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  • phosphorus  (206)
  • Hymenoptera  (201)
  • Springer  (407)
  • 1990-1994  (407)
  • 1955-1959
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of the braconid parasitoid Cotesia (= Apanteles) glomerata to volatile infochemicals: effects of bioassay set-up, parasitoid age and experience and barometric flux (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 163-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; cabbage ; tritrophic interactions ; semiochemicals ; host-habitat location ; foraging behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Upon initiating a research project on the role of volatile infochemicals in the tritrophic system Cotesia (= Apanteles) glomerata (L.)-Pieris brassicae (L.)-cabbage, a bioassay was developed to investigate the response of C. glomerata. The bioassay should be effective in terms of high responsiveness and minimum variability and constructed through a comparative approach. Twenty seven treatments, organized in a factorial randomized block design, compared the effect of three bioassay set-ups (glasshouse flight chamber, wind-tunnel and Y-tube olfactometer), three parasitoid age groups (1–2, 4–5 and 8–9 days old females), three pre-treatment experiences (naive, damage experienced and oviposition experienced wasps) and the day-to-day effect on response of C. glomerata to clean cabbage (CC) and planthost complex (PHC) in a dual choice test. The best results with regard to the strength and consistency of response to the PHC were obtained in the glasshouse flight-chamber by 4–5 days old female wasps with either damage or oviposition experience (94 and 90%, respectively). It is therefore recommended as a suitable bioassay for studying the role of volatile infochemicals in host-habitat location by C. glomerata. A day-to-day variation in response was found in the glasshouse and wind-tunnel. It was correlated with the direction of change in barometric pressure within the time period of the experiment, showing that steadily increasing atmospheric pressure yields a significantly higher response than steadily decreasing or fluctuating barometric flux. To control for the day effect it is suggested to conduct further experiments in a block design, having day as a block. Several aspects of the infochemical ecology of C. glomerata are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343576
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volatiles from damaged plants as major cues in long-range host-searching by the specialist parasitoidCotesia rubecula (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 289-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; parasitoid ; C. rubecula ; foraging behaviour ; specialist ; synomones ; infochemical use ; tritrophic interactions ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of volatile stimuli in the long-range host-searching behaviour of the specialist parasitoidCotesia rubecula Marshall (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied. Components from the plant-host-complex Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var.gemmifera (DC.) Schulz. cv. ‘Titurel’)-Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) were compared for their attractiveness in dual choice tests in a windtunnel. Stimuli from cabbage plants that were mechanically damaged or damaged byP. rapae caterpillars were more attractive to this parasitoid species than stimuli emitted by the host larvae or their faeces. Parasitoids preferred leaves from the plant-host-complex over artificially damaged leaves. Undamaged cabbage plants were the least attractive to the foraging females. These results indicate that in-flight searching behaviour ofC. rubecula is guided by plant-derived information and that for this specialist species more reliable and specific host-derived cues play a minor role at longer distances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382480
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromones in the cereal aphid parasitoidsPraon volucre andAphidius rhopalosiphi (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiinae ; aphid ; sex pheromone ; parasitoid ; Praon volucre ; Aphidius rhopalosiphi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field experiments provided evidence for the release of sex pheromones by virgin femalePraon volucre Haliday andAphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani-Perez (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). In Petri dish biosassays, rubber or vermiculite models treated with crude virgin female extracts were frequently approached by males and elicited rapid wing-fanning behaviour and copulation attempts. Delta-shaped water traps containing live virgin females caught large numbers of conspecific males when placed in winter wheat crops. Trapping slightly below crop height resulted in higher catches than trapping above the crop canopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380671
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative headspace analysis of cabbage plants damaged by two species ofPieris caterpillars: consequences for in-flight host location byCotesia parasitoids (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; tritrophic interactions ; Pieridae ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoids ; Cotesia ; kairomones ; headspace ; GC-MS ; chemical composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Headspace composition, collected from intact cabbage plants and cabbage plants infested with eitherPieris brassicae L. orP. rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) first instar larvae, was determined by GC-MS. Twenty-one volatiles were identified in the headspace of intact plants. Twenty-two volatiles were identified in the headspace of plants infested byP. brassicae larvae, 2 of which, Z-3-hexenyl butyrate and Z-3-hexenyl isovalerate, were not detected in the headspace of either intact orP. rapae damaged plants. In the headspace of the latter, 21 compounds were identified, all of which which were also produced by intact plants. No significant quantitative differences were found between headspace composition of the plants damaged by one or the other caterpillar species. Major differences between intact and caterpillar-damaged plants in contribution to the headspace profile were revealed for hexyl acetate, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, myrcene, sabinene and 1,8-cineole. The larval endoparasitoidCotesia glomerata L. was attracted by the volatiles emanating fromB. oleracea damaged byP. brassicae first instar larvae.C. rubecula L., a specialized larval endoparasitoids ofP. rapae, was attracted by the volatiles released from theB. oleracea-P. rapae plant-host complex. This shows that cabbage plants kept under the conditions of headspace collection produce attractive volatiles for both parasitoids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383424
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adult response of the almond seed wasp,Eurytoma amygdali, to chemicals from its host and certain nonhosts (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 211-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; host selection ; chemical stimuli ; olfactory response ; aggregation ; oviposition ; almond
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the almond seed wasp,Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), responded in an olfactometer positively to odours from almond flowers and unripe fruits, but not to almond leaf odours and odours from flowers and unripe fruits of certain other nonhostPrunus species. Males responded to none of these odours. Extracts of undamaged unripe almond fruits (using ethanol, methanol, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, or petroleum ether) stimulated female aggregation on glass surfaces treated with these extracts; in addition, certain fruit extracts (ethanol, methanol, or acetone) stimulated oviposition. Extracts of undamaged almond leaves (ethanol, methanol, or acetone) and flowers (ethanol or methanol) also stimulated female aggregation and oviposition. Aggregation and oviposition in response to an ethanol extract of almond fruits was intense in females aged 5 to 14 days and from 12∶00 to 18∶00h (photophase between 06∶00 and 20∶00). Certain almond fruit (ethanol, methanol, acetone or hexane) and flower extracts (ethanol or methanol) also provoked female response in the olfactometer. The results strongly suggest that certain chemical stimuli emanating from parts of the almond tree play a major role in host selection and oviposition. Some of the extracts tested may be a good source for the isolation, identification and synthesis of compounds stimulating attraction, aggregation and oviposition in nature. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A3414024 00003
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382472
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of prey antigen half-life inPolistes metricus using a monoclonal antibody-based immunodot assay (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hybridoma ; detectability period ; venom ; predation ; serology ; protease ; Vespidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to derive quantitative estimates of predation rate from serological gut analysis data, one must have an estimate of the interval during which a meal can be detected after feeding. In practice this has turned out to be ‘Dmax,’ defined as ‘...the time from finishing a meal until that meal could just no longer be detected in any individuals.’ However Dmax substitutes an absolute limit for what is really a continuous variable with significant variation. We examined this problem in a study of the detectability ofHelicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fifth instar remains in the guts ofPolistes metricus Say (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Wasps were maintained onTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fifth instars before being fed a singleH. zea fifth instar. They were killed and frozen at 0, 24, 48 and 96 h intervals, with those held for more than 24 h fed a singleT. ni fifth instar at 24 h intervals in order to simulate continued feeding. Wasp abdomens were assayed by immunodot, using a monoclonal antibody toH. zea arylphorin. There was a logarithmic decay in the proportion ofP. metricus positive over time, a singleH. zea fifth instar meal having a detectability half-life of 19.4 h at field temperatures. If prey antigen detectability decays exponentially, then a detectability half-life is a more appropriate unit of detectability than an absolute detectability period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380575
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of experience on in-flight orientation to host-associated cues in the generalist parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Schizaphis graminum ; wheat ; tritrophic interactions ; learning ; host-habitat location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of experience on the responsiveness of the aphidiid parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to host-associated cues was investigated using a wind-tunnel bioassay. Naive females were able to discriminate between uninfested wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat infested withSchizaphis gramimum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae), but oviposition experience significantly increased the parasitoid's propensity to respond to aphid-infested plants with upwind, targeted flight. The behavioural change associated with such experience was acquired rapidly (within five minutes) and persisted for at least 24 h. The parasitoid could be successfully conditioned to associate a novel odour with the presence of hosts, suggesting that the increase in response to aphid-infested plants which occurs as a result of experience is probably due to associative learning of olfactory cues from the plant-aphid complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380774
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of microbe-associated parthenogenesis on the fecundity ofTrichogramma deion andT. pretiosum (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 183-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: symbionts ; thelytoky ; arrhenotoky ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microbe-associated parthenogenesis (thelytoky) has been discovered in nineTrichogramma species, parasitoids of mainly lepidopteran eggs. Parthenogenetic and bisexual conspecifics co-occur in many field populations. As an initial step to understand the dynamics of these two reproductive strategies we studied the effect of microbe-associated parthenogenesis on fecundity. The fecundity of two parthenogenetic isofemale lines ofT. pretiosum and one ofT. deion was compared with bisexual lines derived from them by antibiotic treatment. In all three cases parthenogenetic females were less fecund over their lifetime than bisexual females. Also, parthenogenetic females produced fewer daughters in two cases and in one case a similar number of daughters as their respective bisexual counterparts. The lack of mating and insemination was excluded as an explanation for the reduced fecundity of parthenogenetic females, because mated and virgin parthenogenetic females produce the same number of offspring. Antibiotic treatment can also be excluded because females of field-collected bisexual line treated with antibiotics produced the same number of offspring as untreated females. The reduced fecundity of parthenogenetic females was caused by a lower number of eggs being laid rather than by a greater developmental mortality. Parthenogenetic females produced less daughters than bisexual females when host availability was not limiting, but when host availability was severely limited, parthenogenetic females produced more daughters than the bisexual females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386524
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conserving genetic variability of a wild insect population under laboratory conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: inbreeding ; colonization ; isofemale line ; Drosophila ; Diptera ; Leptopilina boulardi ; Cynipidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé D. melanogaster (Meigen) a été utilisé pour tester la capacité des lignées isofemelles à conserver la variabilité génétique d'une population naturelle. Deux types d'expériences ont été réalisées. L'une a consisté à déterminer la variabilité génétique de 3 locus enzymatiques pour 32 lignées isofemelles à la première et à la 23ème génération d'élevage au laboratoire. L'autre a consisté à tester la capacité des larves à éliminer un parasitoïde par le processus d'encapsulation après 8 années d'élevage au laboratoire. D'une façon générale, certaines lignées isofemelles perdent de la variabilité durant les 23 générations de l'étude. Mais la fréquence globale des allèles reste inchangée si l'on considère l'ensemble des 32 lignées. Le seul allèle rare observé a également été conservé. Les modifications des fréquences allèliques à chacun des locus ont lieu de façon indépendante les unes des autres. La variabilité génétique d'un caractère biologique, la capacité des larves à encapsuler le parasitoïde, a également varié, mais elle a pu être restaurée à un niveau proche de la population initiale en rassemblant plusieurs individus de chacune des lignées.
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) was used to test the power of isofemale lines in preserving genetic variability. We performed experiments in two ways. One series consisted of measuring the genetic variability for three enzymatic loci in 32 isofemale lines, in the first and 23rd generations of culture. In the second series, we tested the capacity of the larvae to eliminate a parasitoid by encapsulation after eight years of laboratory breeding. In general, individual isofemale lines appeared to change during the 23 generations of the study, but the global frequency of these alleles among the 32 isofemale lines stayed relatively unchanged. The only rare allele observed was also conserved. Changes in allozyme frequencies at any one locus were independent of those at other loci. Genetic variation of a biological trait, the capacity of the larvae to encapsulate a parasitoid, also changed, but it could be restored to a level close to that of the starting population by mass hybridizing together individuals of each line.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383432
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Larval-damaged plants: source of volatile synomines that guide the parasitoidCotesia marginiventris to the micro-habitat of its hosts (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; parasitoid ; host searching ; allelochemicals ; plant synomones ; leaf damage ; frass ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hyménoptèreC. marginiventris Cresson, parasite solitaire, est connu comme étant attiré par les odeurs liées à l'hôte émises par un complexe de chenilles consommant des feuilles. La source exacte de ces substances attractives restait encore à déterminer. Pour cela, des expériences en tunnel de vol ont été réalisées dans lesquelles différents composés du complexe plante et hôte ont été testés individuellement et en combinaisons diverses. Les 3 composés testés ont été: 1) des plantules de maïs endommagées par des chenilles deSpodoptera exigua (BAW); 2) des excréments produits par les chenilles de BAW consommant du maïs; 3) des chenilles de BAW en l'absence de plantes et d'excréments. Les plantes endommagées ont été significativement plus attractives que les excréments ou les chenilles. En expériences de choix, les excréments étaient plus attractifs que les chenilles. Différentes combinaisons de ces 3 composantes principales ont montré que l'attractivité augmentait quand les chenilles étaient associées à des feuilles endommagées. Ajouter des excréments n'augmentait pas significativement l'attractivité. Quand des chenilles étaient associées avec des feuilles endommagées, mais en présence d'écran les empêchant de consommer les feuilles, l'attractivité était celle des feuilles endommagées seules. Des feuilles de maïs n'ayant jamais été exposées aux dégâts des chenilles étaient à peine attractives. On peut en conclure que les feuilles endommagées par les chenilles sont la principale source de substances volatiles qui orientent le parasitoïdeC. marginiventris vers le voisinage de ses hôtes. La consommation active par les chenilles augmente probablement la quantité de substances émises par les plantes, ce qui se traduit par une attractivité accrue. Les substances volatiles des plantes jouent un rôle dans la découverte de l'habitat de l'hôte par les parasitoïdes. De plus en plus d'éléments suggèrent qu'une interaction sophistiquée entre hôte, plante et parasitoïde sera éventuellement révélée.
    Notes: Abstract Single and dual choice tests in a flight tunnel revealed that plants damaged by host larvae are the main source of the volatiles that attract females of the parasitoidCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) to the microhabitat of its hosts. Frass and host larvae, the other two major components of a complete plant-host complex, were significantly less attractive than the damaged seedlings; frass alone was more attractive than larvae alone. However, a recombination of larvae with the damaged seedlings was significantly more attractive than the damaged leaves alone, or damaged leaves with frass. This was due to the additional feeding damage done by the larvae. The role of plants in the host-finding behaviour of parasitoids is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163316
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host discrimination and evidence for a host marking pheromone in the almond seed wasp, Eurytoma amygdali (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 165-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; host marking pheromone ; host discrimination ; oviposition behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences de laboratoire et des observations concernant le comportement de ponte de Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) ont montré que, immédiatement après la ponte, les femelles déposent une phéromone de marquage de l'hôte en trainant le bout de leur abdomen sur la surface de l'amande. Cette phéromone les rends capable de distinguer les fruits infectés des non-infectés dt de sélectionner pour la ponte les derniers. Apparemment, la fonction principale de cette phéromone est la prévention de la répétition des ovipositions dans les fruits déjà infectés et la répartition uniforme des oeufs dans les amandes, contribuant ainsi à la meilleure utilisation des ressources disponsibles pour le développement des larves. Des expériences de deux choix entre des fruits de différents traitements ont montré que la phéromone pouvait être perçue par les femelles par le direct contact et, quand elle était à hautes concentrations, par olfaction d'une courte distance. La phéromone était présente dans l'abdomen et dans le thorax des femelles, et bien qu'elle soit soluble à l'eau, elle ne pouvait pas s'éloigner entièrement par lavage des amandes sérieusement infectées à l'eau. Les observations ont démontré qu'après un numéro de 3.7 visites successives sur des amandes portant de la phéromone les femelles s'éloignaient du lieu de ponte en marchant ou, le plus souvant, en s'envolant, ce qui suggère que la phéromone contribue à la dispersion des femelles.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments and observations on the oviposition behaviour of the almond seed wasp Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) revealed that the females of this species deposit a host-marking pheromone, immediately after an oviposition, by dragging the tip of their abdomen on the fruit surface. This pheromone enables them to discriminate between the infested and uninfested fruit and to select for oviposition the latter. Its primary function is apparently the prevention of repeated ovipositions in already infested fruit, thus contributing to the optimal utilisation of the available resources for larval development. The responses of individual females to different treatments of almonds, in a series of two-choice tests, revealed that the pheromone can be perceived by the females on direct contact and, when at high concentrations, also olfactorily from a short distance. The pheromone was present inside the abdomen and thorax of females but not of males, and, although water soluble, could not be entirely removed from heavily infested almonds when rinsed with water. Direct observations revealed that after an average of 3.7 successive visits to pheromone-bearing almonds, females were induced to walk or, most often, fly away from the experimental set-up. This suggests that the pheromone may also contribute to the dispersion of the wasps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164941
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimuli influencing host microhabitat location in the parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 267-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Campoletis sonorensis ; parasitoid ; host microhabitat ; synomones ; wind tunnel ; experience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The host microhabitat location behavior of females of the generalist parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was studied in a wind tunnel. Visual cues associated with the host plant cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., were important and significantly more parasitoids completed flights to a damaged 4-leaf cotton plant bearing a Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larva and frass than to a similarly damaged single leaf with frass and a larva. This difference in completed flights was not due to differences in amounts of volatiles released by the two stimuli. Both naive and experienced parasitoids responded differently to an undamaged cotton leaf, a mechanially damaged leaf, a naturally damaged leaf with the host removed and a naturally damaged leaf with a host larva. Parasitoids completed significantly fewer flights to the undamaged sources of volatiles than to damaged sources of volatiles. Experienced females responded strongly to all types of damage. The number of flights completed by naive females to the three types of damage differed but not significantly and was less than the number completed by experienced females. Components of the preflight experience were varied to determine which factors were responsible for the higher response of experienced females to the host/plant complex. Oviposition was the most important component of this experience. Contact with host frass or plant damage followed by oviposition did not increase the response over that exhibited by females allowed oviposition only. When frass or damaged plant material were contacted without subsequent oviposition, females completed fewer flights than naive females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00366141
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring populations of the almond seed wasp, Eurytoma amygdali, with sex pheromone traps and other means, and optimal timing of chemical control (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; almond pest ; sex pheromone ; population monitoring ; chemical control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the four years 1986–1989 we monitored an adult male population of the almond seed wasp, Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein, in the region of Thessaloniki, using sex pheromone traps, each containing 25 living virgin females. The emergence of adults from infested almonds of the previous year was also monitored in cages in the field, as well as the progress of fruit infestation and egg hatching in the almonds of the Retsou variety. Finally, two chemical control experiments were done against the newly hatched larvae to determine the optimal time for chemical control. During the 4-year study the start of adult captures occurred between April 13 and April 24, and the maximum between April 17 and May 11. In most cases, adult emergence from infested almonds in field cages began with a delay of 2 to 14 days in relation to the start of trap captures, and was affected by factors such as the date of cage installation. In all years most eggs hatched within 12–18 days of oviposition. A treatment with phosphamidon at a concentration of 0.06%, applied to tree branches of the Retsou variety with a hand-sprayer on May 23, 1987, when 54.1% of the eggs had hatched, was very effective (final infestation in July was 4.7% as compared to 89.1% of the untreated control). Three treatments with phosphamidon 0.06%, applied each on different tree branches, on May 14, 20, and 25, 1988, when the percentage of egg hatching was 7.8%, 65.3%, and 93.5%, respectively, were all very effective (final infestation in July was 1.6%, 3.6%, and 4.2% respectively, as compared to 93.6% of the untreated control). However, the presence of mines in the perisperm and outer endosperm, caused by the feeding larvae before they were killed, was more conspicuous in the almonds treated when the percentage of egg hatching was high. Our data suggest that the almond seed wasp can be effectively controlled with a single treatment of a systemic insecticide against the newly hatched larvae, preferably applied when the percentage of egg hatching is low to medium (between 10% and 50%). In the area of Thessaloniki, during 1986–89, 10% and 50% of egg hatching occurred about 21 and 27 days respectively after the beginning of male adult captures in pheromone traps.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185635
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  • 14
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    Field response of the pine sawfly Neodiprion sertifer to the pheromone (2S,3S,7S)-diprionyl acetate and its stereoisomers (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 169-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Diprionidae ; chiral compounds ; behavioural activity ; attractant ; inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract All eight optical isomers of 3,7-dimethyl-2-pentadecanyl acetate (diprionyl acetate), of high optical purity (〉 97.4%), were tested for a behavioural activity on male pine sawflies, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), in northern Europe. Males were strongly attracted to (2S,3S,7S)-diprionyl acetate. Addition of more than 0.1% of the (2S,3R,7R)-isomer reduced the catch and above 2% the attraction was completely inhibited. Contrary to what has been reported for North American and Japanese populations, so significant synergistic effect of small amounts of the (2S,3R,7R)-isomer could be demonstrated. The effects of addition of the other six optical isomers alone or in combinations, were also studied, but none was found to be a synergist. The (2S,3R,7S)-isomer had a weak inhibitory effect, and completely inhibited the attraction to the (2S,3S,7S)-isomer when applied in about equal amounts as the attractant. In some cases a reduction in catch was noted when other isomers were tested, but this could be attributed to the very small amounts of the inhibitory (2S,3R,7R)-isomer present in these isomers.
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    The size of the female and quality assessment of mass-rearedTrichogramma spp. (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 171-177 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; egg parasites ; parasitoid quality ; mass rearing ; biological control ; factitious host
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between the index of female's size, hind tibia length (HTL), and selected fitness parameters used in quality assessment of mass-rearedTrichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) was investigated. The studied fitness parameters were: the number of mature eggs present in the ovaries of females 0–2 hours, as well as 1, 2 and 3 days old, lifetime fecundity, fecundity during a 24 h period, longevity in the presence and absence of the factitious host (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) and locomotor activity. The relationship between HTL and fitness parameters was analysed in 7 strains ofTrichogramma spp. (Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura,T. evanecens Westwood,T. maidis Pinturea et Voegelé andT. ostriniae Pang et Chen) using linear correlation. No significant relationship was found between HTL and egg complement, fecundity, longevity and locomotor activity. The results indicate that HTL used as an index of female's size is not suitable for quality assessment ofTrichogramma reared onE. kuehnieIla.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382286
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    Effect of temperature on the termination of diapause in the univoltine almond seed waspEurytoma amygdali (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 27-39 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: almond seed wasp ; Eurytoma amygdali ; diapause termination ; insect dormancy ; temperature ; prolonged diapause ; photoperiod ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diapausing larvae ofEurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) were collected in early August and late September. They were subjected to various photoperiod and temperature regimens for up to 20 weeks, then kept at L16:D8 and 19°C for another 14 to 26 weeks for diapause to be terminated and pupation to take place. Photoperiod did not affect diapause completion. It was confirmed that the two morphologically distinct diapause stages have different temperature requirements for their completion. The first diapause stage was completed synchronously at temperatures between 16 and 19°C. A higher temperature of 26°C delayed diapause development. The second stage required lower temperatures between 4 and 10°C. Spontaneous termination of dipause was observed at constant 19°C. When applied to the first diapause stage for 20 weeks, low temperatures made the larvae refractory to subsequent intermediate temperatures. The first stage was thus maintained until a higher temperature of 26°C made the larvae regain their ability to respond to the intermediate temperatures and complete this stage. Larvae grown in Retsou almonds had a higher diapause intensity than larvae grown in Truoito almonds. The results suggest that, in nature, the high temperatures of late summer and early autumn are likely to maintain the first diapause stage. Subsequently, the less warm temperatures of autumn allow the completion of the first stage by late autumn, and the low temperatures of late autumn and of winter allow the completion of the second diapause stage by mid winter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380629
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    Reproductive behaviour of mated and virgin females of a solitary sawflyDineura virididorsata (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 83-90 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Symphyta ; Tenthredinidae ; Dineura virididorsata ; sawfly ; sex ratio ; oviposition behaviour ; mating behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sex ratios of the arrhenotokous sawflyDineura virididorsata Retz. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) are variable among populations in the field, but are biased in favour of females. We have concluded elsewhere that the sex ratios of this species cannot be satisfactorily explained by any general sex ratio model that is available. Here we present data on the different behavioural traits that are relevant to interpretation of the evolution of female-biased sex ratios under local mate competition. We report on oviposition behaviour, mating behaviour and the patterns of movement of ovipositing virgin and mated females. Our results show that adult emergence is synchronous and females will mate daily with different males (in the laboratory, at least). This would decrease the relatedness of offspring should it also take place in the field. In addition, ovipositing females (mated and virgin) leave their site of release in a relatively short time and deposit few eggs relative to their capabilities, so siblings are unlikely to be clumped. The time that virgins spend in deposition of an egg is not different from that spent by mated females, so there is no differential ‘investment’ in this regard. These behavioural observations agree with our previous conclusion that the preconditions of current sex ratio theories are not met byD. virididorsata.
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    Déterminisme de la couleur des hôtes parasités parTrichogramma fuentesi (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 121-128 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Trichogramma fuentesi ; couleur de l'hôte ; mutation récessive ; distribution ; influence de la température
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In Cuba, during its larval development inside its host egg,Trichogramma fuentesi turns its host egg either black or brown. Crossings carried out between the two forms ofT. fuentesi allowed to show that this character is determined by one locus with two alleles: Bh, dominant, colours the host black; and bh, recessive, colours the host brown. The bh allele is more frequent in the eastern region of Cuba which is also the warmest, than in the western region. We studied the evolution of frequencies of the two alleles in different experimental polymorphic populations at 23 °C and at 30 °C. In all tested conditions, bh was at a disadvantage by comparison with Bh, except at 30 °C when its initial frequency was high (90%). Thus, temperature alone should certainly not explain the maintenance of the observed polymorphism in Cuba.
    Notes: Résumé A Cuba, les oeufs hôtes parasités parTrichogramma fuentesi Torre (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) deviennent soit noirs, soit marrons. Une série de croisements entre Trichogrammes a permis de montrer que le déterminisme de ce caractère est sous la dépendance d'un locus portant deux allèles: Bh, dominant, confère une couleur noire à l'hôte; bh, récessif, confère une couleur marron. L'allèle bh étant plus fréquent dans la région orientale de Cuba, la plus chaude, nous avons suivi l'évolution des fréquences des deux allèles dans des populations expérimentales polymorphes placées à 23 °C et 30 °C. Dans toutes les conditions testées, bh a été désavantagé par rapport à Bh, sauf à 30 °C lorsque sa fréquence initiale était élevée (90%). La température n'explique donc certainement pas à elle seule le maintien du polymorphisme à Cuba.
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    Comparison of learning in related generalist and specialist eucoilid parasitoids (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 117-124 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Learning ; specialist ; generalist ; parasitoid ; Leptopilina ; foraging behaviour ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of learning in two microhabitat specialists, Leptopilina boulardia Barbotin et al. and L. fimbriata Kieffer were compared to previous and new results of learning in the microhabitat generalist L. heterotoma Thomson. Females were given one or more oviposition experiences on hosts in different types of substrate. In all species oviposition experience affected the choice for a substrate, although this effect of learning was considerably less in L. fimbriata compared to the other two species. Patch times, known to be highly determined by experience in the generalist L. heterotoma, were much less flexible in the specialists. L. boulardi and L. fimbriata have fixed patch times on their natural substrate and have variable patch times on other substrates only. In all three species one oviposition affected the choice for a substrate. Additional ovipositions showed no different effect. An accumulative effect of the number of ovipositions on patch times was found in L. heterotoma only. Retention of the learning effect was only studied in L. boulardi, and was shown to be similar to that reported for L. heterotoma, i.e. two to three days. Although learning was found in both the generalist and the specialist species studied, it seems to affect their foraging behaviour differently.
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    Influence of celestial light on visual and olfactory behavior of seed chalcids (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 273-287 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Seed chalcid ; Bruchophagus spp. ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; Chalcidae ; olfactory behavior ; polarization vision ; insect behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When the alfalfa [Bruchophagus roddi (Gussakovsky)], clover [Bruchophagus gibbus (Boheman)], and trefoil seed chaldds (TSC) [Bruchophagus platypterus (Walker)] were exposed to yellow, white, green, and purple painted polyethylene vials perforated by four small holes, only the latter species had a color preference, and that was for yellow, the color of its host flower. When TSC were exposed to green and yellow targets 5 h after sunrise, they preferred yellow targets but not 1 h after sunrise. The possibility of a circadian response was eliminated because different sequences of light-dark regimes prior to the test did not change the results. When TSC were exposed only to yellow targets, half of which had trefoil flowers hidden within, females preferred targets with flowers. When an identical test was conducted but with green instead of yellow targets, the preference for targets with flowers disappeared. In a four-choice test, TSC preferred yellow targets with or without flowers to green targets with or without flowers. Thus, TSC displayed an olfactory response only when the color yellow was present. In unfiltered skylight females preferred baited targets when the test began 3 h before or 1 h after solar noon but not 4 h before or 2 h after solar noon. Chalcids did display an olfactory preference 4 h before solar noon when a Polaroid filter was used to filter skylight and provide an east-west but not a north-south E-vector. When Helmholtz coils were used to apply a magnetic field that canceled or changed the direction of the earth's magnetic field, olfactory preference disappeared because the applied magnetic field changed TSC perception of the E-vector. In effect, TSC must perceive yellow in the presence of an east-west E-vector to display an olfactory preference to a choice of odors. We believe this is the first report that the E-vector of celestial light can influence olfactory and visual behavior of an insect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049294
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    Responses of a generalist and a specialist parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) to Drosophilid larval kairomones (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 615-624 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Leptopilina ; Drosophila ; semiochemicals ; kairomones ; parasitoid ; generalist ; specialist ; foraging behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Foraging parasitoids are thought to need more specific information than generalists on the presence, identity, availability, and suitability of their insect host species. In the present paper, we compare responses to host kairomones by two phylogenetically related parasitoid species that attack Drosophilidae and that differ in the width of their host range. As predicted, the behavioral response of the parasitoids to host kairomones reflected their difference in host range. The response of the specialist parasitoid Leptopilina boulardiwas restricted to contact kairomones from its natural hosts and one closely related species. In contrast, the generalist parasitoid Leptopilina heterotomaresponded to contact kairomones of a variety of Drosophilidae species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048127
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    Courtship and intersexual signaling in the parasitic waspCotesia rubecula (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 737-750 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; vibrational communication ; courtship sequence ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia rubecula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The courtship behavior of the parasitic wasp Cotesia rubeculawas studied in a flight tunnel using standard quantitative ethological techniques. Emission of a female sex pheromone induces searching and signaling behavior in males. Males combine wing-fanning, which produces low-frequency airborne sound, with “pulsing” behavior, which transmits a vibrational signal through the substrate to the female and induces her receptivity. Female receptivity is indicated by a stereotyped antennal position, which may provide a visual or tactile signal to courting males. Comparison of successful and unsuccessful courtships indicated that courtship success was dependent primarily on the effective production or reception of the male pulse signal. Overall, the sequence of courtship behavior was similar to that reported for other parasitic wasps.
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    Heritable differences in the response of the braconid waspMicroplitis croceipes to volatile allelochemicals (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 277-287 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoid behavior ; heritable traits ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; allelochemical ; flight response ; host location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The heritable nature of differential responses by Microplitis croceipes(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to airborne allelochemicals was investigated. Four isofemale lines were tested for three generations in a flight tunnel. Flight response was found to be strongly dependent on the familial origin, with two highly responsive lines being clearly differentiated from two less responsive ones. Each isofemale line could also be recognized by typical behaviors that suggested that M. croceipesfemales may inherit independent characters of sensory acuity to plant and to host chemicals and of learning ability.
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    Effects of postemergence experience on searching and landing responses of the insect parasitoid,Cotesia congregata (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), to plants (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 301-320 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: postemergence learning ; cross-induction ; foraging behavior ; Cotesia congregata (Say) ; Braconidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Postemergence experience with one of six plant species, in the presence of the host larva, modified the searching response of reproductively mature females of Cotesia congregata(Say) to these plants in at least one of three ways: (1) an increased response to the plant experienced at emergence, (2) an increased response to other plants, or (3) an inhibited response to other plants. Landing and searching responses were differentially affected by postemergence experience. For example, postemergence experience with tobacco (a common plant) in the presence of the host larva induced a landing preference for this plant over parsley (a novel plant) but did not affect searching responses to either plant, whereas experience with parsley and the host larva induced an increased searching response to parsley but a landing preference for tobacco. Differential effects of postemergence experience may reflect the type of stimuli involved in searching or landing and may have adaptive significance.
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    Foraging for solitarily and gregariously feeding caterpillars: A comparison of two related parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 585-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoid ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Cotesia ; Lepidoptera ; Pieris ; host location ; solitary ; gregarious ; specialist ; generalist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the present study we apply a comparative approach, in combination with experimentation, to study behavior of two parasitoid species that attack caterpillar hosts with different feeding strategies (gregarious or solitary). In a semifield setup, consisting of clean cabbage plants and plants infested with one of two host species, the foraging behavior of the specialistCotesia rubecula, on obligate parasitoid of solitarily feedingPieris rapae larvae, was compared to that of the generalistCotesia glomerata, a polyphagous parasitoid of several Pieridae species (mainly the gregariously feedingPieris brassicae).Cotesia glomerata displayed equal propensity to search for and parasitize larvae of both host species. AlthoughC. glomerata exhibited a relatively plastic foraging behavior in that it searched differently under different host distribution conditions, its behavior seems more adapted to search for gregariously feeding hosts. Females exhibited a clear “area-restricted” search pattern and were more successful in finding the gregariously feeding caterpillars.Cotesia rubecula showed a higher propensity to search forP. rapae than forP. brassicae, i.e., females left the foraging setup significantly earlier when their natural hostP. rapae was not present.C. rubecula showed a more fixed foraging behavior, which seems adapted to foraging for solitarily feeding host larvae. In a setup with onlyP. rapae larvae, the foraging strategies of the two parasitoid species were quite similar. In a choice situationC. glomerata did not show a preference for one of the host species, whileCotesia rubecula showed a clear preference for its natural host species. The latter was shown by several behavioral parameters such as the number of first landings, allocation of search time, and percentage parasitization.
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    Rubbing behavior and morphology of van der Vecht's gland inBelonogaster petiolata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 85-104 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; Belonogaster petiolata ; rubbing behavior ; sternal gland ; ant predation ; defensive allomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the social wasp, Belonogaster petiolata,rub the secretion of van der Vecht's gland, located on their terminal gastral sternite, onto the nest pedicel. In bioassays, the secretion was repellent to two species of ants, while shortchain acids were effective releasers of rubbing behavior. Rubbing was associated with pedicel enlargement and departure from the nest in preemergence colonies. Its frequency was high where wasps were often exposed to ants and low where ants were rare or absent. Rubbing also decreased significantly from the pre-to the postemergence stage of the colony cycle. In both stages, subordinate foundresses rubbed more often than queens or workers. These observations support the hypothesis that rubbing behavior and the secretion of van der Vecht's gland function in chemical defense of the nest against ant predation. The general morphology of the gland in B. petiolataresembles that of the four other independent-founding polistine wasp genera.
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    Aerial prey caching by solitary ground-nesting wasps: A test of the predator defense hypothesis (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 241-250 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: antipredator behavior ; prey caching ; Ammophila ; Formica ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many solitary ground-nesting wasps in the families Pompilidae and Sphecidae excavate nests after capturing prey for provisions. These wasps generally cache their immobilized prey temporarily during nest excavation, frequently by suspending the prey in a plant (”aerial caching”). Here I test the hypothesis that aerial caching by Ammophila spp. wasps (Sphecidae) functions to reduce prey theft by generalist predators, Formica spp. ants. Foraging ants removed baits placed on the ground more rapidly than baits suspended in plants; mean half-lives for ground and aerial baits were 14.5 and 145.7 min, respectively (mean values for experiments 1–3). Ant foraging activity decreased during the midday. Ant interference with nesting activities of Ammophila spp. also decreased during the midday, paralleling observed fluctuations in ant foraging activity.
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    Unrewarding experiences and their effect on foraging in the parasitic waspLeptopilina heterotoma (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 465-481 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: host selection ; experience ; learning ; extinction ; reinforcement ; parasitoids ; Drosophila ; Leptopilina heterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The host-foraging behavior of female entomophagous parasitoids is commonly modified by positive associative learning. Typically, a rewarding experience (e.g., successful oviposition in a host) increases a female's foraging effort in a host microhabitat of the type associated with that experience. Less well understood are the effects of unrewarding experiences (i.e., unsuccessful foraging). The influence of unrewarding experience on microhabitat choice and residence time within a microhabitat was examined for the eucoilid parasitoid,Leptopilina heterotoma, in laboratory and greenhouse assays. As determined previously, females which oviposited successfully in either of two microhabitat types (fermenting apple or decaying mushroom) strongly preferred to forage subsequently on that microhabitat type. However, failure to find hosts in the formerly rewarding microhabitat caused females to reverse their preference in favor of a novel microhabitat type. The effect, though striking, was transient: within 1–2 h, the original learned preference was nearly fully restored. Similar effects of unrewarding experiences were observed with respect to the length of time spent foraging in a microhabitat. As determined previously, oviposition experience in a particular microhabitat type increased the time spent foraging in a patch of that microhabitat type. However, failure to find hosts in the patch caused the time a wasp spent in the next unoccupied patch of that type to decrease to almost nothing. In addition, there was a tendency for an unrewarding experience on a formerly rewarding microhabitat type to extend the time spent in a patch of a novel type. The function of the observed effects of unrewarding experiences is discussed.
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    Variation in ant aggression and kin discrimination ability within and between colonies (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 359-379 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: ant ; aggression ; kin discrimination ; Rhytidoponera confusa ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Significant variation in aggressiveness and kin discrimination ability occurs between different laboratory colonies of the ant Rhytidoponera confusa.Different colonies show consistently high (or low) levels of aggression toward nonnestmates over 4–19 weeks. Earlier studies excluded colony size and the natural presence or absence of the queen in colonies and differences in hunger as possible sources of variation. The present study excluded the number of larvae in colonies and the time of the light period of the light cycle when recognition tests were carried out. Highly significant variation occurs between the kin discrimination ability of individual workers in any particular colony. Approximately 28% of the workers in colonies of R. confusashowed very poor kin discrimination. Much of the colony's kin discrimination is carried out by a small number of highly aggressive workers.
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    Odor learning byLeptopilina boulardi, a specialist parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 743-750 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Leptopilina boulardi ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; parasitoid ; olfaction ; learning ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied odor learning in Leptopilina boulardi,a specialist larval parasitoid of Drosophila melanogaster.The behavioral responses of differently experienced females to an artificial odor (Must de Cartier, Paris) were analyzed using a fourarmed airflow olfactometer. The responses of females with an oviposition experience in the presence of the perfume were compared with those of four control groups. As controls we used naive females, females with an oviposition experience in the absence of odor, females which had been previously exposed to perfume but without an oviposition experience, and females with an oviposition experience which also had been exposed to perfume but not at the same time. The results demonstrate that a specialist such as L. boulardican learn very well to respond to an artificial odor by associating this odor with a reward, i.e., an oviposition. The four control groups responded more or less in a similar way.
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    Role of volatile infochemicals in foraging behavior of the leafminer parasitoidDacnusa sibirica (Diptera: Agromyzidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 489-500 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Dacnusa sibirica ; Diptera ; Agromyzidae ; Liriomyza bryoniae ; foraging behavior ; volatile infochemicals ; wind tunnel ; anemotaxis ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous investigations suggested that the leafminer parasitoid Dacnusa sibirica Telenga does not use a volatile hostrelated infochemical in foraging for hosts. Parasitoids landed with equal frequencies on an uninfested tomato plant and on a tomato plant infested with larvae of the leafminer Liriomyza bryoniae (Kalt.) (Hendrikse et al., 1980). In contrast, we found that volatile infochemicals emitted by uninfested and leafminer-infested tomato plants differently affected the parasitoid 's foraging behavior in a windtunnel. This was obvious from the proportion of wasps flying upwind but not from the proportion of wasps landing on the leaves. Latency time on an uninfested tomato leaflet and proportion of latency time devoted to preflight antennal behavior were influenced by the presence of upwind infested or uninfested tomato leaves. However, these parameters were not affected by odors in the absence of visual plant stimuli. Our data provide a new view on foraging behavior of Dacnusa sibirica.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049333
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    Oviposition behavior of an ant-parasitizing fly,Neodohrniphora curvinervis (Diptera: Phoridae), and defense behavior by its leaf-cutting ant hostAtta cephalotes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 675-688 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Phoridae ; Diptera ; Formicidae ; Hymenoptera ; host ; parasitoid ; behavior ; Atta ; Neodohrniphora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study examines the oviposition behavior of the phorid parasitoid Neodohrniphora curvinervisand the antiparasitoid defense behavior of its leafcutting ant host Atta cephalotes. N. curvinervisfemales are diurnal sit- and- wait parasitoids that attack only outbound foragers of head width 1.6 mm or greater. Females deposit a single egg through the foramen magnum of each host successfully parasitized. Pursuit of hosts is usually initiated when an outbound forager of acceptable size passes by a parasitoid perch site. Individual foragers defend themselves against pursuing parasitoids by outrunning them along the foraging trail or by standing their ground and fending them off with their legs,antennae, and mandibles. At the colony level, susceptible foragers are protected against parasitism by a shift in the forager size distribution toward smaller unsusceptible sizes during the day when parasitoids are active and toward larger sizes at night when parasitoids are inactive. The frequency of parasitism of susceptible foragers was 15%, which is more than five times the frequency found in another system involving the phorid parasitoid Apocephalus attophilusand the leafcutting ant host Atta colombica.We offer several possible explanations for such differences in the frequency of parasitism and also examine reasons for the high incidence of superparasitism (19%) observed in the system studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201669
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    Foraging and spatial dispersion in protein-scavenging workers ofVespula germanica andV. maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1994), S. 315-330 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; Vespula spp. ; foraging behavior ; chemoorientation ; social facilitation ; local enhancement ; spatial dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments on the discovery of meat bait by scavenging workers ofV. germanica andV. maculifrons showed that workers oriented to meats by visual cues and olfactory cues. Scavening workers ofV. germanica andV. maculifrons responded positively to the sight of conspecifics at meat baits; i.e., meat with (confined) wasps received more visits than meat without wasps. This attraction to conspecific workers on meat baits provides evidence of local enhancement, in that the presence of conspecifics at meat bait directs other wasps to a particular spatial locality. Local enhancement by yellowjackets foraging for meat may contribute to the clumped distribution of worker populations noted in studies of workers captured in meat-baited traps. We hypothesize that local enhancement of foraging is a ubiquitous behavior in species of theV. vulgaris species group and may be one attribute explaining their ecological success.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01989361
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    Postemergence learning in the insect parasitoid,Cotesia congregata (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 727-742 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: postemergence learning ; early-adult experience ; Cotesia congregata (Say) ; Braconidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Exposing newly emerged females of Cotesia congregata(Say) to wild cherry, an inherently unattractive plant, and their host larvae at 0–4 h after adult emergence induced a positive searching response to wild cherry and an inhibited response to cabbage, an attractive plant. Inherent responses were not affected when females were exposed to their hosts at 0–12 h and to cherry at 8–12 h after emergence. The induced response to cherry was constant until its disappearance at 6–7 days;inhibition of the response to cabbage was released at 4–5 days after emergence. Postemergence exposure to cherry and parasitoid cocoons induced similar but weaker searching responses. Induced searching responses exhibit features of associative learning and receptor modification. In addition to its presumed role in foraging, postemergence experience with plants may encourage assortative mating of C. congregatawithin suitable host habitats and, thus, facilitate local adaptations to specific plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052227
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    Adult experience modifies attraction of the leafminer parasitoidOpius dissitus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to volatile semiochemicals (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 623-634 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Opius dissitus ; Diptera ; Agromyzidae ; Liriomyza sativae ; semiochemical ; volatile ; foraging behavior ; adult experience ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition-experienced females of Opius dissitus Muesebeck, a braconid parasitoid of Liriomyza sativaeBlanchard, preferentially landed on leafminer-infested rather than uninfested lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) plants in a flight tunnel assay. Both naive and oviposition-experiencedparasitoids responded strongly to odors of infested lima bean plants in a four-arm olfactometer in comparison with odors of uninfested plants, suggesting that volatile semiochemicals are used in host location. Parasitoids with an oviposition experience on lima bean (“lima-experienced”) spent significantly more time in the infested odor than naive individuals, however, eggplant-experienced wasps did not spend significantly more time in the infested odor field than naive wasps. When parasitoids reared on leafminers in lima bean were provided a choice between the odor of infested lima bean and the odor of infested eggplant or cotton, naive and lima-experienced wasps preferred infested lima odor. An oviposition experience on the other plant species resulted in a dramatic shift in preference. It was concluded that the experience effect was due, at least in part, to associative learning, as has been reported for other parasitoids. The parasitoids may perceive unconditioned stimuli during host contact and oviposition on an infested leaf and may associate those stimuli with volatile semiochemicals emanating from the leaf or host. Subsequently, the volatiles associated with the presence of hosts are used in directing the search for hosts.
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    Role of plant volatiles in host location by the specialist parasitoidMicroplitis croceipes cresson (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 625-639 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; cotton ; cowpea ; parasitoid ; host location ; kairomones ; olfaction ; induced plant responses ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to determine the primary source of volatile cues within the plant-host complex used by hostseeking freeflying female Microplitis cro-ceipesCresson in flight tunnel bioassays. In single-source and two-choice tests, using wasps given an oviposition experience on either cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)seedlings damaged by corn earworm (CEW; Helicoverpa zeaBoddie), the damaged seedlings were significantly more attractive than the CEW frass, which was in turn more attractive than the larvae themselves. In a series of two-choice wind-tunnel tests, the discriminatory ability of the wasps was examined, following various oviposition experiences. Significantly more wasps flew to plants with “old” damage than to plants with “fresh” damage, regardless of whether they had experience on fresh or old damage. In a comparison of plant species, wasps with only one experience on either hostdamaged cotton or host-damaged cowpea were unable to distinguish between them, and showed no preference for either plant, whereas wasps with multiple experiences on a particular plant preferentially flew to that plant in the choice test. In comparing hosts with nonhosts, wasps successfully learned to distinguish CEW from beet armyworm (BAW; Spodoptera exigua)on cotton but were unable to distinguish CEW from either BAW or cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)on cowpea. The results show the important role played by plant volatiles in the location of hosts by M. croceipesand indicate the wasps’ limitations in discriminating among the various odors. The ecological advantages and disadvantages of this behavior are discussed.
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    The role of an attractive brood pheromone in the obligatory, slavemaking ant,Polyergus breviceps (hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 761-770 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: brood ; pheromone ; slavemaking ants ; Polyergus breviceps ; Formica occulta ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Freeliving workers of Formica occulta, an ant species enslaved by the obligatory slavemaking ant Polyergus breviceps, retrieve and nurse Polyergus pupaejust as well as conspecific pupae in a choice test. No such attraction was found toward pupae of the facultative slavemaker; Formica wheeleri,which also enslaves F. occulta. Formica neogagates,a sympatric species which is not parasitized by either slavemaker, preferentially retrieves and tends conspecific brood over that of Polyergusand F. wheeleri.It is proposed that brood of obligatory slavemaking species must possess an attractive pheromone for slavemaker colony foundation to be successful, since slavemaker brood must be nursed by adult slave workers with no prior exposure to slavemaker brood. An attractive pheromone is not necessary in the brood of facultative slavemakers, since this brood is cared for by newly eclosed slave workers who imprint on the slavemaker brood.
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    Suitability of eight Yponomeuta-species as hosts of Diadegma armillata (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 173-180 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Encapsulation ; evolutionary relationships ; host suitability ; parasitization ; parasitoid complexes ; Diadegma armillata ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la valeur de 8 représentants européens du genre Yponomeuta (Lep., Yponomeutidae) comme hôtes pour Diadegma armillata (Hym., Ichneumonidae). La présence, l'état du parasitoïde, le nombre de chenilles contenant un hyménoptère et la mortalité des chenilles on été examinés par dissection et par élevage des chenilles attaquées en conditions contrôlées. Pour examiner si la mortalité des chenilles saines et parasitées diffèrent, des chenilles non contaminées par l'ichneumonide ont été utilisées comme témoins. De plus, des chenilles provenant de différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne ont été disséquées pour connaître leur taux de parasitisme par D. armillata. La valeur des diverses espèces diffère considérablement. Les dissections montrent que cela provient de différentes aptitudes à l'encapsulation des œufs du parasite. La comparaison des taux observés par la dissection des chenilles des différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne montre une surprenante uniformité pour les populations d'origines géographiques différentes. Les observations sur l'encapsulation par les différentes espèces d'yponomeutes correspondent assez bien aux différences observées parmi les divers complexes parasitaires dans lesquels D. armillata intervient. Certains éléments montrent cependant que le taux d'attaques victorieuses (sans tenir compte d'une éventuelle encapsulation ultérieure) contribue aussi aux différences observées entre les complexes parasitaires. Le classement des espèces d'yponomeutes en 3 catégories, d'après leur valeur comme hôte, montre un remarquable parallélisme avec les relations phylogéniques mises en évidence par analyse des allozymes: les espèces présentant une forte proportion d'encapsulation sont celles qui ont divergé précocement au cours de l'évolution du genre, tandis que les espèces ayant divergé le plus récemment présentent un pourcentage intermédiaire ou sont incapables d'encapsuler les œufs de D. armillata.
    Notes: Abstract The suitability as a host of Diadegma armillata (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) was determined for eight West-European representatives of the genus Yponomeuta Latreille (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) by dissecting and rearing parasitized larvae under controlled conditions. The suitability of the various species differed considerably, and dissection showed that this was mainly due to the ability of the host species to encapsulate the parasitoid eggs. Encapsulation by Yponomeuta-species corresponded fairly well to the differences between the parasitoid complexes concerning D. armillata. Classifying the Yponomeuta-species into three categories according to their suitability, showed a remarkable parallelism with the phylogenetic relationships as determined by allozyme comparison: species showing high encapsulation rates are those that have diverged early in the evolution of the genus, whereas the more recently evolved species showed an intermediate percentage or were not able to encapsulate eggs of D. armillata.
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    Mode of inheritance of azinphosmethyl resistance in a laboratory-selected strain of Trioxys pallidus (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 229-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Azinphosmethyl ; time response tests ; resistance ; Trioxys pallidus ; biological control ; genetic improvement ; Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; gene amplification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Homogeneity in azinphosmethyl resistance was assessed in males of a laboratory-selected (Select-17) and susceptible (Yolo) colony of Trioxys pallidus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) using a time response assay. No evidence of heterogeneity within the two colonies was found. Reciprocal crosses between the Yolo and the Select-19 (the Select-17 colony following two additional selections) colonies resulted in F1 females that exhibited a semidominant response to azinphosmethyl with a dominance value (D) of 0.32, as well as no evidence of maternal effects or sex linkage. Responses of F2 progeny to azinphosmethyl suggest that more than one gene may be involved because no inflection was observed in the time response lines of F2 males. Additional research is required to fully elucidate the mode of inheritance.
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    Foraging behavior of Campoletis sonorensis in response to Heliothis virescens and cotton plants (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 47-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Campoletis sonorensis ; parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Heliothis virescens ; cotton ; potential host community location ; host location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les comportements d'évaluation de l'effectif d'hôtes potentiels et de la position des hôtes par C. sonorensis (Hyméno.: Iccheumonidae) ont été quantifiés pour déterminer les séquences significatives des événements comportementaux. La localisation de la colonie potentielle d'hôtes est apparue comme une séquence régulière des événements comportementaux. Une fois que le parasitoïde a localisé une colonie potentielle, on a constaté que la recherche au hasard des hôtes se poursuit jusqu'à ce qu'il ait la démonstration qu'il s'agit d'une plante attaquée. La localisation par le parasitoïde d'un hôte certain a consitué une autre séquence régulière des événements comportementaux terminant la localisation de l'hôte. L'influence de pieds de coton intacts, de pieds abîmés mécaniquement et de pieds occupés par des chenilles du 3ème stade de l'hôte et de plantes dont les chenilles ont été retirées juste avant l'expérience a été déterminée en modifiant la composition du complexe hôte/plante. Des femelles naïves de C. sonorensis ont montré en présence de pieds de coton intacts apparemment toutes les séquences comportementales de vol impliquées dans la localisation d'une colonie potentielle d'hôtes. Une fois que le parasitoïde a atteint la colonie potentielle d'hôtes, la présence de dégâts de l'hôte n'a pas modifié le temps passé sur la plante, mais a modifié le temps consacré à la prospection.
    Notes: Abstract Wind tunnel flight behavior of inexperienced female Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae) in response to its larval host Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) feeding on the host plant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is described. The flight behavioral sequence was determined by quantification of frequencies of observed behaviors and probabilities of first-order behavioral transitions. Comparison of inexperienced C. sonorensis flights to undamaged and damaged cotton indicated that stimuli from undamaged plants alone are adequate to elicit the complete flight behavioral sequence observed in response to H. virescens feeding on cotton. Parasitoid foraging behavior was also analyzed after landing on the stimulus. This behavior appeared to be random in its initial stages, but became sequential after location of evidence of a host. Analysis of foraging on undamaged and 3 treatments of damaged cotton resulted in the determination that parasitoids tend to remain on damaged plants longer than undamaged plants although no significant difference was detected. C. sonorensis spent a greater percentage of their time foraging on host damaged plants than on undamaged plants.
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    The ecosystem of a mesotrophic lake-II. Interactions among nutrient load, river flow, and epilimnion depth (1991)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 53 (1991), S. 263-272 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Lake ecosystem ; chl-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; river flow ; thermocline ; simulation model ; multiple regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The management variables which primarily affect phytoplankton biomass (as chl-a) in Lake Mjøsa, Norway, are total phosphorus loading (TP) and the timing and volume of water through flow (by active storage reservoirs). The response of the lake to changes in these factors is studied using a simulation model of the lake ecosystem. Chl-a responses from both observed data and the simulated results are extracted by multiple regression. Results show that decreasing TP load decreases chl-a, but less at low TP levels (〈 10 mg TP · m−3). There is also a certain time period for peak river flow which gives the least yield of chl-a per unit TP. This time period occurs in early summer (i.e., around June 10) if the total phosphorus load is low, and later if the load is high. Both observations and simulation results show that a high water flow increases chl-a at low epilimnion depths (〈 15 m), but that the same high water flow decreases chl-a when epilmnion is deep.
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    Queen success is correlated with worker-brood genetic relatedness in a primitively eusocial wasp (Ropalidia marginata) (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 714-717 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ropalidia marginata ; primitively eusocial wasp ; queen success ; worker-brood genetic relatedness ; inclusive fitness theory ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ropalidia marginata is a primitively eusocial polistine wasp in which, although there is only one queen at any given time, frequent queen replacements lead to a system of serial polygyny. One of the most striking features of this system, is the enormous variation in the success of different queens. Measuring queen success as queen tenure, total number of offspring produced, number of offspring produced per day of tenure, and proportion of eggs laid that develop into adults, we show here that each measure of queen success is correlated with worker-brood genetic relatedness and not correlated with worker: brood ratio or the age of the queen at takeover. We interpret these results as meaning that queens are better able to obtain the cooperation of workers when worker-brood genetic relatedness is high.
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    The short term response to eutrophication abatement (1990)
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    Aquatic sciences 52 (1990), S. 199-220 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; lake management ; phosphorus ; ecosystem ; chlorophyll-a ; mathematical modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We compare results of a new model for predicting the short term inter annual changes in chlorophyll-a (chl-a) in lakes after reductions in total phosphorus (TP) to predictions made by least squares regression models. In the new method, slopes of chl-a/TP graphs (both axes in mg · m−3) are depicted in frequency diagrams and used to extract information on the expected, short term chl-a/TP response. The short term response for nine shallow (〈 10 m deep) and nutrient rich lakes to changes in TP was found to be: Chl-a = 0.49 · TP + 17.3, and for nine deep, P-limited lakes: Chl-a = 0.08 · TP + 3.5. If the TP-reduction is known to be greater than 10 mg · m−3, the expected slope increases to 0.58 for shallow lakes and to 0.26 for deep lakes. The slope, 0.58, is 8% lower than the slope for the long term response calculated by regression for the shallow lakes. For deep lakes the slope, 0.26, is 2 to 3 times higher than that calculated by regression, indicating that reductions in TP for deep lakes give greater effects than least squares regression equations suggest. We have also calculated the reduction in TP which will give about 80% probability that a reduction in chl-a will be observed next year. For shallow, P-limited lakes this reduction is about 30 mg · m−3 (5% of average initial in-lake TP concentration), and for deep lakes about 14 mg · m−3 (35% of average initial in-lake TP concentration).
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    Vertical mixing in Überlinger See, western part of Lake Constance (1990)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 52 (1990), S. 256-268 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Vertical mixing ; stratification ; phosphorus ; Lake Constance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Depth variable vertical eddy diffusion coefficients for heat (K z) were calculated from continuously measured temperature profiles in Überlinger See (western part of Lake Constance). The temperatures were averaged over vertical intervals of 10 m yielding 14 discrete values (maximum depth of Überlinger See: 147 m). A linear fit from 10 June to 29 September 1987 was used to smooth the significant temperature fluctuations caused by internal seiches of Lake Constance. Assuming horizontal homogeneity for the smoothed data the Gradient-Flux-Method was applied to compute vertical diffusion coefficientsK z at different depths using the depth variable volumes and surfaces of the 14 layers. The resulting mean diffusion coefficients for the period from June to September are 0.04 cm2/s near the thermocline and up to 0.8 cm2/s in deeper strata (accuracy: ± 50%). It is shown that horizontal mixing between Überlinger See and Obersee (main lake) alters the computation ofK z by less than 50%. A relationship betweenK z and stability (Brunt-Väisälä) frequencyN is found which corresponds well to the theory of internal wave induced turbulence. Combining the diffusion coefficients with measured phosphorus profiles, a phosphorus flux from the hypolimnion to the epilimnion of (0.7 ± 0.4) mg P m−2 d−1 was calculated, corresponding to about 20% of the average external loading per area of Lake Constance in 1986.
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    Measurement of total dissolved phosphorus in small volumes of iron rich interstitial water (1992)
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    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Sediment ; interstitial water ; phosphorus ; iron ; persulfate digestion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that sorption of orthophosphate to iron compounds, formed during persulfate digestion, can cause a significant underestimation of total dissolved phosphorus in interstitial waters rich in iron and poor in phosphorus. Labelling the samples with carrier free32PO4 before digestion allows to correct for these losses.
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    Nest cell lining of the solitary beeHylaeus bisinuatus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 414-416 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Solitary bees ; lipid polymer ; silk ; CP/MAS13CNMR ; Hymenoptera ; Colletidae ; Hylaeus bisinuatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The nest cell lining ofHylaeus bisinuatus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) was shown by high-resolution solidstate [13C]NMR to be composed of lipid polymer and protein. The lipid polymer was shown by reduction and subsequent GC/MS analysis to be comprised of ω-hydroxy fatty acids (C20, C22, C24 and C26) and fatty alcohols (C16 to C30). The protein portion of the lining had a silk-like amino acid composition.
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    Diapause termination and thermal requirements for postdiapause development inAphelinus mali at constant and fluctuating temperatures (1990)
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Diapause termination ; postdiapause development ; development threshold ; thermal constant ; Aphelinus mali ; Hymenoptera ; Aphelinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'achèvement de la diapause en conditions naturelles ou simulant l'hiver, les effets des températures inférieures à zéro sur le développement après la diapause et les relations entre la vitesse de développement après la diapause et les températures constantes ou en thermopériodes ont été examinés sur des populations néerlandaises d'A. mali (Hymenop.; Aphélinidae). Les taux d'achèvement de la diapause de larves hivernantes étaient semblables en conditions naturelles ou simulées. La plupart des larves ont terminé leur diapause la dernière semaine de février. Quelques larves femelles sont restées en diapause jusqu'à fin mars. L'exposition pendant 2 semaines des larves sorties de diapause à −10 °C ne compromet pas leur survie ou leur taux de développement après la diapause. Les larves ayant diapause peuvent terminer leur développement et les adultes émerger des pucerons momifiés aux températures constantes comprises entre 12 et 24 °C. Bien que quelques larves achèvent leur développement à 10 °C, peu émergent. La température seuil théorique de développement après la diapause (to) a été de 9,4 °C et la constante thermique (K), 136,5 degrés-jours. Pour la première émergence et pour 50% d'émergences, les valeurs de K étaient respectivement: 121,4 et 134,8. Le nombre d'unités thermiques pour la première émergence et pour 50% d'émergences était le même à température constante ou avec une thermopériode.
    Notes: Abstract Diapause termination under natural and simulated overwintering conditions, the effect of subzero temperature on postdiapause development and the relationship between postdiapause development rate and constant and fluctuating temperatures was studied in a Dutch population ofAphelinus mali Hald. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The rate of diapause termination was similar in larvae overwintering under natural and simulated conditions. Most larvae had terminated diapause by the last week of February. Some female larvae may have remained in diapause until the end of March. The exposure of postdiapause larvae to −10°C for two weeks did not affect their survival or postdiapause development rate. PostdiapauseA. mali larvae could complete development and the adults emerge from their mummified aphid hosts at constant temperatures from 12 to 24°C. Although some larvae completed postdiapause development at 10°C, few emerged. The theoretical threshold temperature (to) for postdiapause development was 9.4°C and the thermal constant (K) 136.4 degree-days. K was 121.4 and 134.8 for first and 50% emergence, respectively. The number of heat units accumulating above 9.4°C to 1st and 50% emergence was similar under constant and fluctuating temperatures.
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    Evasion of encapsulation by parasitoid correlated with the extent of host hemocyte pathology (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; hemocytes ; inhibition of encapsulation ; Hymenoptera ; Lepidoptera hosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ichneumonide Campoletis sonorensis Carlson, endoparasitoïde larvaire, se développe dans de nombreuses espèces de Lépidoptères. Son statut de généraliste est dû, notamment, à son aptitude à déjouer les défenses immunitaires de ses hôtes, c.a.d. la formation d'une capsule d'hémocytes autour de l'oeuf ou de la larve parasite. Cependant, chez le noctuide Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith, C. sonorensis est encapsulé dans 40% des larves qu'il parasite. Nous avons étudié la population hémocytaire de deux catégories de larves de S. frugiperda, celles qualifiées de ‘résistantes’ à C. sonorensis, et qui arrêtent son développement, et celles ‘susceptibles’ où le parasitoïde échappe à l'encapsulation. Cinq types d'hémocytes ont été identifiés: les prohémocytes (PR), les sphérulocytes (SP), les granulocytes (GR), les plasmatocytes (PL) et les oenocytoïdes (OE). Chez les hôtes susceptibles et résistants, le parasite provoque une baisse identique de la concentration totale des hémocytes dans l'hémolymphe (THC). Par contre, les PLs sont davantage affectés chez les hôtes susceptibles que chez ceux résistants au parasitoïde. Les résultats montrent que, chez les hôtes susceptibles, 1) le nombre des PLs dans l'hémolymphe est davantage diminué, et 2) leur aptitude d'adhérence in vitro est davantage inhibée. Il existe donc une corrélation positive entre le degré de pathologies qui affectent les PLs de l'hôte et l'incapacité de celui-ci à encapsuler le parasitoïde. Ceci tend à démontrer le rôle-clé des PLs dans la réaction immunitaire d'encapsulation chez S. frugiperda, comme chez de nombreux insectes. De plus, ce résultat renforce l'hypothèse selon laquelle C. sonorensis éviterait l'encapsulation en agissant sur les hémocytes de l'hôte, et plus particulièrement sur les PLs. Inversement aux PLs, les GRs sont moins abondants dans l'hémolymphe des hôtes qui encapsulent C. sonorensis. Les GRs pourraient donc participer à la formation de la capsule hémocytaire. Il est possible que plusieurs facteurs contribuent à protéger C. sonorensis de l'encapsulation. Néanmoins, les pathologies affectant les hémocytes des hôtes parasités sont probablement une manifestation majeure de l'effet immunosuppresseur du parasitoïde. Les effets de C. sonorensis sur les hémocytes des larves parasitées peuvent être reproduits chez des larves saines, en leur injectant de ‘venin’ extrait des glandes du calyx des femelles parasitoïdes. Ces sécrétions provenant de la glande du calyx, et normalement injectées dans l'hôte lors de l'oviposition, sont probablment responsable, au moins en partie, de l'effet immunosuppresseur du parasitoïde. Ces résultats peuvent être comparés à ceux obtenus chez l'hôte Heliothis virescens Fabricius (lépidoptère, noctuide) qui n'encapsule jamais C. sonorensis. Bien que le parasitoïde provoque les mêmes effets pathologiques sur les hémocytes des hôtes de S. frugiperda et d'H. virescens, on constate que l'effet apparait quelques heures après l'oviposition chez H. virescens, contre 48 heures post-oviposition chez S. frugiperda. Ce délai pourrait contribuer à la résistance immunitaire de certaines larves de S. frugiperda, ‘résistantes’, à C. sonorensis.
    Notes: Abstract The egg and larval stages of the generalist endoparasitoid Campoletis sonorensis Carlson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), which normally avoid the hemocytic reaction of many Lepidopteran host species, are encapsulated in 40% of Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. The effect of parasitism on inhibiting the spreading ability of S. frugiperda plasmatocytes in vitro is more pronounced in susceptible larvae which fail to encapsulate the parasitoid than in resistant ones permitting parasitoid development. This suggests that induction of plasmatocyte pathology is relevant to the successful evasion of encapsulation by the parasitoid. Some granular cells disappear from the hemolymph of the parasitized resistant larvae, which implicates their involvement in the encapsulation reaction. Calyx fluid of C. sonorensis injected into host larvae produced effects on host hemocytes identical to natural parasitism. Several mechanism may cooperate to protect the parasitoid from encapsulation. The pathological reactions by the host plasmatocytes is one main manifestation of the ‘immunosuppressive’ parasitoid effect. Results are discussed in regard to the known effects of C. sonorensis on Heliothis virescens Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval hemocytes which are totally unable to respond with a successful cellular defense reaction.
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    Egg distribution patterns in the almond seed wasp,Eurytoma amygdali (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 31-38 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; egg distribution ; superparasitism ; host discrimination ; oviposition behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The egg distribution patterns ofEurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), which oviposits singly in green, developing almonds, were studied in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, individual females were caged with a number of almonds and the eggs deposited in each fruit were counted. In the field, eggs were censused in almonds of different varieties at regular intervals, over four seasons (1988–91). In the susceptible ‘Retsou’ variety, eggs were uniformly distributed among fruits, both in the laboratory and in the field, as long as the mean number of eggs per almond was ≤2.5. When the mean number of eggs per almond was higher the egg distributions were random. This suggests that, up to a certain level of infestation, females were able to assess egg load of fruits and oviposit in the less infested ones. The main factor enabling the females to discriminate and select the less infested almonds for oviposition is probably a host-marking pheromone. In 1990, the same patterns of egg distribution were observed in samples taken from 5 other almond varieties that are not as susceptible as Retsou and have thicker pericarp and harder endocarp. In 1991 however, when fruits developed more rapidly than in 1990, egg distributions in 3 of these 5 varieties (Truoito, Ai, and Marcona) were not uniform. Although the mean number of eggs per fruit was low (1.2–2.0), many fruits of these varieties contained no eggs. This suggests that, in some less susceptible varieties, egg distribution might also be affected by certain fruit parameters, unfavourable for oviposition, related to the pericarp thickness and endocarp hardness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381544
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    The evolutionary adaptation of flower colours and the insect pollinators' colour vision (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 171 (1992), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Colour vision ; Flower colours ; Evolution ; Hymenoptera ; Pollination ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The evolutionary tuning between floral colouration and the colour vision of flower-visiting Hymenoptera is quantified by evaluating the informational transfer from the signalling flower to the perceiving pollinator. The analysis of 180 spectral reflection spectra of angiosperm blossoms reveals that sharp steps occur precisely at those wavelengths where the pollinators are most sensitive to spectral differences. Straight-forward model calculations determine the optimal set of 3 spectral photoreceptor types for discrimination of floral colour signals on the basis of perceptual difference values. The results show good agreement with the sets of photoreceptors characterized electrophysiologically in 40 species of Hymenoptera.
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    Ground-nesting bees determine the location of their nest relative to a landmark by other than angular size cues (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 175 (1994), S. 363-369 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Bees ; Homing ; Landmark guidance ; Distance perception
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bees and wasps acquire a visual representation of their nest's environment and use it to locate their nest when they return from foraging trips. This representation contains among other features cues to the distance of near-by landmarks. We worked with two species of ground-nesting bees, Lasioglossum malachurum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), Dasypoda hirtipes (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) and asked which cues to landmark distance they use during homing. Bees learned to associate a single cylindrical landmark with their nest's location. We subsequently tested returning bees with landmarks of different sizes and thus introduced large discrepancies between the angular size of the landmark as seen from the nest during training and its distance from the nest. The bees' search behaviour and their choice of dummy nest entrances show that both species of ground-nesting bees consistently search for their nest at the learned distance from landmarks. The influence of the apparent size of landmarks on the bees' search and choice behaviour is comparatively weak. We suggest that the bees exploit cues derived from the apparent speed of the landmark's image at their retina for distance evaluation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192995
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    Orientation flights of solitary wasps (Cerceris; Sphecidae; Hymenoptera) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 172 (1993), S. 207-222 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insects ; Hymenoptera ; Homing ; Visual ; spatial memory ; Landmark orientation ; Orientation flights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cerceris wasps learn the position of their nest relative to landmarks during the performance of orientation flights. This paper examines the similarities that exist between an orientation flight made on departing from the nest and the subsequent return flight to the nest area. Returning wasps do not exactly retrace the paths they have flown during the preceding orientation flight. But there are striking similarities: in both types of flight wasps face into similar directions and their orientation depends on their position relative to nest and landmarks in a similar way. During both orientation flights and returns wasps fly along arcs while counter-turning at similar angular velocities. In both flights their flight direction and the retinal position of close landmarks are similar. Wasps on their return thus experience much the same spatio-temporal pattern of visual stimulation on their retina as they generated during their previous orientation flight. To discover whether wasps exploit the motion parallax information produced by these flights, the arrangement and size of landmarks was altered between the insects' departure and their return. Their search pattern for the hidden nest indicates (i) that they weight close landmarks more heavily than distant ones and (ii) that they frequently search at the appropriate distance from a landmark regardless of its apparent size. Both findings imply that returning wasps recall the patterns of visual motion produced during their orientation flights.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189397
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    Orientation flights of solitary wasps (Cerceris; Sphecidae; Hymenoptera) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 172 (1993), S. 189-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insects ; Hymenoptera ; Homing ; Visual spatial memory ; Landmark orientation ; Orientation flights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bees and wasps are known to use a visual representation of the nest environment to guide the final approach to their nest. It is also known that they acquire this representation during an orientation flight performed on departure. A detailed film analysis shows that orientation flights in solitary wasps of the genus Cerceris consist of a systematic behavioural sequence: after lift-off from the nest entrance, wasps fly in ever increasing arcs around the nest. They fly along these arcs obliquely to their long axis and turn so that the nest entrance is held in the left or right visual field at retinal positions between 30° and 70° from the midline. Horizontal distance from the nest and height above ground increase throughout an orientation flight so that the nest is kept at retinal elevations between 45° and 60° below the horizon. The wasps' rate of turning is constant at between 100°/s and 200°/s independent of their distance from the nest and their ground velocity increases with distance. The consequence of this is that throughout the flight wasps circle at a constant angular velocity around the nest. Orientation flights are strongly influenced by landmark lay-out. Wasps adjust their flight-path and their orientation in a way that allows them to fixate the nest entrance and to hold the closest landmark in their frontal visual field. The orientation flight generates a specific topography of motion parallax across the visual field. This could be used by wasps to acquire a series of snapshots that all contain the nest position, to acquire snapshots of close landmarks only (distance filtering), to exclude shadow contours from their visual representation (figure-ground discrimination) or to gain information on the distance of landmarks relative to the nest.
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    Determination of phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine in high-purity aluminium (1990)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 101 (1990), S. 273-279 
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    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: aluminium analysis ; phosphorus ; sulfur ; chlorine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Multi-step procedures for the determination of phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine are described and tested against established methods and on reference materials. Phosphorus is separated as hydrogen phosphide, extracted as phosphomolybdic acid, reduced to molydenum blue and measured photometrically (detection limit 0.05 μg/g). Sulfur is separated after reduction as hydrogen sulfide or by means of pyrohydrolysis and measured by ICP-OES (detection limit 0.1 μg/g). Chloride can be measured by ion chromatography after pyrohydrolytic separation (detection limit 0.1 μg/g). The determination of sulfur was also successfully tested on copper and steel samples.
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    The determination of phosphonate base scale inhibitors in brines by plasma spectrometry (1992)
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    Microchimica acta 109 (1992), S. 201-209 
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    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: phosphonate base scale inhibitor ; brine ; direct current plasma ; inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The determination of phosphonate base scale inhibitors in brines by direct current plasma (DCP) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) is described. The first method is based on a direct nebulization of the brine samples and plasma using the phosphorus line at 213.618 nm. The second method involves extraction of phosphorus as phospho-antimonyl molybdate complex into methylisobutyl ketone (MIBK) phase and analysis of the extract for molybdenum using the Mo 313.260 nm line. Comparison between the proposed methods and an established recommended method [1] shows excellent agreement between the results in addition to the sensitivity and ease of automation provided by AES.
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    Historical changes in sediments of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA: consequences of changes in the water balance of a terminal desert lake (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 12 (1994), S. 87-101 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
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    Hydrology of the Peel-Harvey estuary catchment (1993)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: hydrology ; water balance ; phosphorus ; Streamflow ; Peel-Harvey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the land types, hydrologic characteristics and processes, and the major modification of these, in relation to mechanisms and magnitude of phosphorus losses to drains and riverine systems which discharge to the Peel-Harvey estuary. About 75% of the coastal plain part of the catchment is cleared of native vegetation and used for dryland, dairy and beef grazing. There are small areas devoted to irrigated pasture and commercial horticulture. Seventy-five percent of the soils of the catchment are sandy surfaced with a poor capacity to retain phosphorus. Though the area is flat, catchment water yields are high because of a large winter rainfall excess and low soil storage capacity. Drainage schemes have been constructed in much of the catchment to remove excess water quickly. This was required initially to allow agricultural expansion and is now important for protecting a growing infrastructure which serves the most populous region of Western Australia.
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    Environmental impact of fertilizing soils by using sewage and animal wastes (1994)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: animal slurries and manures ; applications to soils ; carbon- ; nitrogen- ; phosphorus ; contamination ; crop production ; dissemination ; hazardous organics ; heavy metals ; inputs ; macro- and micronutrients ; pathogens ; sewage sludges ; survival- ; transfer- ; transport and adsorption rates in soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The European Community is producing annually about 300 × 106 tons of sewage sludges as well as about 150, 950,160 and 200 tons of domestic, agricultural, industrial and other wastes (street litter, dead leaves etc.). About 20–25% of the German sewage sludges, which contain in average about 3.8,1.6, 0.4, 0.6, 5.3% DM−1 N, P, K, Mg and Ca, 202, 5, 131, 349, 53, 3 and 1446 mg kg−1 DM Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Hg, Zn as well as ca. 37 and 5 mg kg−1 Dm polychlorinated hydrocarbons and biphenyls, are recycled annually as fertilizer. In addition environmental impacts on the arable land of Germany may derive from 76,19.2, 64.7, 33.6, 7.8 and 0.1 kg ha−1 a−1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Cu added as animal manures. Besides heavy metals and hazardous organics pathogens are disseminated with organic wastes. Crop production and soil fertility generally profit from the considerable amounts of plant nutrients and carbon in sewage sludges, animal slurries and manures, but the physicochemical soil properties, the composition of microbial, faunal and plant communities as well as the metabolic processes in the soil-, rhizo- and phyllosphere are changed by organic manuring. Consequences for the soil carbon-, nitrogen-and phosphorus-cycle are discussed. Impacts of heavy metals and hazardous organics on the soil biomass and its habitat as well as on transport mechanisms and surival times of disseminated pathogens in soils are reviewed with emphasis on the German situation. A proposal for future strategies (landscape recycling) is made.
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    Results and experiences from fertilization experiments in The Netherlands (1991)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Liming ; phosphorus ; heathland ; copper ; fertilization ; forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forest fertilization in the Netherlands has played an important role in the phase of afforestation of former heathlands. Research started in the early fifties, but results were not applied in practical forestry. A review is presented on forest fertilization in practice, and on the main results of the activities of De Dorschkamp on NPK fertilization, liming and micronutrients application. Attention is paid to problems which have developed during the past ten years.
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    Share of agriculture in nitrogen and phosphorus emissions into the surface waters of Western Europe against the background of their eutrophication (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 253-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sulphur ; nutrient balances ; surface waters ; North Sea ; Baltic Sea ; eutrophication ; hypertrophication ; primary production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, their relationship to each other (DIN/DIP) as predisposing (nutrient) factors, as well as prevailing weather as a triggering factor all work together to induce the primary production and hence the eutrophication (hypertrophication) process in surface waters. Sulfate likewise is a decisive predisposing factor influencing the eutrophication process by reducing N availability but increasing P availability and thus acting towards an N limitation of the primary production. This is one of the reasons why marine (coastal) waters and estuaries often exhibit N limitation with respect to primary production, while freshwater ecosystems often tend to exhibit P limitation. Within the N and P balance of agriculture of some countries of Western Europe (Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, FRG, UK and Sweden for N, resp. Netherlands, FRG and GDR for P) more the level than the efficiency of the N and P applications indicates the extent of the nutrient surplus. Despite 59–73% N utilization in plant production, the rate of 13–23% for agriculture as a whole equals to the 12–21% efficiency of N use in animal production. The varying N surplus in agriculture in the separate countries of 124 to 465 kg N ha−1 a−1 is determined almost exclusively by the level of the N application and not by its efficiency. The situation is similar for P: In spite of P utilization in plant production of 59–76%, P utilization in total agriculture is only 11–38%, or comparable to the P efficiency within animal production of 10–34%. The differing P excess balance of 55 to 88 kg P2O5 ha−1 a−1 is influenced by the level of the P application. The N and P efficacy of total agriculture hence is determined almost completely by that of animal production, since 83–95% (N basis) and 76–94% (P basis) of the total plant production (on top of the nationally varying levels of N and P use via imported feeds) are fed to animals — with the low N and P utilization cited above. Agriculture's share of the N and P emissions into surface water of several countries/regions in Western Europe (FRG, Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, Switzerland, Norway) ranges from 37 to 82% resp. 27 to 38%. Its share in the flus into the North Sea catchment basin will be about 60% for N and 25% for P related only to the anthropogenic material carried by the rivers. Agriculture's share in the atmospheric N emissions into the North and Baltic Seas can be estimated at about 65% or 55%, resp. while the remaining approx. 35% or 45%, resp. are traceable primarily to anthropogenic burning processes. For agriculture the priority lies in limiting N emissions into surface water caused by leaching, erosion and NH3 emissions, and reducing P emissions mainly through soil conservation (protection against erosion) and water protection. As regards N this means a demand for comprehensive protection of groundwater and atmosphere differentiated according to the potential for losses or the risk of losses on a site, also outside the protection zones. As regards P only those areas can be included in the demand for reduction of emissions that are actually threatened by erosion or surface runoff. Plenty of short-term and long-term measures are available to agriculture to reduce N and P emissions. Especially the long-range measures (such as creating nutrient balances on farms and fields, the integration of animal and plant production, maintaining maximum livestock densities according to the ability of areas to absorb nutrients, altered feeding programs in animal nutrition, changes in livestock keeping (slurry→deep litter), increasing the internal and external recycling of N and P) are capable of bringing about a satisfactory degree of success within the next 20 to 30 years.
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    Land application of poultry litter and water quality in Oklahoma, U.S.A. (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Animal manure ; eutrophication ; ground water ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; surface runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the rapid growth of the poultry industry in Oklahoma, U.S.A., more litter is applied to farm land. Thus, information is required on the impact of applications on regional soil and water resources. The effect of soil and poultry litter management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in runoff and subsurface flow from four 16 m2 plots (Ruston fine sandy loam, 6 to 8% slope) was investigated under natural rainfall. Plots under Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) received 11 Mg litter ha−1, which amounts to contributions of approximately 410 kg N and 140 kg P ha−1 yr−1. In spring, litter was broadcast on 3 of the plots; the upper half of one and total area of the other two. One of the total-area broadcast plots was tilled to 6 cm, the other remained as no till. The fourth plot served as a control. Relative to the control, litter application increased mean concentrations of total N and total P in runoff during the 16-week study for no-till (15.4 and 5.8 mg L−1) and tilled treatments (16.7 and 6.1 mg L−1). However, values for the half-area application (5.6 and 2.0 mg L−1) were similar to the control (5.7 and 1.3 mg L−1). Interflow (subsurface lateral flow at 70 cm depth) P was not affected by litter application; however, nitrate-N concentrations increased from 0.6 (control) to 2.9 mg L−1 (no till). In all cases, 〈 2 % litter N and P was lost in runoff and interflow, maintaining acceptable water quality concentrations. Although litter increased grass yield (8518 kg ha−1) compared to the control (3501 kg ha−1), yields were not affected by litter management. An 8-fold increase in the plant available P content of surface soil indicates long-term litter management and application rates will be critical to the environmentally sound use of this nutrient resource.
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    Response of ensete (Ensete ventricosum W.) to mineral fertilizers in southwest Ethiopia (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ensete ventricosum ; fertilizer response ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sulphur ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ensete (Ensete ventricosum W. Cheesm.) is a root crop which stores starch in the root and in the lower part of the stem. It is grown in the southwest of Ethiopia and due to its drought resistance, it is of outstanding importance for the supply of food to the local population. Until now virtually nothing is known about the response of Ensete to fertilizer application. Field trials carried out on three representative soils in Ethiopia showed that Ensete biomass yields were increased significantly on all three soils by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Potassium had only marginal effect on biomass growth but favourably influenced starch production. Sulfate application had no major impact on growth and starch yield. The yield response was well related to the level of available nutrients in the soil, as determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). Leaf analysis provided preliminary evidence that optimum levels of N, P, and K may be 3.8%, 0.3%, and 4.8%, respectively.
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    Fertilization of millet cv. Souna III in Senegal: dry matter production and nutrient uptake (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 35 (1993), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium ; dry matter distribution ; fertilizer ; harvest index ; magnesium ; manure ; millet ; nitrogen ; nutrient uptake ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Senegal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a fertilizer and manure experiment, millet was grown under four treatments (no fertilizer or manure, farmyard manure, chemical fertilizer, and both). Grain yield and total aboveground biomass production of the unfertilized plot were relatively high. The observed differences in total dry matter production must be attributed to differences in nutrient availability, as amount of rainfall and its distribution were favourable. Results show only small differences in distribution of dry matter among the various plant organs between the best and the non-fertilized treatments. Nutrient supply from natural sources, defined as crop content of N, P, and K at maturity without fertilizer application, amounted to 104, 16 and 103 kg ha−1, respectively, which are very high values. Total uptake of calcium and magnesium is related to that of potassium, as the combined content of these three elements is linearly related to total aboveground biomass production. Minimum removal of nitrogen and phosphorus per ton grain dry matter amounts to 29 and 4kg, respectively, and 9 kg potassium per ton total aboveground dry matter. A possible double function of phosphorus as element of structural biomass and for maintenance of electro-neutrality is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750640
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    Fertilizers and eutrophication in southwestern Australia: Setting the scene (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: eutrophication ; phosphorus ; fertilizer ; Peel-Harvey estuary ; algal blooms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An excess of plant nutrients has caused serious eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems of southwestern Australia manifested by excessive growth and accumulation of green and bluegreen algae. Phosphorus is generally the limiting nutrient for algal growth and phosphatic fertilizers applied to nutrient-deficient, leaching, sandy soils are the main source of P, supplemented by rural industry point sources. Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient in marine embayments with little drainage from the land. Measures to reduce the load of P delivered to drainage include basing fertilizer application rates on soil testing for P and the use of less soluble P fertilizers. Catchment management plans are being implemented with community involvement to reduce P loads and maintain agricultural production. This introductory paper reviews the history of eutrophication in southwestern Australia and of studies into its causes, principally in the large Peel-Harvey estuary. It briefly summarises other papers in this special issue concerned with different aspects of the problem: how to fertilize the land without causing eutrophication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747579
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    Phosphorus retention and release from sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey catchment (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 115-122 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: phosphorus ; retention ; release ; sandy soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to manage phosphorus (P) losses from soils to waterbodies, knowledge of the mechanisms through which P is retained or released from the soil is essential. Sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey catchment (Western Australia) were subjected to a range of environmental and management factors in the laboratory and field in order to gain an understanding of the mechanisms that affect the magnitude of P losses. Sandy soils accumulated P, despite having little sorption capacity, and this accumulation could be monitored by measuring an acid-extractable fraction. The potential, short-term P loss could be estimated by determination of water-soluble soil solution P prior to winter rains. An annual cycle of the change in arbitrarily defined soil-P pools is discussed in relation to environmental and management factors. Laboratory experiments indicated that P rundown and potential annual P loss in the absence of P fertilizers could be estimated using bicarbonate extractable P. Phosphorus losses were decreased by the application of fertilizers with a low content of water-soluble P. The low ability of sandy soils of the Peel-Harvey coastal catchment to retain P, when compared to other Western Australian soils, is because of low contents of clay minerals and iron and aluminium hydrous oxides.
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    The effect of level of nitrogen nutrition upon mineral content and removal in grasses and wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Grass ; wheat ; nitrogen nutrition ; dilution curve ; mineral content ; mineral removal ; phosphorus ; potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The important effect of nitrogen in changing the patterns of mineral content and mineral removal is analysed for grass swards and wheat. Different models are proposed; accumulated dry matter developed throughout a growing period is shown to be an excellent reference for assessing the evolution of the plant mineral content and the mineral removal the growing crop. Applications in diagnosing mineral nutrition status and optimising fertilizer use are proposed and discussed.
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    The interpretation of Olsen extractable P values in relation to recommendations for the fertilizer requirements of crops (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 223-227 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Soil testing ; phosphorus ; relative yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment, with Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) as the test crop, was conducted on twenty-one soils ranging in Olsen's extractable phosphorus from 1.8 to 15.5µg Pg−1 soil. The experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. The soils were nonsaline with pH ranging from 7.7 to 8.6. A critical level of 2.55µg Pg−1 soil was predicted by Cate and Nelson's (1971) statistical procedure. Because of a wide range in relative yields, this value did not accurately predict response to applied P. An approach to compute minimum response to applied fertilizer, which is likely to be obtained at a particular Olsen P level, has been presented. It involves calculation of lower 60 percent confidence limits for relative yield and fitting loge-linear regression to the transformed data. The regression was tested on a published data set and was found to hold well.
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    Two post thinning fertilizer trials inPinus radiata in New South Wales, Australia (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 259-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; timber increment ; fertilization ; Pinus radiata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two trials inPinus radiata growing on different sites in N.S.W. allowed consideration of fertilizer applications after 2nd or 3rd thinning. The trials included factorial applications of N and P at a single thinning intensity plus a further treatment which allowed assessment of different thinning intensities. The most significant growth responses were obtained by application of N and P in combination. The largest response (additional productivity compared with the unfertilized control) occurred 4 years after application and after 7 years there was no additional absolute response for either of the two sites. The largest fertilizer response was 70 m3 ha−1 over 7 years on one site and 36 m3 ha−1 on the other, indicating differences in absolute responses between sites. It was concluded that in planning treatments the most responsive sites near the end of the rotation should be selected to maximise economic returns. Foliage analyses indicated differences between sites at the commencement of the study. It was concluded that either a single year of foliage analyses at study commencement is of value, or sampling every year of the study should be used to analyse responses, but a single year of analysis during or at the end of the study would not be of value.
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    Effect of phosphate on the sorption, desorption and plant-availability of selenium in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 189-197 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: interaction ; isotopic exchange ; phosphorus ; plant-availability ; selenium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphate, applied at 5µg P cm−3, decreased selenite sorption by from 30–70% in three soils studied. Both maximum sorption (Xm) and the binding-energy of sorption as indicated by the binding-energy related constant (k) or the molar free energy (ΔG) of the sorption reaction derived from the Langmuir equation were considerably decreased. On the other hand, phosphate sorption was decreased by increasing concentration of selenite from 0.2µg Se cm−3 to 1.0µg Se cm−3 in the initial solution. The competitive sorption of phosphate with selenite was likely the main mechanism involved in the P-Se interactions. The competitively sorbed selenite exhibited much larger desorption in 0.01M CaCl2 solution, more readily extractable to 0.5M NaHCO3 and significantly higher isotopic exchangeability compared to that sorbed without the competing anion. Results from pot trial using ryegrass indicated that phosphate application increased more efficiently the plant-availability of applied fertilizer Se than that of indegeneous Se in soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750246
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    Aboveground nitrogen and phosphorus use by five plantation-grown trees with different leaf longevities (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 167-191 
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    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: leaf longevity ; nitrogen ; nutrient use efficiency ; phosphorus ; requirement ; retranslocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aboveground nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) requirement, retranslocation and use efficiency were determined for 28-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra L.), European larch (Larix decidua Miller), white pine (Pinus strobes L.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) plantations on a similar soil in southwestern Wisconsin. Annual aboveground N and P requirements (kg/ha/yr) totaled 126 and 13 for red oak, 86 and 9 for European larch, 80 and 9 for white pine, 38 and 6 for red pine, and 81 and 13 for Norway spruce, respectively. Nitrogen and P retranslocation from current foliage ranged from 81 and 72%, respectively, for European larch, whereas red pine retranslocated the smallest amount of N (13%) and Norway spruce retranslocated the smallest amount of P (18%). In three evergreen species, uptake accounted for 72 to 74% of annual N requirement whereas for two deciduous species retranslocation accounted for 76 to 77% of the annual N requirement. Nitrogen and P use (ANPP/uptake) was more efficient in deciduous species than evergreen species. The results from this common garden experiment demonstrate that differences in N and P cycling among species may result from intrinsic characteristics (e.g. leaf longevity) rather than environmental conditions.
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    The poison gland of the antMyrmicaria eumenoides and its role in recruitment communication (1990)
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    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: alarm recruitment ; evaporation kinetics ; age polyethism ; (+)—limonene ; alkaloid ; hexanoic nitrile ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Myrmicinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The antMyrmicaria eumenoides is a significant arthropod predator. For rapid attraction of large numbers of nestmates to newly discovered food sources the ants use an efficient recruitment communication system based on the poison gland secretion. Workers exhibit age-based division of labour. Young workers perform brood-care; their poison gland reservoir develops and reaches its final size of ≈ 0.5 µl at an age of ≥ 6 weeks, when they become foragers. The secretion deposited during combat with enemies or prey is composed of equal amounts of both a high volatile and a low volatile fraction. Within the high volatile fraction (+)—limonene is the main component (97%) and is the only olfactory trigger to alert ants in the vicinity and to recruit them to places of combat, where they assemble. Ants respond to synthetic (+)—limonene in exactly the same way as to the poison gland secretion when applied at the same airborne concentrations. Further components of the high volatile fraction are four additional monoterpene hydrocarbons and hexanoic nitrile. The high volatile and the low volatile fraction of the poison gland secretion each have dual functions: The low volatiles, of which the main component is an alkaloid, serve as a fixative and extend the effective period of the limonene signal by modifying its evaporation kinetics. On the other hand the high volatile recruitment signal (+)—limonene is also the solvent for the alkaloid and enhances its spreading on the surface of the cuticle of arthropod enemies or prey.
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    Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles (1990)
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    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 69-76 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: green leaf volatile ; semiochemical ; synomone ; volatile attractant ; tritrophic ; host location ; parasitoid behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis ; Ichneumonidae ; Netelia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.
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    Tarsal secretion marks food sources in bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (1991)
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    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: scent-marking ; tarsal glands ; hydrocarbons ; Insecta ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; Bombus terrestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Scent-marking of artificial food sources by workers of the bumblebee,Bombus terrestris, was investigated. Odour marks deposited on artificial flowers were subsequently collected and chemically analysed. Alkanes and alkenes were identified as the main components. The behaviour mediating capacity of synthetic mixtures of the identified compounds was bioassayed using an artificial flower system. A mixture of alkanes and alkenes, close to natural proportions, released regular foraging behaviour. The reaction proved to be dose-dependent.
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    Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae) (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 118-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; tri-trophic interactions ; alkaloids ; Homoptera ; Aphis craccivora ; Icerya spp. ; Lepidosaphes ulmi ; Planococcus citri ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Cryptolaemus montrouzieri ; Rodolia cardinalis ; Chilocorus bipustulatus ; Neuroptera ; Chrysopidae ; Chrysoperla carnea ; Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae ; Encyrtus infelix ; Leguminosae ; Erythrina corallodendrum ; Spartium junceum ; Citrus sinensis ; Euphorbia tirucalli ; Pittosporum tobira
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.
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    Is the alkaloid in 2spot ladybirds (Adalia bipunctata) a defence against ant predation? (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; alkaloids ; predation ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Adalia bipunctata ; Coccinella septempunctata ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Lasius niger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Garden black ants,Lasius niger L., in a laboratory colony, attacked three species of live ladybirds found near their nest, killing the smaller two species. A second colony was offered artificial diets containing crushed ladybirds of two species, and the ants' choice of feeding site noted. Both the diets were aversive compared to control, but that containing 7spot,Coccinella septempunctata L., was more aversive than the diet containing 2spot,Adalia bipunctata L. The implications of this lesser protection for 2spots in terms of the chemical defence of the species are discussed.
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    Insect chemical communication: Pheromones and exocrine glands of ants (1993)
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    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 125-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: pheromones ; exocrine glands ; behaviour ; trail pheromone ; Dufour gland ; poison gland ; pygidial gland ; chemotaxonomy ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chemical communication plays a very important role in the lives of many social insects. Several different types of pheromones (species-specific chemical messengers) of ants have been described, particularly those involved in recruitment, recognition, territorial and alarm behaviours. Properties of pheromones include activity in minute quantities (thus requiring sensitive methods for chemical analysis) and specificity (which can have chemotaxonomic uses). Ants produce pheromones in various exocrine glands, such as the Dufour, poison, pygidial and mandibular glands. A wide range of substances have been identified from these glands.
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    Morphogenesis of accessory nuclei during final stages of oogenesis in Cosmoconus meridionator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 203 (1993), S. 100-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Accessory nuclei ; Morphogenetic signals ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphogenesis of accessory nuclei (AN) in chorionated oocytes of Cosmoconus meridionator is described. Initially, each AN contains two dense, morphologically distinct inclusions. During the final stages of postvitellogenesis, these inclusions undergo characteristic transformation that is followed by the extrusion of some substances from AN to the surrounding periplasm. Histo- and cytochemical tests indicate that both inclusions contain RNA, although their precise composition is different. Our results support previous suggestions on the involvement of AN in the distribution of morphogenetic signals.
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    Biology and myriapod egg predation by the Neotropical myrmicine antStegomyrmex vizottoi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 40 (1993), S. 301-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Ant ; Stegomyrmex ; egg predation ; myriapod ; Neotropical ; Formicidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary For the first time for a Neotropical ant and for Myrmicinae, the searching behavior and specialized predation of spirobolid millipede eggs byStegomyrmex vizottoi Diniz will be described. The relationship between morphology and habits is studied, as are nest architecture and distribution of the ant population in the nest chambers. We also report on some observations of behavior in the field and laboratory.
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    Trail laying behaviour during food recruitment in the antLasius niger (L.) (1992)
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    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 59-72 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Lasius niger ; food recruitment ; trail laying behaviour ; collective decision making
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The trail-laying behaviour of foragers of the antLasius niger was observed in the laboratory on a 20 cm bridge between the nest and the food source. We measured both the frequency of trail laying, as defined by the proportion of trips during which trail laying occurred, and its intensity, as defined by the number of marks laid during one bridge crossing. Foragers do not exhibit trail-laying behaviour until a food source is discovered. Trail laying then occurs more or less equally both to and from the nest, and both its frequency and intensity decrease as the recruitment proceeds. Foragers from very small colonies less than a year old appear to have quantitatively the same trail laying behaviour as those from older and much larger colonies. Groups of recruiters and recruits were individually marked. Their trail laying intensity was similar, both for trips to and from the nest, and for an ant's first, second, third and fourth trip. The frequency diminished rapidly with the number of trips made by each individual, and was 2–3 times higher for recruiters than for recruits, for trips both to and from the nest. Even though foragers stop marking after a variable number of passages, they continue to move between the nest and the food source, and other ants start marking. Different foragers appear to have widely different levels of trail laying, although we cannot say whether these differences are stable between different recruitments. Trail laying is strongly affected by the foragers' position on the bridge, especially for ants returning to the nest which lay up to five times more on the segment closest to the source than that closest to the nest. Foragers on a weakly marked trail appear to mark more than those on a well-marked trail. However, this effect is weak and could partly be attributed to their lower speed. Finally, a model using the experimental data gathered on the individuals' trail-laying behaviour reproduced satisfactorily the colony's overall trail laying.
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    Landmark orientation during the approach to the nest in the stingless beeTrigona (Tetragonisca) angustula (Apidae, Meliponinae) (1993)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 40 (1993), S. 381-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Nest recognition ; landmark orientation ; Trigona (Tetragonisca) angustula ; stingless bees ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We displaced a small nest box containing stingless bees (Trigona (Tetragonisca)angustula) over distances of up to 1.6 meters in different directions and counted the numbers of returning foragers to measure the effects of this manipulation on the homing ability of bees. Bees find it hard to locate the nest box when it was displaced more than about 1 m backwards, forwards or sideways relative to the direction into which the nest entrance pointed. They do not find the nest when its height above ground is changed. The bees use landmarks in the vicinity of the nest to locate it: When the nest box is displaced and landmark positions are changed so that their angular position at the new nest site is the same as at the normal nest position their homing ability is less impaired than it is without changes in landmark positions. Our results show that the bees do not use the nest box itself as a landmark until they have approached the nest position to within about 1 meter with the aid of surrounding landmarks.
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    Hybridization of chromosome-polymorphic populations of the inquiline ant,Doronomyrmex kutteri (Hym., Formicidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; ants ; inquilinism ; chromosome polymorphism ; hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The workerless, inquiline ant,Doronomyrmex kutteri has isolated populations with a haploid chromosome number ofn=23 both in the Alps (Swiss and South Tyrolean Alps) and in Sweden, and a population withn=25 in southern Germany. Crossbreeding of sexuals from all populations proved successful. Backcrosses of F1-females with males from the parental populations produced F2-females, and hybrid males withn=23, 24, or 25 chromosomes. The chromosome polymorphism is not due to B-chromosomes. Probably then=25 karyotype originated from then=23 karyotype by two Robertsonian fissions (2 ¯M → 4 ¯A), since then=25 karyotype was found in only one of the populations. Diploid males occurred frequently in colonies from four out of five sites investigated.
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    Behavioural specialization in pre-reproductive colonies of the allodapine beeExoneura bicolor (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) (1994)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 41 (1994), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; social bees ; behavioural castes ; behaviour ; Exoneura bicolor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Exoneura bicolor is a univoltine allodapine bee common in montane forests of southern Australia, where it exhibits a semisocial/quasisocial colony organization. Within-nest behaviour in postemergence autumn nests ofExoneura bicolor was recorded with the aim of studying behavioural specialization in pre-reproductive colonies. Ten complete colonies were transferred to purpose-built observation nests shortly before brood eclosion in late summer. Behaviour within observation nests was recorded for periods of up to 44 days after establishment, covering a period when colonies are preparing for overwintering. Dispersal of females and brood rearing do not occur at this time, although some females may become inseminated. Analyses of data using multivariate techniques indicated four distinguishable behavioural castes, designated here as Guards, Nest Absenters, Nest Modifiers and Non-recruits. This represents a higher degree of behavioural specialization than recorded to date for other allodapines. Behaviours performed by Guards and Nest Absenters are likely to involve considerable risks, but benefit the colony as a whole, so that some nestmates in prereproductive colonies exhibit altruism that frequently aids adult siblings or cousins. The males in our study were fed by females via trophallaxis and two of the males participated in nest maintenance tasks. Our results suggest that autumn colonies ofE. bicolor form well-integrated behavioural units even though brood rearing does not commence until the following spring.
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    Comb cutting inRopalidia plebeiana: a new process of colony fission in social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; social wasps ; sociotomy ; behaviour ; Ropalidia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Females of an Australian polistine wasp,Ropalidia plebeiana, often use their mandibles to cut their nest-comb in spring, dividing it into two or more completely independent nests. Prior to the division, each of the major egg layers, often with some subordinates, tended to occupy a different part of a single comb. These females gnawed cells in the intermediate zone between such “territories”, and ultimately divided the comb. Many other females also built new nests near the nest aggregations, but addition of new nests by comb cutting represented 34.8 % of the increase in nest number. This method of colony fission is so far unknown in any eusocial Hymenoptera.
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    Hunting behaviour, prey capture and ant avoidance in the tropical social waspPolybia sevicea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 139-147 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; social wasps ; Polybia ; prey capture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polybia sericea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) prey foraging was studied by following individual foragers as they hunted in the field, by observing how wasps handled prey once they had captured it, and by observing wasps as they returned to the nest with prey. Wasps were most likely to forage for prey between 0700 and 1300 hours and between 1600 and 1700 hours. The prey foraging sequence consisted of the behaviours high flight, search, touch, land, groom, walk, bite and malaxate. Captured small prey were malaxated and carried to the nest. Wasps removed the gut from large prey and dragged the meat up a twig or grass stem. A load of the meat was then bitten off and malaxated; the remainder was cached while the wasp made an orientation flight and returned to the nest. The forager returned within minutes for the remainder of the prey. Experiments demonstrated that caching the prey remains above the ground rather than close to the ground, where the prey are generally captured, reduces the chance that the prey will be found and expropriated by ants.
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    An experimental analysis of pleometrotic advantage in the desert seed-harvester antMessor pergandei (Hymenoptera; Formicidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 205-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; ants ; Messor ; pleometrosis ; queens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Starting colonies of the desert seed-harvester antMessor pergandei are clumped in the field and face severe intraspecific competition through brood raiding. Single foundress laboratory colonies ofM. pergandei are more likely to succeed at brood raiding with conspecific colonies if they are given additional workers and mature pupae several days prior to brood raiding. Per foundress fecundity remains constant across laboratory starting colonies established with 1, 3 and 5 foundresses. These results suggest that the selective advantage of cooperative colony foundation (pleometrosis) in this and similar species may derive directly from the ability of multiple foundresses to produce a larger brood raiding force.
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    Kin recognition in a semi-natural context: Behaviour towards foreign conspecifics in the social waspRopalidia marginata (Lep.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 285-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Kin recognition ; social wasp ; Ropalidia marginata ; evolution of sociality ; Hymenoptera ; Vespidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Female wasps of the tropical primitively eusocial speciesRopalidia marginata are known to discriminate unfamiliar nestmates from unfamiliar non-nestmates outside the context of their nests. Here, we show that when foreign conspecifics are introduced in the context of a nest in laboratory cages, genetic relatives among them are treated by nest inhabitants more tolerantly than non-relatives, but that no foreign conspecifics are accepted into the nests. However, some wasps may leave their nest and join the foreign relatives and non-relatives to found new colonies cooperatively. Very few of the introduced animals are severely attacked or killed; most are allowed to remain in parts of the cage away from the nest. These results suggest that factors other than genetic relatedness may be involved in regulating tolerance and acceptance of foreign conspecifics on a nest and its vicinity. Our results are different from those of similar experiments with ants, which have demonstrated that former nestmates that are removed as pupae and later introduced as adults are either accepted into the nest or attacked and killed. We attribute this difference to the fact that in a primitively eusocial species such asR. marginata, the rules governing tolerance and acceptance of foreign conspecifics must be quite different from those in highly eusocial species. We also attempt to test some predictions of the conspecific acceptance threshold models of Reeve (Am. Nat. 133:407–435, 1989). Our results uphold the predictions of his “fitness consequence submodel” but do not support those of his “interaction frequency sub-model”.
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    Nutrient-chlorophyll trajectories across trophic gradients (1992)
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    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 58-76 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; lake management ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; chlorophyll-a ; slope estimator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We estimate the response of chl-a (mg · m−3) to changes in concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) by calculating the slopeS = Δchl-a/ΔTP in chl-a =f(TP) graphs. Results show that in years where algae are P-limited oligotrophic lakes respond less (median slope 0.21) to changes in nutrient concentrations than eutrophic lakes, (median slope 0.31) and these again less than hypereutrophic lakes, (median slope 1.02). We find no saturation value for the slope within the TP range considered (6–480 mg · m−3). Chl-a in eutrophic lakes responds more frequently to non-nutrient factors than oligotrophic and hypereutrophic lakes. Results obtained by replacing TP with a new nutrient parameter, TP′ = 0.056 · TP · IN0.226, in which inorganic nitrogen, IN, is factored in, suggest that nitrogen has an influence on chl-a in oligotrophic lakes. Blue-green algae respond less to changes in TP than other algal species, e.g., diatoms.
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    Possibilities and limitations of lake restoration: Conclusions for Lake Lugano (1992)
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    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 381-390 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; phosphorus ; lake restoration ; internal restoration measures for lakes ; Swiss lakes ; Lake Lugano (Lago di Lugano)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In most lakes eutrophication is linked to an excessive input of phosphorus. Lake restoration by reduction of P-input (external measure) has led to a considerable drop of the P-concentration in all major Swiss lakes as well as in many other lakes. Internal restoration measures such as artificial mixing, drainage of hypolimnetic water, flushing, aeration, biomanipulation and others serve to improve and accelerate the response of a lake to external measures. For the case of Lago di Lugano, a simple two-box model is employed to demonstrate that a reduction of the P-input to about 25% of the present values is necessary to reach the “P-criterion” (P-concentration below 30 µg/l). Internal measures could possibly accelerate the extremely slow response of the northern basin.
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    What controls levels of dissolved phosphate and ammonium in surface waters? (1993)
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    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 132-142 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; uptake ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nutrient pools are small relative to particulate pools, and dissolved pools turnover rapidly. It has been observed that pools change little from day to day on the sampling scales usually employed. A simple model is presented where uptake and regeneration rates balance to cause a local steady state concentration for dissolved inorganic nutrients. Enrichment and dilution perturbation experiments with lake water support the idea of steady state nutrient concentrations. Although inorganic nutrient concentrations are often controlled by biota, the absolute concentrations present tell little about the activity of that biota.
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    Phosphorus and nitrogen limitation of algal biomass across trophic gradients (1994)
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    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 16-28 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chlorophyll-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; lake ecosystem ; nutrient limitation ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regression results based on data from 46 northern temperate lakes show that total phosphorus (TP) is the best predictor for phytoplankton (as chl-a) at lower trophic levels, TP 〈 200 mg · m−3. A regression including both TP and TN as regressors is the best predictor for lakes with TP 〉 200 mg · m−3. However, the good correlation is probably due to a high correlation between lake average chl-a (all years observed) and lake average TP and TN. Within single hypereutrophic lakes, TN alone is the best predictor. It was not possible to identify a medium trophic domain where TN and TP in combination was the best predictor for chl-a. The ratio TN:TP in the water decreases from about 40 to about 5 with increasing trophic level. Optimum TN:TP ratio for algal species with high abundance during late summer and autumn reflects this decreasing ratio, but within a lesser range, i.e., 20 to 5. In contrast, TN:TP ratios for species abundant during the early vernal period showed no, or an inverse, relation to the TN:TP ratio of the water.
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    Contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus by precipitation in the drainage basin of the Santillana Reservoir (Madrid) (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 23 (1994), S. 99-104 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Precipitation collector ; Nutrients rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus due to precipitation constitutes the second most important route after superficial runoff. The sampling carried out during a two-year period by means of a precipitation collector allows us to determine the contribution of this route both qualitatively and quantitatively. Nitrogen is mainly supplied in an inorganic form, while phosphorus is principally supplied as orthophosphate. During the period of this study (March 1986–February 1988) it was found that in the Santillana Reservoir Watershed the level of nitrogen supplied by precipitation constitutes an average of 4.87% and the level of phosphorus constitutes 8.01%. The contribution of nitrogen varies in inverse ratio to precipitation and the contribution of phosphorus varies in direct ratio.
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    Evolutionary aspects of perfume collection in male euglossine bees (Hymenoptera) and of nest deception in bee-pollinated flowers (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 65-73 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: euglossine flowers ; perfume collection ; euglossophily ; floral fragrant exudates ; nesting behaviour ; mating behaviour ; bee pheromones ; nest mimicry ; signal evolution ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; Euglossinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A fascinating pollination system has been evolved between perfume producing flowers and perfume collecting male euglossine bees in the neotropics. Detailed investigations have contributed to an understanding of the interactions between euglossine males and flowers as a pollination system. The role which the collected perfume plays in the reproductive behaviour of euglossine bees is not fully understood. A favoured hypothesis suggests that the collected fragrances are used as precursors for male sex pheromones and thus serve to attract conspecific males or females. It is not known how perfume collection behaviour evolved. Here, an evolutionary approach presents a new hypothesis which suggests that the evolution of perfume collection in euglossine males is based upon pre-existing signals which were attractive to females and males. It is further suggested that, at the evolutionary outset, flowers mimicked nest sites to deceive nest-seeking euglossine bees. In addition, a comparative study was undertaken on the phenomena of nest-mimicking flowers in related bee families.
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    Experiments inducing prospective polar body nuclei to participate in embryogenesis of the sawfly Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera) (1990)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1990), S. 389-394 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Athalia rosae ; Hymenoptera ; Thelytoky ; Automixis ; Gynandromorph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mature eggs dissected from ovaries of unmated females of Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), if placed on a filter-paper soaked with distilled water, are activated and develop to haploid males. Occasionally, however, diploid females develop from these artificially activated eggs. Treatment of mature unfertilized eggs dissected from diploid females with ice-cold temperatures immediately before activation and with a high temperature (36° C) upon and immediately after activation resulted in the production of diploid males, diploid females, triploid females and gynandromorphs at high frequency. The same treatment of mature unfertilized eggs dissected from triploid females resulted in the production of only triploid survivors. These results, together with the results on the segregation of a marker mutation, yellow fatbody (yfb), appear to indicate that meiotic divisions were complete in the treated eggs, and that all four nuclei became potentially capable of participating in development with or without automictic fusion.
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    Chemical recognition of queen cells by honey bee workersApis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 6-12 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical communication ; queen cells ; brood pheromone ; brood recognition ; fatty acid esters ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; Apis mellifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Honey bee workers are able to nurse or to destroy and thus to recognize the capped queen cells containing a pupa. Fatty acid esters, especially methyl oleate, methyl palmitate and ethyl oleate were found in significant amounts on the queen pupal cuticle. Methyl oleate, the major component, along with smaller amounts of methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate, were involved in the recognition of queen cells by workers. In natural conditions of the colony, queen cells containing a paraffin pupal lure with methyl oleate were accepted 5.9 days by workers, releasing about 1.8 queen pupa equivalents during that period, when control cells (without ester) were kept only 2.1 days. Although these esters are non specific to honey bees, they are of great importance in social regulation of the honey bee colony.
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    The iridoid glycoside, catalpol, as a deterrent to the predatorCamponotus floridanus (Formicidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 13-18 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: predation ; plant-insect interactions ; tritrophic level interactions ; iridoid glycosides ; catalpol ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Junonia coenia ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Camponotus floridanus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We investigated the role of the iridoid glycoside, catalpol, as a deterrent to the predator,Camponotus floridanus. Four laboratory colonies of this ant were offered buckeye caterpillars (Junonia coenia: Nymphalidae) raised on diets with and without catalpol. The same colonies were offered sugar-water solutions containing varying concentrations of catalpol, in both no-choice and choice tests. Regardless of diet, buckeye caterpillars appeared to be morphologically protected from predation by the ants, possibly because of their large spines or tough cuticle. However, buckeyes raised on diets with catalpol had high concentrations of catalpol in their hemolymph; extracts of this high-catalpol hemolymph proved to be an effective deterrent to the ants. When starved ants were not given the choice of food items, they were more likely to consume sucrose solutions that contained 5 mg catalpol/ml or 10 mg catalpol/ml than they were to consume solutions with 20 mg catalpol/ml. When they were given a choice of sugar solution or a sugar solution containing catalpol, the ants avoided solutions with catalpol at any of these concentrations. Ant colony responses to catalpol in sucrose solutions varied considerably over time and among colonies.
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    Production of haploid-haploid chimeras by sperm injection in the sawfly, Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera) (1994)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 203 (1994), S. 450-453 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Athalia rosae ; Hymenoptera ; Sperm injection ; Parthenogenesis ; Chimera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mature unfertilized eggs (oocytes) dissected from the ovary of the sawfly Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera) begin parthenogenetic development if exposed to distilled water and produce haploid males. Injection of sperm into mature oocytes through the anterior pole resulted in karyogamy in a fraction of cases which developed as diploid females. No haploid-haploid chimeras due to independent participation of the injected sperm in development were produced. When sperm were injected through the posterior pole, however, fertilization never occurred but haploid-haploid chimeras were produced in a smaller fraction of cases. Both egg nucleus-derived and injected sperm-derived nuclei contributed in forming the germ cells of the chimeric males.
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    Attraction, deterrence or intoxication of bees (Apis mellifera) by plant allelochemicals (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 8-18 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: alkaloids ; feeding deterrence ; toxicity ; nectar ; pollen ; allelochemicals ; chemical defence ; Hymenoptera ; honeybee ; Apis mellifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of 63 dietary allelochemicals (alkaloids, terpenes, glycosides,etc.) on the feeding behaviour of bees (Apis mellifera) was tested in terms of deterrency and attraction. For 39 compounds a deterrent (mostly alkaloids, coumarins and saponins) and for 3 compounds an attractive response (mostly terpenes) was obtained in choice tests, which allowed the calculation of respective ED50-values. Under no-choice conditions, 17 out of 29 allelochemicals caused mortality at concentrations between 0.003 and 0.6%. Especially toxic were alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides and cyanogenic glycosides. These data show that bees which are confronted with plant allelochemicals in nectar and pollen, are not especially adapted (i.e. insensitive) to the plants' defence chemistry. GLC and GLS-MS data are given on the alkaloid composition of nectar and pollen ofBrugmansia aurea, Atropa belladonna andLupinus polyphyllus.
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    Morphological markers of anteroposterior and dorsoventral polarity in developing oocytes of the hymenopteranCosmoconus meridionator (Ichneumonidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 200 (1991), S. 330-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Oocyte polarity ; Accessory nuclei ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The progressive establishment of anteroposterior and dorsoventral polarity in developing oocytes ofCosmoconus meridionator is described. In fully grown oocytes, the asymmetrical (polar) organization is apparent in the localization of the oocyte nucleus (germinal vesicle) and oosome, and in the uneven (graded) distribution of lipid droplets, yolk spheres and specific organelles termed accessory nuclei (AN). The latter structures occur preferentially within the anteroventral periplasm. The developmental significance of AN is discussed.
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    Odour preference of a parasitic wasp depends on order of learning (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 902-904 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Leptopilina boulardi ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; parasitoid ; olfaction ; learning ; memory ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract FemaleLeptopilina boulardi wasps, larval parasites ofDrosophila melanogaster, can learn to respond to more than one odour by associating these odours with oviposition experience. These wasps can memorise and respond to at least two different odours, and prefer the last one learnt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02118431
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    Unisexual broods and sex ratios in a polyembryonic encyrtid parasitoid (Copidosoma sp.: Hymenoptera) (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 89 (1992), S. 147-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Sex ratio ; Polyembryony ; Hymenoptera ; Parasitoid ; Copidosoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We examined brood sex ratios of an undetermined species of Copidosoma. Most broods (65%) were unisexual, with a greater proportion of female broods. Some mixed broods contained extremely small proportions of wasps of the opposite sex. Our results imply that the female-biased sex rations in this species cannot be explained by local mate competition theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319027
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