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  • Articles  (61)
  • potato  (61)
  • 1990-1994  (61)
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (61)
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (61)
  • Biology  (35)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: somaclonal variation ; chromosome number ; potato ; polyploidization ; aneuploidization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf protoplasts of dihaploid (2n=2x=24) and tetraploid (2n=4x=48)Solanum tuberosum, and diploidS. bulbocastanum (2n=2x=24) were cultured in liquid medium. The cultures were studied for early karyological changes during their development. Giemsa staining of spread preparations revealed extremely low percentages of protoplasts developing into calli with the parental chromosome number, and high percentages of acytokinetic cells. The nuclear divisions within a cell were synchronous which allowed the occurrence of spindle interaction, resulting in nuclear poly- and aneuploidization. Although polyploidization was also found in uninucleate cells, a major increase in the formation of true-to-type calli would certainly be established by the improvement of early cross wall formation.
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  • 2
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 223-231 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: potato ; potassium ; potassium concentration ; tissue testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted at the Central Potato Research Station, Jalandhar (Punjab) during 1989–90 and 1990–91 on a sandy loam soil (Typic Ustochrept) to develop a tissue testing methodology for determining the optimum dose of K to be applied as a side dressing at the time of earthing up, based on leaf tissue analysis. The sixteen treatments consisted of all combinations of four levels of K applied as basal at planting and as side dressing at the time of earthing-up (30 days after planting (DAP) in two potato cultivars, Kufri Jyoti and Kufri Chandramukhi. The combined application of basal and side dressed K was superior in increasing tuber yield of potato compared to their individual application. The concentration of K in leaf blade or petiole at the early stages (29–40 DAP) was more related to basal K than to basal+ side dressed K, while at the later stages (40–60 DAP) it was more related to basal+side dressed K than to basal K. This suggests the need to apply both basal as well as side-dressed K to maintain a high K concentration in the leaf tissues throughout the crop growth cycle. A methodology to estimate the optimum dose of K to be side dressed from leaf tissue analysis is described. Critical K concentrations in leaf tissues at different growth stages are reported for both potato cultivars.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; breeding ; stress ; yield ; path analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty potato cultivars were tested in replicated trials in three seasons. The weather gradually changed from relatively high humidity and cold air temperatures in February to dry and hot in July. Fresh and dry weights, sucrose, reducing sugar and starch contents were recorded on tubers sequentially harvested over four stages during the growing period of each of the three trials. The data were analyzed for genotype-environment interactions by a path regression model which is composed of a main effect and four multiplicative effects. The model fitted well to the observed data for all traits but reducing sugar. Results of dry tuber weight were used to calculate a heat susceptibility index for each of the cultivars. Four components of the index were identified based on the path model. Comparison of sizes of the components provided information on the degree of response to the environmental stress of each of the cultivars during successive stages of growth. High yielding and heat tolerant cultivars were identified based on the experimental results.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease resistance ; genetic introgression ; germplasm enhancement ; potato ; Solanum sp. ; Verticillium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Verticillium wilt (V. albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold or V. dahliae Kleb) threatens potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in most growing areas of the world. Genetic resistance offers the most cost-effective and environmentally-sound control measure. However, there is a dearth of genetic and breeding information on resistance to verticillium wilt in potato, because of obscure parentage of some standard cultivars and the complex segregation at the tetraploid level. The wide range of genetic variability in wild relatives of potatoes can be potentially useful as a source of disease resistance, such as verticillium wilt resistance. Six diploid, wild, interspecific Solanum hybrids involving resistant x resistant and susceptible x resistant crosses, were assayed for verticillium wilt resistance under greenhouse conditions to evaluate their potential as sources of verticillium wilt resistance. The cross between S. gourlayi Oka. and S. chacoense Bitt. and its reciprocal had the most resistant progenies based on mean colony counts. No simple mode of inheritance can be proposed based on the observed segregation ratios. However, the continuous distributions observed on verticillium wilt disease response among hybrid families indicate that inheritance of resistance may be polygenic and complex. In addition, skewness of colony count distributions toward the resistance parents were characteristic of all resistant x susceptible crosses suggesting that resistance may be dominant. By contrast, the susceptible x susceptible cross showed a more normal distribution. Overall, the cross between S. gourlayi and S. chacoense showed the most potential as a source of verticillium wilt resistance.
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  • 5
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    Euphytica 75 (1994), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; mini-tubers ; in vitro culture ; micropropagation ; genetic stability ; field performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Production of mini-tubers as a source for seed potato was investigated by growing in soil micropropagated plants and micro-tubers produced from micropropagated plants. Cultures of several cultivars were initiated from indexed tubers and multiplied on modified MS medium. Cultures were micropropagated by using a modular system which allowed batch handling. Micropropagated plants produced mini-tubers in glasshouse after 70–115 days of growth in soil. A large proportion of the mini-tubers produced were between 9 and 15 mm diameter. Several factors, e.g., explant number, duration of in vitro culture and genotype influenced mini-tubers production. Micropropagated plants after culture of 86 days or longer produced micro-tubers ca. 2 to 10 mm diameter. Plants, which formed micro-tubers in vitro, produced less number of mini-tubers in soil. Micro-tubers produced 1 to 3 mini-tubers when grown in soil in chain-type paper pots, but produced conventional sized tubers when grown in soil under plastic polytunnel. Mini-tuber number varied widely between potato cultivars; cvs. Bintje and British Queen produced more mini-tubers than the other cultivars. Mini-tubers developed green hard skins when kept in light for 3 weeks, and could be stored in dark at 4° C upto 6 months. In a field trial, small mini-tubers ca. 5–10 mm diameter produced more but smaller tubers than mini-tubers ca. 15–20 mm diameter. The micropropagated plants and the plants grown from mini-tubers were genetically stable, and did not show any morphological aberrations except for one variegated plant among the several thousand produced. It is concluded that the production of mini-tubers by soil planting of micropropagated plants is a rapid and efficient method for producing seed potato tubers.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: growth retardant ; in vitro culture ; potato ; tetcyclacis ; tuber formation ; tuber-specific genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the plant growth retardant tetcyclacis on in vitro tuber formation in potatoes was studied, using two different approaches: 1. tuber formation in various lines that did not or hardly form tubers under control conditions, and 2. tuber formation by the variety Bintje, which readily forms tubers. The ABA-deficient (droopy) lines of S. phureja hardly formed tubers without the addition of tetcyclacis. In the presence of this growth retardant tuberization was nearly 100%, within three weeks of in vitro culture, even in the absence of cytokinin. A series of somatic hybrids between S. tuberosum and S. brevidens, that did not form tubers in field and pot experiments, were tested. They all formed tubers in vitro in the presence of tetcyclacis. Stoloniferous shoots formed on single-node cuttings from in vitro grown Solanum tuberosum var Bintje plantlets were transferred to media containing a high level of sucrose. In the presence of tetcyclacis, tuber formation started after 4 days, reaching a maximum level of 80% at day 7. Tubers formed in the presence of tetcyclacis, accumulated starch and expressed several tuber-specific genes. These effects were fully antagonized by gibberellic acid. It is concluded that the growth retardant tetcyclacis is a potent tool in the study of tuber formation in potatoes.
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  • 7
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: critical concentrations ; nitrate ; nitrogen fertilization ; petiole ; potato ; short day conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted for three crop seasons to develop tissue analysis technology for optimizing N fertilization in potato grown under short day conditions in subtropics. Nitrogen deficiencies could be detected as early as 25 days after planting (DAP) by tissue analysis of NO3-N concentration in petioles. Petiolar NO3-N declined sharply with age of the crop from 25 to 60 DAP and was significantly correlated at all stages of growth with applied N and tuber yield of potato. Critical concentrations of Petiolar NO3-N were 1.28, 1.23, 1.07 and 0.96% in an early maturing cv. Kufri Chandramukhi and 2.16, 1.95, 1.40 and 1.18% in a late maturing cv. Kufri Badshah at 25, 40, 50 and 60 DAP, respectively. Optimum yields were obtained when petiolar NO3-N was maintained above critical concentrations through the growth period up to 60 DAP by corrective side dressing of N. Response to corrective side dressing of N decreased with increasing concentration of petiolar NO3-N. Optimum rate of N for side dressing up to 30 DAP was 142, 116, 90, 64 and 37 kg ha−1 for petiolar NO3-N of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%, respectively in Kufri Chandramukhi. Corresponding rates of side dressed N were 183, 164, 146, 127, 108 kg ha−1 in late maturing cv. Kufri Badshah. For optimum yields, fertilization of 80 to 120 kg N ha−1 at the time of planting followed by corrective side dressing as recommended by petiolar tissue analysis is advocated.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: foliage blight ; tuber blight ; Phytophthora infestans ; breeders' preference score ; specific combining ability ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Screening tests to detect resistance to late blight in both foliage and tubers were done on glasshouse-grown seedling progenies in parallel with visual assessments by three experienced potato breeders of the yield and quality of glasshouse-grown tubers of the same progenies. There were large differences between the parents of the progenies in their general combining ability (GCA) for both foliage and tuber blight, despite some variation due to specific combining ability for foliage blight. There were also differences between parents in their GCAs for visual preference scores, but these GCAs and those for blight resistance were not correlated. The blight-resistant cv. Stirling had the best combination of high GCAs for all three attributes. The use of these and other seedling progeny tests in a multitrait genotypic recurrent selection scheme is discussed.
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  • 9
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    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fertilizer ; optimum application ; plant nitrogen ; potato ; soil nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mathematical models of crop growth can provide estimates of the potential yield of potato, and also the minimum, critical N-concentration required, [Nc], to attain that yield. Efficient use of nitrogen requires that the crop incorporates sufficient nitrogen to attain its potential yield and that excess uptake is avoided. Predictions of the rate of supply of nitrogen from the soil are imprecise and so it has been difficult to estimate accurately the required application of fertilizer-N. Our work has shown the feasibility of using the growing crop as a monitor of the rate of supply of N from the soil. Using a low initial application rate of N at planting and monitoring uptake rate, we can estimate the contribution from the soil, and couple that information with estimates of yield and the related [Nc] to give an estimate of the requirement for supplementary applied-N. The method can be seen, therefore, as a means to determine the size of a second or subsequent part of a split application of fertilizer. This approach avoids much of the uncertainty over the fate of applied nitrogen and should offer growers the double benefits of economic use of fertilizer and of minimizing leaching losses. Further, by tailoring applications of N-fertilizer to the crop's requirements the grower will be better able to ensure the quality considerations in his crop.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: potato ; diploid ; Solanum phureja ; Solanum chacoense ; analytic breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary F1 hybrids between Solanum phureja and S. chacoense were studied in a new approach to enhance wild diploid potato species using adapted S. phureja clones as the female parent. S. chacoense parents had few tubers, whereas S. phureja parents had been previously selected for tuberization under long days. Twenty hybrid families were evaluated for haulm vigor, vine maturity, stolon development, frequency of tuberization, tuber set, tuber yield and average tuber weight under naturally occurring increasing or decreasing photoperiods in spring and fall growing seasons in Morocco. The hybrid plants were more vigorous, later maturing with thicker stolons in the spring season. Frequency of tuberization and tuber set did not vary with season. Tuber yield and average tuber weight were higher in fall; the maximum yield was 2.4 and 4.6 kg per hill under spring and fall conditions, respectively. Remarkable variation was found both between and within hybrid families for all traits in this first cycle of enhancement. The selection of vigorous, fertile clones incorporating the S. chacoense genome is possible by using S. phureja as an adapted germplasm source.
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  • 11
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    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; flowering ; fruiting ; germplasm ; male sterility ; true potato seed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Six hundred and seventy six accessions of cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum) from 25 countries, were studied for flowering and fruiting behaviour under long days (12–14 h). Flowering intensity ranged from dropping of floral buds just after initiation to profuse blooming. The majority (58.3%) of the accessions bloomed profusely, though 20.4% of the accessions did not bloom at all. ‘Weeks to flowering’ ranged from 6 to 15 and the majority (66.5%) of the flowering accessions bloomed within 8 to 9 weeks after planting. ‘Duration of flowering’ ranged from 1 to 10 weeks and the majority (68.1%) of the flowering accessions bloomed for 1 to 4 weeks only. Twentythree per cent of the flowering accessions were completely male sterile. Maximum male fertility was 90% only. No berry setting was observed in 31.8% of the flowering accessions. Only 54.3 per cent of the accessions were found to be fertile in all respects and could be used both as male and female parents. Premature bud abscission was the major cause of sterility. Peru was the best source of profuse-flowering genotypes, Poland was the best source of early flowering genotypes and Mexico was the best source of long duration flowering and good berry setting genotypes. The results suggested that flower bud formation; the growth and development of mature flowers; weeks to flowering and duration of flowering are independent characters controlled by different genes of quantitative nature. Berry setting and duration of flowering were closely associated (r=0.95). Genetic as well as environmental factors interfered with the developmental process leading to flower production and berry setting at different times in different genotypes. The practical implications of these results for true potato seed production are discussed.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: farming system ; fertilization ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; potassium ; potato ; proteolytic enzymes ; senescence ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of fertilization on senescence and nutrient remobilization in potato leaves was investigated in two farming systems on a soil with a poor potassium availability. The ‘Conventional’ farming system followed good local practices including industrial products, while in the ‘Bio-Dynamic’ farming system industrial fertilizers and synthetic pesticides were avoided. Potassium concentrations in the dry matter of mature leaves varied over a wide range. Nitrogen compounds (protein, chlorophyll) were less affected, and phosphorus concentrations in the dry matter were similar. Magnesium and potassium concentrations in the leaves were negatively correlated. In both farming systems senescence was advanced in plants with a low nutrient supply. Alkaline pyrophosphatase and aminopeptidase activities (in general highest in expanding and mature leaves) were lower and endopeptidase activities peaked earlier on plots with low fertilizer levels. A high percentage of potassium was remobilized from senescing leaves on unfertilized plots, but the phosphorus concentration remained high at the end of the season. The results suggest that the differential net remobilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium depended on actual source/sink relations in the plants.
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  • 13
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    Plant growth regulation 13 (1993), S. 303-308 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; cold hardiness ; mefluidide ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants of Solanum tuberosum L. potato do not cold acclimate when exposed to low temperature such as 5°C, day/night. When ABA (45 μM) was added to the culture medium, stem-cultured plantlets of S. tuberosum, cv. Red Pontiac, either grown at 20°C/15°C, day/night, or at 5°C, increased in cold hardiness from −2°C (killing temperature) to −4.5°C. The increase in cold hardiness could be inhibited in both temperature regimes if cycloheximide (70 μM) was added to the culture medium at the inception of ABA treatment. Cycloheximide did not inhibit cold hardiness development, however, when it was added to the culture medium 3 days after ABA treatment. When pot-grown plants were foliar sprayed with mefluidide (50 μM), ABA content increased from 10 nmol to 30 nmol g−1 dry weight and plants increased in cold hardiness from −2°C to about −3.5°C. The increases in free ABA and cold hardiness occurred only in plants grown at 20°C/15°C; neither ABA nor cold hardiness increased in plants grown at 5°C. The results suggest that an increase in ABA and a subsequent de novo synthesis of proteins are required for the development of cold hardiness in S. tuberosum regardless of temperature regime, and that the inability to synthesize ABA at low temperature, rather than protein synthesis, appears to be the reason why S. tuberosum does not cold acclimate.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: interspecific somatic hybridisation ; male and female fertility ; meiotic recombination ; potato ; Solanum brevidens ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Somatic hybrids of diploid amylose-free (amf) Solanum tuberosum and diploid S. brevidens were made by Poly-Ethylene-Glycol (PEG) or electrofusion methods. For the isolation of interspecific hybrids the use of selection markers (kanamycin and hygromycin resistance) was useful but not essential. In this 2x+2x interspecific combination 4x and 6x somatic hybrids were obtained. Seed set was the best in 4x×4x (S. tuberosum) backcrosses, but seed germination was the best in 6x×4x combinations, using in vitro germination of unripe seeds harvested 25 days after pollination. A high degree of pollen stainability (30–40%) was observed in 7 tetraploid hybrids and very low in all hexaploids. After iodine staining, the recessive amf marker was expressed by a red colour instead of blue, visible in starch-containing cells like columella cells of root tips, (micro)tubers or microspores. As expected, complementation was observed in starch-containing cells of the fusion hybrids. Segregation of the amf marker was clearly observed in microspores of 4x and 6x hybrids. Segregation ratios in the 4x hybrids showed variable recombination frequencies. In the backcross progeny of hexaploid F12-5 with a tetraploid amf mutant one amylose-free recombinant among 67 plants was found, indicating the occurrence of meiotic recombination in the megaspore mother cells.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: crossability barriers ; EBN ; interspecific hybridization ; potato ; Solanum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Endosperm Balance Number (EBN) of over 80 species and subspecies of the tuber-bearing Solanums and their close non-tuber-bearing relatives representing 13 taxonomic series has been determined, with no species assigned to more than one EBN level. Among North American species, most diploids are 1EBN, most tetraploids are 2EBN and all hexaploids are 4EBN; however, among South American species most diploids are 2EBN, most tetraploids are 4EBN and again all hexaploids are 4EBN. Thus species may be isolated from others of the same ploidy level by EBN differences, e.g., 4×(2EBN) from 4×(4EBN), while other species differing in ploidy but having the same EBN may be intercrossed, e.g., 4×(2EBN) and 2×(2EBN). Chromosome doubling or 2n gametes can be used to make a lower EBN species compatible with a higher EBN species. These findings also explain the major crossing difficulties previously inherent in the use of North American species in potato improvement. They also have direct implications for potato improvement, barring the occurrence of other incompatibility barriers. Any 4×(4EBN) cultivar is endosperm compatible and thus will cross with 4×(4EBN) and 6×(4EBN) species. The 2×(2EBN) haploids of 4×(4EBN) cultivars likewise will hybridize with 2×(2EBN) and 4×(4EBN) species. All 2×(1EBN) species are crossable with 2×(2EBN) haploids through 2n gametes or chromosome doubling.
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  • 16
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    Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 17-26 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Andean primitive potato cultivars ; correlation ; dry matter content ; flowering ; germplasm ; potato ; tuberous Solanum species ; variation ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary As the exploitation of economic characters in potato is reaching a plateau, use of exotic germplasm offers an ideal opportunity for further improvement. Fifty-five accessions from eleven countries were studied under long and short day conditions. Wide variation was noticed for a number of phenological, morphological and tuber characters. Analysis of variation and correlations has demonstrated possibilities for using this diverse germplasm in various potato improvement programs.
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  • 17
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    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: potato ; patata ; papa ; Solanum tuberosum ; archives ; early records ; Spain ; Canary Isles ; crop history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Although many crops were brought to Europe by Columbus and others soon after the discovery of the New World in 1492, the potato arrived much later. This is because it is a cool-temperate crop of the high Andes of South America, and these were not discovered by the Spaniards until 1532. Potatoes were not recorded in the literature until 1537 in what is now Colombia, and did not feature in published works until 1552. No actual account has yet been discovered (and very probably does not exist) of potatoes being brought to Europe. All we can do is to record, where possible, their earliest presence there. One of the problems in such a study is to recognize in the literature whether the Solanum tuberosum potato or the Ipomoea batatas sweet potato is under discussion, or whether they are being confused with each other. Even the word ‘potato’ known in Spanish as ‘patata’ is obviously derived from ‘batata’ yet the early Spanish authors seem always to have clearly distinguished between them. We ourselves checked the Seville archive records to make sure that the Solanum potato records of 1573 and 1576 were correct, and indeed we found that they were. The earlier English records, apart from that of Gerard, seem to have referred to the Ipomoea sweet potato. We report in this paper even earlier records from the Canary Isles, where ‘patatas’ and ‘batatas’ are clearly distinguished, and the South American word ‘papa’ for Solanum tuberosum is also used sometimes (never, however, in continental Spain). Barrels of potatoes (‘patatas’) were exported from Gran Canaria to Antwerp in November 1567 and from Tenerife via Gran Canaria to Rouen in 1574. Thus the potato was obviously being grown as a crop in Gran Canaria and Tenerife in 1567 and 1574, respectively. We can therefore assume with some certainty that it would have needed some five years to bulk it up sufficiently as an export crop, and hence might well have been introduced in about 1562. This is only ten years after the first published account in 1552 by López de Gómara, and only thirty years after its presumed first sighting in Peru by Pizarro in 1532. It also seems to point towards the introduction of potatoes from South America into the Canary Isles, and not, as we had previously assumed, directly into continental Spain.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: α-chaconine ; α-solamargine ; α-solanine ; α-solasonine ; Solanum ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Methods were developed for clean-up of potato tuber extracts on solid phase extraction CN-cartridges and for analysis of steroidal glycoalkaloids by reversed phase HPLC. The alkaloids α-solanine, α-chaconine, α-solasonine and α-solamargine could be separated on C8 or C18 reversed phase columns using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/Tris-buffer (3∶2, v/v). The analysis time of tuber extracts containing these alkaloids was less then 4 min, if the pH of the mobile phase was adjusted to 7.4 and run at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min.
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  • 19
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 111-125 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; reflectance ; ground cover ; light interception
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In nine field trials, the proportion of ground covered by potato canopy was estimated using near-infrared and visible reflectance measurements. The data set spanned a range of cultivars, treatments, soil types, soil moisture regimes and growing conditions that ranged from severely stressed to near-potential growth. Near-infrared reflectance of the canopy, corrected for soil reflectance (WDVI), was related to ground cover estimated by a trained expert with or without the use of a grid-frame. Different linear regressions between ground cover and WDVI for the early phase of growth and for the late phase, allowed the calculation of ground cover of potato from WDVI with anabsolute accuracy of 3.5–6.5%. The derived regression lines are expected to have a general applicability for potato grown on soils of temperate regions. It is concluded that reflectance measurement is an objective, fast and reliable method for estimating the proportion of ground covered by potato canopies.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: environmental effects ; interspecific hybrids ; potato ; unreduced gametes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Solanum phureja (PP)xSolanum chacoense (CC) hybrid families (PC) were evaluated for pollen fertility and frequency of 2n pollen in two seasons in Morocco. PP clones produced high frequencies of 2n pollen, whereas CC clones produced none. The percentage of plants with 2n pollen ranged from 2 to 63% among 20 PC families and was consistent in some PC families over two growing seasons, whereas others varied between fall and spring growing seasons. The expected ratio of 2n to non-2n pollen-producers within a PC family based on a single recessive gene model [i.e. 1∶0 with CC homozygous dominant (PsPs) or 1∶1 with CC heterozygous (Psps)] was observed in only 5 of 20 progenies. Narrow sense heritability was 0.71, allowing gain from further selection. Only clones producing more than 10% 2n pollen exhibited more stable expressivity across seasons.
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  • 21
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    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 333-337 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; nematodes ; eelworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An apparatus was developed for inoculating large numbers of experimental units with cysts ofGlobodera spp. The inoculator is adjustable and releases different and equal volumes of cysts from an internal reservoir. It was found to dispense accurate amounts of inoculum and to be much faster than manually counting cysts.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: PGPR ; plant growth promotion ; potato ; Pseudomonas ; marker stability ; rhizobacteria ; rifampicin resistance ; root colonization ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The stability of rifampicin resistance in plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas putida strain WCS358 was studied in potato rhizosphere in the field. Three out of seven rifampicin-resistant mutants of strain WCS358 were selected in this study. Their specific growth rate, competitive growth in liquid medium and colonization of potato roots in non-sterile soil, was comparable to that of their parental strain. These rifampicin-resistant mutants were used to treat potato seed tubers, which were thereafter sown in the field. To test the stability of the rifampicin resistance in the field, about 1200 fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates obtained from underground plant parts at 82, 95, 109 and 130 days after seeding, were tested for rifampicin resistance and for agglutination with an antiserum specific for strain WCS358. Ail fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates that showed a positive agglutination reaction with the antiserum, were also rifampicin-resistant. Twelve agglutination-positive isolates, selected at random, were all identified as strain WCS358 from patterns of lipopolysaccharides after sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, rifampicin resistance seems to be a stable marker in the mutants of strain WCS358 tested, also under field conditions. It is concluded that rifampicin resistance can be used as a reliable marker for ecological studies on rhizosphere pseudomonads.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: pathotype ; virulence group ; partial resistance ; Globodera rostochiensis ; Globodera pallida ; Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; potato cyst nematode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In two experiments, using different testing methods, the number of newly formed cysts was determined on nine potato genotypes with resistance from various sources. Ten potato cyst nematode (PCN) populations were used in these experiments. Rank correlation between numbers of cysts over potato genotype-PCN population combinations for both experiments was high (rs = 0.90). Dendrograms for PCN populations and potato genotypes were constructed, based on a simultaneous hierarchical clustering procedure for potato genotype-PCN population interaction terms. Several virulence groups could be identified within Globodera rostochiensis as well as within G. pallida. Host genotypes, derived from the same sources of resistance, were clustered in different resistance groups.
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  • 24
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    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic resources ; gene bank ; pearl millet ; Pennisetum glaucum ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; rice ; Oryza sativa ; cotton ; Gossypium spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetic variation in crop species and their wild relatives holds the key to the successful breeding of improved crop cultivars with durable resistance to disease. The importance of the conservation, characterization and utilization of plant genetic resources nationally and internationally has been recognised, though much remains to be done. Gene banks have now been established in many countries and at most of the international crop research centres. Cell and tissue culture techniques and biotechnological aids have done much to ensure the creation and safe transfer of healthy germplasm around the world. Multidisciplinary, international research and collaboration are essential to the successful breeding of improved disease resistant cultivars. Examples are given of the effective use of genetic resources in breeding disease resistant cultivars of a number of crops, including cotton, rice, potatoes and pearl millet.
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  • 25
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 39 (1992), S. 23-37 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: germplasm ; potato ; Solanum sect. Petota ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Solanum L. sect. Petota Dumort., the potato and its wild relatives, contains 232 species, according to the latest taxonomic interpretation of Hawkes (1990). Section Petota is distributed in the Americas from the southwestern United States to southern Chile. This economically important group has attracted the attention of numerous taxonomists with various taxonomic philosophies. There are 531 validly published basionyms in the group, plus 67 nomina nuda or nomina dubia, and subsequent transfers to other ranks raise the number of names to 664. The taxonomy of sect. Petota has been dominated in recent years by J. G. Hawkes & J. P. Hjerting (co-workers) and C. M. Ochoa. The near simultaneous and independent publication of three recent books by these workers, treating the Bolivian species of sect. Petota, provides a novel opportunity to compare their taxonomic philosophies. Additionally, a recent independent treatment of all of the South American species by L. E. Gorbatenko provides a new interpretation of affiliations of species to series that is compared to the recent treatment of Hawkes and earlier treatments of S. M. Bukasov and D. S. Correll. These treatments differ in the placement of species into series, species boundaries, rank of infraspecific taxa, and hypotheses of hybridization. Our analysis illustrates the wide differences of taxonomic interpretation possible when independent workers treat the same material. The comparison provides insights into unresolved taxonomic questions in sect. Petota and indicates the need for a practical taxonomic resolution that will benefit plant breeders and other researchers on wild potatoes. Reasons for the discrepancies are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
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  • 26
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 39 (1992), S. 121-123 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; potato evolution ; crop history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 27
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    Euphytica 60 (1992), S. 115-122 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; cytology ; aneuploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Commercial cultivars of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) are widely believed to be cytologically invariable (2n=48), although there are several reports of anomalous counts in experimental material. The presence of two additional chromosomes is reported for the first time in cv. Torridon and their stability in the growing plant examined. The additional chromosomes were found to be completely stable in the shoots but were progressively eliminated from the root tissue. Laggards and bridges were commonly observed during somatic division in the roots. Laggards were also present in the shoots and did not change significantly in frequency in the roots during chromosomal loss. Consequently, they were considered as unlikely to have a central involvement in the elimination process. Somatic bridges on the other hand were only found in the roots and increased in occurrence as elimination increased. A link between the appearance of somatic bridges and the elimination of additional chromosomes in the roots is suggested. The possible origins and mechanism of elimination of the additional chromosomes are briefly discussed.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: drought resistance ; potato ; root pulling resistance ; Solanum spp. ; tuber yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An extensively distributed root system may reduce the probability of crop failure during periods of restricted water supply. A quantitative measure of root distribution in the soil profile, i.e. pulling resistance of roots (PR), was tested at two moderately droughted tropical field sites. A total of 250 genotypes were evaluated for PR, 45 days after planting and for tuber yield at harvest at separate sites and years. The need to use genotypes adapted to a specific location for comparisons, across sites or seasons was shown by the results of a random analysis of variance model partitioning across site-season, location, and year effects for PR and tuber yield. A combined PR and growth analysis on 31 early-maturing clones, 7 of which had tubers at the time of sampling, gave significant correlations between PR and root length, dry weight of pulled and residual roots, plant height, number of stems, and in the case of the 7 genotypes with tubers, tuberlet weight and number. A regression model to predict PR based on growth analysis data is presented. Neither tuberlet weight nor number contributed significantly to the prediction once root characters and vigour-related characters were incorporated. Variation for PR among clones was significant and the means ranged from 0 kg/plant to 37 kg/plant during the 3 trials. High PR was evident in both early and late maturing clones. Drought resistance (DR), defined as high yielding ability and high PR under water deficit conditions, of the clones Huinkul and MS-35.22.R was superior to that of the high-yielding and adapted LT-7 check, while moderate levels of DR were confirmed for the clones BR-63.15, Cruza 27, Haille, and MEX-21. Tuber yield and PR under moderate drought were significantly correlated (r=0.569***), which suggests that the PR method can be utilized to assist in the selection of high-yielding, drought resistant, potato genotypes adapted to tropics.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: black nightshade ; callose ; hypersensitive response ; microscopy ; Phytophthora infestans ; potato ; Solanum nigrum ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Solanum nigrum and S. villosum, and their sexual hybrids with S. tuberosum and S. demissum respectively, were inoculated with a complex race of Phytophthora infestans. No visible reaction was seen on S. villosum and one genotype of S. nigrum. Another genotype of S. nigrum and the hybrids showed a hypersensitive response on most inoculated leaves. In one experiment, some sporulation was observed on detached leaves of a hybrid derived from S. nigrum. Microscopical examination of infections in S. nigrum and in a hybrid from S. nigrum, showed that penetration of epidermal cells and subsequent intercellular growth of the pathogen into the spongy mesophyll occurred, but without the formation of haustoria, and that invaded and neighbouring cells became necrotic. Callose appositions were found in epidermis and mesophyll cells of all inoculated genotypes, and also in epidermal cells of the unrelated nonhost species Brassica campestris.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: beet ; maize ; potato ; oilseed rape ; risk assessment ; transgenic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The proposed introduction of genetically modified organisms into the environment has caused public and scientific concern. In response to this concern governments have set up biosafety regulations. In this paper a step-by-step scheme is described by which the safety of genetically modified organisms can be assessed. The first step is to determine the level of safety concern for the unmodified organism. Important aspects of the safety concern of the unmodified organism are the potential to hybridize with the wild flora and the ability of the crop to run wild. These aspects have been investigated by a desk study for four agricultural crops (potato, beet, oilseed rape and maize). Maize and potato are genetically isolated from the wild flora. Beet and oilseed rape on the contrary can potentially hybridize with wild relatives in the Netherlands. The risk assessment of the latter two species should focus entirely on the effects of the introduced genetic material.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bacterial wilt resistance ; heat tolerance ; interaction ; potato ; Pseudomonas solanacearum ; Solanum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of resistance genes and heat tolerance genes on expression of resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum were investigated in 30 F1 progenies from parents with different levels of bacterial wilt resistance and heat tolerance. A race 1 and a race 3 isolate of the bacterium were used for inoculation under screenhouse conditions at two locations. Results obtained indicated that with reduction in levels of parental resistance, resistance in the F1 progenies was also reduced. Under hot conditions, a reduced heat tolerance in the genetic background also resulted in lower levels of resistance expression. The effect of heat tolerance tended to diminish at lower temperatures leaving the effect of resistance genes more consistent. There existed a strong interaction between resistance genes and genes for heat tolerance. The nature of resistance to bacterial wilt in potato and implications for breeding for resistance are discussed. Effects of reciprocal crosses on expression of resistance to a race 1 isolate under hot screenhouse conditions, were studied in 5 sets of reciprocal F1 progenies involving different resistant and susceptible parents. The reciprocal differences observed were not significant suggesting absence of cytoplasmic effects on expression of resistance.
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  • 32
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    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: breeding ; disease resistance ; pest resistance ; potato ; selection ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The potato has more characters of economic importance that need to be considered by the breeder than any other temperate crop. In Europe these include resistance to at least twelve major diseases and pests. Highest priority has been given to resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans), virus diseases (particularly those caused by potato leafroll virus and potato virus Y) and potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis andG. pallida). Useful sources of resistance are available and early generation screening techniques have been developed to allow positive selection for multiple resistance and the breeding value of clones used as parents to be determined. Progress in restriction fragment length polymorphism technology should result in more efficient selection in the future.
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  • 33
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    European journal of plant pathology 98 (1992), S. 215-221 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: transposon tagging ; potato ; T-DNA IPCR ; RFLP mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A general strategy for the isolation of disease resistance genes is presented, employing a two-step approach of transposon targeting near genes of interest followed by transposon tagging. A library of transposon (Ac/Ds) transformants in a self fertile potato diploid are being mapped by deriving genomic DNA probes flanking the transposon containing T-DNA insertions with the inverse polymerase chain reaction and using these probes for RFLP analysis. We have produced a large number of transposon (Ac/Ds) transformants in a self fertile potato diploid. Genomic DNA probes, flanking the transposon containing T-DNA insertions, are produced by the inverse polymerase chain reaction (IPCR) and mapped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in a segragating potato location. A transposon mapped close to a resistance gene can be recombined cis to the gene and used for efficient transposon targeting due to preferential transposition to linked sites.
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  • 34
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    European journal of plant pathology 98 (1992), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: EIA ; monoclonal antibody ; potato ; biotin ; PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract As a general rule some form of polyclonal-antibody based enzyme immunoassay is still preferred for routine plant virus detection, but modifications may be necessary when increased sensitivity or specificity is required. In recent years new developments in antibody-based detection methods have mostly involved the provision of specific reagents, such as monoclonal antibodies or affinity-purified second antibody-enzyme conjugates which have helped to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the assays. Other kinds of tests (such as nucleic acid hybridisation) must be used when tests for virus coat protein are not appropriate. Recently, tests based on the polymerase chain reaction show great promise. There is no single universal test: assays must be devised and optimised for each pathogen. The challenge with all types of test is to make them quicker, less labour intensive, and —if possible — cheaper.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; bacteria ; pectic enzymes ; Erwinia carotovora ; E. chrysanthemi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two modifications of the selective-diagnostic crystal violet pectate (CVP) medium for soft rot erwinias were developed using a new formulation of sodium polypectate; these were a single layer medium and a double layer medium consisting of an agar base with a pectate overlayer. Both media contained 0.1% tryptone to promote growth and cavity formation by erwinias and 40 μg ml−1 novobiocin instead of sodium lauryl sulphate to increase recovery rate and selectivity. Colonies of the three erwinias commonly associated with potatoes formed characteristic deep cavities in the single layer modified CVP. Cavities in the double layer CVP although deep were smaller but remained distinct longer. Recovery rate and selectivity with both media were better than with the original CVP.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; tuber yield ; under water weight ; general combining ability ; special combining ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tuber yield and dry matter content, measured as under water weight (UWW), of 24 diploid 2x−2x progenies and 12 tetraploid 4x−2x progenies, have been measured in the seedling generation and the first clonal generation. The results were used to evaluate predictions of progeny means, and to compare the general combining ability (GCA) estimated from 2x−2x crosses with the GCA estimated from 4x−2x crosses. Based on parental values and the means of the seedling as well as first clonal generation, the prediction of UWW of the 2x−2x and the 4x−2x progenies was better than that of tuber yield. For GCA similar differences between UWW and tuber yield were found. Three diploid clones were used both for the 2x−2x crosses and the 4x−2x crosses. The ranking of the GCA values, estimated from the 2x−2x crosses, was similar to that obtained from the 4x−2x crosses for UWW in both generations and, to a lesser extent, for tuber yield in the first clonal generation, suggesting, that it might not be necessary to carry out 4x−2x testcrosses to identify diploid clones with superior GCA for tuber yield and dry matter content.
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  • 37
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    Euphytica 53 (1991), S. 151-157 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Breeding ; coefficient of variation ; competition ; decision support system ; interaction ; optimization ; potato ; response ; selection ; sensitivity ; Solanum tuberosum ; tuber yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A model for optimising single-stage and single-trait selection is presented. The model is based on the expected selection response model, extended with parameters describing the nature of the environment and with variables allowing a manipulation of selection schemes. As an example, the model is used to optimize tuber yield selection in potato breeding. Estimated parameter values have an uncertainty, which may bias the model outcome. Sensitivity analysis shows that the sensitivity to unrealistic parameter values for optimal allocation is less than the sensitivity for the selection response.
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  • 38
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    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: dihaploids ; pollen fertility ; pollen viability ; pollen viability assays ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; X-Gal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The main obstacle in breeding potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) dihaploids is the severe limitation of male fertility. To determine pollen viability assays that correlate well to fertility in crosses, results of five different pollen viability assays were compared by correlation analysis with fruit and seed set characters in test crosses, and to pollen tube growth in situ (PL-test). The methods used were: staining the pollen cells with carmino acetic acid (CAA-test); in vitro pollen germination (PG-test); and detection of pollen staining rates after incubation with fluoresceine diacetate (FDA-test), 2-3-5-triphenyle tetrazolium chloride (TTC-test), and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyle-β-galactoside (X-Gal-test). The results of test crosses and pollen tube growth in situ correlated with the results of all other assays with the following ranking, from highest to lowest: enzyme activity assays (X-Gal-test, FDA-test, TTC-test), in vitro pollen germination (PG-test), and pollen staining by CAA. The newly developed X-Gal-test for monitoring β-galactosidase activity showed the least variation of all assays investigated. Thus, this highly reproducible simple procedure is recommended for male fertility screening.
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  • 39
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    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 243-254 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: dry matter partitioning ; growth ; lettuce ; N response ; potato ; quality ; response surface model ; zucchini squash
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants grown at 5 nitrate (N) levels ranging from 2–36 mmol L−1 for lettuce and 2–43 mmol L−1 for zucchini squash and potato were harvested over the growth period to maturity at a minimum of 2 week intervals. Gamma × cubic response surface models fitted actual dry matter growth data quite precisely (R2〉0.98) from which growth and dry matter partitioning could be derived. Total dry matter growth was very responsive to N and maximum growth was predicted to occur at an N level of 14.2 mmol L−1 for lettuce, 18.1 mmol L−1 for zucchini squash and 11.6 mmol L−1 for potato. Growth declined at higher N levels for all species. For zucchini squash, both high and low N levels which reduced growth increased partitioning of dry matter to fruit. For potato, partitioning of dry matter to tubers tended to increase at high levels of N, particularly at maturity. For lettuce, the N level producing the highest dry matter yield partitioned the highest ratio of dry matter to head. The highest fresh yields of zucchini squash fruit, lettuce head and potato tubers were recorded at N levels of 14, 5 and 11 and 7 mmol L−1 respectively. The effect of N on quality followed a similar trend.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; amylose-free mutant ; unreduced gametes ; analytic breeding ; desynapsis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Using an amylose-free (amf)mutant of diploid potato (Solanum tuberosum), diploid and tetraploid clones with different genotypes at the amf-locus were produced. In order to make use of the diploid material in analytic breeding of amf-potatoes, clones were selected that produced a considerable frequencies of 2n-pollen and 2n-eggs. Successful attempts were made to select normal synaptic as well as desynaptic clones producing 2n-gametes. Based on the phenotype of starch in the microspores, tetraploid clones with nulliplex, simplex and duplex genotypes at the amf-locus were selected. Prospects of using this material in conventional as well as in analytic breeding of potato are discussed.
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  • 41
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    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 245-250 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; rDNA ; IGS variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A restriction enzyme map of the ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) in Solanum tuberosum cultivars Golden Wonder and Desiree has been constructed. An heterologous probe pTa 71 containing the rDNA derived from wheat was used to detect and map the corresponding region in potato genomic DNA fragments. rDNA repeats of cultivars Desiree and Golden Wonder are similar with respect to their target sites for restriction enzymes, however, these cultivars have diverged with respect to the length of their intergenic spacer (IGS) sequences. IGS length variants may reflect the different breeding systems for Golden Wonder and Desiree. Furthermore, some of the 25S genes of both cultivars appear to have a 100–150bp insertion/deletion near their 3′ end. The presence of RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) in the IGS region could be used as a DNA fingerprint for potato cultivar identification; the ability to recognise IGS length variants may be of significance to potato phylogenetics and breeding.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum phureja ; potato ; doubled monoploid ; homozygote depression ; monoploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten anther-derived monoploids, twelve doubled monoploids and the heterozygous anther donor clone of Solanum phureja were compared for six vegetative, eight reproductive and three yield characters in the greenhouse. Significant high correlations were observed between the monoploids and their doubled monoploids for 14 of 17 characters. Therefore, doubled monoploids presumably express the same alleles as monoploids and the phenotypic expression of a monoploid can be used to predict accurately the phenotype of the derived doubled monoploid. Doubled monoploids flowered earlier and had significantly higher values than the monoploids for 15 of 17 characters, indicating a positive effect of increasing gene dosage from monoploid to diploid. Morphological traits can be used to distinguish plants of the two ploidy levels. Significant differences among clones were observed for all parameters within each ploidy level. The anther donor was not significantly different from the mean of doubled monoploids for 10 of 17 characters. For each of 14 characters, some doubled monoploids exceeded the anther donor. Therefore, doubled monoploids which do not express homozygote depression can be obtained.
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  • 43
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    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 235-245 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: potato ; Solanum spp. ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; growth analysis ; heat tolerance ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study assessed 46 potato cultivars, breeding lines and Solanum spp. for heat-tolerance using short-term growth rates and carbon assimilation measurements of young in-vitro-derived plants. Plants of the 46 clones and species were transferred from greenhouse conditions to controlled conditions set at 33/25°C day/night with 12 h photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) at 430–450 μmol m-2s-1 and an 8 h daylength extension (6 μmol m-2s-1), to inhibit tuberization. Twenty eight accessions were also grown in a 20/10°C controlled environment. Plants were harvested after 10 and 20 days and dry weights of the plant components were measured for plant growth analysis. Gas exchange (leaf net photosynthesis and maintenance dark respiration) and leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (O, P, and T) were measured at 30°C. Amongst the 30 accessions grown at both hot and cool temperatures, only two accessions (Yungay and AVRDC 1287.19) produced more dry weight in the hot chamber than the cool chamber. Hot/cool ratioss for net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) exceoded unity in five and six accessions, respectively. For the 46 accessions grown under hot conditions, none had significantly greater values than those of the control clones for RGR and NAR. Differences between clones in maintenance respiration and net photosynthesis were more closely related to RGR, NAR, and total dry weight (TDWT) in clones which invested more dry weight in leaves and less in stems. Attributes of the chlorophyll fluorescence curve did not explain more of the clonal variation in RGR, NAR, and TDWT than did gas exchange parameters. No single gas exchange or fluorescence character explained more than 50% of the variability among clones for NAR, RGR, or TDWT, but combination of favourable attributes could improve potato heat tolerance in the future.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; Phytophthora infestans ; late blight ; adventitious regeneration ; somaclonal variation ; tissue culture ; mutation ; maturity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Adventitious regenerants (‘somaclones’) of ‘Bintje’ and their vegetative progeny were screened for field resistance to Phytophthora infestans as follows: the area under the disease progress curve was computed and correlated with resistance rating in ‘Bintje’ and reference varieties. The resistance rating of the somaclones was determined from this relationship. Clones with stable improved field resistance in successive years' trials were detected, however, most of such clones were also maturation mutants. Variation in resistance rating in clone replicates and between years was detected in most clones. The possible basis of the field resistance and reasons for its instability are discussed.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: biomass performance ; performance ratio ; genetic differences ; height increase ; leaf formation rate ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The main purpose of the research reported in this article was to see if the biomass maintenance of parental potato clones was correlated with the growth and yield of their progeny. Seedling populations with parents of European and of Andean origin were cultivated at a temperature of 10°C during the day and 4°C at night. The biomass maintenance of the parents was defined as the ratio between the total biomass yield at 20°C day/10°C night and the total biomass yield at 10° C day/4°C night. The Andean parents had good maintenance ability at the lower regime compared to the Eurpean parents. Biomass maintenance appears to be hereditary. Significant correlation was found between the dry matter maintenance of the parents and the growth rate of seedlings, especially during the second month after potting. In populations with only Andean or only European parents, differences in height increase and leaf formation rate between seedling populations were correlated to the dry matter maintenance of the parents cultivated at the temperature regime 10/4°C. In the hybrid population between an Andean and an European parent only differences in height increase during the second month after potting correlated well to the average dry matter maintenance of the parents. It appears therefore that the rate of height increase during the second month after potting can be used as a criterion for selection.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; Nicotiana plumbaginifolia ; asymmetric hybrids ; radiation damage ; electrofusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rate and extent of spontaneous and induced chromosome loss have been determined at the callus level of somatic hybrids of mutants of Solanum tuberosum and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. AEC (amino ethyl cystein) resistance in potato and Nitrate-Reductase deficiency in N. plumbaginifolia have been used as genetic markers and chromosome morphology as a cytological marker. In this combination, development of hybrid callus was late and slow. Only a limited number of non-regenerable hybrid calli have become available. Chromosome loss could clearly be established in these hybrids from loss of markers and from chromosome cytology. Loss of markers occurred independantly. The best conditions to induce loss of chromosomal material in donor cells by irradiation were found by cytological investigations. A very drastic reduction in chromosome transfer by fusion could be effected by irradiation of plant tissue and subsequent preparation of protoplasts after a few days. Following fusion, hybrid callus was recovered with the potato genome drastically reduced. The amount of loss was deduced from the presence of a few fragments in metaphase cells or from interphase nuclei after in situ hybridization with a repetitive potato DNA probe.
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  • 47
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    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 189-194 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic markers ; isozymes ; starch gel electrophoresis ; mutation ; Solanum tuberosum ; line selection ; clonal selection ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seven varieties and 57 spontaneous or induced in vitro mutant lines (20 macromutant and 37 micromutant events) of potato were tested by starch gel electrophoresis for ADH, GOT, PGI, PGM, ACO, IDH, MDH and 6PGDH isozymes in tuber extracts. The data showed that in contrast to variety comparisons, the isozyme patterns rarely differentiate mutant lines which have altered morphological traits. But trying to identify isozyme differences in mutants can still be useful for a chimeric structure for GOT-2 alleles in a mutant from Atlantic and a new tuber specific locus for 6PGDH in mutants from Russet Burbank were found.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: parasitoids ; recruitment ; evaluation ; Edovum puttleri ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; potato ; biological control ; augmentation ; parasitoïde ; recrutement ; évaluation ; Edovum puttleri ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; pomme de terre ; lutte biologique ; accroissement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En 1987, le lâcher approximatif de 17.700 adultes deE. puttleri femelles, contre la première génération des œufs de doryphores dans un champ de pommes de terre à S. Deerfield au Massachusetts, entraînait un parasitisme, établi par la mesure directe de l'hôte et du parasitoïde, de 3.6% uniquement. Les niveaux de non viabilité indiquaient un pourcentage supplémentaire de 2,8% d'hôtes tués par «host-feeding» pour un impact total de 6,4%. Le lâcher en 1988 de 126.300 parasitoïdes contre la 1re génération d'hôtes dans un champs de pommes de terre de 0,4 ha au même endroit, produisait uniquement des niveaux légèrement supérieurs de parasitisme (10,6%) et d'«host-feeding» (2,0%). Le lâcher en 1987 de 32.800 hyménoptères contre la 2e génération d'œufs entraînait uniquement 0,7% de parasitisme et 0,3% d'«host-feeding» par suite de la toxicité des résidus d'une seule application de fenvalerate (PydrinR) utilisée pour lutter contre la cicadelle de la pomme de terreEmpoasca fabae (Harris). Le lâcher en 1988 de 47.400 hyménoptères contre la 2e génération d'hôtes entraînait, en l'absence de toute application insecticide, 34,4 % de parasitisme et 16,1 % d'«host-feeding» pour un impact total de 50,5%. La différence dans les niveaux de parasitisme entre les générations de l'hôte supporte l'idée que les adultes d'E. puttleri réclament à l'extérieur une source d'hydrates de carbone tels que le miellat de pucerons pour se reproduire. Dans l'Etat du Massachusetts, les populations de pucerons de la pomme de terre, ne se développent typiquement pas jusqu'à la fin de la première génération larvaire. La méthode «de recrutementα deVan Driesche & Bellow (1988) pouvait être une approche satisfaisante pour déterminer les résultats de lâchers croissants de parasitoïdes.
    Notes: Abstract Release of approximately 17,700 experienced adult femaleEdovum puttleri Grissell against 1st generation Colorado potato beetle eggs in 1987 in a 0.4 ha potato field in S. Deerfield, Massachusetts resulted in only 3.6% parasitism as assessed by direct measurement of host and parasitoid recruitment. Levels of non-viability indicated an additional 2.8% of hosts killed by parasitoid hostfeeding, for an overall impact of 6.4%. Release in 1988 of 126,300 parasitoid against 1st generation hosts in a 0.4 ha potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) field at the same site produced only slightly higher levels of parasitism (10.6%) and host feeding (2.0%). Release in 1987 of 32,800 wasps against 2nd generation eggs resulted in only 0.7% parasitism and 0.3% host feeding due to the toxicity of fenvalerate (PydrinR) residues from a single application applied for control of the potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris). Release in 1988 of 47,400 wasps against the 2nd host generation in the absence of any pesticide applications resulted in 34.4% parasitism and 16.1% host feeding, for a total impact of 50.5%. Difference in parasitization levels between host generations supports the idea thatE. puttleri adults require an in-field carbohydrate source such as aphid honeydew to reproduce. In Massachusetts, aphid populations in potato typically do not develop until the end of the 1st larval generation. The recruitment method ofVan Driesche & Bellows (1988) proved to be a satisfactory approach for determining results of augmentative parasitoid releases.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: biotin ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary When using two restriction enzymes and DNA probes from different sources, high levels of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were observed in Southern blot hybridisation experiments, among 6 di(ha)ploid genotypes ofSolanum tuberosum and some closely related species. In 3 F1 sample populations of 14 individuals each, both heterozygosity and segregation of hybridisation patterns were observed. The non-radioactive biotin-dUTP/SA-AP method for DNA detection on Southern blots proved to be satisfactory and reliable.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cell sap ; chloride ; fertilizer ; potassium ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; solute potential ; source: sink ; sulphate ; tuber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In pot experiments with Solanum tuberosum L. (cv Saturna) the application of KCl as compared to K2SO4 delayed tuber development. The solute composition of leaves of the KCl treated plants was significantly lower in K+ and NO3 -, but higher in Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl-. Since the solute potential in the KCl treated plants was more negative and associated with a higher water content, a higher turgor pressure can be assumed. This could explain the enhanced shoot growth observed with KCl. Application of K2SO4, on the other hand, accelerated the development of tubers. This might result from a less competitive shoot sink in K2SO4 treated plants and a stimulated phloem loading and translocation of assimilates by higher concentrations of leaf-K.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: enzyme activity ; potassium nutrition ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; starch synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Starch synthesis in potato tubers grown at varied K nutrition 0.1 (K1), 0.25 (K2) and 1.0 mmol K L- nutrient solution (K3) was investigated with particular regard to the activity of selected enzymes (sucrose synthase, UDP-D-glucose pyrophosphatase, starch phosphorylase, amylases) in dependence on tuber K content. Allocation of K to the tubers was nearly the same in all treatments. The activity of enzymes related to tuber K content did not differ significantly. Starch and K content of tubers increased with progressing age, whereas a decrease was observed in growth rate, starch synthesis per day and K uptake per day. Positive correlations between the rates of K uptake, starch production and growth indicate that the dynamic phase of K supply to the tubers is of greater importance for starch synthesizing processes than the influence of total K content.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chemical compounds ; field and pot trials ; mathematical optimization model ; mineral nutrients ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; threshold values ; tuber yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data of yield characteristics and the main chemical compounds of potato tubers, received from special NPK-fertilized pot and field trials, were individually evaluated by multiple regression analysis. The best suited mathematical functions, including linear, quadratic and interactive terms of N-, P- and K-concentrations in tuber dry matter, were integrated as independent variables into the models and the SUMT-method was applied for the nonlinear programming. Particular nutrient requirements could be derived from different NPK-ratios which were obtained by optimization. These ratios led to maximum tuber yield (=objective function) while at the same time observing special threshold values (e.g. nitrate) or limiting indices (=constraints) of tuber quality. By means of simulation it was possible to demonstrate characteristic differences between the effect of N-fertilization and varied N-concentrations on tuber yield and composition. Calculation of dependent variables by fixed NPK-ratios of the tubers resulted in excellent correspondence of the values for several parameters with the predictions made by both models, which were based on pot or field experiments.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: breeding ; drought tolerance ; potato ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Breeding strategies for drought tolerance in potato were evaluated by means of a crop growth model, in which seasonal courses of crop dry matter accumulation and soil moisture availability were simulated in dependence of plant characteristics and weather and soil data. Several plant characteristics substantially influenced the simulated instantaneous water consumption of the genotype. However, effects of genotypic differences on final tuber yield were much smaller because of the close relationship between transpiration and growth. Hence, a lower water consumption not only saved water for later use, but was also at the expense of the actual growth rate. Selection for low-transpiration types, at unchanged water use efficiency, would result in lower yields under optimum conditions. Short periods of drought, in general, reduced tuber yield of late genotypes less than that of early genotypes. Late genotypes had a surplus of leaf area for full light interception giving a lower impact of leaf area reduction. Late drought affected early genotypes less because of escape. The simulation results emphasized the complexity of selection for drought tranrance caused by the many plant processes involved, the contrast between instantaneous and cumulative reactions and the strong genotype × environment interaction for drought tolerance.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen acquisition ; potato ; root morphology ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars (‘Astrid’ and ‘Bodenkraft’) differing in their nitrogen acquisition from the soil (Hunnius, 1981) were used in nutrient solutions to study the effect of increasing concentrations of nitrate (0.05; 0.5; 5.0 mol m-3) particularly on root growth and morphology. In each variety increasing nitrogen concentrations stimulated shoot growth more than root growth. At all nitrate concentrations, the variety with higher nitrogen acquisition (‘Astrid’) had a significantly larger root system. The larger root system of ‘Astrid’ compared to ‘Bodenkraft’ was particularly evident when surface area and total length of the roots, instead of root dry weight were used as parameters. The results stress the importance of root length and surface area for nitrogen acquisition from soils.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genotypical differences ; mineral nutrient efficiency ; potato ; root size ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Virus free tubers from thirty-six clones of tuber bearing Solanum species belonging to different ploidy levels, from the world gene bank at the International Potato Center, were cultivated under field conditions at low and high fertilizer rates. Nine of the clones were chosen for their high yielding potential (advanced group) and twenty-seven for their extensiveness (native group). The tuber yields of the thirty-six clones at the two fertilizer levels were positively correlated and the advanced group yielded more than the native group, even under conditions of low soil fertility. A broad genetic variation in root size at both fertilizer levels was apparent. Although some native clones showed rather large root systems as a group, the advanced clones had a similar root dry weight to the native clones. Tuber dry weight was significantly correlated with root dry weight but the advanced clones had a higher tuber yield per unit of root dry matter produced.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; Pseudomonas solanacearum ; bacterial wilt ; adaptation ; polygenes ; polygenic resistance ; stability of resistance ; strain specificity ; true pottato seed (TPS)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Host-pathogen-environment interaction in the potato-P. solanacearum pathogenic system was investigated by testing eight true potato seed progenies and four clones for resistance to three potato isolates of P. solanacearum under two temperature regimes. Highly significant interactions of all types: progeny x isolate, isolate x temperature, progeny x temperature, and progeny x isolate x temperature were observed. Changes in pathogenicity of isolates with temperature were the major source of the total variation. Host-pathogen interaction effect was small as compared to the main (progeny, isolate) effects. Aspects of strain specificity and host-pathogen interaction are discussed.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; Pseudomonas solanacearum ; bacterial wilt ; combining ability ; genetic background ; polygenic resistance ; true potato seed (TPS)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary F1 hybrid true potato seed progenies with multiple sources of specific resistance to Pseudomonas solanacearum and adaptation were evaluated under tropical greenhouse conditions for resistance to a race 1 isolate of P. solanacearum. Results indicated that genes for adaptation are involved in conferring resistance to bacterial wilt. The effect of a particular resistant parent clone on the resistance level of its progeny depended on the resistance, adaptation or the combination of both characteristics of its mate. A heat tolerant parent gave a higher frequency of resistant offspring in combination with an ascertained source of resistance. Combining ability was an apparent feature of resistance to bacterial wilt and resistance was highest in the majority of the crosses that had a wide genetic background for both resistance and adaptation. The possible genetic nature of the resistance to bacterial wilt is discussed.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; breeding ; coefficient of variation ; decision support system ; interaction ; optimization ; potato ; response ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Coefficients of variation for genotypic differences, genotype-location, genotype-year and genotype-location-year interaction were computed from reported data of potato trials in order to use them in a decision support system. The obtained coefficients of variation not only varied considerably between traits, but also between trials within traits. It is argued that only parameter values representative for the pertaining breeding situation should be used for optimising a selection programme.
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  • 59
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    Euphytica 50 (1990), S. 203-210 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum Series Tuberosum ; Solanum cardiophyllum ; potato ; domestication ; glycoalkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The hypothesis that selection for reduced toxicity occurred as part of the domestication of the potato was investigated by analyses of the total glycoalkaloid (TGA) content of 30 accessions of 8 species of reputed wild progenitors of Solanum tuberosum and S. stenotomum and 12 accessions of 5 species of edible wild potatoes. Although mean TGA content of tubers of likely ancestoral species varied from 24–96 mg/100g, the most likely progenitor (S. sparsipilum) had the highest glycoalkaloid content (range 40–164; mean 96 mg/100 g). Three of the five wild species known to have been eaten historically had potentially toxic TGA content. Mexican S. cardiophyllum and S. ehrenbergii, however, contained almost no glycoalkaloids. The individual glycoalkaloids are reported for each of the accessions studied. The results indicate that the above hypothesis can be accepted.
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  • 60
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    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nutrient uptake ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; root growth ; soil type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potatoes were grown on two contrasting soils but in adjacent sites to investigate the effect of soil type on tuber production, nutrient uptake and nutrient inflow rates (uptake rate per unit length of root). The year of the study was wetter than normal. Tuber growth, root growth and nutrient uptake were all greater on the coarse rather than the fine-textured soil. However there was no difference in nutrient inflow rates between plants growing in the two soils. Therefore, it was concluded that the crop on the finer textured soil did not have an adequate nutrient supply, particularly of N, relative to the crop on the coarser-textured soil. The reasons for the low supply of nitrogen in the fine textured soil are not clear, but it might have been due to the smaller root system or to enhanced losses of nitrogen by denitrification caused by the combination of soil physical properties and poor drainage in a wet year.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Phthorimaea operculella ; granulosis virus ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; life-table parameters ; biological control ; potato ; Phthorimea operculella ; granulovirus ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; paramètres biologiques ; lutte biologique ; pomme de terre
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de 3 différentes concentrations d'un granulovirus (GV) et d'une application standard deBacillus thuringiensis Berliner sur les paramètres biologiques de la teigne de la pomme de terrePhthorimaea operculella (Zeller) ont été testés en laboratoire. Le taux de survie le plus faible (0,4%) a été observé lorsque les larves de la teigne avaient été élevées sur des tubercules traités avecB. thuringiensis (200 mg Thuricide/kg de pomme de terre); dans ce cas, la teigne ne s'est pas reproduite. Comparativement au témoin et au traitement à la plus faible concentration de GV (0,002 équivalent larve par kg de pomme de terre (LE)), le taux de survie sur des tubercules traitées avec 2,0 et 0,2 LE a été réduit de manière significative, à savoir: 0,8% et 11,1% par rapport à 32,5% et 34,7% respectivement. Cependant, la durée de la génération n'a pas été affectée par les applications du GV et la fécondité n'a été réduite que par la concentration la plus élevée. Par conséquent, le taux de reproduction net (rm), comparé à celui du témoin (rm=0.00105), a été réduit de manière significative par la concentration de GV la plus élevée (rm=0.0004), modérément par la concentration intermédiaire (rm=0,0071) et n'a pas été affecté par la concentration la plus faible (rm=0,0100). Finalement, les conséquences pour une lutte biologique dans les lieux de stockage traditionnels ont été discutées.
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of 3 different concentrations of a granulosis virus (GV), and a standard application ofBacillus thuringiensis Berliner, on the life table parameters of the potato tubermothPhthorimaea operculella (Zeller) in the laboratory. Survival from egg to adult emergence was lowest (0.4%) and no reproduction occurred when larvae were fed on tubers treated withB. thuringiensis (i.e. 200 mg Thiricide/kg potatoes). Survival was 0.8, and 11.1% on tubers treated with 2.0, and 0.2 larval equivalents/kg potatoes (LE) of the GV, respectively, and was significantly (p〈0.05) reduced compared to that for the lowest GV concentration (0.002 LE), and the control, i.e. 34.7, and 32.5% survival, respectively. However, generation time was not affected by the GV and fecundity was reduced only at the highest concentration. As a result, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was significantly reduced at the highest, slightly reduced at the intermediate, and was not different for the lowest GV concentration as compared to the control, i.e. 0.0004, 0.0071, and 0.0100 compared to 0.0105, respectively. The implications for a potential biological control of the potato tubermoth in rustic potato stores are discussed.
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