstructured grid generator.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA-TM-106709 , NAS 1.15:106709 , ICOMP-94-19 , E-9071
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An experiment has been performed to investigate the far-field hover acoustic characteristics of the XV-15 aircraft with advanced technology blades (ATB). An extensive, high-quality, far-field acoustics data base was obtained for a rotor tip speed range of 645-771 ft/s. A 12-microphone, 500-ft radius semicircular array combined with two aircraft headings provided acoustic data over the full 360-deg azimuth about the aircraft with a resolution of 15 deg. Altitude variations provided data from near in-plane to 45 deg below the rotor tip path plane. Acoustic directivity characteristics in the lower hemisphere are explored through pressure time histories, narrow-band spectra, and contour plots. Directivity patterns were found to vary greatly with azimuth angle, especially in the forward quadrants. Sharp positive pressure pulses typical of blade-vortex interactions were found to propagate aft of the aircraft and were most intense at 45 deg below the rotor plane. Modest overall sound pressure levels were measured near in-plane indicating that thickness noise is not a major problem for this aircraft when operating in the hover mode with ATB. Rotor tip speed reductions reduced the average overall sound pressure level (dB (0.0002 dyne/cm(exp 2)) by nearly 8 dB in-plane, and 12.6 deg below the rotor plane.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA-TM-111578 , NAS 1.15:111578
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2018-06-02
    Description: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is conducting research with the goal of enabling safe improvements in the capacity of the nation's air transportation system. The wake-vortex upset hazard is an important factor in establishing the minimum safe spacing between aircraft during landing and take-off operations, thus impacting airport capacity. A batch simulation study was conducted to assess the sensitivity of various safe landing criteria in the development of an acceptable wake encounter boundary. A baseline six-degree-of-freedom simulation of a B737-100 airplane was modified to include a wake model and the vortex-induced forces and moments. The guidance and control input for the airplane was provided by an auto-land system. The wake strength and encounter geometry were varied. A sensitivity study was also conducted to assess the effects of encounter modeling methods and accuracy.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A detailed numerical study of two-dimensional flow past a circular cylinder at moderately low Reynolds numbers was conducted using three different numerical algorithms for solving the time-dependent compressible Navier-Stokes equations. It was found that if the algorithm and associated boundary conditions were consistent and stable, then the major features of the unsteady wake were well-predicted. However, it was also found that even stable and consistent boundary conditions could introduce additional periodic phenomena reminiscent of the type seen in previous wind-tunnel experiments. However, these additional frequencies were eliminated by formulating the boundary conditions in terms of the characteristic variables. An analysis based on a simplified model provides an explanation for this behavior.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA-CR-181998 , NAS 1.26:181998 , ICASE-90-16 , AD-A227099
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-SL54F28
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The transonic similarity rules have been applied to the correlation of experimental data for a series of 22 rectangular wings having symmetrical NACA 63A-series sections, aspect ratios from 1/2 to 6, and thicknesses from 2 to 10 percent. The data were obtained by use of the transonic bump technique over a Mach number range from 0.40 to 1.10, corresponding to a Reynolds number range from 1.25 to 2.05 million. The results show that it is possible to correlate experimental data throughout the subsonic, transonic, and moderate supersonic regimes by using the transonic similarity parameters in forms which are consistent with the Prandtl-Glauert rule of linearized theory. The multiple families of basic data curves for the various aspect ratios and thickness ratios have been summarized in single presentations involving only one geometric variable - the product of the aspect ratio and the l/3 power of the thickness ratio.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-A51L17b
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Experiments have been made at Stanford University to determine the performance characteristics of plane-wall, two-dimensional diffusers which were so proportioned as to insure reasonable approximation of two-dimensional flow. All of the diffusers had identical entrance cross sections and discharged directly into a large plenum chamber; the test program included wide variations of divergence angle and length. During all tests a dynamic pressure of 60 pounds per square foOt was maintained at the diffuser entrance and the boundary layer there was thin and fully turbulent. The most interesting flow characteristics observed were the occasional appearance of steady, unseparated, asymmetric flow - which was correlated with the boundary-layer coalescence - and the rapid deterioration of flow steadiness - which occurred as soon as the divergence angle for maximum static pressure recovery was exceeded. Pressure efficiency was found to be controlled almost exclusively by divergence angle, whereas static pressure recovery was markedly influenced by area ratio (or length) as well as divergence angle. Volumetric efficiency. diminished as area ratio increased, and at a greater rate with small lengths than with large ones. Large values of the static-pressure-recovery coefficient were attained only with long diffusers of large area ratio; under these conditions pressure efficiency was high and. volumetric efficiency low. Auxiliary tests with asymmetric diffusers demonstrated that longitudinal pressure gradient, rather than wall divergence angle, controlled flow separation. Others showed that the addition of even a short exit duct of uniform section augmented pressure recovery. Finally, it was found that the installation of a thin, central, longitudinal partition suppressed flow separation in short diffusers and thereby improved pressure recovery
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TN-2888
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Recent developments in airfoil-testing methods and fundamental air-flow investigations, as applied to airfoils, are discussed. Preliminary test results, obtained under conditions relatively free from stream turbulence and other disturbances, are presented. Suitable airfoils and airfoil-design principles were developed to take advantage of the unusually extensive laminar boundary layers that may be maintained under the improved testing conditions. The results are of interest mainly in range of below 6,000,000.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-WR-L-345
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics code, RPLUS3D, which was developed for the reactive propulsive flows of ramjets and scramjets, was validated for glancing shock wave-boundary layer interactions. Both laminar and turbulent flows were studied. A supersonic flow over a wedge mounted on a flat plate was numerically simulated. For the laminar case, the static pressure distribution, velocity vectors, and particle traces on the flat plate were obtained. For turbulent flow, both the Baldwin-Lomax and Chien two-equation turbulent models were used. The static pressure distributions, pitot pressure, and yaw angle profiles were computed. In addition, the velocity vectors and particle traces on the flat plate were also obtained from the computed solution. Overall, the computed results for both laminar and turbulent cases compared very well with the experimentally obtained data.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA-TM-106579 , E-8839 , NAS 1.15:106579
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An experimental investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of thin, moderately swept fighter wings has been conducted to evaluate the effect of camber and twist on the effectiveness of leading- and trailing-edge flaps at supersonic speeds in the Langley Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel. The study geometry consisted of a generic fuselage with camber typical of advanced fighter designs without inlets, canopy, or vertical tail. The model was tested with two wing configurations an uncambered (flat) wing and a cambered and twisted wing. Each wing had an identical clipped delta planform with an inboard leading edge swept back 65 deg and an outboard leading edge swept back 50 deg. The trailing edge was swept forward 25 deg. The leading-edge flaps were deflected 4 deg to 15 deg, and the trailing-edge flaps were deflected from -30 deg to 10 deg. Longitudinal force and moment data were obtained at Mach numbers of 1.60, 1.80, 2.00, and 2.16 for an angle-of-attack range 4 deg to 20 deg at a Reynolds number of 2.16 x 10(exp 6) per foot and for an angle-of-attack range 4 deg to 20 deg at a Reynolds number of 2.0 x 10(exp 6) per foot. Vapor screen, tuft, and oil flow visualization data are also included.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA-TM-4542 , L-17272 , NAS 1.15:4542
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  • 70
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Simultaneous air-flow photographs and pressure-distribution measurements have been made of the NACA 4412 airfoil at high speeds in order to determine the physical nature of the compressibility burble. The flow photographs were obtained by the Schlieren method and the pressures were simultaneously measured for 54 stations on the 5-inch-chord wing by means of a multiple-tube photographic manometer. Pressure-measurement results and typical Schlieren photographs are presented. The general nature of the phenomenon called the "compressibility burble" is shown by these experiments. The source of the increased drag is the compression shock that occurs, the excess drag being due to the conversion of a considerable amount of the air-stream kinetic energy into heat at the compression shock.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TN-543
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A method is presented for the estimation of the subsonic-flight-speed characteristics of sharp-lip inlets applicable to supersonic aircraft. The analysis, based on a simple momentum balance consideration, permits the computation of inlet pressure recovery - mass-flow relations and additive-drag coefficients for forward velocities from zero to the speed of sound. The penalties for operation of a sharp-lip inlet at velocity ratios other than 1.0 may be severe; at lower velocity ratios an additive drag is incurred that is not cancelled by lip suction, while at higher velocity ratios, unavoidable losses in inlet total pressure will result. In particular, at the take-off condition, the total pressure and the mass flow for a choked inlet are only 79 percent of the values ideally attainable with a rounded lip. Experimental data obtained at zero speed with a sharp-lip supersonic inlet model were in substantial agreement with the theoretical results.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TN-3004
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Wake development behind circular cylinders at Reynolds numbers from 40 to 10,000 was investigated in a low-speed wind tunnel. Standard hotwire techniques were used to study the velocity fluctuations. The Reynolds number range of periodic vortex shedding is divided into two distinct subranges. At R = 40 to 150, called the stable range, regular vortex streets are formed and no turbulent motion is developed. The range R = 150 to 300 is a transition range to a regime called the irregular range, in which turbulent velocity fluctuations accompany the periodic formation of vortices. The turbulence is initiated by laminar-turbulent transition in the free layers which spring from the separation points on the cylinder. This transition first occurs in the range R = 150 to 300. Spectrum and statistical measurements were made to study the velocity fluctuations. In the stable range the vortices decay by viscous diffusion. In the irregular range the diffusion is turbulent and the wake becomes fully turbulent in 40 to 50 diameters downstream. It was found that in the stable range the vortex street has a periodic spanwise structure. The dependence of shedding frequency on velocity was successfully used to measure flow velocity. Measurements in the wake of a ring showed that an annular vortex street is developed.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TN-2913
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A supersonic inlet with supersonic deceleration of the flow entirely outside of the inlet is considered. A particular arrangement with fixed geometry having a central body with a circular annular intake is analyzed, and it is shown theoretically that this arrangement gives high pressure recovery for a large range of Mach number and mass flow and therefore is practical for use on supersonic airplanes and missiles. For some Mach numbers the drag coefficient for this type of inlet is larger than the drag coefficient for the type of inlet with supersonic compression entirely inside, but the pressure recovery is larger for all flight conditions. The differences in drag can be eliminated for the design Mach number. Experimental results confirm the results of the theoretical analysis and show that pressure recoveries of 95 percent for Mach numbers of 1.33 and 1.52, 92 percent for a Mach number of 1.72, and 86 percent for a Mach number of 2.10 are possible, with the configurations considered. If the mass flow decreases, the total drag coefficient increases gradually and the pressure recovery does not change appreciably. The results of this work were first presented in a classified document issued in 1946.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TN-2286
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The hypersonic similarity law as derived by Tsien has been investigated by comparing the pressure distributions along bodies of revolution at zero angle of attack. In making these comparisons, particular attention was given to determining the limits of Mach number and fineness ratio for which the similarity law applies. For the purpose of this investigation, pressure distributions determined by the method of characteristics for ogive cylinders for values of Mach numbers and fineness ratios varying from 1.5 to 12 were compared. Pressures on various cones and on cone cylinders were also compared in this study. The pressure distributions presented demonstrate that the hypersonic similarity law is applicable over a wider range of values of Mach numbers and fineness ratios than might be expected from the assumptions made in the derivation. This is significant since within the range of applicability of the law a single pressure distribution exists for all similarly shaped bodies for which the ratio of free-stream Mach number to fineness ratio is constant. Charts are presented for rapid determination of pressure distributions over ogive cylinders for any combination of Mach number and fineness ratio within defined limits.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TN-2250
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TN-2211
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The NASA Langley 8-Foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel is a continuous-flow, variable-pressure wind tunnel with control capability to independently vary Mach number, stagnation pressure, stagnation temperature, and humidity. The top and bottom walls of the test section are axially slotted to permit continuous variation of the test section Mach number from 0.2 to 1.2, the slot-width contour provides a gradient-free test section 50 in. long for Mach numbers equal to or greater than 1.0 and 100 in. long for Mach numbers less than 1.0. The stagnation pressure may be varied from 0.25 to 2.0 atm. The tunnel test section has been recalibrated to determine the relationship between the free-stream Mach number and the test chamber reference Mach number. The hardware was the same as that of an earlier calibration in 1972 but the pressure measurement instrumentation available for the recalibration was about an order of magnitude more precise. The principal result of the recalibration was a slightly different schedule of reentry flap settings for Mach numbers from 0.80 to 1.05 than that determined during the 1972 calibration. Detailed tunnel contraction geometry, test section geometry, and limited test section wall boundary layer data are presented.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA-TP-3437 , L-17322 , NAS 1.60:3437
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The performance of NACA 65-series compressor blade section in cascade has been investigated systematically in a low-speed cascade tunnel. Porous test-section side walls and for high-pressure-rise conditions, porous flexible end walls were employed to establish conditions closely simulating two-dimensional flow. Blade sections of design lift coefficients from 0 to 2.7 were tested over the usable angle-of-attack range for various combinations of inlet-flow angle. A sufficient number of combinations were tested to permit interpolation and extrapolation of the data to all conditions within the usual range of application. The results of this investigation indicate a continuous variation of blade-section performance as the major cascade parameters, blade camber, inlet angle, and solidity were varied over the test range. Summary curves of the results have been prepared to enable compressor designers to select the proper blade camber and angle of attack when the compressor velocity diagram and desired solidity have been determined.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TR-1368 , NACA-RM-L51G31
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An investigation of the isothermal wake-flow characteristics of several flame-holder shapes was carried out in a 4- by 4-inch flow chamber. The effects of flame-holder-shape changes on the characteristics of the Karman vortices and thus on the recirculation zones to which experimenters have related the combustion process were obtained for several flame holders. The results may furnish a basis of correlation, of combustion efficiency and stability for similarly shaped flame holders in combustion studies. Values of the spacing ratio-(ratio of lateral spacing to longitudinal spacing of vortices] obtained for the various shapes approximated the theoretical value of 0.36 given by the Karman stability analysis. Variations in vortex strength of more than 200 percent and in frequency of more than 60 percent were accomplished by varying flame-holder shape. A maximum increase in the recirculation parameter of 56 percent over that for a conventional V-gutter was also obtained. Varying flameholder shape and size enables the designer to select many schedules of variations in vortex strength and frequency- not obtainable by changing size only and may make it possible to approach theoretical maximum vortex strength for any given frequency.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-E51K07 , E-2403
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An investigation has been conducted in the Langley 20-foot free spinning tunnel to study the relative behavior in descent of a number of homogeneous balsa bodies of revolution simulating anti-personnel bombs with a small cylindrical exploding device suspended approximately 10 feet below the bomb. The bodies of revolution included hemispherical, near-hemispherical, and near-paraboloid shapes. The ordinates of one near-paraboloid shape were specified by the Office of the Chief of Ordnance, U. S. Army. The behavior of the various bodies without the cylinder was also investigated. The results of the investigation indicated that several of the bodies descended vertically with their longitudinal axis, suspension line, and small cylinder in a vertical attitude,. However, the body, the ordinates of which had been specified by the Office of the Chief of Ordnance, U. S. Army, oscillated considerably from a vertical attitude while descending and therefore appeared unsuitable for its intended use. The behavior of this body became satisfactory when its center of gravity was moved well forward from its original position. In general, the results indicated that the descent characteristics of the bodies of revolution become more favorable as their shapes approached that of a hemisphere.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-SL51L13
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: A numerical investigation is carried out to determine the magnitude of wake radiation for a proposed Venus composition probe. One of the scientific goals of the mission is to determine the atmospheric composition of Venus by examining the intensity of scattered sunlight through the wake of the vehicle during planetary entry. In the wake of the vehicle, excited particles generated in the bow shock and boundary layers absorb and emit radiation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine if the radiation sensor will be able to sense the incoming solar radiative flux relative to the radiative flux generated in the wake. During portions of the entry trajectory the incident surface heat flux will be high enough to produce significant ablation. Ablation products such as CN are known to be strong radiators. Also, the ablation will be driven by strong radiation emanating from the bow shock. Thus, radiation and ablation will be coupled into the Navier-Stokes flow solutions.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: AIAA 29th Thermophysics Conference; Jun 19, 1995 - Jun 22, 1995; San Diego, CA; United States
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  • 81
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The ability to control the extent of laminar flow on swept wings at supersonic speeds may be a critical element in developing the enabling technology for a High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT). Laminar boundary layers are less resistive to forward flight than their turbulent counterparts, thus the farther downstream that transition from laminar to turbulent flow in the wing boundary layer is extended can be of significant economic impact. Due to the complex processes involved experimental studies of boundary layer stability and transition are needed, and these are performed in "quiet" wind tunnels capable of simulating the low-disturbance environment of free flight. At Ames, a wind tunnel has been built to operate at flow conditions which match those of the HSCT laminar flow flight demonstration 'aircraft, the F-16XL, i.e. at a Mach number of 1.6 and a Reynolds number range of 1 to 3 million per foot. This will allow detailed studies of the attachment line and crossflow on the leading edge area of the highly swept wing. Also, use of suction as a means of control of transition due to crossflow and attachment line instabilities can be studied. Topics covered include: test operating conditions required; design requirements to efficiently make use of the existing infrastructure; development of an injector drive system using a small pilot facility; plenum chamber design; use of computational tools for tunnel and model design; and early operational results.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: Aerospace Ground Test Facilities and Flight Testing XXIX Short Course; Apr 25, 1994 - May 05, 1994; Tullahoma, TN; United States
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: NASA Ames Research Center is pursuing the development of SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy. SOFIA will consist of a 2.5 meter telescope mounted aft of the wing of a Boeing 747 aircraft. Since a large portion of the infrared spectrum is not visible at ground level due to absorption by water vapor in the atmosphere below 40,000 feet, it is highly desirable to make observations above this altitude. SOFIA will provide the opportunity for astronomers to conduct high-altitude research for extended periods of time. Current study is focused on wind tunnel testing for the open cavity. If not controlled, air would create resonance and damage the telescope. For this reason, SOFIA will design a boundary layer control device to achieve laminar flow over the cavity. This also provides a clearer flow for seeing, thus improving resolution on infrared sources. Other effects being tested in the wind tunnel are aerodynamic torque loads on the telescope, and flutter loads on the tail.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Experimental results for a two-dimensional separated turbulent boundary layer behind a backward facing step for five different Reynolds numbers are reported. Results are presented in the form of tables, graphs and a floppy disk for an easy access of the data. Reynolds number based on the step height was varied by changing the reference velocity upstream of the step, U(sub o), and the step height, h. Hot-wire measurement techniques were used to measure three Reynolds stresses and four triple-velocity correlations. In addition, surface pressure and skin friction coefficients were measured. All hot-wire measurements were acquired in a measuring domain which excluded recirculating flow region due to the directional insensitivity of hot-wires. The downstream extent of the domain from the step was 51 h for the largest and I 14h for the smallest step height. This significant downstream length permitted extensive study of the flow recovery. Prediction of perturbed flows and their recovery is particularly attractive for popular turbulence models since variations of turbulence length and time scales and flow interactions in different regions are generally inadequately predicted. The data indicate that the flow in the free shear layer region behaves like the plane mixing layer up to about 2/3 of the mean reattachment length when the flow interaction with the wall commences the flow recovery to that of an ordinary turbulent boundary layer structure. These changes of the flow do not occur abruptly with the change of boundary conditions. A reattachment region represents a transitional region where the flow undergoes the most dramatic adjustments to the new boundary conditions. Large eddies, created in the upstream free-shear layer region, are being torn, recirculated, reentrained back into the main stream interacting with the incoming flow structure. It is foreseeable that it is quite difficult to describe the physics of this region in a rational and quantitative manner other than statistical. Downstream of the reattachment point the flow recovers at different rates near the wall, in the newly developing internal boundary layer, and in the outer part of the flow. It appears that Reynolds stresses do not fully recover up to the longest recovery length of 114 h.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Tail buffet studies were conducted on a full-scale, production, F/A-18 fighter aircraft in the 80- by 120-Foot Wind Tunnel of the National Full-Scale Aerodynamic Complex at NASA Ames Research Center at Moffett Field, California. Tail buffet data were acquired over an angle-of-attack range of +20 deg to +40 deg, a side-slip range of -16 deg to + 16 deg, and at wind speeds up to 100 knots. The maximum speed corresponds to a Reynolds number of l2.3 x l0(exp 6) based on mean aerodynamic chord and a Mach number of 0. 15. The port, vertical tail fin was instrumented with ninety-six surface-pressure transducers, arranged in six by eight arrays, on each side of the fin. ne aircraft was also equipped with a removable Leading-Edge Extension (LEX) fence whose purpose is to reduce tail-buffet loads. Current analysis methods for the unsteady aerodynamic pressures and loads are described. Only results for the zero side-slip condition are to be presented, both with and without the LEX fence. Results of the time-averaged, power-spectral analysis are presented for the tail fin bending moments which are derived from the integrated pressure field. Local wave velocities on the tail surfaces are calculated from pressure correlations. It was found that the LEX fence significantly reduces the magnitude of the root-mean-square pressures and bending moments. Scaling and repeatability issues are addressed by comparing the present full scale results for pressures at the 60%-span and 45%-chord location with previous full-scale F/A-18 tail-buffet test in the 80- by 120- Foot Wind Tunnel, and with several small-scale tests. The comparisons show that the tail buffet frequency scales very well with tail chord and free-stream velocity, and that there is good agreement with the previous full-scale test. Root-mean-square pressures and power spectra do not scale as well as the frequency results. Addition of a LEX fence caused tail-buffet loads to be reduced at all model scales.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: SAE Aerospace Atlantic Conference; Apr 18, 1994 - Apr 22, 1994; Dayton, OH; United States
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The recent resurgence of interest in utilizing laminar flow on aircraft surfaces for reduction in skin friction drag has generated a considerable amount of research in natural laminar flow (NLF) and hybrid laminar flow control (HLFC) on transonic aircraft wings. This research has focused primarily on airfoil design and understanding transition behavior with little concern for the surface imperfections and manufacturing variations inherent to most production aircraft. In order for laminar flow to find wide-spread use on production aircraft, techniques for constructing the wings must be found such that the large surface imperfections present in the leading edge region of current aircraft do not occur. Toward this end, a modification to existing leading edge construction techniques was devised such that the resulting surface did not contain large gaps and steps as are common on current production aircraft of this class. A lowspeed experiment was first conducted on a simulation of the surface that would result from this construction technique. Preston tube measurements of the boundary layer downstream of the simulated joint and flow visualization using sublimation chemicals validated the literature on the effects of steps on a laminar boundary layer. These results also indicated that the construction technique was indeed compatible with laminar flow. In order to fully validate the compatibility of this construction technique with laminar flow, thus proving that it is possible to build wings that are smooth enough to be used on business jets and light transports in a manner compatible with laminar flow, a flight experiment is being conducted. In this experiment Mach number and Reynolds number will be matched in a real flight environment. The experiment is being conducted using the NASA Dryden F-104 Flight Test Fixture (FTF). The FTF is a low aspect ratio ventral fin mounted beneath an F-104G research aircraft. A new nose shape was designed and constructed for this experiment. This nose shape provides an accelerating pressure gradient in the leading edge region. By flying the aircraft at appropriate Mach numbers and altitudes, this nose shape simulates the leading edge region of a laminar flow wing for a business jet or light transport. Manufactured into the nose shape is a spanwise slot located approximately four inches downstream of the leading edge. The slot, which is an inch wide and one-eighth of an inch deep allows the simulation of surface imperfections, such as gaps and steps at skin joints, which will occur on aircraft using this new construction technique. By placing strips of aluminum of various sizes and shapes in the slot, the effect on the boundary layer of different sizes and shapes of steps and gaps will be examined. It is planned to use five different configurations, differing primarily in the size and number of gaps. Downstream of the slot, the state of the boundary layer is determined using hot film gages and Stanton gages. Agreement between these two very different techniques of measuring boundary layer properties is considered important to being able to state with confidence the effects on the boundary layer of the simulated manufacturing imperfections. To date, the aircraft has not flown. First flights of the aircraft are on schedule to begin October 4, 1993. Low-speed, preliminary experiments at matching Reynolds numbers have been completed.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: AIAA 6th Biennial Flight Test Conference; Jun 20, 1994 - Jun 23, 1994; Colorado Springs, CO; United States
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Available redundancy among aircraft control surfaces allows for effective wing camber modifications. As shown in the past, this fact can be used to improve aircraft performance. To date, however, algorithm developments for in-flight camber optimization have been limited. This paper presents a perturbational approach for cruise optimization through in-flight camber adaptation. The method uses, as a performance index, an indirect measurement of the instantaneous net thrust. As such, the actual performance improvement comes from the integrated effects of airframe and engine. The algorithm, whose design and robustness properties are discussed, is demonstrated on the NASA Dryden B-720 flight simulator.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: H-1998 , Automatic Control in Aerospace; 35-40|Aerospace Control; Sep 12, 1994 - Sep 16, 1994; Palo Alto, CA; United States
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: A highly-instrumented UH-60A aircraft was tested at NASA-Ames Research Center from August 1993 to February 1994 obtaining an extensive data base for level flight, maneuvers, acoustics (both with respect to ground microphone arrays and inflight microphones), and flight dynamics. A majority of the data obtained are now in an electronic data base, however, only a small fraction of the data have been examined. The proposed paper will examine the issue of hovering steadiness in more detail. In particular, a single set of data obtained during ground acoustic testing may provide considerable insight as the wind speeds were measured at a hover height of 250 feet and the aircraft was positioned in 15 deg. steps in heading from 0 to 180 deg. Also, hover housekeeping data were obtained for many of the 31 flights and these will also allow a characterization of the unsteadiness. The variation in section lift will be examined in terms of the induced flow angle variation and this will be related to possible physical explanations.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: AHS 51st Annual Forum and Technology Display; May 09, 1995 - May 11, 1995; Fort Worth, TX; United States
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Compressibility plays a significant role in the development of separation on airfoils experiencing unsteady motion, even at moderately compressible free-stream flow velocities. This effect can result in completely changed stall characteristics compared to those observed at incompressible speed, and can dramatically affect techniques used to control separation. There has been a significant effort in recent years directed toward better understanding; of this process, and its impact on possible techniques for control of separation in this complex environment. A review of existing research in this area will be presented, with emphasis on the physical mechanisms that play such an important role in the development of separation on airfoils. The increasing impact of compressibility on the stall process will be discussed as a function of free-stream Mach number, and an analysis of the changing flow physics will be presented. Examples of the effect of compressibility on dynamic stall will be selected from both recent and historical efforts by members of the aerospace community, as well as from the ongoing research program of the present authors. This will include a presentation of a sample of high speed filming of compressible dynamic stall which has recently been created using real-time interferometry.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: 33rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 09, 1995 - Jan 12, 1995; Reno, NV; United States
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: This paper will describe the Airbreathing Hypersonic Research Program at NASA Ames Research Center. A main theme will be the "From Computation Through Flight" research effort. General research areas covered will include systems analysis, aerodynamics and aerothermodynamics, propulsion, materials, and flight research. Illustrative results from each discipline will be presented. The synergism between computational and experimental research will be demonstrated by examples. All examples given will have been published in the open literature.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference; Aug 01, 1994 - Aug 03, 1994; Scottsdale, AZ; United States
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: A developed method has been applied to calculate accurately the viscous flow about airfoils normal to the free-stream flow. This method has special application to the analysis of tilt rotor aircraft in the evaluation of download. In particular, the flow about an XV-15 airfoil with and without deflected leading and trailing edge flaps at -90 degrees incidence is evaluated. The multi-element aspect of the method provides for the evaluation of slotted flap configurations which may lead to decreased drag. The method solves for turbulent flow at flight Reynolds numbers. The flow about the XV-15 airfoil with and without flap deflections has been calculated and compared with experimental data at a Reynolds number of one million. The comparison between the calculated and measured pressure distributions are very good, thereby, verifying the method. The aerodynamic evaluation of multielement airfoils will be conducted to determine airfoil/flap configurations for reduced airfoil drag. Comparisons between the calculated lift, drag and pitching moment on the airfoil and the airfoil surface pressure will also be presented.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: AIAA Aerospace Sciences; Jan 09, 1995 - Jan 12, 1995; Reno, NV; United States
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Steady and unsteady viscous, three-dimensional flowfields are calculated using a thin layer approximation of Navier-Stokes equations in conjunction with Chimera overset grids. The finite-difference numerical scheme uses structured grids and a pentadiagonal flow solver called "OVERFLOW". The configuration of Boeing 747-200 has been chosen as one of configurations to be used as a platform for the SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy). Initially, the steady flowfield of the full aircraft is calculated for the clean configuration (without a cavity to house telescope). This solution is then used to start the unsteady flowfield of a configuration containing cavity housing the observation telescope and its peripheral units. Analysis of unsteady flowfield in the cavity and its influence on the tail empennage, as well as the noise due to turbulence and optical quality of the flow are the main focus of this study. For the configuration considered here, the telescope housing cavity is located slightly downstream of the portwing. The entire flow-field is carefully constructed using 45 overset grids and consists of nearly 4 million grid points. All the computations axe done at one freestream flow condition of M(sub infinity) = 0.85, alpha = 2.5deg, and a Reynolds of Re = 1.85x10deg
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: AIAA Aerspace Sciences; Jan 02, 1995 - Jan 12, 1995; Reno, NV; United States
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The proposed paper presents flow visualization performed during experiments conducted on a full-scale F/A-18 aircraft in the 80- by 120-Foot Wind-Tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center. This investigation used both surface and off-surface flow visualization techniques to examine the flow field on the forebody, canopy, leading edge extensions (LEXs), and wings. The various techniques used to visualize the flow field were fluorescent tufts, flow cones treated with reflective material, smoke in combination with a laser light sheet, and a video imaging system. The flow visualization experiments were conducted over an angle of attack range from 20deg to 45deg and over a sideslip range from -10deg to 10deg. The results show regions of attached and separated flow on the forebody, canopy, and wings. Additionally, the vortical flow is clearly visible over the leading-edge extensions, canopy, and wings.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: SAE Aerospace Atlantic Conference; Apr 18, 1994 - Apr 22, 1994; Dayton, OH; United States
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  • 93
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: It is stated that the aerodynamic forces on the vehicle being aerocaptured are controlled by "altering the angle of attack" and thereby controlling the lift coefficient. Furthermore, the resulting variation of drag coefficient with angle of attack was ignored. The purpose of this Comment is to point out that an aerodynamic control method that is much more effective than the pitch modulation has been studied and utilized during entries for many years. During aerocapture, it is desirable to have a large range of lift coefficients available, while keeping the vehicle's ballistic coefficients constant. This is accomplished by modulating the vehicle's bank angle, i.e., by rolling the vehicle about its velocity vector. By this method, the angle of attack can be held constant (at the trim angle, if desired), and the C(sub D) and the ballistic coefficient remain constant. Furthermore, the vertical component of the normal force vector (essentially the lift) can be varied over its entire range, from maximum positive to maximum negative values. Reaction controls, rather than aerodynamic ones, are usually utilized to change the bank angle of the vehicle, thus requiring the use of fuel. However, the fuel expenditure that is required to change the bank angle is far less than the amount that would have to be used to continuously hold the vehicle at pitch angles that differ significantly from its trim angle of attack. Also, it has been shown that bank angle modulation to vary the lift can enlarge the entry corridor by increasing the entry angle for the undershoot boundary, where both the heating rate and deceleration reach a maximum. Finally, the crew's deceleration tolerance can be increased somewhat when the bank angle is varied, as opposed to the pitch angle. For bank modulation, the deceleration force vector can be kept at a constant angle with respect to the occupants whose tolerance to g loads is highest when the force is applied in a direction normal to the upper torso. The advantages of bank angle variation to modulate the lift vector were recognized long ago, and this method of control was used successfully on the Apollo command module during lunar return' and, more recently, for the Space Shuttle Orbiter.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics; 17; 4; 878-878
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Study of sonic and supersonic jet plumes are relevant to understanding such phenomenon as jet-noise, plume signatures, and rocket base-heating and radiation. Jet plumes are simple to simulate and yet, have complex flow structures such as Mach disks, triple points, shear-layers, barrel shocks, shock-shear-layer interaction, etc. Experimental and computational simulation of sonic and supersonic jet plumes have been performed for under- and over-expanded, axisymmetric plume conditions. The computational simulation compare very well with the experimental observations of schlieren pictures. Experimental data such as temperature measurements with hot-wire probes are yet to be measured and will be compared with computed values. Extensive analysis of the computational simulations presents a clear picture of how the complex flow structure develops and the conditions under which self-similar flow structures evolve. From the computations, the plume structure can be further classified into many sub-groups. In the proposed paper, detail results from the experimental and computational simulations for single, axisymmetric, under- and over-expanded, sonic and supersonic plumes will be compared and the fluid dynamic aspects of flow structures will be discussed.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference; Aug 07, 1995 - Aug 09, 1995; Baltimore, MD; United States
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Three direct numerical simulations of time-evolving turbulent plane wakes with velocity deficit Reynolds numbers of about 2,000 have been simulated using a spectral numerical method with up to 600 x 260 x 160 modes. The initial conditions for the simulations are generated from direct numerical simulations of a turbulent boundary layer (momentum thickness Reynolds number of 670), and varying amounts of additional two- dimensional, forcing. In order to preserve the self-similar flow evolution, the forcing is implemented by multiplying all the two-dimensional modes in the initial condition by a constant factor. In the "natural" case no additional forcing is used; in the "forced" and "heavily forced" cases this factor is 5 and 20, respectively. The wake spreading rate Is increased by factors of 1.7 and 7.1 for the two forced cases. The Reynolds stresses are also increased by a similar or even larger factor. These results indicate that the plane wake is much more sensitive to initial forcing than the plane mixing layer. As in the plane mixing layer, two-dimensional forcing promotes more organized large-scale vortical flow structures and these structures axe sometimes separated by "braid regions" containing streamwise "rib" vortices, unlike in the unforced wake.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: Forty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society; Nov 20, 1994 - Nov 22, 1994; Atlanta, GA; United States
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Large-eddy simulation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations has been used to examine the long-time development of initially isotropic turbulence subjected to solid-body rotation. The simulations were carried out using a pseudo-spectral method with 128 x 128 x 512 collocation points in a computational domain that is four times larger along the rotation axis than in the other directions; subgrid-scale motions were parameterized using a spectral eddy viscosity model modified for system rotation. Simulation results show that the correlation length along the rotation am's of velocities orthogonal to the rotation vector exhibits rapid growth while the integral length-scale of velocities aligned with the rotation axis is relatively unaffected by rotation. Examination of the energy spectrum of two-dimensional, two-component motions indicates the presence of an inverse cascade of energy. System rotation also causes an alignment of vorticity along the rotation axis with relatively stronger cyclonic vorticity than anticyclonic. The onset of anisotropic effects are well characterized by Rossby numbers defined in terms of both macroscopic and microscopic quantities.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: Forty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society; Nov 20, 1994 - Nov 22, 1994; Atlanta, GA; United States
    Format: text
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: This paper will review the advances made recently in the Navier-Stokes CFD methods to simulate aerodynamics and aeroacoustics of helicopter rotors and rotor-body flows. Although a complete flowfield simulation of full helicopter is currently not feasible with these methods, impressive gains have been made in analyzing individual components of this complex problem in a very detailed manner. The use of the state-of-the-art numerical algorithms in solution methods, in conjunction with powerful supercomputers, like the Cray-2, have enabled noticeable progress to be made in modeling viscous-inviscid interactions, blade-vortex interactions, tip-vortex: simulation and wake effects, as well as high speed impulsive noise in hover and forward flight for isolated rotor blades. This paper will critically evaluate the presently available Euler and Navier-Stokes methods, both finite-difference and finite volume methods using structured and unstructured grids for helicopter applications for accuracy, suitability, and computational efficiency. The review will also include the recent progress made using overset grids to model rotor-body flows. All the material for this review will be drawn from the published material shown below.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: International Colloquium on Vortical Flows in the Aeronautics; Oct 12, 1994 - Oct 14, 1994; Aachan; Germany
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: In recent years significant advances have been made for parallel computers in both hardware and software. Now parallel computers have become viable tools in computational mechanics. Many application codes developed on conventional computers have been modified to benefit from parallel computers. Significant speedups in some areas have been achieved by parallel computations. For single-discipline use of both fluid dynamics and structural dynamics, computations have been made on wing-body configurations using parallel computers. However, only a limited amount of work has been completed in combining these two disciplines for multidisciplinary applications. The prime reason is the increased level of complication associated with a multidisciplinary approach. In this work, procedures to compute aeroelasticity on parallel computers using direct coupling of fluid and structural equations will be investigated for wing-body configurations. The parallel computer selected for computations is an Intel iPSC/860 computer which is a distributed-memory, multiple-instruction, multiple data (MIMD) computer with 128 processors. In this study, the computational efficiency issues of parallel integration of both fluid and structural equations will be investigated in detail. The fluid and structural domains will be modeled using finite-difference and finite-element approaches, respectively. Results from the parallel computer will be compared with those from the conventional computers using a single processor. This study will provide an efficient computational tool for the aeroelastic analysis of wing-body structures on MIMD type parallel computers.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Format: text
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2019-08-26
    Description: An investigation was made in the N.A.C.A. 7- by 10- foot wind tunnel to determine the aerodynamic section characteristics of an N. A. C. A. 23012 airfoil with a single main slotted flap equipped successively with auxiliary flaps of the plain, split, and slotted types. A test installation mas used in which an airfoil of 7-foot span was mounted vertically between the upper and the lower sides of the closed test section so that two-dimensional flow was approximated. On the basis of maximum lift coefficient, low drag at moderate and high lift coefficients, and high drag at high lift coefficients, the optimum combination of the arrangements was found to be the double slotted flap . All the auxiliary flaps tested, however, increased the magnitudes of the pitching moments over those of the main slotted flap alone.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-SR-97
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: An analysis has been made of available experimental data to show the effects of most variables that are predominant in determining base pressure at supersonic speeds. Two dimensional bases and bases of bodies of revolution, restricted to turbulent boundary layers, are covered.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-L53C02
    Format: application/pdf
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