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  • Articles  (213)
  • Triticum aestivum  (132)
  • biological control  (76)
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  • Springer  (213)
  • 1995-1999  (213)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (213)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate with soil N during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 185-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: 15N-labelled fertilizer ; Added N interaction Fertilizer N uptake ; Soil N uptake ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate on yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mexi-Pak-65) were studied in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 64.0–74.8%, 61.5–64.7% and 61.7–63.4% of the N from ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea and ammonium sulphate. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the three N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied with the method of application of fertilizer N. Ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate gave 59.3%, 42.8% and 26.3% more added N interaction, respectively, when applied by the broadcast/worked-in method than with band placement. A highly significant correlation between soil N and grain yield, dry matter and added N interaction showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production. A values were not significantly correlated with added N interaction (r=0.719). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336556
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of CO2 evolution in grey forest soil of the Baikal forest-steppe (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 327-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: CO2 emission ; Field method ; Soil respiration ; Triticum aestivum ; Soil moisture ; Carbon reservoirs ; Greenhouse effect ; Grey forest soil ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the rate of CO2 evolution from soil in fallow and croplant under spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in a crop rotation in grey forest soil of the Baikal forest-steppe during the growing season and in different years. It was shown that the regional characteristics of soils and hydrothermal conditions in different years affect the rate of CO2 evolution in agroecosystems. The seasonal dynamics of CO2 is characterized by insignificant changes in the autumn to spring period and enhanced emission in hot and dry summers. CO2 evolution is assumed to increase due to enhanced mineralization and partial diffusion from the carbonate horizon at the depth of the seasonal frost. During the growing season the dynamics of CO2 evolution depends on the soil moisture regime. There was a strong correlation between the rate of CO2 emission and soil moisture in the particularly dry year of 1993 (η=0.86) and a moderate correlation in the other years (η=0.38–0.54). The effect of the previous crop and fertilizer application on the rate of CO2 emission was insignificant. In a continuous fallow the total carbon release into the atmosphere varied throughout the years studied from 558 to 1880 kg ha-1. Humus losses varied from 0.9% to 3.1%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335962
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of CO2 evolution in grey forest soil of the Baikal forest-steppe (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 327-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words CO2 emission ; Field method ; Soil respiration ; Triticum aestivum ; Soil moisture ; Carbon reservoirs ; Greenhouse effect ; Grey forest soil ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the rate of CO2 evolution from soil in fallow and cropland under spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in a crop rotation in grey forest soil of the Baikal forest-steppe during the growing season and in different years. It was shown that the regional characteristics of soils and hydrothermal conditions in different years affect the rate of CO2 evolution in agroecosystems. The seasonal dynamics of CO2 is characterized by insignificant changes in the autumn to spring period and enhanced emission in hot and dry summers. CO2 evolution is assumed to increase due to enhanced mineralization and partial diffusion from the carbonate horizon at the depth of the seasonal frost. During the growing season the dynamics of CO2 evolution depends on the soil moisture regime. There was a strong correlation between the rate of CO2 emission and soil moisture in the particularly dry year of 1993 (η=0.86) and a moderate correlation in the other years (η=0.38–0.54). The effect of the previous crop and fertilizer application on the rate of CO2 emission was insignificant. In a continuous fallow the total carbon release into the atmosphere varied throughout the years studied from 558 to 1880 kg ha–1. Humus losses varied from 0.9% to 3.1%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335962
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus improves dry matter yield and nutrient uptake by wheat grown in a sandy soil (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms ; Mussoorie rock phosphate ; Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Triticum aestivum ; Nutrient-deficient soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of inoculating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with the PO4 3–-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) Bacillus circulans and Cladosporium herbarum and the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus sp. 88 with or without Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP) amendment in a nutrient-deficient natural sandy soil was studied. In the sandy soil of low fertility root colonization by VAM fungi was low. Inoculation with Glomus sp. 88 improved root colonization. At maturity, grain and straw yields as well as N and P uptake improved significantly following inoculation with PSM or the VAM fungus. These increases were higher on combined inoculation of PSM and the VAM fungus with MRP amendment. In general, a larger population of PSM was maintained in the rhizosphere of wheat in treatments with VAM fungal inoculation and MRP amendment. The results suggest that combined inoculation with PSM and a VAM fungus along with MRP amendment can improve crop yields in nutrient-deficient soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050475
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gram-negative bacterial flora on the root surface of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown under different soil conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 273-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Rhizosphere ; Soil microflora ; Gram-negative bacteria ; API 20 NE ; Flavobacterium spp ; Cytophaga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We identified 161 Gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from the root surface of wheat grown under different soil conditions. The strains were divided into seven groups based on major morphological and physiological properties. Taxonomic allocation of the groups was verified by guanine+cytosine contents of DNA. Except for one group, which may be assumed to include bacteria belonging to the genera Flavobacterium and Cytophaga, the various groups were taxonomically united. The distribution of the groups changed with soil improvement. Pseudomonads predominated in unimproved soil, but Flavobacterium and Cytophaga spp. were predominant in the most improved soil. As all the strains were non-fermentative by Hugh and Leifson's test, API 20NE identification was applied. However, many strains were misidentified by this system, especially in the Flavobacterium and Cytophaga spp. group. For ecological studies, the strains were classified to species level by the API 20 NE system and by the results of a combination of guanine+cytosine (mol%) and isoprenoid quinone data. The pattern of distribution of the bacteria on the root surface of wheat varied at species level within one genus depending on soil conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335955
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organic soil amendments in relation to nematode management with particular reference to India (1996)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 1 (1996), S. 201-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: biological control ; bioresource technology ; fertilizers ; non-chemical control ; organic amendment ; pest management ; plant-parasitic nematode ; waste management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The addition of organic materials to soil has been used in managing plant-parasitic nematodes and has resulted in increased crop yield. Research on the utilization of waste materials such as oilseed cakes, chitin, compost, livestock and poultry manures, and cellulosic wastes appears promising for reducing populations of plant-parasitic nematodes. Nitrogen based amendments, plant phenolics, nematotoxic chemicals, development of predators and parasites of nematodes and microorganism stimulation have been considered to be promising agents for nematode management. In addition, organic amendments change the physical as well as the trophic structure of soil, which affects the pathogen development and overall plant growth performance. Mechanisms of action of organic soil amendments in relation to nematode management are yet to be fully explored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00139764
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance to foliage-feeding insects in conifers: implications for pest management (1996)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 1 (1996), S. 163-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: host plant resistance ; conifers ; integrated pest management ; biological control ; forestry ; silviculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The ecological implications of insect resistance in conifers are rarely discussed. It is however a fairly straightforward plant-insect interaction and should be treated as such, making use of the increasing amount of information in this field. Work on tree breeding is usually carried out by silviculturalists who, not surprisingly, rarely consider the insect component of the environment in which the treess are growing. In all fairness, it must be stated that many entomologists, fail to consider the plant component of the interaction. Clonal forestry will almost certainly result in the loss of genetic variability. The use of clonal material has already been cited as a possible source for the diminution of the resistance against pests and diseases and if particular resistance mechanisms against forest pests are sought in the future the reduction in genetic material caused by clonal selection could have serious consequences. The ethics of clonal forestry have been questioned as have the ethics of biotechnological advances in the area of recombinant DNA molecules. The potential of both these techniques should be publicized and brought to the attention of the general public and the scientific community at large and evaluated. To improve our forest environment and to protect the environment as a whole, entomologists, geneticists, physiologists and silviculturalists must work together to produce better trees that require little, if any, chemical aid, be it insecticides, herbicides, fungicides or fertilizers. An increasing awareness of the environmental problems generated by large-scale insecticide applications to forest plantations, coupled with an increasingly chemophobic work-force and the difficulty in obtaining pesticide registration for use in forest environments, means that the forest industry world-wide must look to the use of integrated control measures with more diligence than has been shown in the past. Many recent outbreaks of pests and diseases have been linked with particular seed origins of tree crops. Host plant resistance as part of a suite of other proposed integrated control tools is thus an obvious candidate for development. Despite this, scientists concerned with tree improvement continue to select largely for silvicultural traits rather than for resistance to pests and disease. The different avenues open to plant breeders are examined and the potential of breeding trees resistant to insect attack highlighted. Using resistant trees as part of an integrated pest management system has five very important properties. Firstly, there is no additional pest control cost to the grower, secondly, it operates at all levels of insect incidence and not just when the pest is at high population levels, thirdly, it reduces the insect population cumulatively, fourthly it avoids toxic residues and environmental pollution and, finally, it usually interacts well with the other integrated pest management strategies in existence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00130674
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrated pest management for oil palm in Papua New Guinea (1997)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 2 (1997), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Integrated pest management ; biological control ; oilpalm ; tettigonids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The global production ofpalm oil has increased very rapidly, more than doubling between1970 and 1980. Oil palm is the second most important cash crop inPapua New Guinea (PNG), and in 1995 its export value wasUS$128 million. The principal pests of oil palm in PNG are agroup of tettigonids, collectively known as Sexava, which causedamage by defoliating the oil palm tree. Severe defoliationcauses reductions in photosynthesis and fruit production,resulting in yield losses. Control of these pests is currentlyreliant upon the use of trunk-injected monocrotophos. Because ofdifficult application methods, poor monitoring procedures, andthe difficult environment, chemical control usually occurs toolate to prevent significant yield losses. Furthermore theapplication of chemicals is expensive and environmentallyundesirable. There is enormous potential to improve the currentpest management practices, and several biological control agentscould be used in an integrated pest management (IPM) system.Agronomic practices directed towards developing biodiversitywithin the oil palm cropping system, and improved pest monitoringand surveying could also be components of this IPMscheme
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018420211050
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparing responses of grain legumes, wheat and canola to applications of superphosphate (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 157-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Cicer arietinum ; current P ; Lens culinaris ; Lupinus albus ; Lupinus angustifolius ; P concentration response ; P content response ; Pisum sativum ; previous P ; sigmoid response ; single superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; Vicia faba ; yield response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus (P) is a major deficiency of soils of south-western Australia (WA). The fertilizer P requirements are not known for grain legumes being evaluated for neutral to alkaline, fine textured soils in WA. To rectify this, glasshouse and field experiments were undertaken to compare the responses of several grain legume species, wheat and canola to applications of single superphosphate and the results are reported in this paper. The glasshouse experiments measured responses of dried tops, harvested at 26 to 42 days after sowing, to P that was freshly-applied (current P) and previously-applied (previous P). Responses in the glasshouse were measured using yield, P concentration and P content (P concentration multiplied by yield) of oven dried tops of the following: wheat (Triticum aestivum), canola (Brassica napus), faba bean (Vicia faba), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), field pea (Pisum sativum), albus lupin (Lupinus albus) and narrow leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). Field experiments in 1994 and 1995 compared seed (grain) yield responses of faba bean, chickpea, lentil, albus lupin and wheat to applications of current P. The P was banded (drilled) with the seed while sowing at 5 cm depth. Canola and wheat produced very large yield responses to increasing applications of current P. Responses were much smaller for albus lupin, faba bean and chickpea. Responses for lentil, narrow leaf lupin and field pea, fell in between responses of the small and large seeded species. Similar trends for responses were obtained as measured using yield, P concentration, or P content. For soils treated with previous P, similar trends were observed as for current P, but differences in yield responses between species were much less marked and the response curves tended to become more sigmoid. In the field experiments, grain yield responses to current P of albus lupin and chickpea were less than that for wheat. Relative to wheat, faba bean was the most responsive grain legume to applications of current P, with lentil producing similar responses to wheat in one experiment at a newly cleared, P deficient site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009798506480
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incubating superphosphate in ‘dry’soil can reduce its effectiveness (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Incubation of phosphorus in soil ; relative effectiveness ; superphosphate ; ×Triticosecale ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Single superphosphate was incubated for six months at 25°C in soil which had been subject to one of three moisture treatments. These were: dried in a glasshouse, dried at a constant temperature of 25°C, or moist soil. Phosphorus (P) effectiveness was then compared with effectiveness of P from freshly-applied superphosphate using yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (×Triticosecale) tops in pot experiments. Incubation in soil which had been dried at 25°C did not decrease the effectiveness of the P. Incubation in moist soil decreased it to about 20% of the effectiveness of freshly-applied P in one case and to about 50% in the other case. Incubation in soil which had been dried in a glasshouse also decreased its effectiveness. The decrease varied with conditions, but in two cases the P was 70% as effective as freshly-applied P, and in one case only 45% as effective. Presumably sufficient moisture was present in the soil dried in the glasshouse to enable water-soluble P present in the fertilizer to react with the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750927
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Biological Control of Storage Mites by Cheyletus Eruditus (1998)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: stored product mites ; biological control ; history ; predators ; prey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A history of the biological control of stored product mites is reviewed. Thirty-five references in the scientific literature were found principally dealing with acarine predators. The first paper to point out the specific value of Cheyletus eruditus as a predator of acaroid mites appeared in 1912. In 1965 biological control utilizing C. eruditus was put into practice for the first time and in 1986 a method of mass rearing the predator was developed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009647814477
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  • 12
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    Contribution of Biological Control to Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Tropics and Subtropics (1998)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 63-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Biosteres ; Coptera ; Diachasmimorpha ; Psyttalia ; Tetrastichus ; augmentation ; host habitat location ; dispersal ; behavioural ecology ; biological control ; classical biological control ; integrated pest management ; mass rearing ; quality control ; parasitoids ; tephritidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009647429498
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  • 13
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    Management of Stored Wheat Insect Pests in the USA (1999)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 127-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: wheat ; stored-grain ; integrated pest management ; aeration ; biological control ; grain sampling ; insect monitoring ; modeling ; area-wide IPM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009682410810
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  • 14
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    Botrytis cinerea in greenhouse vegetables: chemical, cultural, physiological and biological controls and their integration (1995)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 1 (1995), S. 15-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: biological control ; calcium ; chemical control ; covered crops ; cultural measures ; decision support system ; epidemiology ; fertilization ; forecasting ; fungicide resistance ; grey mould ; heating ; integrated disease management ; light filtration ; nutrition ; plant hormones ; sanitation ; sporulation ; Trichoderma ; ventilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Botrytis cinerea is an ubiquitous pathogen which causes severe losses in many fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops. The pathogen infects leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. The complexity of diseases caused by B. cinerea in greenhouses makes this pathogen one of the most important diseases of vegetable crops in greenhouse in many countries. In general, epidemics occur in cool and humid conditions, which favour infection and may also predispose the host to become susceptible. High relative humidity in the greenhouse and free moisture on plant surfaces are considered the most important environmental factors which influence infection by B. cinerea. In this review we specify the factors affecting the development of diseases incited by B. cinerea and discuss different approaches for its suppression. Chemical and non-chemical controls are outlined and their integration is discussed. Finally, achievements, gaps in knowledge, and future needs are indicated. The most common means for disease management is by application of chemical fungicides. Both spraying of fungicides and application of fungicides directly to sporulating wounds is practiced. However, high activity of several fungicides is being lost, at least in part, due to the development of resistance. As fungicides still remain an important tool for control of epidemics caused by B. cinerea, it is important to monitor populations of the pathogen for their resistance towards potential fungicides. Cultural measures can be a powerful means to suppress plant diseases in greenhouses where the value of crops is high and the farmers make considerable efforts during long cropping seasons. Such measures are usually aimed at altering the microclimate in the canopy and around susceptible plant organs, prevention of inoculum entrance into the greenhouse and its build up, and, rendering the host plants less susceptible to diseases. Calcium loading of plant tissues and alteration of nitrogen fertilization reduce susceptibility to Botrytis. Cultivars resistant to B. cinerea are not available. Another alternative methods to control B. cinerea is by means of biological control agents. At least one preparation is already available in the market and in many cases it was as effective as the conventional fungicides. A decision support system was recently developed for integration of chemical and biological controls. Adaquate suppression of B. cinerea diseases in greenhouse crops is an attainable goal. In our opinion this goal can be reached by considering the ecology of the pathosystem in its broader sense and by integration of all possible control measures. This implies optimization of plant nutrition, microlimate and control (cultural, biological, physiological and, if necessary, chemical) measures. Moreover, Botrytis management must be incorporated in a more holistic system that is compatible with insect control, crop production systems and profitability of the crop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00140331
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  • 15
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    Biological control of the annual weed Chenopodium album, with emphasis on the application of Ascochyta caulina as a microbial herbicide (1997)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 2 (1997), S. 71-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Chenopodiumalbum ; Ascochyta caulina ; biological control ; microbialherbicide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018484530615
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  • 16
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    Biological Control of Alfalfa Weevil in North America (1998)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 225-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Hypera postica ; alfalfa weevil ; Medicago sativa ; alfalfa ; biological control ; classical biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhall) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is of Eurasian origin. This destructive pest of alfalfa (lucerne) was accidentally established in North America on three separate occasions. These introductions are commonly identified in the literature as biological strains: western alfalfa weevil, Egyptian alfalfa weevil (=Hypera brunneipennis Boheman), and eastern alfalfa weevil. Alfalfa weevil has been the target of classical biological control almost since its discovery in North America more than 90 years ago. These efforts have resulted in establishment of at least nine exotic parasitoids and egg predators: Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson), B. anurus (Thomson) and B. stenostigma (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae); Microctonus aethiopoides Loan and M. colesi Drea (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), the latter of undetermined origin; Oomyzus incertus (Ratzenberg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae); Dibrachoides dynastes (Forester) and Peridesmia discus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae); and Anaphes luna (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). A fungal pathogen, Zoophthora phytonomi Arthur (Phycomycetes: Entomophthoraceae), of undetermined origin, is becoming an increasingly important alfalfa weevil mortality factor. Most major USA alfalfa production areas now benefit from a complex of alfalfa weevil biological control agents. Collectively, these agents have effected substantial reduction in the economic importance of alfalfa weevil across the northern USA However, biological agents provide only partial control of alfalfa weevil, and importance of their contribution differs considerably with production area. Still, the benefits achieved, especially from reduced need for insecticides in alfalfa production, mark this as one of the great success stories of classical biological control in North America.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009611219360
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    Integrated Management for Carrot Weevil (1999)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 21-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: carrot weevil ; IPM ; Anaphes spp. ; biological control ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a major pest of carrots in northeastern North America. The females oviposit in the leaf petiole and the developing larvae make tunnels in the carrot roots. Exclusive reliance on chemical control and the poor control obtained, prompted, in the early 1980s, research on the ecology and physiology of the pest and its natural enemies. Carrot weevil females start their oviposition by 147±9 DD7°C but they oviposit only in carrots past the 4 true-leaf-stage. As a result, oviposition is delayed, and damage reduced, in late-sown carrots. Monitoring carrot weevil adults in the spring with either carrot root sections or wooden plate traps enables growers to apply control treatments only if the population density justifies it. Egg parasitoids of the genus Anaphes (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) are the most important natural enemies and they account, in untreated plots, for up to 80% mortality. Their effectiveness could be improved by managing field borders to establish secondary host species. An IPM programme was developed in the 1980s based on the research results obtained and, through regular monitoring, has achieved a substantial decrease in pesticide use.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009624714172
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    Integrated Pest Management of Pest Mole Crickets with Emphasis on the Southeastern USA (1999)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 39-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Scapteriscus ; Neocurtilla ; Gryllotalpa ; biological control ; turf ; pastures ; vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract There are at least 70 species of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Some are rare, others are innocuous, and a few are important pests. These soil-dwelling pests damage underground parts of a long list of cultivated plants. Although tillage and flooding are used successfully in some situations to bring these pests to the soil surface and expose them to vertebrate and other predators, chemical pesticides are widely used against them. Knowledge of their life history is used to time application of chemical treatments to save money, but is not used as widely as it might be. Classical biological control has been used against immigrant mole crickets in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the southern USA. In Florida, three Scapteriscus species from South America cause major damage to pastures and turf and are targets of a classical biological control program. Population levels of two of the pest species have been reduced substantially in Florida by establishment of a tachinid fly (Ormia depleta) and a steinernematid nematode (Steinernema scapterisci) from South America. The nematode also functions as a biopesticide. Managers of pastures and turf in Florida have thus far derived benefit from these classical biological control agents without understanding their function: use of chemicals is reduced when mole cricket populations are lower due to action of these organisms. Future enhancement of the action of O. depleta and of a sphecid wasp (Larra bicolor, which also was introduced from South America) probably will demand deliberate planting of nectar sources for adults of these biological control agents, and the advantage will be to managers who adopt such a strategy. Chemical pesticide use is strongly promoted by a large chemical industry, whereas biopesticidal use has thus far been little promoted and sales have been few. Even managers who do not change their simple strategy of pesticide use in response to damage by mole crickets, and have no knowledge of the differing life cycles of the three Scapteriscus species or of the presence and action of the classical biological control agents, will derive benefit as these biological control agents (and a predatory beetle which has not yet been released) increase their distribution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009628915989
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    Rodent Control in India (1999)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 97-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: agriculture ; biological control ; campaign ; chemosterilent ; commensal ; control methods ; economics ; environmental and cultural methods ; horticulture ; India ; pest management ; pre- and post-harvest crop losses ; poultry farms ; rodent ; rodenticide ; South Asia ; trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen species of rodents are pests in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal and human dwellings and rural and urban storage facilities in India. Their habitat, distribution, abundance and economic significance varies in different crops, seasons and geographical regions of the country. Of these, Bandicota bengalensis is the most predominant and widespread pest of agriculture in wet and irrigated soils and has also established in houses and godowns in metropolitan cities like Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta. In dryland agriculture Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae are the predominant rodent pests. Some species like Rattus meltada, Mus musculus and M. booduga occur in both wet and dry lands. Species like R. nitidus in north-eastern hill region and Gerbillus gleadowi in the Indian desert are important locally. The common commensal pests are Rattus rattus and M. musculus throughout the country including the islands. R. rattus along with squirrels Funambulus palmarum and F. tristriatus are serious pests of plantation crops such as coconut and oil palm in the southern peninsula. F. pennanti is abundant in orchards and gardens in the north and central plains and sub-mountain regions. Analysis of the information available on the damage and economic losses caused by rodents in rice, wheat, sugarcane, maize, pearl millet, sorghum, oil seed, legume and vegetable crop fields, horticulture and forestry, poultry farms, and rural and urban dwellings and storage facilities clearly shows that chronic damage ranging from 2% to 15% persists throughout the country and severe damage, sometimes even up to 100% loss of the field crop, is not rare. Several traditional and modern approaches and methods of rodent control are being used. The existing knowledge of the environmental, cultural, biological, mechanical and chemical methods of rodent control in India is reviewed. Considerable variations exist in the susceptibility of the pest species to different methods, particularly to rodenticides and trapping, their field applicability, efficacy and economics in different crops, seasons and geographical regions, behavioural responses of the pest species to these methods in different ecological conditions and their adoption by farmers in different regions of India. Environmental and cultural techniques, such as clean cultivation, proper soil tillage and crop scheduling, barriers, repellents and proofing which may reduce rodent harbourage, food sources and immigration have long lasting effects but are seldom adopted. However, their significance in relation to normal agricultural practices, intensification and diversification are discussed. Rodenticides, which provide an immediate solution to the rodent problem, form the major component of rodent control strategies in India. Poison baiting of rodents with zinc phosphide and burrow fumigation with aluminium phosphide are common in agricultural fields and recently Racumin (coumatetralyl) and bromadiolone have been introduced for the control of both agricultural and commensal rodent pests in India. Methods and timings of campaigns and successes and problems in implementation of rodent control are also reviewed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009622109901
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    Factors in the Success and Failure of Microbial Agents for Control of Migratory Pests (1999)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 307-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: microbial control ; biological control ; biopesticide ; mycopesticide ; Metarhizium ; Beauveria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microbial control agents generally kill insects more slowly than chemical pesticides, and fast-moving migratory pests may not at first sight appear to offer the most promising targets for microbial control. Operators responsible for control may need to have recourse to chemical control agents. Nevertheless, there are many occasions when pests breed and feed outside the crop and a microbial control agent can be used. Similarly, immature stages may cause little damage and early treatment in the crop can avoid damage. Microbial control agents are particularly likely to be favoured if the pest breeds in a conservation area, and if a publicly-accountable agency is responsible for control. Other key points of importance are the IPM context, in particular detection, planning and forecasting of outbreaks and the role of natural enemies. With these points in mind, we identify several locust and grasshopper systems where microbial control is becoming established; additionally, Sunn pest of wheat and Armyworm are identified as promising situations forbreak microbials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009697019677
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    Periderm and lenticel characterization in relation to potato cultivar, soil moisture and tuber maturity (1997)
    Springer
    Potato research 40 (1997), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: suberin ; suberization ; lenticel penetration ; Erwinia carotovora ssp.atroseptica ; tuber development ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Using the fluorescent lipid stain fluorol yellow 088 to detect suberin in tubers, the numbers of layers and the thickness of the suberized cells in the periderm and within the lenticels showed changes after the early stage of tuber formation. These changes as tubers matured were affected by cultivar and soil moisture conditions. Penetration of the surface tissues of tubers by the water soluble stain safranin O was confined to the lenticles. Although the zone of suberized cells in lenticels acted to some extent as a barrier to penetration, there was not a clear relationship between permeability and suberization. Stored tubers showed thicker suberin berriers in lenticels than freshly harvested tubers. When lenticels of stored tubers proliferated the suberin barrier was disrupted but a further thick suberin barrier formed after exposure to air for two weeks. The findings are discussed in relation to biological control ofErwinia by antagonistic bacteria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358244
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    Preliminary selection of antagonists ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Van Hall) Dye for application during green crop lifting of seed potato tubers (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 161-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: bioassay ; biological control ; blackleg ; green crop harvesting ; haulm killing ; skin damage ; wound protection ; Solanum tuberosum L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Green crop lifting (GCL) for haulm killing was developed in The Netherlands and offers ideal conditions for controlling the blackleg pathogenErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca) by antagonists. Based on the use of mini-tubers or young tubers from field crops, two bioassays for wound protection were developed. GCL was simulated by artificially skinning or wounding tubers, inoculating the damaged skin with Eca, treating with antagonists and incubating in either potting compost or outside in field soil. Mainly fluorescent pseudomonads, pre-screened for in vitro antagonistic activity on agar and high soft rot reducing ability on tuber slices, were tested in the mini-tuber bioassay. Strains giving the highest degree of wound protection were further tested individually and in combination under field conditions in the young tuber bioassay. One individual strain and two combinations, resulting in reduction of contamination levels on skinned surfaces of 85% and between 60% and 70%, respectively, show good potential for biological control of blackleg.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358406
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    Evaluation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for biological control of pythium root rot of cucumbers grown in rockwool and effects on yield (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 102 (1996), S. 747-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Pseudomonas corrugata ; Serratia plymuthica ; Pythium aphanidermatum ; PGPR ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three strains ofPseudomonas fluorescens (63-49, 63-28, and 15), one strain ofPseudomonas corrugata (13) and one strain ofSerratia plymuthica (R1GC4) were tested on rockwool-grown cucumbers for their ability to reduce Pythium root-rot caused byPythium aphanidermatum. These strains were previously selected for biocontrol ability from collections of 〉4000 bacteria. Strains 63-49 and 63-28 were tested on cucumber plants grown in rockwool in two replicatedPythium-inoculated trials conducted in British Columbia (B.C). Another inoculated, replicated trial was conducted in Quebec with all five strains. Cucumber yields (fruit number and weight) were measured over a ten-week harvest period. Strain 63-49 caused an early promotion of plant growth and increased cucumber yields at early harvests. No measurable effect ofPythium inoculation on disease development was observed in the Quebec trial, due to unfavourable cool weather. However, 63-49 significantly increased the total number of cucumbers (12%) and cucumber weight (18%), compared to the non-treated control. Strains 13, 15 and R1GC4 slightly increased the cumulative cucumber yields, but strain 63-28 had no effect. In the B.C. trial, inoculation withP. aphanidermatum reduced the number and weight of cucumbers by 27%. Treatments ofPythium-inoculated cucumbers with 63-49 significantly increased fruit number and weight by 18%, compared to thePythium-inoculated control. Strain 63-28 increased the cumulative number of cucumbers over time, compared to thePythium-inoculated control, but the increase was less than with 63-49. The use ofPseudomonas spp. in rockwool-grown cucumbers can increase yields, both in the presence and absence of Pythium root rot, and with variable seasonal conditions and disease pressures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01877149
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    Efficiency of isolates ofConiothyrium minitans as mycoparasites ofSclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium cepivorum andBotrytis cinerea on tomato stem pieces (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 102 (1996), S. 787-793 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: antagonism ; biological control ; grey mould ; white mould ; white rot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty five isolates ofConiothyrium minitans were screened for antagonism toSclerotinia sclerotiorum in a Petri dish bioassay using tomato stem segments placed on sterile sand. The antagonistic activity of 23 isolates was quite uniform and only two less antagonistic isolates were identified. Antagonism, expressed as a reduction in the rate of tissue colonization byS. sclerotiorum, occurred, whetherC. minitans was co-inoculated at the same time, one day before or one day afterS. sclerotiorum, but was slightly restricted whenS. sclerotiorum was given a lead of one day. On average, 50–80% of sclerotia of S.sclerotiorum formed on the stem pieces were infected byC. minitans two weeks after inoculation. Excluding the less antagonistic isolates,Coniothyrium minitans was recovered from over 80% ofS. sclerotiorum-infected stem segments when co-inoculated but from a maximum of only 7% of stem pieces when exposed toC. minitans alone. When the experiments were carried out on non-sterile soil instead of sterile sand, infection of stem pieces byS. sclerotiorum was reduced and recovery ofS. sclerotiorum andC. minitans from stem segments was decreased. SevenC. minitans isolates were also screened againstSclerotium cepivorum andBotrytis cinerea and, whereas the effect ofC. minitans onS. cepivorum-infected tissue and sclerotia was essentially similar to that observed withS. sclerotiorum, B. cinerea infected tissue and sclerotia were not invaded by the antagonist.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01877154
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    Endo-1,3-β-glucanase and cellulase from Trichoderma harzianum: purification and partial characterization, induction of and biological activity against plant pathogenic Pythium spp. (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 331-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: antagonism ; biological control ; fungicide ; GUS-transformant ; root colonization ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract There were indications that endo-1,3-β-glucanase (1,3-(1,3;1,4)-β-D-Glucan 3(4)-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.6)) and cellulase (1,4-(1,3;1,4)-β-D-Glucan 4-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.4)) activity of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai isolate T3 were induced in sphagnum peat moss cultivations and dual culture experiments by the presence of Pythium ultimum. Further, P. ultimum stimulated the germination of Trichoderma conidia. Endo-1,3-β-glucanase and cellulase were purified from T. harzianum isolate T3, known to control Pythium damping-off of cucumber seedlings. The enzymes were purified from the culture filtrate of the fungus by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. The purified endo-1,3-β-glucanase was a small protein with a molecular mass of 17 kilodaltons and a pI of 5.0. Two cellulases were purified to homogeneity and had molecular masses of 40 and 45 kilodaltons respectively, and pI's of 6.4 and 7.6 respectively. Germination of encysted zoospores and elongation of germ tubes of a plant pathogenic Pythium isolate were inhibited by low concentrations of the purified enzymes. A strong synergistic effect was observed on the inhibition of cyst germination by a combination of the endo-1,3-β-glucanase and the fungicide Fongarid. Finally, a time-course study of colonization of the rhizosphere of cucumber seedlings showed that the active fungal mycelial biomass of a GUS-transformant of T. harzianum isolate T3 increased over four weeks. Trichoderma appeared to colonize healthy roots only superficially, whereas the mucilage of the root hairs and of distal parts of wounded areas or broken parts of the roots, were extensively colonized.
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    Selection of biological control agents for controlling soil and seed-borne diseases in the field (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 775-784 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: antagonists ; biological control ; comparative screening ; field screening ; rhizosphere competence ; field performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Different screening methods for selection of biological control agents (BCAs), for controlling soil and seed-borne diseases, are discussed. The shortcomings of laboratory methods focused on mechanism of action are discussed and we conclude that these methods should be used with caution if candidates with multifactorial or plant mediated mechanisms of control are to be obtained. In vitro screens may be useful for specific groups of microorganisms, thus, screens for antibiotics may be relevant for Streptomyces spp., and promising results have been obtained using soil plating or precolonized agar methods to screen for mycoparasitism and competitive saprophytic ability. Experience with screening in the Nordic programme ‘Biological control of seed borne diseases in cereals’ is summarized. Research in the four participating countries – Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark – followed the same paradigm: that of obtaining antagonists, well adapted to different Nordic environments, and developing them as effective BCAs. Potential antagonists were isolated from different sources and in planta screening methods were developed in order to optimize selection of antagonists effective against a range of seed borne pathogens. Screens in the laboratory or greenhouse were followed by screening in the field. The different screening procedures are compared and evaluated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008662313042
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    Suppression of pre- and postemergence damping-off in corn by Burkholderia cepacia (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; Zea mays ; Pythium spp. ; Fusarium spp. ; seed bacterization Burkholderia cepacia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Burkholderia cepacia (syn. Pseudomonas cepacia) strain PHQM100 applied as a seed coating was tested in growth chamber experiments for its ability to suppress preemergence damping-off, and postemergence damping-off in corn induced by Pythium and Fusarium spp. The symptoms observed in bioassays with soils naturally infested with the fungal pathogens were seed rot with Pythium spp. and mesocotyl and root tissue necrosis in the presence of Fusarium spp. Three corn cultivars that differed in their susceptibility to damping-off pathogens were used. Cultivar L was susceptible to pre- and postemergence damping-off, whereas cv. LPDP and cv. LG11 were moderately resistant and resistant to the damping-off diseases respectively. In the presence of Pythium spp., seed treatment with B. cepacia reduced seed rot, as compared to the untreated seeds, and this reduction was more consistent in the cv. LPDP than in the resistant cv. LG11 or the susceptible cv. L. In soils infested with Fusarium spp., seed treatment significantly reduced root and mesocotyl necrosis as compared to the untreated seeds, and this reduction was more consistent in the resistant cultivars LG11 and LPDP than in the susceptible cv. L. Root colonization levels by B. cepacia were similar in the three corn cultivars tested. Biocontrol efficiency of B. cepacia varied among cultivars mainly due to the differences in their susceptibility to the fungal pathogens. In spite of variability and also irrespective of the soil characteristics, B. cepacia increased seedling emergence and decreased mesocotyl and root necrosis when used as a seed coating.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008625511924
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    N-acyl-homoserine lactone-mediated gene regulation in biological control by fluorescent pseudomonads: Current knowledge and future work (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: autoinduction ; biological control ; gene regulation ; LuxR/LuxI ; N-acyl-homoserine lactones ; fluorescent pseudomonads ; quorum sensing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An emerging area within biological control is the role of N-acyl-homoserine lactones (N-acyl-HSL's) in the regulation of competitive fitness and pathogen suppression. N-acyl-HSL regulatory systems utilize two conserved proteins which belong to the LuxR/LuxI regulatory family: one is a transcriptional regulator and the second produces the N-acyl-HSL signal. These signals regulate the expression of a diverse range of bacterial traits involved in microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions. Several fluorescent pseudomonads important in biological control produce N-acyl-HSL signals which regulate genes that encode products involved in pathogen suppression. In contrast to pathogenic bacteria, little is known regarding N-acyl-HSL-mediated gene regulation in biological control bacteria. This minireview will focus on the current status of the role of N-acyl-HSL's in the regulation of phenazine antibiotic and rhamnolipid production in biological control by fluorescent pseudomonads. The potential relevance of this type of regulation in biological control of plant diseases, and areas requiring further research will be addressed.
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    Studies on the origin, spread, and evolution of an important group ofPuccinia recondita f. sp.tritici pathotypes in Australasia (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 613-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: epidemiology ; isozyme ; Triticum aestivum ; virulence ; wheat brown rust ; wheat leaf rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat brown rust pathotype (pt) 104-2,3,(6),(7), 11 was first detected in Australasia in Victoria during 1984. Although it appeared similar to a pre-existing pathotype, 104-2,3,6,(7), detailed greenhouse test revealed nine pathogenic differences between the two rusts. Six differences involved contrasting virulence/avirulence for the resistance genes/specificitiesLr12, Lr27+Lr31 andLr16, and three uncharacterised genes, present in the wheat cultivars Gaza and Harrier, and in triticale cultivar Lasko. Differences in partial virulence between the pathotypes were found for the genesLr2a, Lr13 andLr26. A comparison of the phenotypes for 13 isozyme systems in the two pathotypes revealed two differences, including aPgm2 allele in pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 not found in other contemporary AustralasianPuccinia recondita f. sp.tritici pathotypes. On the basis of these differences, it was concluded that pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 was introduced into the Australasian region before or during 1984. Seven variants of pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11, that differed by single virulences, were detected during 1984–1992. Pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 and a derivative pathotype with virulence forLr20 underwent rapid increases in frequency, largely displacing pathotypes which predominated before 1984. Although first detected in eastern Australia, both pathotypes spread to New Zealand, and the derivative pathotype appeared in Western Australia. The rapid spread and increase of these pathotypes could not be explained by host selection. Pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 and derivatives may therefore be more aggressive than other contemporary Australasian pathotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874865
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    Effect of interrupted leaf wetness periods on suppression of sporulation ofBotrytis allii andB. cinerea by antagonists on dead onion leaves (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 627-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; Botrytis allii ; Botrytis cinerea ; leaf wetness ; onion ; plant debris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Saprophytic antagonists were evaluated for suppression of sporulation ofBotrytis allii andB. cinerea on artificially killed segments of onion leaves that were pre-inoculated with the pathogens. During incubation of the antagonisttreated leaf segments in moist chambers, periods of leaf wetness and leaf dryness were alternated to simulate conditions in the field. Interruption of humid conditions with dry periods had a differential effect on antagonists.Alternaria alternata, Chaetomium globosum, Ulocladium atrum andU. chartarum suppressed sporulation ofB. allii almost completely under continuously wet conditions, and when the leaf wetness periods were interrupted with drying periods of 9h imposed 16, 40, and 64 h after the antagonists were applied. When leaf wetness was interrupted 16 h after antagonist application, the number of conidia ofB. allii produced cm−2 leaf surface after eight days was under the detection limit of 5.2 × 103 conidia on leaves treated with these antagonists compared to 3.7 × 105 conidia on leaves that were not treated. On the other hand,Gliocladium roseum, G. catenulatum andSesquicillium candelabrum, all highly efficient under continuously wet conditions, were of low to moderate efficiency when leaf wetness periods had been interrupted 16 h after application of the antagonists. The antagonists showed the same differentiation and sensitivity to interrupted wetness periods when tested withB. cinerea.
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    Induction of systemic resistance byPseudomonas fluorescens in radish cultivars differing in susceptibility to fusarium wilt, using a novel bioassay (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 655-664 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; immunofluorescence colony-staining ; inoculum delivery ; inoculum density ; rockwool bioassay ; strain specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens-mediated induction of systemic resistance in radish against fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.raphani) was studied in a newly developed bioassay using a rockwool system. In this bioassay the pathogen and bacterium were confirmed to be confined to spatially separate locations on the plant root, throughout the experiment. Pathogen inoculum obtained by mixing peat with microconidia and subsequent incubation for four days at 22 °C, yielded a better percentage of diseased plants than a microconidial suspension drench, an injection of a microconidial suspension into the hypocotyl, or a talcum inoculum.Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WCS374 applied in talcum or peat, but not as a suspension drench, induced systemic resistance. A minimal initial bacterial inoculum density of ≥105 CFU WCS374 root−1 was required to significantly reduce the percentage diseased plants. At least one day was necessary between bacterization of strain WCS374 in talcum on the root tips and inoculation of the pathogen in peat on the root base, for an optimal induction of systemic resistance. Strain WCS374 induced systemic resistance in six radish cultivars differing in their susceptibility toF. oxysporum f. sp.raphani. Significant suppression of disease by bacterial treatments was generally observed when disease incidence in the control treatment, depending on pathogen inoculum density, ranged between approximately 40 to 80%. Strains WCS374 and WCS417 ofPseudomonas fluorescens induced systemic resistance against fusarium wilt, whereasP. putida WCS358 did not. This suggests that the induction of systemic resistance byPseudomonas spp. is dependent on strain-specific traits.
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    Control ofRhizoctonia solani andSclerotium rolfsii in the greenhouse using endophyticBacillus spp. (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 665-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; seeds ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Isolates of different endophytic bacteria were recovered from surface-disinfected seeds obtained from commercial companies, plants in the field and tissue culture. The bacteria were isolated from seeds after stringent surfacedisinfection.Pseudomonas fluorescens (isolate no. 14) from bean inhibited growth of all fungi tested and was fluorescent on King B medium.Bacillus cereus fromSinapis (isolate no. 65) inhibited growth ofRhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum andSclerotium rolfsii and also exhibited chitinase activity.Bacillus subtilis from onion tissue culture (isolate no. 72) inhibitedR. solani andP. ultimum growth.B. cereus from cauliflower (isolate no. 78) inhibited growth ofR. solani. B. pumilus from sunflower (isolate no. 85) inhibited growth ofR. solani andS. rolfsii. B. cereus (isolate no. 65) was introduced into cotton, and by using radioactive labelling we found that it was present for 16 days in the root-stem junction. It is most likely that these bacteria were still found 72 days after their introduction in the root and stem, at levels of 2.8·105 and 5·104 cfu g−1 fresh weight, respectively, when selective medium was used. There was no difference between control and treated plants in their height or in the fresh weight of roots, stems and leaves. When cotton seedlings were inoculated withB. cereus (isolate no. 65),B. subtilis (isolate no. 72) orB. pumilus (isolate no. 85), disease incidence caused byRhizoctonia solani was reduced in the greenhouse by 51%, 46% and 56%, respectively. In bean seedlings inoculated withB. subtilis (isolate no. 72),B. cereus (isolate no. 78) orB. pumilus (isolate no. 65), disease incidence caused bySclerotium rolfsii was reduced by 72%, 79% and 26%, respectively, as compared to control. In both cotton and bean seedlings, these endophytes reduced the disease index more than 50%. These results indicate that endophytic bacteria can survive inside cotton plants and are efficient agents for biological control against plant pathogens under greenhouse conditions.
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    Suppression of fusarium wilt of radish by co-inoculation of fluorescentPseudomonas spp. and root-colonizing fungi (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 102 (1996), S. 21-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Acremonium rutilum ; biological control ; induced systemic resistance ; nonpathogenicFusarium oxysporum ; Verticillium lecanii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In an earlier study, treatment of radish seed with the bacteriumPseudomonas fluorescens WCS374 suppressed fusarium wilt of radish (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.raphani) in a commercial greenhouse [Leemanet al., 1991b, 1995a]. In this greenhouse, the areas with fusarium wilt were localized or expanded very slowly, possibly due to disease suppressiveness of the soil. To study this phenomenon, fungi were isolated from radish roots collected from the greenhouse soil. Roots grown from seed treated with WCS374 were more abundantly colonized by fungi than were roots from nonbacterized plants. Among these were several species known for their antagonistic potential. Three of these fungi,Acremonium rutilum, Fusarium oxysporum andVerticillium lecanii, were evaluated further and found to suppress fusarium wilt of radish in a pot bioassay. In an induced resistance bioassay on rockwool,F. oxysporum andV. lecanii suppressed the disease by the apparent induction of systemic disease resistance. In pot bioassays with thePseudomonas spp. strains, the pseudobactin-minus mutant 358PSB− did not suppress fusarium wilt, whereas its wild type strain (WCS358) suppressed disease presumably by siderophore-mediated competition for iron. The wild type strains of WCS374 and WCS417, as well as their pseudobactin-minus mutants 374PSB− and 417PSB− suppressed fusarium wilt. The latter is best explained by the fact that these strains are able to induce systemic resistance in radish, which operates as an additional mode of action. Co-inoculation in pot bioassays, ofA. rutilum, F. oxysporum orV. lecanii with thePseudomonas spp. WCS358, WCS374 or WCS417, or their pseudobactin-minus mutants, significantly suppressed disease (except forA. rutilum/417PSB− and all combinations with 358PSB−), compared with the control treatment, if the microorganisms were applied in inoculum densities which were ineffective in suppressing disease as separate inocula. If one or both of the microorganism(s) of each combination were applied as separate inocula in a density which suppressed disease, no additional suppression of disease was observed by the combination. The advantage of the co-inoculation is that combined populations significantly suppressed disease even when their individual population density was too low to do so. This may provide more consistent biological control. The co-inoculation effect obtained in the pot bioassays suggests that co-operation ofP. fluorescens WCS374 and indigenous antagonists could have been involved in the suppression of fusarium wilt of radish in the commercial greenhouse trials.
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    Suppression of potato cyst nematode root penetration by the endoparasitic nematophagous fungusHirsutella rhossiliensis (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 102 (1996), S. 115-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; Globodera pallida ; Hirsutella rhossiliensis ; nematophagous fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The endoparasitic nematophagous fungusHirsutella rhossiliensis was tested for its ability to suppress root penetration and cyst formation by the potato cyst nematode speciesGlobodera pallida. Isolates ofH. rhossiliensis were obtained from infected potato cyst nematode juveniles from different starch potato fields in The Netherlands. The isolates showed no difference in spore adhesion to juveniles on agar plates (adhesion rate: ±90%). The most rapid growing isolate, CBS 108.94, was used for experiments. Vegetative mycelial colonies ofH. rhossiliensis CBS 108.94, grown in potato dextrose broth, were used as soil inoculum. During submerged cultivation the mycelial colonies produced phialides (spore-bearing cells) but no spores. Exposed to the air, however, spores were rapidly formed. The effect of different soil inoculum densities of mycelial colonies on root penetration byGlobodera pallida was examined in an experiment in 250-ml pots. Up to a mycelial colony concentration representing a potential spore density of 104 g−1 soil no suppression occurred. At approximated densities of 2.5×104 and 105 spores g−1 soil the numbers of juveniles which penetrated roots were reduced by 30% and 34%, respectively. The distribution of the inoculum could be improved by fragmentation of the mycelial colonies before soil inoculation. Using mycelial fragments, again no suppression of root penetration was observed up to a potential spore density of 104 g−1 soil, but at densities of 105 and 106 g−1 a suppression of 54% and 88%, respectively, was measured. In a greenhouse experiment, soil inoculation with mycelial colonies with a potential spore production of 2.5×105 g−1 soil resulted in a suppression of root penetration of 37% and 51% after 5 and 6 weeks, respectively, but the number of newly formed cysts after 18 weeks in soil was not different for control and inoculated pots. It is concluded thatH. rhossiliensis may be useful for the reduction of root damage caused by juveniles of potato cyst nematodes, but the usefulness for population control is doubtful.
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    Interactions of air temperature, relative humidity and biological control agents on grey mold of bean (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 102 (1996), S. 133-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Botrytis cinerea ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; environment ; biological control ; antagonism ; phyllosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The interactions ofBotrytis cinerea and seven biological control agents (BCAs) were examined in controlled environments to determine the influence of selected relative humidities (RH) (90,95, and 100%) and air temperatures (20,24 and 28
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    Spore germination and disease development after application of pycnidiospores ofAscochyta caulina toChenopodium album plants (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 102 (1996), S. 143-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; disease assessment ; environmental factors ; host specificity ; mycoherbicide ; severity ; weed control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ascochyta caulina is considered a potential mycoherbicide againstChenopodium album. Disease development ofC. album plants and plants of 14 other species after application of pycnidiospores ofA. caulina was studied in climate chamber experiments. The experiments were carried out to analyse disease development with time, and to recognize factors that may limit disease development. Two time courses of necrosis ofC. album plants were observed, (1) an increase of necrosis followed by a decline, and (2) an increase of necrosis up to completion with subsequent plant death. Courses of necrosis with time could be described by a non-monotonic, critically damped model when plants survived infection and by a monomolecular model when plants died from infection. Disease development was influenced by interactions between wetness period, density of the spore suspension applied, plant development stage at the time of spore application, and temperature. Disease was favoured by a long wetness period, a high number of spores applied, an early plant development stage at the time of spore application, and temperatures of 18
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    Correlation between hydrolytic enzyme activities measured in bean seedlings afterTrichoderma koningii treatment combined with pregermination and the protective effect againstPythium splendens (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 102 (1996), S. 497-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: damping-off ; carboxy methylcellulase ; Fpase ; endo-1,3-β-glucanase ; endochitinase ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experimental protocol consisting in the colonisation of pregerminated bean seeds dressed withTrichoderma sp. was used in order to study the mechanisms correlated with the protective effect againstPythium splendens. Seed dressed with TH-11 (T. koningii) for 24 h presented a higher protective effect and a higher level of seed colonisation as compared to those dressed with TH-13 (T. longibranchiatum). The levels of seed coat colonisation by TH-11 and TH-13 was shown to be correlated with the carboxymethylcellulase activity, as measured in the seed coats retreived from germinating dressed bean seeds. The seed coat colonisation was also associated with an increased activities of endo-1,3-β-glucanase and endochitinase measured in seed extracts, and an inhibitory effect of seed extracts onPythium sporangia germination. Pretreatment of TH-13-dressed seeds with a commercial cellulase improved all parameters mentioned above, thus suggesting a role of cellulase activity in the colonisation process and the linked protective effect. The possible role of hydrolytic enzymes in the protective effects is discussed.
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    Biological control ofBotrytis cinerea on tomato stem wounds withTrichoderma harzianum (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 102 (1996), S. 635-643 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; grey mould ; Trichoderma harzianum ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness ofTrichoderma harzianum in suppression of tomato stem rot caused byBotrytis cinerea was examined on tomato stem pieces and on whole plants. Ten days after simultanous inoculation withB. cinerea andT. harzianum, the incidence of infected stem pieces was reduced by 62–84%, the severity of infection by 68–71% and the intensity of sporulation by 87%. Seventeen days after inoculation of wounds on whole plants, the incidence of stem rot was reduced by 50 and 33% at 15 and 26 °C, respectively, and the incidence of rot at leaf scar sites on the main stem was reduced by 60 and 50%, respectively. Simultanous inoculation and pre-inoculation withT. harzianum gave good control ofB. cinerea (50 and 90% disease reduction, 10 days after inoculation). The rate of rotting was not reduced by the biocontrol agent once infection was established. However, sporulation byB. cinerea was specifically reduced on these rotting stem pieces. Temperature had a greater effect than vapour pressure deficit (VPD) on the efficacy of biocontrol. Suppression ofB. cinerea incidence byT. harzianum on stem pieces was significant at 10 °C and higher temperatures up to 26 °C. Control of infection was significantly lower at a VPD of 1.3 kPa (60% reduction), than at VPD〈1.06 kPa (90–100% control). Reductions in the severity of stem rotting and the sporulation intensity of grey mould were generally not affected by VPD in the range 0.59–1.06 kPa. Survival ofT. harzianum on stems was affected by both temperature and VPD and was greatest at 10 °C at a low VPD and at 26 ° C at a high VPD.
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    Effects of three microbial broth cultures and an organic amendment on growth and populations of free living and plant-parasitic nematodes on banana (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 457-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis ; biological control ; Helicotylenchus multicinctus ; nematicide ; numerical response ; Paecilomyces marquandii ; Radopholus similis ; Streptomyces costaricanus ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of 24 treatment combinations of cultures of Streptomyces costaricanus sp. nov. (ATCC55274), Bacillus thuringiensis (ATCC55273) and a strain of Paecilomyces marquandii, nematicide (cadusaphos), and/or wheat mash on growth and response of potted banana plants (Musa AAA) and populations of Radopholus similis, Helicotylenchus multicinctus and free living nematodes were studied in Río Frío, Costa Rica. The best plant responses (height, leaf numbers, healthy root weight), lowest numbers of plant parasitic nematodes and highest numbers of free living nematodes were observed for treatments containing wheat as a component. Two treatments, viz. wheat + Streptomyces costaricanus (200-ml culture) and wheat + P. marquandii (200-ml culture), gave the overall best results. Numbers of free living nematodes increased up to 1500-fold only for treatments containing wheat. Significant positive correlations existed between numbers of free living nematodes and shoot weight, healthy root biomass, plant height, and leaf numbers. Non-wheat treatments, including nematicide only, gave the poorest responses in general. Observations of nematodes sampled 50 days following planting in wheat-containing treatments showed most of the free-living nematodes (≈ 90%) to be infected by nematophagous fungi (species not recorded). The results show that an organic amendment to soil, with or without a microbial component, can be an effective inducer of processes that regulate plant-parasitic nematode populations in soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008638419552
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    Comparison of Antagonists of Botrytis cinerea in Greenhouse-grown Cucumber and Tomato under Different Climatic Conditions (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 123-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Aureobasidium pullulans ; biological control ; Cryptococcus albidus ; grey mould ; Trichoderma harzianum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum T39 and the yeasts Aureobasidium pullulans and Cryptococcus albidus against Botrytis cinerea in cucumber and tomato was compared with chemical control. Four experiments were conducted in cucumber grown under different climatic conditions in The Netherlands, and two experiments were done in tomato both in the Netherlands and in Israel. T. harzianum and A. pullulans showed the most consistent control of B. cinerea, reducing stem lesions and death of plants by 40–100% in most cases. Control of stem lesions and subsequent wilting was generally better than control of symptoms on fruits. In some cases, the biocontrol agents were more effective than the broad-spectrum fungicide tolylfluanid and the selective fungicide iprodione. The climatic conditions did not strongly influence the efficacy of the biocontrol agents, but regression analysis showed that high temperature during the day and high vapour pressure deficit during the night reduced biocontrol efficacy. From the results, prospects for biocontrol of B. cinerea in greenhouse vegetables appear good under a range of conditions.
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    Selective Isolation of Bacterial Antagonists of Botrytis cinerea (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 95-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: bacteria ; biological control ; Chryseobacterium ; Flavobacterium ; grey mold ; Pseudomonas ; strawberries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Most potential fungal antagonists have been identified only after exhaustive non-selective screening. Bacteria antagonistic to Botrytis cinerea were selected using a simple method based on techniques developed for trace enrichment studies, where a crude cell wall preparation from B. cinerea was used as a selective substrate and bacteria were isolated based on growth on cell wall agar media. Most of the 52 bacterial isolates that were obtained from the surface of ‘organically grown’ strawberry fruit and could grow on B. cinerea wall media in culture showed some ability to inhibit the growth of the fungus. Potato dextrose agar seeded with B. cinerea spores (104 ml−1) were challenged with each of these bacterial isolates at concentrations of 109 and 106 colony forming units ml−1. Eleven of the 52 isolates initially recovered, subsequently demonstrated strong antagonism in vitro and were selected for additional screening tests on strawberry fruit. All 11 isolates reduced grey mold rot incidence on fruit in storage. Three of the best isolates were tested in limited field trials, and also reduced grey mold rot on fruit under field conditions.
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    Suppression of sporulation ofBotrytis spp. as a valid biocontrol strategy (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 251-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: antagonism ; biological control ; Botrytis cinerea ; Botrytis squamosa ; Gliocladium roseum ; onion leaf spot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this study, the hypothesis was tested that removal of substrate for sporulation ofBotrytis spp. may lead to a retardation of an epidemic if the majority of the inoculum is produced inside the treated crop. Suppression of sporulation ofBotrytis spp. could be an attractive option for biological control ofBotrytis leaf spot in onions. In a field experiment, necrotic leaf tissue was removed to simulate the effect of a biocontrol agent. By this means, the amount of substrate on whichBotrytis spp. sporulates was reduced. In the experiment, the spore load above the onion plots was significantly reduced and the epidemic of onion leaf spot was retarded. At the end of the growing season, the number of leaf lesions in the green leaf area was lower in plots with substrate removal than in control plots (0.6 and 1.1 cm−2, respectively). The results demonstrated that an epidemic of onion leaf spot largely depends on the rate of inoculum production inside a crop. Thus, suppression of sporulation on necrotic leaf tissue is a valid control strategy that could be applied by using sporulation suppressing antagonists.
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    Combining Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. Strains to Enhance Suppression of Fusarium Wilt of Radish (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 201-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: in vitro interactions ; biological control ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fusarium wilt diseases, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum, lead to significant yield losses of crops. One strategy to control fusarium wilt is the use of antagonistic, root-colonizing Pseudomonas spp. It has been demonstrated that different strains of these bacteria suppress disease by different mechanisms. Therefore, application of a mixture of these biocontrol strains, and thus of several suppressive mechanisms, may represent a viable control strategy. A prerequisite for biocontrol by combinations of biocontrol agents can be the compatibility of the co-inoculated micro-organisms. Hence, compatibility between several Pseudomonas spp. strains, that have the ability to suppress fusarium wilt of radish, was tested in vitro on KB agar plates. Growth of P. fluorescens strain RS111 was strongly inhibited by Pseudomonas spp. strains RE8, RS13, RS56 and RS158, whereas a mutant of strain RS111 (RS111-a) was insensitive to inhibition by these strains. Strains RS111 and RS111-a only slightly inhibited some other strains. Suppression of fusarium wilt of radish in a potting soil bioassay by the incompatible combination of RE8 and RS111 was comparable to the effects of the single strains. However, disease suppression by the compatible combination of RE8 and RS111-a was significantly better as compared to the single strains. In contrast, the incompatible combination of RS56 with RS111 resulted in enhanced disease suppression as compared to the single strains. Increased disease suppression by combinations of RS13 or RS158 with RS111 or RS111-a was not observed. This indicates that specific interactions between biocontrol strains influence disease suppression by combinations of these strains.
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    Changes in radiocaesium uptake and distribution in wheat during plant development: a solution culture study (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth stage ; plant uptake ; radiocaesium ; solution culture ; Triticum aestivum ; cv. Tonic ; spring wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat plants were grown in a 137Cs labelled nutrient solution, either in the presence or absence of NH4 as a secondary N source. Between 11 and 64 days after sowing (DAS), plants were harvested on nine occasions. The plants supplied with NH4 and NO3 had lower root 137Cs Activity Concentrations (AC) than those supplied with NO3 only. Shoot AC were equal in both nutrition treatments. Shoot and root 137Cs AC (dry weight basis) showed the same trends with plant age in both nutrition treatments. Shoot AC almost doubled between 11 and 28 DAS after which they gradually decreased concomitant with a similar decrease in K concentrations. Root AC were always higher than shoot AC and increased to a maximum at 35 DAS after which they fluctuated. Expressed on a tissue water basis, the 137Cs AC varied less during plant age than did dry weight based AC. Furthermore, root and shoot AC expressed on a tissue water basis were almost equal. It is shown that the initial increase in 137Cs AC in both root and shoot can largely be explained by the initial dilution of absorbed 137Cs in the unlabelled seedling tissues. No correlation was found between K and 137Cs distribution among ears, leaves, stems and roots in 64 old wheat plants. NH4 as a secondary N source in a nitrate nutrient solution marginally affected 137Cs distribution.
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    Suppression of Pythium aphanidermatum in composts prepared from sugarcane factory residues (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 177 (1995), S. 219-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; compost ; Cucumis sativus ; Pythium aphanidermatum ; suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Composts prepared from mixtures of bagasse + filter mud (BF) and bagasse + vinasses + filter mud (BVF) were evaluated for suppressiveness to Pythium aphanidermatum in climatic chamber experiments. Twenty five-g samples of BF and BVF composts in plastic pots (130 mL) were infested with 1,000 oospores of P. aphanidermatum produced on oat meal agar. After 1, 15, 30 and 45 days, survival of the fungus was estimated by measuring inoculum density. Disease incidence was appraised on cucumber (Cucumis sativus) “Vert Long Anglais” seedlings raised on the composts. Propagules of P. aphanidermatum surviving in the compost after 24 hr was estimated at 22 and 18 cfu g−1 dry wt. potting mix, for BF and BVF, respectively. This population decreased significantly to 6–7 cfu g−1 of compost for the 15–45-d incubation treatment. Seedling mortality was not observed in uninfested controls. In uninfested treatments, 40 and 67% of seedlings died for the 1-d incubation treatment in BVF and BF, respectively; no mortality was recorded thereafter. Heat treatment of the composts revealed that the suppressive effect was biological in nature. Quantitative reduction of micro-organisms occurred in pasteurized composts (55°C for 2 h), compared to the populations in unheated controls. However the greatest decrease was observed for fungal populations. The main fungal species observed in unheated, suppressive composts were Aspergillus sp., Geotrichum sp. and a non-sporulating Pythium. The last two species disappeared in pasteurized, conducive composts.
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    The efficiency of copper use by 5A/5RL wheat-rye translocation lines and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: breeding ; chromosome ; copper ; copper-efficiency ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat-rye
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the Cu-efficiency of 5A/5RL wheat-rye translocation lines and nine wheat genotypes grown in a Cu-deficient orthic dark grey chernozemic soil. The soil used was characterized by pH 5.4 and 0.48 μg Cu g−1 soil (DTPA), and was obtained from a known Cu-deficient site at Stony Plain, Central Alberta. Twelve genotypes (three 5A/5RL wheat-rye translocation lines and nine wheat cultivars) and two Cu treatments (soil amended with 145 μg Cu kg−1 soil, and non-amended) were used. The efficiency for Cu use was evaluated for grain yield and yield components. 5A/5RL wheat-rye translocation lines individually and as a group showed significantly (p〈0.05) higher grain yield both in +Cu and −Cu treatments compared to wheat genotypes without the wheat-rye chromosome translocation. 5A/5RL wheat-rye translocation lines demonstrated Cu-efficiency ranging from 70–127% for grain yield. Only two wheat cultivars (Kenya Leopard and Columbus) showed comparable efficiency (70 and 76% respectively). Wheat cultivars Kwale, Kenya Tausi, Roblin, Katepwa, Park, Oslo and Biggar showed low Cu-efficiency (10–36%). The study confirms that the 5A/5RL wheat-rye translocation confers useful levels of Cu-efficiency to wheat, that can be used as an additional source of variability in breeding programs. ei]L V Kochian
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    Uptake of zinc by rye, bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars differing in zinc efficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genotypic variation ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; zinc efficiency ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effect of zinc (Zn) nutritional status on uptake of inorganic 65Zn was studied in rye (Secale cereale, cv. Aslim), three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum, cvs. Dagdas, Bezostaja, BDME-10) and durum wheat (Triticum durum, cv. Kunduru-1149) cultivars grown for 13 days in nutrient solution under controlled environmental conditions. The cultivars were selected based on their response to Zn deficiency and to Zn fertilization in calcareous soils under field conditions. When grown in Zn-deficient calcareous soil in the field, the rye cultivar had the highest, and the durum wheat the lowest Zn efficiency. Among the bread wheats, BDME-10 showed higher susceptibility to Zn deficiency and Bezostaja and Dagdas were less affected by Zn deficiency. Similarly to field conditions, in nutrient solution visual Zn deficiency symptoms (i.e. necrotic lesions on leaf blade) appeared to be more severe in Kunduru-1149 and BDME-10 and less severe in rye cultivar Aslim. Under Zn deficiency, shoot concentrations of Zn were similar between all cultivars. Cultivars with adequate Zn supply did not differ in uptake and root-to-shoot translocation rate of 65Zn, but under Zn deficiency there were distinct differences; rye showed the highest rate of Zn uptake and the durum wheat the lowest. In the case of bread wheat cultivars, 65Zn uptake rate was about the same and not related to their differential Zn efficiency. Under Zn deficiency, rye had the highest rate of root-to-shoot translocation of 65Zn, while all bread and durum wheat cultivars were similar in their capacity to translocate 65Zn from roots to shoots. When Zn2+ activity in uptake solution ranged between 117 p M and 34550 pM, Zn-efficient and Zn-inefficient bread wheat genotypes were again similar in uptake and root-to-shoot translocation rate of 65Zn. The results indicate that high Zn efficiency of rye can be attributed to its greater Zn uptake capacity from soils. The inability of the durum wheat cultivar Kunduru-1149 to have a high Zn uptake capacity seems to be an important reason for its Zn inefficiency. Differential Zn efficiency between the bread wheat cultivars used in this study is not related to their capacity to take up inorganic Zn.
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    Cytoplasmic effects on quality traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cytoplasmic effects ; inheritance ; quality ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The inheritances of thousand kernel weight (TKW), protein percentage, protein quality and grain hardness were studied through an 11 x 11 complete diallel set of bread wheat genotypes consisting of four alloplasmic lines of Selkirk, two alloplasmic lines of Siete Cerros 66, and five commercial cultivars. Genetic components accounted for 93%, 90%, 78%, and 92% of total variation for TKW, protein percentage, protein quality, and grain hardness, respectively. General combining ability (GCA) effects were dominant for TKW (48% GCA, 38% SCA [specific combining ability], and 7% reciprocal effects [RE]), protein percentage (70% GCA, 10% SCA, and 10% RE), and grain hardness (59% GCA, 29% SCA, and 4% RE). However, SCA effects dominated for protein quality (30% GCA, 43% SCA, and 5% RE). Broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities were estimated at 0.95 and 0.65 for TKW, 0.94 and 0.82 for protein percentage, 0.83 and 0.47 for protein quality, and 0.95 and 0.74 for grain hardness. Reciprocal effects were highly significant for all quality traits, but less effective than additive and non-additive gene effects. Aegilops cylindrica, Ae. ventricosa, and Triticum turgidum cytoplasms showed positive effects on TKW in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms seemed to have potential for improving protein percentage. T. aestivum cytoplasms were superior to alien cytoplasms for protein quality. Bolal 2973, Kiraç 66 and Bezostaja 1 cytoplasms increased protein quality in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, Ae. ventricosa and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms had significant effects on grain hardness. The cytoplasmic variation in B type T. aestivum cytoplasm was found to be significant for all traits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018382106978
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    Bread wheat: F1 hybrid performance and parental diversity estimates using molecular markers (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; combining ability ; heterosis ; genetic distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In wheat, the possibility of introducing F1 seed into practical agriculture has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of effective chemical hybridising agents (CHAs). Although some technical and economic problems concerning the use of CHAs for large-scale production of F1 seed remain to be solved, a first group of F1 hybrids has been submitted for registration in several European countries i.e., France, England and Italy. Combining ability for grain yield and several agronomic and quality traits was studied in an eight-parent diallel cross. Highly significant combining ability effects were observed for all the traits while specific combining ability effects were statistically significant for grain yield, plant height, heading time and Chopin alveograph parameter P. The level of genetic diversity between parents as estimated using molecular markers is considered a tool for predicting the hybrid performance and heterosis of crosses. To explore this possibility, RFLP and RAPD markers were used to predict the performance of hybrids obtained from diallel and top crosses. The performance of the hybrids was determined in replicated plot trials sown at normal seed density in several locations. Coefficient of parentage (rp), based on pedigree information for all the pairwise combinations of the parents ranged from 0.01 to 0.34. The parents were assayed for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with 87 primers which generated 304 polymorphic bands. Genetic similarity between parents, estimated on the basis of common bands using the Jaccard's similarity coefficient (J), ranged from 0.25 to 0.57. Correlation between parental diversity and hybrid performance was generally weak. A positive trend is observed in the yield potential of the hybrids produced in Italy in the last 10 years. In fact among the first set of hybrids produced by random crossing of the available cultivars, none produced 10% more than the checks whereas the last generation of hybrids includes combinations yielding 15% more than the best standards. Our results clearly indicate the need to develop specific strategies in order to identify and/or to select parental lines with a high level of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). The information regarding the genetic diversity of the parental lines do not appear helpful for predicting F1 performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018324811038
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    The detection of allelic variants at the recessive vrn loci of winter wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: heading time ; Triticum aestivum ; vernalisation response ; Vrn – genotypes ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Substitution lines with reciprocal substitutions of chromosomes containing recessive alleles of the homoeologous group 5 chromosomeVrn genes between varieties of winter wheat with high vernalisation requirement (‘Mironovskaya 808’) and low vernalisation requirements (‘Bezostaya 1’) have been created. On this basis the genetic determination of vernalisation requirement was established. Substitution lines Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5A), Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5B), Mironovskaya 808 (Bezostaya 1 5D) and reciprocal substitution lines Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5A), Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5B) and Bezostaya 1 (Mironovskaya 808 5D) were grown under different durations of vernalisation (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks) and their response was evaluated. Photoperiodic sensitivity of the original parental genotypes was also determined. Reciprocal substitution lines of the same chromosome that carries the same vrn allele responded differently to vernalisation deficit. Differences have been shown between all group 5 reciprocal substitutions. Lines carrying chromosomes 5A and 5D of Mironovskaya 808 had a high vernalisation requirement whereas lines carrying chromosome 5B of Bezostaya 1 (vrn2B) had a low vernalisation requirement. The reciprocal lines had a reverse requirement. This explains the different vernalisation requirements of the original varieties: Mironovskaya 808 with a high vernalisation requirement carries two alleles (vrn1M and vrn3M) in its genotype that increase the vernalisation requirement, whereas Bezostaya 1 with a lower requirement for vernalisation contains only one such allele (vrn2B). By combination of the alleles in the lines with the substitution of chromosome 5B carrying vrn2 allele that in both original genotypes work inversely to the other alleles, transgressive genotypes have been formed: genotype vrn1M vrn2B vrn3M determines a higher vernalisation requirement than original variety Mironovskaya 808, and genotype vrn1B vrn2M vrn3B determines a lower vernalisation requirement than the original Bezostaya 1. An incomplete vernalisation requirement prolonged the time to heading, with exponential dependence on the vernalisation deficit, or prevented heading altogether. The original varieties further differed in photoperiodic sensitivity (Mironovskaya 808 sensitive, Bezostaya 1 less sensitive) that also influenced the background of substitution lines. The impact of the background on the heading time showed itself by about one week difference between Mironovskaya 808 and Bezostaya 1 grown under 8 weeks vernalisation and normal photoperiod. The difference between the lines with Mironovskaya 808 background and the lines with Bezostaya 1 background was approximately the same and was not significantly changed in different vernalisation variants of the lines. This difference may be caused by different photoperiodic sensitivity of the original varieties, but also by other genes, such as genes of earliness per se.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018394222868
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    Studies on somaclonal variants for resistance to scab in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through in vitro selection for tolerance to deoxynivalenol (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; tolerance to deoxynivalenol ; somaclonal variant ; in vitro selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to develop an efficient in vitro selection system for scab resistance by using in vitro screening for tolerance to deoxynivalenol (DON). Immature embryos of two wheat varieties, a scab-resistant variety Sumai 3 and a susceptible variety Mianyang 11, and their reciprocal F1 hybrids were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 2 mg/l and 0.6 × 10-4 M DON for callus induction. The responses of callus induction and plant regeneration to 0.6 × 10-4 M DON differed significantly between resistant and susceptible varieties, according to observed scab resistance levels at the plant level in the field. The percentage of callus formation of resistant variety Sumai 3 on induction medium containing DON was higher than that of susceptible variety Mianyang 11. Regeneration of DON-tolerant calli on DON-containing differentiation medium differed significantly between Sumai 3 and Mianyang 11. Averaged across the DON-tolerant calli of two varieties and their reciprocals, regeneration of DON-tolerant calli was decreased 3-fold on DON-containing medium. By an inoculation test with conidiospores of Fusarium graminearum Schw, we obtained several resistant lines from progenies of regenerated plants from DON-tolerant calli. These somaclonal lines had lower disease scoring (reaction index, infected spikelets and disease incidence), shorter plants and better yield components than Sumai 3, a famous Chinese resistant variety.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018354606939
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    Agronomic performance of chromosomes 1B and T1BL.1RS near-isolines in the spring bread wheat Seri M82 (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 103 (1998), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale ; T1BL.1RS ; chromosome substitution and translocation ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The T1BL.1RS wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - rye (Secale cereale L.) translocations have been of particular interest and are widely used in bread wheat breeding programs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the T1BL.1RS chromosome on grain yield and its components using 20 near-isolines of spring bread wheat cultivar ‘Seri M82’ (10 homozygous for chromosome 1B substitution and 10 homozygous for T1BL.1RS). The test lines have been produced by substituting the 1B chromosome in Seri M82 (T1BL.1RS, T1BL.1RS) through backrossing. Two field experiments were evaluated under optimum (five irrigations) and reduced (one irrigation) moisture conditions for two consecutive production cycles at the Mexican National Agricultural Research Institute, Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico. The presence of T1BL.1RS had a significant effect on grain yield, harvest index, grains/m2, grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, test weight, flowering date and physiological maturity in both moisture conditions. The agronomic advantage of the 1B substitution lines on above-ground biomass yield at maturity, spikes/m2and grain-filling duration was expressed only under the optimum moisture condition. The presence of T1BL.1RS increased grain yield 1.6% and 11.3% for optimum and reduced moisture conditions, respectively. These results encourage further use of T1BL.1RS wheats in improving agronomic traits, especially for reduced irrigation or rainfed environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018392002909
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    Inheritance of excised-leaf water loss and relative water content in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 104 (1998), S. 39-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: drought resistance ; diallel graph ; gene action ; excised-leaf water loss ; relative water content ; bread wheat ; osmotic adjustment ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Little information is available on the genetics of excised leaf water loss and relative water content in wheat. An experiment conducted on the F1 generation from a half-diallel set of crosses involving two drought tolerant, two moderately tolerant and two sensitive varieties was initiated to investigate the inheritance of excised-leaf water loss and relative water content. This experiment was conducted under glass-house and field conditions at tillering and anthesis stages of plant development. Additive gene action, in general, played a major role in determining the inheritance of these traits. General combining ability (GCA) was the main source of genetic variation among crosses, while specific combining ability (SCA) was negligible. Strong phenotypic correlations existed between per se performance and GCA effects in the majority of cases. Heterosis was unimportant. Genotype-environmental interactions and/or differential gene expression appeared to account for different results found between environments and growth stages, respectively. Selection for relative water content appeared to be more effective at anthesis, while for excised-leaf water loss at both stages of plant growth. In addition to drought resistance, wide differences for morphological characters and relative positions of parental arrays revealed the possibility of obtaining desirable segregants for drought stress conditions from the cross Kharchia 65 × WH 147.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018644113378
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    Genes conferring low seedling reaction to Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici, and adult-plant responses of recent wheat cultivars from the former USSR (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita tritici ; leaf rust ; rust resistance ; partial resistance ; slow rusting ; durable resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-five spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, mostly released between 1975 and 1991 in eight leaf rust-prone spring wheat growing regions of the former USSR, were tested in the seedling growth stage for reaction to 15 Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. In total, seven known and at least two unknown genes were identified, either singly or in combinations: Lr3 (7 cultivars), Lr10 (14), Lr13 (5), Lr14a (1), Lr16 (1), Lr23 (3); the unknown genes were identified in 14 cultivars. The first unknown gene could be either Lr9, Lr19, or Lr25; however, the second unknown gene in 9 cultivars was different from any named gene. Twelve of the 15 pathotypes are virulent for this gene, hence its use in breeding for resistance will be limited. The cultivars were also evaluated at two field locations in Mexico with two pathotypes in separate experiments. The area under the disease progress curve and the final disease rating of the cultivars indicated genetic diversity for genes conferring adult plant resistance. based on the symptoms of the leaf tip necrosis in adult plants, resistance gene Lr34 could be present in at least 20 cultivars. More than half of the cultivars carry high to moderate levels of adult plant resistance and were distributed in each region.
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    Inheritance and allelism of resistances to the Russian wheat aphid in seven wheat lines (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: allelism ; aphid resistance ; Diuraphis noxia ; inheritance ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies were conducted to determine the inheritance and allelic relationships of genes controlling resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), in seven wheat germplasm lines previously identified as resistant to RWA. The seven resistant lines were crossed to a susceptible wheat cultivar Carson, and three resistant wheats, CORWA1, PI294994 and PI243781, lines carrying the resistance genes Dn4, Dn5 and Dn6, respectively. Seedlings of the parents, F1 and F2 were screened for RWA resistance in the greenhouse by artificial infestation. Seedling reactions were evaluated 21 to 28 days after the infestation using a 1 to 9 scale. All the F1 hybrids had equal or near equal levels of resistance to the resistant parent indicating dominant gene control. Only two distinctive classes were present and no intermediate types were observed in the F2 segregation suggesting major gene actions. The resistance in PI225262 was controlled by two dominant genes. Resistance in all other lines was controlled by a single dominant gene. KS92WGRC24 appeared to have the same resistance gene as PI243781 and STARS-9302W-sib had a common allele with PI294994. The other lines had genes different from the three known genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025621
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    Cytogenetical studies in wheat XVI. Chromosome location of a new gene for resistance to leaf rust in a Japanese wheat-rye translocation line (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 82 (1995), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; alien translocation lines ; monosomic analysis ; C-banding ; genomic in situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A leaf rust resistant wheat-rye translocation stock, ST-1, introduced from Japan, comprised distinct morphological types. One type possessed a T1BL·1RS chromosome with genes Lr26, Yr9 and Sr31. A second type carried a new gene, Lr45, located in a large segment of rye chromosome translocated to wheat chromosome 2A. Its structure was identified as T2AS-2RS·2RL. Despite the homoeology of the 2A and 2R chromosomes and the high level of compensation provided by the translocation, Lr45 was not normally inherited and is probably associated with agronomic deficiencies that will prevent its exploitation in agriculture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027060
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    Analysis of Chinese Spring regenerants obtained from short- and long-term wheat somatic embryogenesis (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 82 (1995), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: somaclonal variation ; somatic embryogenesis ; tissue culture ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Somatic embryogenesis was initiated from ‘immature embryos’ on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium plus 2 mg.l-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2% sucrose and 0.6% agarose. Somatic embryos were isolated and regenerated into whole green plants on MS medium devoid of 2,4-D. These regenerants were previously demonstrated to differ in their mitochondrial DNA organization. In order to estimate their characteristics three progenies of short-term culture regenerants and three progenies of long-term culture regenerants were analyzed and compared to the parental line. These somaclones obtained from the wheat variety Chinese Spring were evaluated for variation of 13 agronomic and morphological quantitative characters in comparison to the parental line. Significant variation was observed for plant height, spike length, main tiller diameter, between the somaclones regenerated from long-term culture and their parent. Differences were observed to increase with the duration of culture, leading to a significant modification of the structure of the plants. Several changes occurred during the somatic tissue cultures, but to a lesser extent than has previously been described in the literature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029569
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    Spontaneous wheat/rye translocations from female meiotic products of hybrids between octoploid triticale and wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat/rye translocation ; in situ hybridization ; triticale x wheat hybrids ; Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Heptaploid hybrids between octoploid triticale and wheat were backcrossed as female parents with wheat to examine the rye chromosome distribution in the resultant progenies using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). One hundred and one backcross (BC) seeds were examined and whole rye chromosome additions and substitutions, wheat/rye centric and noncentric translocations and rye telocentric chromosomes were detected. Dicentric wheat/rye translocated chromosomes were also observed. Comparisons were made with previous results on the rye chromosome distribution from male gametes of the same cross and differences were found, where in the female derived population a deficit of plants with more than two rye chromosomes was apparent relative to the anther derived population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025616
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    The effect ofGlu-B1 high molecular weight glutenin subunits on biscuit-making quality of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 83 (1995), S. 193-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: biscuit-making quality ; Glu-B1 HMW-GS ; soft wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to assess the effect of specificGlu-B1 HMW-GS on biscuit-making quality. Three soft spring wheat cultivars with the sameGlu-A1 andGlu-D1 HMW-GS, but differentGlu-B1 HMW-GS were used in crosses. F2∶4 derived lines were developed from these crosses.Glu-B1 HMW-GS 6+8 and 17+18; and 7+9 and 17+18 were compared. Lines with HMW-GS 6+8 versus those with HMW-GS 17+18 had a higher flour protein- and alveograph P/L ratio, shorter mixograph mixing time, more vitreous kernels, and a lower alveograph distensibility and strength (all values significant at p=0.05). Lines with HMW-GS 7+9 compared to those with 17+18 showed significant differences for flour extraction and biscuit diameter. The presence of HMW-GS 17+18 was significantly correlated with several biscuit-making quality characteristics in the Dirkwin/Zaragosa F2∶4 lines but not in the Waverley/Zaragosa F2∶4 lines, therefore the effect of HMW-GS 17+18 was modified by the genetic background in which they were expressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01678129
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    Assessing genotypic softness in single wheat kernels using starch granule-associated friabilin as a biochemical marker (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 86 (1995), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: friabilin ; grain quality ; wheat ; wheat grain hardness ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The end-use quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is determined in large part by the texture of the grain (soft or hard). Endosperm texture is currently determined by several empirical methods. These methods are limited because the use bulk grain lots, as opposed to individual kernels; assess phenotypic, as opposed to genotypic hardness; require a quantity of grain greater than that generally available in the early generations of wheat breeding programs, and are destructive. Recent approaches that use single kernels address the problems associated with bulk grain lots, but suffer the other limitations of providing only the phenotype and being destructive. An objective method for determining the texture genotype of single kernels of wheat was developed using starch granule-associated friabilin, a family of closely related 15 kDa proteins, as a biochemical marker. The occurrence of friabilin on water-washed wheat starch granules is apparently unaffected by the environment and is perfectly correlated (no exceptions) with grain softness. The technique presented here can detect friabilin on as little as 0.2 mg of starch and provides a 250-fold improvement in friabilin detection compared to previous methods. The method is capable of correctly assessing the genotype of F1 heterozygotes from hard x soft and soft x hard crosses. Further, the method uses only a portion of the endosperm from the kernel and therefore accommodates embryo propagation and high molecular weight glutenin subunit characterization. This single kernel method also facilitates the genetic characterization of mixed, bulk grain lots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035940
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    Aneuploids as a key for new molecular cloning strategies: development of DNA markers by microdissection using Triticum aestivum-Aegilops markgrafii chromosome addition line B (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Aegilops markgrafii ; aneuploids ; chromosome specific library ; DOP-PCR ; microdissection ; molecular markers ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We established a chromosome specific DNA library of the Aegilops markgrafii chromosome B. Eight microdissected chromosomes B obtained from a monosomic T. aestivum-Aegilops markgrafii addition line were PCR-amplified and the DNA was cloned in Escherichia coli DH5α. Clones were characterized by dot blot hybridization with total Ae. markgrafii DNA. 62% of clones represented repetitive sequences and 38% low or single copy sequences. The estimated length of excised inserts varied between less than 200 bp and more than 500 bp. The average size of inserts was 310 bp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015717
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    Effects of homoeologous group 1 and 6 chromosomes of the Cappelle-Desprez (Bezostaya 1) substitution lines on aspects of bread-making quality of wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Bread-making quality ; chromosome effects ; grain hardness ; SDS-sedimentation volume ; substitution lines ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The group 1 and 6 inter-varietal chromosome substitution lines of Cappelle-Desprez (Bezostaya 1) were intercrossed along with the donor and recipient varieties, Cappelle-Desprez and Bezostaya 1, to give 36 genetically different families. The analysis of the means of these families showed that variation in SDS-sedimentation volume fitted a predominantly additive model. There were no significant within or between chromosome interactions among the group 1 and 6 chromosomes. Nor was there any evidence for interactions between these chromosomes and those of the background. Significant dominance/within chromosome interactions amongst the background chromosomes were however detected. Some of the positive effects on SDS-sedimentation were associated with increased grain hardness. Chromosome effects on % grain protein were not correlated with SDS-sedimentation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015714
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    Comparative mapping and its use for the genetic analysis of agronomic characters in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: agronomic characters ; QTL ; RFLP maps ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The advent of molecular marker systems has made it possible to develop comparative genetic maps of the genomes of related species in the Triticeae. These maps are being applied to locate and evaluate allelic and homoeoallelic variation for major genes and quantitative trait loci within wheat, and to establish the pleiotropic effects of genes. Additionally, the known locations of genes in related species can direct searches for homoeologous variation in wheat and thus facilitate the identification of new genes. Examples of such analyses include the validation of the effects of Vrn1 on chromosome 5A on flowering time in different crosses within wheat; the indication of pleiotropic effects for stress responses by the Fr1 locus on chromosome 5A; the detection of homoeologous variation for protein content on the homoeologous Group 5 chromosomes; and the detection of a new photoperiod response gene Ppd-H1 in barley from homoeology with Ppd2 of wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015715
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    The use of wheat aneuploids for the chromosomal assignment of microsatellite loci (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aneuploids ; automated DNA sequencer ; chromosomal location ; microsatellite marker ; PCR ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The chromosomal assignment of 64 PCR-amplified microsatellite loci and 29 additional fragments amplified by the same primer pairs is described for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). The distribution over the different chromosomes and chromosome arms appears to be random. The highest proportion of microsatellite loci is found on the B genome, followed by the A and D genome. About half of the primer pairs amplified unique fragments, while the other half amplified additional fragments. 25% of the primer pairs, mostly designed to clones of a PstI-library, amplify fragments on homoeologous chromosomes. In some cases, more than one fragment on a single chromosome or fragments on non-homoeologous chromosomes occurred. The use of an automated DNA sequencer accounts for the accurate resolution of multiple fragments and enables to differentiate between fragments, amplified by a single primer pair, with size differences as small as two base pairs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015716
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    Photoperiodic response and its relation to earliness in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: earliness ; photoperiodic response ; Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The photoperiodic response of 15 spring and winter varieties was observed. Vernalised plants were grown under long-day (light period longer than 14-hours) and under short-day conditions (light period 10-hours). The earliness under long-day condition and the photoperiodic responses were significantly different amongst the tested varieties. The earliness under long-day conditions depended on photoperiodic response. The winter-spring vernalisation requirement influenced earliness but did not influence photoperiodic response. Varieties with spring growth habits that had the same or similar photoperiodic response to varieties with winter growth habit were earlier in heading. The tested varieties that came from lower geographical latitudes were usually earlier and less photoperiod sensitive than the varieties from higher geographical latitudes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015719
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    The influence of flowering time genes on environmental adaptability in European wheats (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptability ; earliness per se ; photoperiod sensitivity ; vernalization sensitivity ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In order to obtain high levels of environmental adaptability in wheat varieties it is essential they flower at times appropriate to particular environmental conditions. The influence of three distinct genetic systems that together determine time of flowering is reviewed here. Vernalization genes are seen to be particularly important to winter wheats for their direct or indirect effects on winter hardiness. Vernalization genes play a minor role in determining flowering time in autumn sown winter wheats but insensitivity is essential if spring sown wheats are to flower. Day length sensitive photoperiod genes play a major role in determining flowering time and adaptability of autumn sown wheats. Insensitivity can promote yield advantages of over 35% in Southern European environments. 15% in Central Europe and offers benefits even in the UK. At present only a single allele of Ppd1 appears to have been introduced into commercial European wheat varieties. The merits of alternative Ppd1 alleles or different loci are discussed. The influence of earliness per se genes that determine flowering time independently of environmental stimuli is less well documented than the effect of photoperiod and vernalization genes. It is likely that genes on chromosomes belonging to groups 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 may act to modify flowering time independently of environmental stimuli probably by determining numbers of vegetative and floral primordia being initiated or the rate of initiation of the primordia. Earliness per se genes appear to be widespread in European wheats and play a significant role in determining the exact time plants flower.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015718
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    Alien introgression of spring habit dominant genes into bread wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 65-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale ; Triticum sphaerococcum ; Vrn genes ; introgression ; genetic analysis ; Vrn6 Sc ; Vrn7 Sc ; Vrn8 Tc identification ; rye
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Alien dominant genes of spring habit were introgressed into bread wheat. The introgression was undertaken by simple crossing of winter bread wheat to related spring species or genera, followed by backcrossing to winter bread wheat, and did not involve the use of the ph mutants or embryo culture. The introgressed genes were located mostly on chromosomes of homoeologous group 5, and were allelic to the known Vrn genes in bread wheat. Nevertheless three groups of lines were discovered with the genes possibly located on other chromosomes. These genes were non-allelic to each other and to known Vrn genes and were designated Vrn6 Sc , Vrn7 Sc (introgressed from Secale cereale) and Vrn8 Ts (from Triticum sphaerococcum).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015720
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    The relationships between the dwarfing genes of wheat and rye (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 69-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: dwarfing genes ; gene mapping ; GA insensitivity ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The improvement of lodging resistance by introducing major dwarfing genes, classified either as GA insensitive or GA sensitive, is one of the main strategies chosen by cereal breeders. In the present paper the current knowledge about the genetics, chromosomal localisation and the homoeoallelic relationships of the dwarfing genes in wheat and rye is reviewed. The confusing system of the symbolisation of the GA insensitive dwarfing genes/alleles in wheat is discussed and a nomenclature based on rules for gene symbolisation in wheat is proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015721
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    Chromosomal location of genes controlling grain size in a large grained selection of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Chromosomal location ; grain size ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Grain size in wheat is the most stable yield component and has a favorable effect on flour yield. To identify the chromosomes associated with the large grains of line G603-86, (grain weight over 60 mg and grain length of about 9 mm), F3 lines, extracted from F2 populations obtained from F1 monosomics of crosses between G603-86 (P1) and the monosomic set of Favorit (P2) were tested in the field. ANOVA showed significant differences among parents for grain weight and grain length, but not for grain width or the factor expressing the difference in grain form and density. Homoeologous groups had significant effects on grain weight and on all components of grain weight, while genomes were not significantly different for any of these characters. Grain weight was significantly increased by chromosomes 6D and 4A of G603-86. Grain length was significantly increased by chromosomes 4A, 4B, 2B, 3A and 1B, grain width by chromosomes 1A and 1B, and the factor form-density by chromosomes 6D and 6A. The high grain size in G603-86 results from the effects of genes located on many chromosomes which affect grain dimensions, form and density.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015722
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    The effects of whole chromosome substitutions differing in alleles for hybrid dwarfing and photoperiodic sensitivity on tissue culture response (TCR) in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chromosome substitutions ; hybrid dwarfness ; photoperiodic response ; tissue culture response ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The wheat varieties Chinese Spring, Marquis and Thatcher and five intervarietal ‘Chinese Spring’ substitution lines for chromosomes 2B (2 lines), 2D (2 lines) and 4A*, differing from the recipient variety in alleles for hybrid dwarfing genes and/or the photoperiodic response genes were analysed for tissue culture response (TCR). It could be demonstrated that only chromosome 2B has a major effect on TCR. Allelic variation at the hybrid dwarfing loci seems to have no effect on tissue culture performance, even in the combination D1D2D3 which gives the grass dwarf phenotype. Also the allelic constitution at the Ppd loci, gave no indication for a direct major effect of those alleles, however there seems to exist genetical factors for TCR on the homoeologous group 2 chromosomes which may be closely linked to the Ppd loci.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015723
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    An assessment of the potential of 4DS.4DL-4s l L translocation lines as a means of eliminating tall off types in semi-dwarf wheat varieties (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 103-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Aneuploidy ; dwarfing genes ; Triticum aestivum ; preferential transmission ; Aegilops sharonensis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat varieties tend to be chromosomally unstable producing on average 2–3% of plants with abnormal chromosome numbers. A number of semi dwarf wheat varieties, carrying the gibberellic acid insensitive dwarfing genes Rht1 or Rht2, have been seen to produce distinct tall off types due to reduction in dosage of the chromosome carrying the dwarfing gene. The UK variety ‘Brigand’, carrying Rht2 on chromosome 4D, produced very distinct tall off types when this chromosome was reduced in dosage. The frequency of tall off types was sufficiently high to cause the variety to fail United Kingdom statutory uniformity tests. An attempt to prevent the loss of chromosome 4D was made by constructing translocation chromosomes involving the short arm of chromosome 4D, which carries Rht2, and the long arm of chromosome 4S l from Aegilops sharonensis, which carries a gene(s) conferring preferential transmission. The work in this paper describes the field evaluation of two lines carrying 4DS.4DL-4S l L translocations, and demonstrates their success in preventing spontaneously occurring monosomy of chromosome 4D in semi-dwarf wheats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015726
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    Sequential combinations of C-banding and in situ hybridization and their use in the detection of interspecific introgressions into wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: C-banding ; FISH ; heterochromatin ; in situ hybridization ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Secale montanum ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The sequential combination of C-banding and in situ hybridization techniques applied in this or in a reverse order, are used to recognize targeted chromosomal regions in cereals. Both methods are described whereby standard chromosome squash preparations are followed by: i) C-banding technique using Leishman stain and a slightly modified in situ hybridization technique using biotin-labeled DNA probes, or ii) fluorescence in situ hybridization technique and C-banding. Both approaches have been successfully used onto mitotic chromosomes of rye and wheat resulting suitable for both their identification and detection of targeted sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015727
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    Fluorescent in situ hybridization — a useful aid to the introduction of alien genetic variation into wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: alien introduction ; chromosome pairing ; fluorescent in situ hybridization ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of DNA to plant chromosomes has proved to be a powerful cytogenetic tool. The value of fluorescent in situ hybridization of total genomic DNA (GISH) of related species is demonstrated in the determination of wheat/alien chromosome pairing in hybrids. Its use for assessing the relative merits of the various genes that affect chromosome pairing is also shown. The ability of GISH to identify the presence in wheat of whole alien chromosomes or alien chromosome segments is illustrated. The potential of FISH for detecting repeated DNA sequences, low copy sequences and single copy genes is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015728
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    The development of cytogenetic research at the Plant Breeding Institute Halle/Hohenthurm with special reference to aneuploidy in cereals (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 125-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Aegilops spp. ; alien introgression ; aneuploidy ; cytogenetics ; history ; Plant Breeding Institute of the University Halle ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The historical development of cytogenetic research in cereals performed at the Plant Breeding Institute of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg from its beginning in 1935 until 1992 is reviewed with special reference to polyploidy, alien introgression and aneuploidy. Th. Roemer founded 1935 in the framework of his Institute a Department of Mutation Research which, in 1937, was extended to a Department of Cytogenetics with R. Freisleben as the first head. Research highlights of this period were the introduction of mutation breeding, the development of autotetraploids in barley and linseed, the discovery of the crossability genes in wheat and the performance of wheat-rye crosses. The main objective in the period between 1950–1960 was the analysis of the relationships between chromosome behaviour and seed set in tetraploid rye and octoploid triticale. Since 1961 the Cytogenetics Research Group was headed by D. Mettin; he was followed by W.D. Blüthner in 1983. The research activities in this period concerning aneuploidy in rye and wheat and alien introgression are being reviewed under the following headings: Cytogenetics of rye; work with wheat aneuploids; contributions to the IR introgression into wheat; alien introgressions into wheat to improve disease resistance and grain quality; the exploitation of molecular markers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015730
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    History of wheat breeding for a half century in Japan (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: agronomic characteristics ; breeding trends ; quality ; year of release ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat breeding efforts for a half century in Japan were investigated by using of 129 varieties registered in MAFF from 1929 to 1984 in the view point of case history for three years. Varieties released in each breeding station are classified apparently by growth habit associated closely with duration of the cold requirement. Heading date is earlier in varieties released in southwest breeding stations (southern varieties) than in varieties released in northern breeding stations (northern varieties). Culm length is higher and the pre-harvest sprouting is more sensitive in northern varieties. In quality characters, northern varieties has the higher milling rate, lower apparent amylose content and larger particle size of flour. In varieties released in the Tohoku district, trend of breeding direction with time is smaller ear numbers and larger 1,000-grain weight and greater resistance to powdery mildew. In varieties released in the Kyushu district, a significant correlation with released year was clearly observed with regard to early maturity, short culm length, less grain crude protein content, less apparent amylose content and higher milling rate on breeding advancement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034608
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    Heterosis and combining ability for plant height and its components in hybrid wheat with Triticum timopheevi cytoplasm (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 337-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: hybrid wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; plant height ; internode length ; heterosis ; combining ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The heterosis and combining ability for plant height and its components of hybrid wheat were investigated in an incomplete diallel experiment including 5 CMS lines and 4 restorer lines. The results showed that heterosis (HS) and heterobeltiosis (HBS) occurred in plant height (PH) and length of the first internode (LFI), second internode (LSI), third internode (LTI), basal internode (LBI) and the spike (LS) of hybrids, but their values varied among crosses and characters; the HS and HBS of LBI were larger than those of other characters, the HS and HBS of LSI and LTI contributed a lot to those of PH. There were significant relationships between internode lengths and PH for specific combining ability (SCA) and general combining ability (GCA), and among lengths of the adjacent internodes for SCA and/or GCA effects. However, the relationships of LS with the lengths of internodes and PH were insignificant for GCA, SCA, HS and HBS. The SCA effects were more important than GCA effects for LFI, the reverse was true for LSI, LTI, LS and PH, and the SCA effects was nearly equal to the GCA effects for LBI. So, LFI was mainly influenced by non-additive effect of genes, while LSI, LTI, LS and PH were mainly controlled by additive gene effects, LBI was controlled equally by additive and non-additive effects of genes. The genes that control the length of specific internode not only affect PH, but also the length of the adjacent internode. The genetic system in charge of lengths of internodes and plant height is independent of that for length of spike. Thus, it is possible to develop new wheat cultivars or hybrid combinations having long spike but dwarf plant height.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003092432309
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    Components of quantitative resistance to yellow rust in ten spring bread wheat cultivars and their relations with field assessments (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Puccinia striiformis ; Triticum aestivum ; association of components ; stripe rust ; durable resistance ; infection frequency ; latency period ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Latency period, infection frequency, lesion length, lesion growth, disease severity and percentage of infected leaf parts were assessed on 10-day-old seedling leaves and flag leaves of ten bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars after inoculation with urediospores of Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici. For all components significant genotypic differences were detected. Components of resistance tended to be associated. A long latency period was associated with a low infection frequency, small lesions, a low disease severity and a low percentage of infected leaf parts. The latency period, measured as time period until first pustule appearance (LP1), was highly correlated with the latency period measured as time period until 50% of the pustules appeared (LP50). Assessment of latency period of large numbers of cultivars could therefore be reliably done by measuring LP1 which is less time consuming than measuring LP50. Latency period, infection frequency and disease severity were highly correlated with disease development data from field experiments. These results suggest that selection in the greenhouse for one of these components should result in cultivars with high levels of quantitative resistance. Disease severity after uniform inoculation in the greenhouse can be used for monocyclic evaluations because it is the easiest to assess.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002916110347
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    Effects of barley chromosome on heading characters in wheat-barley chromosome addition lines (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: heading character ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat-barley chromosome addition line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heading time in cereals is a composite character determined by vernalization requirement, photoperiodic sensitivity and narrow-sense earliness. To study the effects of added barley chromosomes on the heading characters in wheat, two sets of wheat-barley chromosome addition lines, i.e., ‘Betzes’ barley chromosomes 2H to 7H added to ’Chinese Spring‘ wheat (CS-Be2H to CS-Be7H) and ‘New Golden’ barley chromosomes 5H and 6H added to ‘Shinchunaga’ wheat (Shi-NG5H, Shi-NG6H), were examined for their heading characters. All barley chromosomes except Be6H affected vernalization requirement and/or narrow-sense earliness in CS or Shi. Be5H chromosome also slightly increased the photoperiodic sensitivity of CS. Shi-NG5H addition line showed significantly decreased vernalization requirement in comparison with Shi, whereas CS-Be5H did not show any difference from CS. The F1 hybrid of the cross, Shi-NG5H × CS-Be5H, exhibited the same level of vernalization insensitivity as the Shi-NG5H addition line, and plants with and without a vernalization requirement segregated in a 1 : 3 ratio in the F2 generation. These observations, together with previous reports, suggest that the decreased vernalization requirement in the Shi-NG5H addition line was caused by the presence of a major dominant gene for spring habit, Sh2, located on the NG5H barley chromosome. Furthermore, this study revealed that the Sh2 gene in barley has a similar but weaker effect than the wheat vernalization insensitive gene, Vrn1, on the vernalization response in wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003025501591
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    Field assessment of quantitative resistance to yellow rust in ten spring bread wheat cultivars (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 90 (1996), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; stripe rust ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten spring bread wheat cultivars with a susceptible seedling reaction to race 14E14 of yellow rust were tested at three locations to assess the level and stability of quantitative resistance. Quantitative resistance was expressed in terms of disease severity (DS), area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), apparent infection rate (r), infection type (IT) and infection density. Large genotypic differences were observed for all variables measured. Morocco was the most susceptible cultivar. Based on its high infection type (IT=9) throughout the epidemics, it most likely does not possess any resistance. All other cultivars carry quantitative resistance. The levels ranged from very low (Taichung 23) to very high (Parula). Resistance levels were lower in Quito, Ecuador than at the other locations. Most likely, the lower temperatures in Quito resulted in a reduced expression of quantitative resistance to yellow rust and to obtain the same protection as at the other two locations, more resistance genes are needed. Therefore, to accumulate genes for quantitative resistance, Quito is considered to be the better location. Though significant cultivar-location interactions were detected, they were small compared to the cultivar and location effect. Therefore, they are considered of little importance and it is concluded that quantitative resistance is a stable trait, in the sense that cultivar rankings are hardly affected by environment. The contribution of infection growth to the development of yellow rust was demonstrated. Between 29 and 66% of the increase in disease severity could be contributed to growth of infections. These figures are probably an underestimation of the real contribution as new infections are very small, thus reducing the average size of infections and their contribution to the increase of disease severity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025154
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  • 80
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    Molecular mapping of an aluminum tolerance locus on chromosome 4D of Chinese Spring wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 31-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aluminum ; linkage map ; marker ; RFLP mapping ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum turgidum ; wheat ; durum wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The tolerance of aluminum (Al) of disomic substitution lines having the chromosomes of the D genome of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring individually substituted for their homoeologues in T. turgidum L. cv. Langdon was investigated by the hematoxylin method. The disomic substitution lines involving chromosome 4D were more Al tolerant than Langdon. The tolerance was found to be controlled by a single dominant gene, designated Alt2, that is in the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 4D. The locus was mapped relative to molecular markers utilizing a population of recombinant chromosomes from homoeologous recombination between Chinese Spring chromosome 4D and T. turgidum chromosome 4B. Comparison of the location of Alt2 in this map with a consensus map of chromosomes 4B and 4D based on homologous recombination indicated that Alt2 is in a vicinity of a 4 cM interval delineated by markers Xpsr914 and Xpsr1051. The Alt2 locus is distal to marker Xpsr39 and proximal to XksuC2. The Altw locus is also proximal to the Knal locus on chromosome 4D that controls K+/Na+ selectivity and salt tolerance. In two lines, Alt 2 and Knal were transferred on a single 4D segment into the long arm of T. turgidum chromosome 4B.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035273
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  • 81
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    Characterization of wheat-alien translocations conferring resistance to diseases and pests: current status (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 59-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat-alien translocation ; resistance ; C-banding ; in situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wild relatives of common wheat, Triticum aestivum, and related species are an important source of disease and pest resistance and several useful traits have been transferred from these species to wheat. C-banding and in situ hybridization analyses are powerful cytological techniques allowing the detection of alien chromatin in wheat. C-banding permits identification of the wheat and alien chromosomes involved in wheat-alien translocations, whereas genomic in situ hybridization analysis allows determination of their size and breakpoint positions. The present review summarizes the available data on wheat-alien transfers conferring resistance to diseases and pests. Ten of the 57 spontaneous and induced wheat-alien translocations were identified as whole arm translocations with the breakpoints within the centromeric regions. The majority of transfers (45) were identified as terminal translocations with distal alien segments translocated to wheat chromosome arms. Only two intercalary wheat-alien transloctions were identified, one induced by radiation treatment with a small segment of rye chromosome 6RL (H25) inserted into the long arm of wheat chromosome 4A, and the other probably induced by homoeologous recombination with a segment derived from the long arm of a group 7 Agropyron elongatum chromosome with Lr19 inserted into the long arm of 7D. The presented information should be useful for further directed chromosome engineering aimed at producing superior germplasm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035277
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  • 82
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    Chromosomal location of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) 3. Gene Pm22 in cultivar Virest (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 149-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; powdery mildew ; resistance gene ; monosomic analysis ; gene location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Common wheat cultivar Virest possesses mildew resistance which is different from resistances expressed by currently documented mildew resistance genes, detected by response to eleven differential wheat powdery mildew isolates. F2 populations from hybrids of the 21 ‘Chinese Spring’ monosomic lines with ‘Virest’ revealed one major dominant gene, located on wheat chromosome 1D. The new gene is designated Pm22. Italian cultivars Elia, Est Mottin, Ovest and Tudest also showed the disease response pattern corresponding to ‘Virest’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021064
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    Factors influencing the development of bread wheat plant types to be grown in the ‘transitional zone’ in northern Syria (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 153-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; intrinsic earliness ; Triticum aestivum ; vernalization ; wheat ; Syria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study sought to identify factors that influence wheat development in the transitional wheat growing zone of northern Syria. Three development factors were studied, intrinsic earliness, and responses to vernalization and to photoperiod. Two sets of wheat were studied, each composed of lines with differing combinations of development factors. Set 1 comprised 20 parental and breeding lines utilized by the CIMMYT/ICARDA facultative and winter wheat breeding program based at Tel Hadya. Set 2 comprised 19 parental and breeding lines utilized by an Australian winter wheat breeding program based at Temora. Field development was recorded in greatest detail at one site. Tel Hadya, using the state of differentiation of the apex of the main tiller of sampled plants. To extend findings, development was also recorded as the time from sowing to ear emergence for later sowings of wheat at Tel Hadya, and in sowings at four other regional sites. The significance of each development factor was tested in multiple regressions that predicted either stage of apical development at Tel Hadya, or time to ear emergence in all trials. It was found that intrinsic earliness was the major factor associated with development, in both sets of wheat. Response to photoperiod had a much smaller and less consistent effect. Response to vernalization had least effect on development, possibly because low temperature in winter delayed development for a longer period than was required to fully vernalize winter wheats. Our results suggested it may not be directly relevant whether spring or winter wheats are grown in the transitional zone of northern Syria. The desired phenotype for the region, of slow development prior to double ridge, then fast development to ear emergence, cannot be simply achieved from combinations of the three development factors. Selection for improved adaptation to the region must continue to rely on direct field observations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021065
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    The effect of gibberellic acid on male fertility in bread wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 297-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; gibberellin sensitivity ; male sterility ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on male fertility was investigated in wheat. Greenhouse and field experiments were carried out. GA3 induced high levels of male sterility both in gibberellin (GA)-sensitive and GA-insensitive genotypes. The optimum concentration was 2000 ppm of GA3 when applied at successive sprays. The critical period for GA3 treatment, in the general sense, extended from glume differentiation to premeiotic interphase in the oldest florets of the spike, though differences were found between GA-sensitive and GA-insensitive genotypes in the extension of this period. The effect of GA3 on plant height was also studied. The potential use of GA3 as a chemical hybridizing agent in wheat breeding is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033091
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    CIMMYT's approach to breed for drought tolerance (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: breeding methodology ; drought patterns ; input-efficiency ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary About 32% of the 99 million ha wheat grown in developing countries experiences varying levels of drought stress. Three major drought types have been identified: Late drought (LD) is common in the Mediterranean region, early drought (ED) is found in Latin America and wheat is produced on residual soil moisture (RM) in the Indian subcontinent and part of Australia. Until 1983, CIMMYT selected all germplasm under near optimum conditions for its yield potential and tested only advanced lines under drought. In spite of many critics, this approach proved to be successful, since in the mid 80's CIMMYT germplasm was grown on 45% of the wheat area in LC with annual rainfall from 300–500 mm and on 21% in areas with less than 300 mm. Since 1983, CIMMYT's drought breeding methodology is to alternate segregating populations between drought stressed and fully irrigated conditions (FI) and to test advanced lines under a line source irrigation system. To compare the efficiency of these approach, yield of four, mostly leading varieties, from each of the regions with LD, ED, RM, and FI and twelve recent CIMMYT cultivars selected for high yield under FI and RM conditions (ALT) were compared under four different moisture regimes (FI, LD, ED, and RM) in 89–90 and 90–91 in Yaqui Valley, Mexico. Genotypic correlation between yield and days to flowering, days to maturity, height, grains m-2, TKW, test weight and grain fill period were calculated. Mean grain yield of the four best lines in the ALT group was highest under all moisture stress regimes, followed by the FI-group. However, the highest yielding cultivar within each moisture regime was from the FI-group under FI, from the LD-group under LD, and from the ALT-group under ED and RM conditions. Estimates for genetic advance suggest that FI is the best environment for increasing grain yield even in all three drought environments. This indicates that yield potential per se is beneficial also in drought environments. The highest yield in drought environments was realized by the CIM cultivars selected under FI and RM. Simultaneous evaluation of the germplasm under near optimum conditions, to utilize high heritabilities and identify lines with high yield potential, and under stress conditions to preserve alleles for drought tolerance seem at present the best strategy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022840
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    Genetic variation for nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 221-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: hybrid lines ; nitrogen efficiency ; variation ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The new European Common Agricultural Policy and environmental considerations are certainly to change agricultural practices toward low input cultivation systems. Nitrogen is one of the main inputs of winter wheat in northern France and it contributes highly to phreatic water pollution. A research programme has then been set up in order to study whether it is possible to breed for winter wheat cultivars using more efficiently N fertilisers. Less nitrogen would be applied, decreasing pollution risks and operational costs. It has been shown that a large variation exists for N related traits and for the resistance against N deficiency. On the one hand the cv Arche is very resistant to N deficiency, its yield on low N conditions (with no N fertiliser) is on average 89% of its yield on high N conditions (with a high N application). On the other hand, cv Récital is very susceptible to N deficiency as this same percentage is only 61%. A study on 10 hybrids showed that heterosis for grain yield was higher at low N level than at high N level. This was due to a higher number of grains per m2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022848
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    The crossability percentages of 96 bread wheat landraces and cultivars from Japan with rye (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1995), S. 301-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; crossability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crossability of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Japan with rye (Secale cereale L.) was investigated by controlled pollination. No normal seeds were produced, but numbers of shrivelled and small seeds with embryos were used to estimate crossability amongst the 96 accessions, viz: 0–10% (29), 10–30% (23), 30–50% (11), 50–90% (33). The investigation for the pedigrees of varieties with more than 50% crossability percentages showed that the kr alleles of some accessions derived from common ancestors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037112
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    Evaluation of selected geocarposphere bacteria for biological control of Aspergillus flavus in peanut (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 175 (1995), S. 291-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arachis hypogaea ; Aspergillus flavus ; biological control ; geocarposphere ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Selected bacterial strains isolated from the region of peanut pod development (geocarposphere) and two additional bacterial strains were screened as potential biological control agents against Aspergillus flavus invasion and subsequent aflatoxin contamination of peanut in laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials. All 17 geocarposphere strains tested delayed invasion of young roots and reduced colonization by the fungus in a root-radicle assay used as a rapid laboratory prescreen. In a greenhouse study, seven bacterial strains significantly reduced pod colonization by A. flavus compared to the control. In a field trial, conducted similarly to the greenhouse assay, pods sampled at mid-peg from plants seed-treated with suspensions of either 91A-539 or 91A-550 were not colonized by A. flavus, and the incidence of pods invaded from plants treated with either 91A-539 or 91A-599 was consistently lower than nonbacterized plants at each of five sampling dates. At harvest, 8 geocarposphere bacterial strains significantly lowered the percentage of pods colonized (〉 51%) compared to the control. Levels of seed colonization ranged from 1.3% to 45% and did not appear related to aflatoxin concentrations in the kernels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011365
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    Quantitative assessment of the interaction between the antagonistic fungus Talaromyces flavus and the wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae on eggplant roots (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; eggplant ; rhizosphere ; Talaromyces flavus ; Verticillium dahliae ; Verticillium wilt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative aspects of the interaction between the antagonist Talaromyces flavus, the pathogen Verticillium dahliae and eggplant roots, were studied. When eggplant roots were inoculated with T. flavus, prior to the infection with the pathogen, the population density of T. flavus on V. dahliae-infected roots was at least 3 times higher than on healthy uninfected roots, and the proliferation of T. flavus on diseased eggplant roots was related to the severity of wilt symptoms, in the two levels of application of T. flavus studied. However, in all classes of disease severity tested (disease index, 0–3), the population density of T. Flavus on eggplant roots treated with 106 ascospores g−1 rooting mixture was significantly (p=0.05) higher than with 105 ascospores g−1. In roots treated with 105 and 106 T. flavus ascospores g−1 rooting mixture, the population density of V. dahliae was reduced by 51% and 69%, respectively. When testing the relationships between the population density of V. dahliae in the roots and disease severity, no significant (p=0.05) difference was found between disease indexes 2 and 3. However, the density of V. dahliae on roots of plants with disease index 1 was significantly (p=0.05) lower than disease indexes 2 and 3. The positive relationship between the inoculum concentration of V. dahliae and the population density of T. flavus developed on eggplant roots was significant (p=0.001), linear, and highly correlated (r=0.945) on a logarithmic scale. In addition, the analysis of these data revealed a significant (p=0.05), high, negative and linear correlation (r=−0.985) between the log concentration of V. dahliae inoculum and the disease reduction achieved by T. flavus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017683
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  • 90
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    Genotype-dependence in the interaction betweenGlomus fistulosum, Phytophthora fragariae and the wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca) (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 185 (1996), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; biological control ; redcore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root colonisation byGlomus fistulosum BEG 31 of a plant population from the outbreeding wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca) ranged from 42 to 80%; this was correlated with a significant increase in fruit trusses, berries and leaves. The mycorrhizal plants produced significantly more primary and secondary runners but less lateral runners. One hundred randomly selected seeds were multiplied in vitro and 4 clonal populations were selected. Root colonisation in the clones varied from 16 to 75%, with significant difference in the % colonisation between some of the clones. Percentage mycorrhizal colonisation was positively correlated with effects on host growth. The positive correlation between mycorrhizal root colonisation and growth effects in the clones was not reflected in their respective susceptibility, in the non-mycorrhizal state, toPhytophthora fragariae infection. Clones showing the highest and lowest mycorrhizal root colonisation showed high disease susceptibility whereas a clone with intermediate colonisation was resistant. When the clones were colonised with mycorrhizal fungi, the two susceptible clones became resistant toP. fragariae whereas the resistant and partially-resistant clones were less affected. Only one clone showed variation in vesicle formation when challenged withP. fragariae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257528
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  • 91
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    Response of wheat genotypes to sowing date and boron fertilization aimed at controlling sterility in a rice-wheat rotation in Nepal (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 188 (1997), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron ; rice-wheat rotation ; sterility ; time of sowing ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spikelet sterility in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is emerging as a production threat in different parts of Nepal. This study was aimed at determining the effects of sowing date and boron application in controlling spikelet sterility in four different genotypes of spring wheat in a rice-wheat system in the western hills of Nepal. Four genotypes of known different responses to boron were planted on 21 November, 6 December and 21 December, 1994 with or without boron application at 1 kg B ha-1 (i.e. 9 kg borax ha-1) on a soil that was known to be deficient in boron. The effect of sowing date was significant for the phenology, yield components, percentage sterility and grain yield. Sterility was significantly increased in the crop planted on 21 December, which had also the lowest 1000 seed weight and grain yield; there was an almost 50% grain yield reduction compared to the crop planted on 21 November. Terminal moisture stress (i.e. lack of moisture during the later part of the development) was observed in the late sown crop which also amplified the extent of sterility associated with boron deficiency. Genotypes differed in response to sowing dates and boron treatment for all of the phenological events measured, yield components, grain yield and percentage sterility. SW-41 and BL-1022 had significantly higher sterility at all sowing dates. BL-1249 showed a consistently lower% sterility over all sowing dates and boron treatments. The addition of boron significantly increased the number of grains set per spike thereby decreasing the total sterility in boron responsive genotypes SW-41 and BL-1022 while those not susceptible did not respond. The boron concentration in the flag leaf at anthesis was increased in treatments with added B in the soil but genotypes did not differ in boron concentration for any soil treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004202725382
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    Genotypic variation in response of barley to boron deficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 215 (1999), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; boron deficiency ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Responses of a range of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes to boron (B) deficiency were studied in two experiments carried out in sand culture and in the field at Chiang Mai, Thailand. In experiment 1, two barley genotypes, Stirling (two-row) and BRB 2 (six-row) and one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype, SW 41, were evaluated in sand culture with three levels of applied B (0, 0.1 and 1.0 μM B) to the nutrient solution. It was found that B deficiency depressed flag leaf B concentration at booting, grain number and grain yield of all genotypes. In barley Stirling, B deficiency also depressed number of spikes plant-1, spikelets spike-1 and straw yield. However, no significant difference between genotypes in flag leaf B concentration was found under low B treatments. Flag leaf B concentration below 4 mg kg-1 was associated with grain set reduction and could, therefore, be used as a general indicator for B status in barley. In experiment 2, nine barley and two wheat genotypes were evaluated in the field on a low B soil with three levels of B. Boron levels were varied by applying either 2 t of lime ha-1 (BL), no B (B0) or 10 kg Borax ha-1 (B+) to the soil prior to sowing. Genotypes differed in their B response for grain spike-1, grain spikelet-1 and grain set index (GSI). The GSI of the B efficient wheat, Fang 60, exceeded 90% in all B treatments. The B inefficient wheat SW 41 and most of the barley genotypes set grain normally (GSI 〉80%) only at the B+. In B0 GSI of the barley genotypes ranged from 23% to 84%, and in BL from 19% to 65%. Three of the barley with severely depressed GSI in B0 and BL also had a decreased number of spikelets spike-1. In experiment 3, 21 advanced barley lines from the Barley Thailand Yield Nursery 1997/98 (BTYN 1997/98) were screened for B response in sand culture with no added B. Grain Set Index of the Fang 60 and SW 41 checks were 98 and 65%, respectively, and GSI of barley lines ranged between 5 and 90%. One advanced line was identified as B efficient and two as moderately B efficient. The remaining lines ranked between moderately inefficient to inefficient. These experiments have established that there is a range of responses to B in barley genotypes. This variation in the B response was observed in vegetative as well as reproductive growth. Boron efficiency should be considered in breeding and selection of barley in low B soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004736610871
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    Phytochelatins as biomarkers for heavy metal stress in maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): combined effects of copper and cadmium (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 203 (1998), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomarker ; cadmium ; copper ; heavy metal ; PC ; PC-SH ; phytochelatin ; stress ; toxicity ; Triticum aestivum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal contaminated soils often show increased levels of more than one metal, e.g. copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) or nickel (Ni). In case such soils are used for crop production, prediction of yield reduction or quality decline due to heavy metals in the soil is inadequate when based only on chemical soil analysis. The use of biomarkers such as phytochelatins (PC), non-protein thiols specifically induced in plants upon exposure to heavy metals, may be an additional tool or diagnostic criterion in heavy metal research and in practice. In the present work, Cu and Cd uptake and induction of PC synthesis are studied with hydroponically grown maize and wheat plants exposed to mixtures of the two metals. We observed a close positive relationship between the concentrations of Cd and PC in the plant shoot material. A decreased shoot concentration of Cd after addition of Cu, due to metal competition at common root absorption sites, coincided with lower shoot PC levels. Also differences in metal uptake and xylary metal transport among the two plant species were reflected in corresponding differences in PC concentration. The observed direct relationship between shoot PC concentration and the degree of metal-induced growth inhibition makes the use of PC promising for the purpose tested for.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004373700581
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  • 94
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    Leaf development and phenology of Triticum aestivum and T. durum under different moisture regimes (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 170 (1995), S. 377-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anthesis ; flag leaf area ; number of leaves ; phyllochron ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum turgidum var. durum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat grain yield production in the rain-fed areas is limited by water deficits during crop growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted during spring 1992 at ICARDA, Tel Hadya, Syria, with eight genotypes representing two Triticum species (Triticum turgidum var. durum and Triticum aestivum L.) under four soil-moisture regimes (95%, 75%, 55%, and 35% field capacity) to study the effect of water deficit on leaf development. The phyllochron was similar in the two species across the watering regimes. The range in variation in phyllochron among the genotypes was similar in the two species. Phyllochron response to water stress among genotypes was distinct in the driest regime in both species. Cham 6 (T. aestivum) and Gallareta (T. turgidum var. durum) had similar phyllochron across all moisture regimes whereas in other genotypes phyllochron was higher in the dries regime. Leaf area decreased with increasing moisture stress. Triticum turgidum var. durum genotypes were later in flowering as they had, on average, one leaf more than Triticum aestivum genotypes with similar leaf appearance rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010492
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  • 95
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    Comparison of plant uptake and plant toxicity of various ions in wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 172 (1995), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; boron ; copper ; gallium ; iron ; lanthanum ; manganese ; nutrient concentrations ; scandium ; Triticum aestivum ; toxicity ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of varying solution concentrations of manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga) and lanthanum (La) on plant chemical concentrations, plant uptake and plant toxicity were determined in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a low ionic strength (2.7×10−3 M solution culture). Increasing the solution concentration of Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Fe, Ga and La increased plant concentrations of that ion. Asymptotic maximum plant concentrations were reached for Zn (10 mg kg DM−1 in the roots), Ga (2 mg kg DM−1 in the tops and 18 mg kg DM−1 in the roots) and La (0.4 mg kg DM−1 in the tops and 4 mg kg DM−1 in the roots). Plant ion concentrations were, on average, 3 times higher in the roots than the tops for Mn and Zn, 7 times for Cu, 9 times for Fe, 12 times for Ga and 15 times for La. In contrast, B concentrations were higher in the tops than the roots by, on average, 2 times. The estimated toxicity threshold (plant concentration at which a rapid decrease in yield occurred) in the tops was 0.4 mg g DM−1 for B, 2 for Zn, 0.075 for Cu and 0.09 for La and in the roots 0.2 mg g DM−1 for B, 5 for Zn, 0.3 for Cu and 3 for La. Plant uptake rates of the ions (as estimated by the slope of the relationship between solution ion concentrations and plant ion concentrations) was in the order B〈Fe〈Mn〈La〈Zn〈Ga〈Cu for the tops and B〈Mn〈Fe〈Zn〈La〈Cu〈Ga for the roots. In the roots, the uptake rates of La, Cu and Ga was exceptionally high (〉 250 mg kg DM−1 μM −1). Plant toxicity was estimated as the reciprocal of the plant concentration that reduced yield by 50% (change in relative yield per mg ion kg DM−1). The plant toxicity of the ions tested was in the order Mn〈Zn〈B〈Fe=Ga〈La〈Cu in the tops and Mn〈Ga〈Zn〈Fe=La〈Cu〈B in the roots. Copper was unusual in that plant uptake and plant toxicity was high for a plant trace nutrient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011318
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  • 96
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    Dual inoculation with Aspergillus fumigatus and Glomus mosseae enhances biomass production and nutrient uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) supplied with organic phosphorus as Na-phytate (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus ; Glomus mosseae ; organic phosphorus utilisation ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a pot experiment, wheat was grown for 50 days in two heat-sterilized low-phosphorus (P) soils supplied with organic P as Na-phytate. Seed inoculation with the phosphatase-producing fungus (PPF) Aspergillus fumigatus or soil inoculation with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus mosseae increased shoot and root dry weight and root length, phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and shoot concentrations of P and to a lesser extent of K and Mg. As a rule, the greatest effects on those parameters were most in the combined inoculation treatment (PPF + VAM). Shoot concentrations of Cu and Zn were only enhanced by VAM, not by PPF. At harvest, depletion of organic P in the rhizosphere soil increased in the order of: sterilized soil 〈 PPF 〈 VAM 〈 PPF + VAM which corresponded with the enhanced P concentrations in the plants. The results demonstrate that organic P in form of Na-Phytate is efficiently used by VAM and that use of organic P can be increased by simultaneous inoculation with phosphatase-producing fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00155522
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  • 97
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    Fate and effects on yield components of extra applications of nitrogen on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in solution culture (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 175 (1995), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grain protein concentration ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown with daily additions of nitrate-N. The relative addition rate of nitrate-N was decreased stepwise, and after 125 days of growth, 58 mg N plant-1 had been introduced. The fate and effect of an extra addition of nitrate (20 mg N plant-1) at six different times during the ontogeny (37, 54, 66, 79, 94 and 108 days from sowing) on grain yield and grain protein concentration was investigated. The plants absorbed all or most of the extra nitrate at all stages of development evaluated. Dry matter production of both aerial vegetative parts and grains, but not roots, generally increased as a result of the extra nitrate addition. The increase in grain dry matter was mainly an effect of an increased number of grains per plant. Extra nitrate applications had large effects on grain nitrogen content at all stages, but the effect on main shoot and tiller ears varied depending on the time of application. Early applications, i.e. before anthesis, mainly led to increased yield with unchanged protein concentration whereas late applications also led to increased grain protein concentration. The largest effect on grain nitrogen concentration (25–30% increase) was obtained when the extra nitrate was applied late after sowing, i.e. less than four weeks before final harvest. As the extra dose of nitrate was labelled with 15N, it was possible to follow the movement of the extra nitrogen addition within the plant. Samples were taken at one and five days after 15N-addition and at final harvest. There were differences in the movement of 15N depending on when it was introduced. Generally, net movement of the 15N-labelled N into the grain increased with age at application until 94 days after sowing when a maximum of 90% of the added 15N ended up in the grain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011353
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  • 98
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    Effect of soil drying on growth, biomass allocation and leaf gas exchange of two annual grass species (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 185 (1996), S. 137-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C3 ; C4 ; relative growth rate ; Tragus racemosus ; Triticum aestivum ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Influence of short-term water stress on plant growth and leaf gas exchange was studied simultaneously in a growth chamber experiment using two annual grass species differing in photosynthetic pathway type, plant architecture and phenology:Triticum aestivum L. cv. Katya-A-1 (C3, a drought resistant wheat cultivar of erect growth) andTragus racemosus (L.) All. (C4, a prostrate weed of warm semiarid areas). At the leaf level, gas exchange rates declined with decreasing soil water potential for both species in such a way that instantaneous photosynthetic water use efficiency (PWUE, mmol CO2 assimilated per mol H2O transpired) increased. At adequate water supply, the C4 grass showed much lower stomatal conductance and higher PWUE than the C3 species, but this difference disappeared at severe water stress when leaf gas exchange rates were similarly reduced for both species. However, by using soil water more sparingly, the C4 species was able to assimilate under non-stressful conditions for a longer time than the C3 wheat did. At the whole-plant level, decreasing water availability substantially reduced the relative growth rate (RGR) ofT. aestivum, while biomass partitioning changed in favour of root growth, so that the plant could exploit the limiting water resource more efficiently. The change in partitioning preceded the overall reduction of RGR and it was associated with increased biomass allocation to roots and less to leaves, as well as with a decrease in specific leaf area. Water saving byT. racemosus sufficiently postponed water stress effects on plant growth occurring only as a moderate reduction in leaf area enlargement. For unstressed vegetative plants, relative growth rate of the C4 T. racemosus was only slightly higher than that of the C3 T. aestivum, though it was achieved at a much lower water cost. The lack of difference in RGR was probably due to growth conditions being relatively suboptimal for the C4 plant and also to a relatively large investment in stem tissues by the C4 T. racemosus. Only 10% of the plant biomass was allocated to roots in the C4 species while this was more than 30% for the C3 wheat cultivar. These results emphasize the importance of water saving and high WUE of C4 plants in maintaining growth under moderate water stress in comparison with C3 species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257570
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  • 99
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    Plant genotype, micronutrient fertilization and take-all infection influence bacterial populations in the rhizosphere of wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 183 (1996), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ; manganese ; microorganisms ; nutrient deficiency ; rhizosphere ; roots ; Triticum aestivum ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between micronutrient efficiency of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes, tolerance to take-all disease (caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx and Olivier var. tritici Walker), and bacterial populations in the rhizosphere was tested in soil fertilized differentially with Zn and Mn. Plant growth was reduced by Mn or Zn deficiency and also by take-all. There was an inverse relationship between micronutrient efficiency of wheat genotypes when grown in deficient soils and the length of take-all lesions on roots (efficient genotypes had shorter lesions than inefficient ones). In comparison to the rhizosphere of control plants of genotypes Aroona and C8MM receiving sufficient Mn and Zn, the total numbers of bacterial cfu (colony forming units) were greater in the rhizosphere of Zn-efficient genotype Aroona under Zn deficiency and in Mn-efficient genotype C8MM under Mn deficiency. These effects were not observed in other genotypes. Take-all decreased the number of bacterial cfu in the rhizosphere of fully-fertilized plants but not of those subjected to either Mn or Zn deficiency. In contrast, the Zn deficiency treatment acted synergistically with take-all to increase the number of fluorescent pseudomonads in the rhizosphere. Although numbers of Mn-oxidising and Mn-reducing bacteria were generally low, take-all disease increased the number of Mn reducers in the rhizosphere of Mn-efficient genotypes Aroona and C8MM. Under Mn-deficiency conditions, the number of Mn reducers in the rhizosphere increased in Aroona but not in C8MM wheat. The results suggest that bacterial microflora may play a role in the expression of Mn and Zn efficiency and tolerance to take-all in some wheat genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011442
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  • 100
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    Comparison of two crossing and four selection schemes for yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; breeding ; resistance ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The most important breeding objectives in crop improvement are improving grain yield, grain quality, and resistances to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The objectives of our study were to compare two crossing and four selection schemes for grain yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) based on additive genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum), and to identify the most efficient crossing and selection methodologies in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency. Segregating populations were derived from 18 simple crosses and the same number of top (three-way) crosses. Half of the crosses were derived from Yecora 70 and the other half from Veery #10 as the common leaf rust susceptible parents. The four selection schemes were: pedigree, modified bulk (F2 and F1-top as pedigree, selected lines in F3, F4, F2-top, F3-top as bulk; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations), selected bulk (selected plants in F2, F3, F4, F1-top, F2-top and F3-top as bulk; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations), and nonselected bulk (bulk in F2, F3, F4, F1-top, F2-top and F3-top; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations). A total of 320 progeny lines, parents and checks were tested for grain yield, other agronomic traits and leaf rust resistance during the 1992/93 and 1993/94 seasons in Ciudad Obregon (Sonora State, Mexico) which represents a typical high yielding irrigated site. The influence of the type of cross and the selection scheme on the mean grain yield and other traits of the progenies was minimal. The selection of parents was the most important feature in imparting yield potential and other favourable agronomic traits. Moreover, the highest yielding lines were distributed equally. Progeny lines derived from Veery #10 crosses had significantly higher mean grain yield compared to those derived from the Yecora 70 crosses. Furthermore, a large proportion of the highest yielding lines also originated from Veery #10 crosses. Mean leaf rust severity of the top cross progenies was lower than that of the simple cross progenies possibly because two parents contributed resistance to top cross progenies. Mean leaf rust severity of the nonselected bulk derivatives was twice that of lines derived from the other three schemes. Selected bulk appears to be the most attractive selection scheme in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018391519757
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