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  • Articles  (43)
  • Artemia  (21)
  • phytoplankton  (15)
  • saline lakes  (12)
  • Springer  (43)
  • 1995-1999  (43)
  • Geography  (43)
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  • Articles  (43)
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  • Springer  (43)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: British Columbia ; chrysophytes ; paleolimnology ; saline lakes ; stomatocysts ; weighted-averaging model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Chrysophycean stomatocysts were identified and enumerated from the surface sediments of 60 lakes located on the Interior Plateau of British Columbia. The lakes span a salinity gradient from freshwater to hypersaline (0.0–92.4 g L−1), with the majority being fresh to hyposaline. One hundred and ten stomatocyst morphotypes, almost all of which were previously described, were identified from the lake sediments. The first axis of direct gradient analysis, which was highly significant, was essentially a salinity axis (i.e. [Ca], [Mg], [K], [Na], [SO4], [DIC], and [Cl]). Most cysts were found to have fairly broad tolerances, with the narrowest tolerances occurring among morphotypes with the lowest salinity optima. Weighted-averaging regression and calibration techniques were used to develop an inference model to measure the relationship between measured average lakewater salinity and stomatocyst inferred salinity (apparent r2=0.80). Simple weighted-averaging produced a model with a lower bootstrapped RMSE of prediction than weighted-averaging with tolerance downweighting. These data indicate that chrysophyte stomatocysts are useful quantitative indicators of past lakewater salinity (in the freshwater to hyposaline range) in B.C. lakes, and can be used to strengthen the interpretations from diatom-inference models already developed from the same region.
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  • 2
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    International journal of salt lake research 4 (1995), S. 301-314 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Amarga Lagoon ; Artemia ; lake ; Chile ; saline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Amarga Lagoon, lat. 50°29′ S and long. 73°45′ S, it is located at the Torres del Paine National Park, Chile. The physical, chemical, and biological features of the lake were studied. According to salinity, the lake is mesosaline. Sodium and chloride were the dominant ions. Nitrogen was potentially limiting for phytoplankton growth. One Cyanophyceae species andArtemia were the predominant species in the plankton.Artemia provided abundant food for flamingoes.
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  • 3
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    International journal of salt lake research 4 (1995), S. 335-347 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aphanothece halophytica ; Artemia ; biological management ; Dunaliella ; halobacteria ; hypersalinity ; Myxobaktron salinum ; organic release ; sodium chloride ; solar saltworks ; Synechococcus sp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Aspects of communities and events in the concentrating ponds (S.G. 1.130 to 1.214) and salt crystallizing ponds (S.G. 1.215 to 1.264) of solar saltworks pertinent to salt manufacture are described. Communities that aid salt manufacture enable continuous and efficient production of high quality salt at a saltworks' design capacity, and they provide important controls on levels of organic matter in the brine. Fluctuating salinities, high concentrations of nutrients, and petroleum products are disturbances that causeAphanothece halophytica andDunaliella salina to release excessive quantities of organic matter, and that suppress or cause death to nutrient stripping organisms. Disturbances result in decreased quality and quantity of salt and increased costs for salt harvest, washing, and pond upkeep. Organic matter can be controlled by management techniques that keep nutrient stripping communities at proper levels and maintain a narrow and unchanging range of salinities in each pond, by constructing pond dikes able to withstand wind and water erosion, and by preventing spills of petroleum products in the ponds.
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  • 4
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    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 217-231 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: saline water-bodies ; phytoplankton ; biomass ; production ; chlorophyll ; P/B ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Phytoplankton and its production in water-bodies of the lower Amu Dar'yawere investigated in 1984–1989. The structure and functional nature ofthe phytoplankton in the water-bodies studied were analogous to those ofthe littoral zone of eutrophic lakes, considering hydrological andhydrochemical conditions. The very high average annual P/B ratios(453–582) are considered as regional features, namely high lightintensity and prolonged light period, the salinity usual for salinewaters under anthropogenic influence, the frequent and discrete incomeof nutrients in drainage water and from sediments.
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  • 5
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    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 353-371 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: hypersaline lakes ; multivariate methods ; phytoplankton ; seasonality ; shallow lakes ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Honda saline lake is located in an endorheic basin in the south of Spain. The lake is very shallow, with frequent seasonal drought and a high degree of unpredictability. It was sampled monthly during a relatively dry year (1994–1995, 5 months permanence). To establish a relationship between environmental variables (temperature, depth, salinity and conductivity), variables related to biological activity (organic matter, total solids suspension, and pH) and the planktonic community in the sampled months, various uni- and multivariate statistical methods were carried out. Dunaliella salina, D. viridis, and ciliates sp. 2 is the principal species group used to average out the dissimilarity between the samples. Multivariate analysis showed that salinity (as TDS), conductivity and pH made major and significant contributions to the explanation of the variance in the sample data.
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  • 6
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    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 353-371 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: hypersaline lakes ; multivariate methods ; phytoplankton ; seasonality ; shallow lakes ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Honda saline lake is located in an endorheic basin in the south of Spain. The lake is very shallow, with frequent seasonal drought and a high degree of unpredictability. It was sampled monthly during a relatively dry year (1994–1995, 5 months permanence). To establish a relationship between environmental variables (temperature, depth, salinity and conductivity), variables related to biological activity (organic matter, total solids suspension, and pH) and the planktonic community in the sampled months, various uni-and miltivariate statistical methods were carried out.Dunaliella salina, D. viridis, and ciliates sp. 2 is the principal species group used to average out the dissimilarity between the samples. Muttivariate analysis showed that salinity (as TDS), conductivity and pH made major and significant contributions to the explanation of the variance in the sample data.
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  • 7
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    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 13-24 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; bacteria ; benthic microbial communities ; ecology ; feeding biology ; grazing ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Primary production in Lake Hayward, Western Australia, is dominated by benthic microbial communities, with limited planktonic primary production. This study investigated the question of how Artemia, commonly regarded as simple, obligate, non-selective filter feeders, were able to survive in this system. Bacteria (heterotrophic and autotrophic, filamentous and unicellular) were the major components in the diet of the Artemia in Lake Hayward. These bacteria were derived from bacterial aggregates in the water column and also from benthic mat material (both still attached to the substrate and from pieces floating in the water column). Benthic diatoms were a substantial dietary component of animals living in the unstratified shallow regions. Photosynthetic eukaryotic nanoplankton comprised a minor component of the diet of this Artemia population. Gut contents of a large number of animals and the results of a simple laboratory test indicated that these animals utilise substrate-bound food resources. The results of the present study raises the question of the ecological significance of surface grazing by brine shrimps in other shallow, benthos dominated saline systems.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; brine shrimp ; characterization ; new species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In this study, we report on the existence of a new bisexualArtemia species, found in the high plateaus of Tibet (P. R. China). Different disciplines have been used to characterize this new population: biometrics of cysts and nauplii, morphometry of adults, cytogenetics, allozyme and DNA analyses and cross-breeding/fertility tests with knownArtemia species. The results obtained justify that there is enough evidence to support the view thatArtemia from Tibet is a new species with the proposed nameArtemia tibetiana.
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  • 9
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    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 87-108 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: benthos ; crater lakes ; littoral ; macroinvertebrates ; Mexico ; Puebla ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Two saline crater lakes in the basin of Oriental, Puebla-Tlaxcala-Veracruz, were investigated for littoral benthic macroinvertebrates. Fifty taxa were identified with the oligochaetes, amphipods, chironomids and leeches the dominant organisms. These four taxa made up to 99 per cent in both number and biomass. Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Hyalella azteca, Tanypus (Apelopia) sp. and Stictochironomus sp. were the most abundant organisms. Unlike other saline lakes which have a littoral benthos dominated by chironomids, Alchichica and Atexcac were dominated by oligochaetes (70–73 per cent). The gastropod, Physa sp., was found up to a salinity of 8 g L-1; in other studies, it has been found in lower salinities. L. hoffmeisteri is also a typical inhabitant of freshwater lakes, particularly of deep waters. It was dominant in the shallow, saline waters of the two lakes studied. Salinity did not affect species richness. Alchichica, the most saline of the six crater lakes of Puebla (salinity, 7.4 g L-1), had 30 per cent more species than the freshwater lakes, and double the species number of Atexcac. It seems the main factor controlling species richness and the density and biomass of organisms in Alchichica and Atexcac is the presence of aquatic vegetation. It does this by increasing habitat heterogeneity and providing food and protection against predators.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; morphological differentiation ; reproductive isolation ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Six Artemia populations from coastal and inland sites in Chile, ranging from 20 to 50 degrees latitude south, were compared morphologically. The study included reference samples of A. franciscana (San Francisco Bay, California-USA) and A. persimilis (Buenos Aires, Argentina). These species are likely to be found in Chile. Samples from Peru (Piura) and Brazil (Macau, Rio Grande do Norte) are two known examples of deliberate introduction of A. franciscana. The hypothesis of A. franciscana being the dominant species in South America was tested by multivariate morphological analysis based on ten body measurements. In addition, laboratory cross-fertility tests were performed in order to evaluate levels of reproductive isolation among these widely distributed populations. The analysis showed that A. franciscana and A. persimilis are morphologically divergent. A number of populations overlap with the San Francisco Bay sample, two are morphologically close to Buenos Aires, whilst others lie morphologically in between. Interpopulation morphological differences along with geographical and, probably, ecological divergence do not reflect reproductive isolation, at least of the pre-mating type. The morphological similarity of two Chilean samples with A. persimilis suggests that the distribution of A. persimilis should be further investigated. A multi-trait approach for Artemia characterization is stressed as a way to obtain better descriptions and interpretations of the biological diversity in the genus.
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  • 11
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    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 87-108 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: benthos ; crater lakes ; littoral ; macroinvertebrates ; Mexico ; Puebla ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Two saline crater lakes in the basin of Oriental, Puebla-Tlaxcala-Veracruz, were investigated for littoral benthic macroinvertebrates. Fifty taxa were identified with the oligochaetes, amphipods, chironomids and leeches the dominant organisms. These four taxa made up to 99 per cent in both number and biomass.Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Hyalella azteca, Tanypus (Apelopia) sp. andStictochironomus sp. were the most abundant organisms. Unlike other saline lakes which have a littoral benthos dominated by chironomids, Alchichica and Atexcac were dominated by oligochaetes (70–73 per cent). The gastropod,Physa sp., was found up to a salinity of 8 g L−1; in other studies, it has been found in lower salinities.L. hoffmeisteri is also a typical inhabitant of freshwater lakes, particularly of deep waters. It was dominant in the shallow, saline waters of the two lakes studied. Salinity did not affect species richness. Alchichica, the most saline of the six crater lakes of Puebla (salinity, 7.4 g L−1), had 30 per cent more species than the freshwater lakes, and double the species number of Atexcac. It seems the main factor controlling species richness and the density and biomass of organisms in Alchichica and Atexcac is the presence of aquatic vegetation. It does this by increasing habitat heterogeneity and providing food and protection against predators.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; morphological differentiation ; reproductive isolation ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract SixArtemia populations from coastal and inland sites in Chile, ranging from 20 to 50 degrees latitude south, were compared morphologically. The study included reference samples ofA. franciscana (San Francisco Bay, California-USA) andA. persimilis (Buenos Aires, Argentina). These species are likely to be found in Chile. Samples from Peru (Piura) and Brazil (Macau, Rio Grande do Norte) are two known examples of deliberate introduction ofA. franciscana. The hypothesis ofA. franciscana being the dominant species in South America was tested by multivariate morphological analysis based on ten body measurements. In addition, laboratory cross-fertility tests were performed in order to evaluate levels of reproductive isolation among these widely distributed populations. The analysis showed thatA. franciscana andA. persimilis are morphologically divergent. A number of populations overlap with the San Francisco Bay sample, two are morphologically close to Buenos Aires, whilst others lie morphologically in between. Interpopulation morphological differences along with geographical and, probably, ecological divergence do not reflect reproductive isolation, at least of the pre-mating type. The morphological similarity of two Chilean samples withA. persimilis suggests that the distribution ofA. persimilis should be further investigated. A multi-trait approach forArtemia characterization is stressed as a way to obtain better descriptions and interpretations of the biological diversity in the genus.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: microbial mats ; mixis ; nutrient loading ; periphyton ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The changes in the trophic state in the Salada de Chiprana (north-eastern Spain) over two quite different seasonal cycles (1989, 1994/95) were studied. During the former cycle, the lake was permanently stratified, and was biogenically meromictic, and in the latter, showed no apparent stratification. The main variables related to the physico-chemical changes observed can be attributed to the effect caused by the increase in the nutrient loading. The large amounts of nutrients (total-N and total-P) and organic matter are due to the use of the lake as a reservoir for water discharged from irrigation. Two remarkable effects of the change are the permanent mixing of the water column and the immobilization of phosphorus in the form of ionic species and solid phases that are not available to the biota especially primary producers (phytoplankton, periphyton, microbial mats). The results of the present study emphasize the fragility of (hyper) saline ecosystems to anthropogenic disturbances such as increases in freshwater inflow and nutrient inputs. Likewise, the study reveals the failure of conservation criteria that have been used to manage this lake, especially those which refer to the control of freshwater, nutrient-rich influents.
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  • 14
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    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 261-274 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; lake management ; Mono Lake ; nitrogen fixation ; salinity ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Mono Lake is a hypersaline alkaline lake in the high altitude Great Basin desert of eastern California. Algal productivity of the lake is nitrogen-limited, and a contributing source is derived from benthic nitrogen fixation. Lake level and salinity have fluctuated with natural climatic variations but have also been affected by the diversion of tributary streams. This research examines the influence of varied salinity and lake level on the potential for benthic nitrogen fixation in Mono Lake. A sediment-surface microbial mat community was exposed directly, and in acclimated cultures, to a range of Mono Lake salinities under anaerobic incubations and the activity of nitrogenase assayed by acetylene reduction. Activity was stimulated in light, but also occurred in darkness. Over an experimental salinity range from 50 to 150 g L−1 TDS, nitrogenase activity was reduced by 90 per cent, with the activity persisting at the highest salinity being attributable to dark fixation alone. Between a salinity of 50 g L−1, occurring in Mono Lake over 50 years ago, and 100 g L−1, nitrogenase activity was reduced by nearly half. Changes in the area of the littoral zone at varied lake levels also affect the total amount of potential benthic nitrogen fixation in the lake. An accounting of yearly inputs of nitrogen to Mono Lake suggests N2-fixation could contribute as much as 76–81 percent of the total. Inhibition of nitrogen fixation rates by increased salinity could limit the long-term nutrient supply and benthic primary productivity of this ecosystem.
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  • 15
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    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 357-368 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aphanothece ; Artemia ; cyanobacteria ; biological management ; Dunaliella ; hypersalinity ; sodium chloride ; solar saltworks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Data on biota and nutrients in solar ponds of a saltworks near Burgas, Bulgaria, were obtained. Surveys of the biota were undertaken, and records from management officials gave information on biological and physical conditions related to salt production. The decrease in the quality and quantity of sodium chloride harvested that began 10 to 15 years before the study, may be related to the high levels of plankton, combined nitrogen and phosphate, and the large accretion of bottom sediments and density of benthic communities. Biological management can improve the quality and quantity of the sodium chloride produced by the saltworks.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: AFLP ; Artemia ; species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism(AFLP) markers were successfully employed to analyze15 Artemia species and strains for geneticdiversity. AFLP markers are extremely sensitive toeven a small sequence variation. They are stable andmore polymorphic than RAPD. Twelve pairs of primercombinations were used to detect AFLP bands, of which384 were polymorphic, and DNA fingerprintings wereobtained by using silver staining. The polymorphismanalysis leads us to the following conclusions: 1. Artemia tibetiana seems to differentiate from A.sinica. 2. The parthenogenetic populations frominland salt lakes could follow an evolutionary paththat is different from that of the coastalparthenogenetic populations.
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  • 17
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    International journal of salt lake research 4 (1995), S. 265-280 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: hypersaline coastal lagoon ; physico-chemical seasonal variations ; winds ; Artemia ; cysts ; Baja California ; Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract San Jose lagoon is a hypersaline body of water located in Mexico in the Baja California Peninsula. The lagoon belongs to a system that lies between the fault ridge known as San Jose Creek. Because of its marine origin, it can be considered as thalassohaline, but its isolation from the ocean has brought about changes in its salt composition. It has an area of 13,500 m2, a mean depth of 80 cm and a total volume of 10,000 m3. It does not desiccate and can be considered as a permanent lagoon. Seasonal variations are small. TheArtemia population in San Jose produces cysts all year. To determine the physico-chemical conditions inducing permanent production of cysts, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH of the lagoon were monitored, as well as relative humidity and wind conditions in the region in different seasons of the year. From spring to summer, differences of 1 mg L−1 of O2, 1°C in water temperature, and 8 g L−1 in salinity were observed, and from summer to winter differences of 3.3 mg L−1, 6.5°C, and 14 g L−1, respectively. Despite small seasonal variations, the lagoon exhibits strong spatial and daily changes that are important for cyst production.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: conductivity ; relative abundance ; saline lakes ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Zooplankton collected from vertical net tows were related to the environmental variables from 98 lakes from the Interior Plateau of British Columbia. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that both salinity and ionic composition (pH and Mg) of the lake-water made major and significant contributions to the first two ordination axes (λ=0.42 and 0.11 respectively,P〈0.05). BothArtemia franciscana andMoina hutchinsoni had their highest relative abundance in meso-hypersaline waters. However,Artemia franciscana preferred waters that were higher in Mg and Ca, whileMoina hutchinsoni was found in waters that were lower in Mg and Ca. Similarly, at intermediate salinities,Daphnia pulex and the calanoid copepods preferred waters slightly lower in Mg and Ca, whereasCeriodaphnia laticaudata andSimocephalus spp. were relatively more common in waters higher in Mg and Ca. Because the freshest lakes studied varied much less in ionic composition, the zooplankton in these lakes did not show a preference to ionic composition. As expected, multi-generic groups, such as the calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods and nauplii, had wider tolerances to conductivity than groups identified to lower taxonomic levels. Significant weighted-averaging regression and calibration models of conductivity were developed based on zooplankton species composition from the study lakes (r 2=0.56,P〈0.05). Samples composed largely of multi-generic taxa yielded the worst estimates of salinity in the reconstruction model. This study suggests that zooplankton community composition may be developed into a useful proxy for paleosalinity reconstruction.
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  • 19
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    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 5-16 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aral Sea ; Central Asia ; EC (electrical conductivity) ; Lake Balkhash ; Lake Kamyslybas ; phytoplankton ; saline lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The Aral Sea, Lake Balkhash, and Lake Kamyslybas are closed lakes inCentral Asia. They range from oligosaline to metasaline. The salinity of theAral Sea has increased by more than 30 g L−1 sincewidespread irrigation began in its catchment area. Few studies of thephytoplankton have been conducted on these lakes since extensive irrigationstarted. The investigation reported here compares the flora of phytoplanktonin these saline lakes. In the Small Aral Sea, phytoplankton densitygradually decreased with increasing electrical conductivity (EC) (∼salinity), but there was no such relation in Lake Balkhash and LakeKamyslybas. In the Aral Sea, Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae werefrequently observed in most areas of high EC value, and Cyanophyceae weremost conspicuous in the area of medium and lower EC values. In LakeBalkhash, Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous, but Chlorophyceae were alsonoticeable. Most Cyanophyceae in Aral Sea formed filaments with heterocysts.The distinct characteristic of the phytoplankton of the Lake Balkhash wasthat all dominant species form colonies covered with a gelatinous film.Siliceousplankton diversity gradually decreased with increasing EC values inthe Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash.
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  • 20
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    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 217-231 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: saline water-bodies ; phytoplankton ; biomass ; production ; chlorophyll ; P/B ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Phytoplankton and its production in water-bodies of the lower Amu Dar'ya were investigated in 1984–1989. The structure and functional nature of the phytoplankton in the water-bodies studied were analogous to those of the littoral zone of eutrophic lakes, considering hydrological and hydrochemical conditions. The very high average annual P/B ratios (453–582) are considered as regional features, namely high light intensity and prolonged light period, the salinity usual for saline waters under anthropogenic influence, the frequent and discrete income of nutrients in drainage water and from sediments.
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  • 21
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    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 261-274 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; lake management ; Mono Lake〉/kwd〉 ; nitrogen fixation ; salinity ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Mono Lake is a hypersaline alkaline lake in the high altitude Great Basin desert of eastern California. Algal productivity of the lake is nitrogen-limited, and a contributing source is derived from benthic nitrogen fixation. Lake level and salinity have fluctuated with natural climatic variations but have also been affected by the diversion of tributary streams. This research examines the influence of varied salinity and lake level on the potential for benthic nitrogen fixation in Mono Lake. A sediment-surface microbial mat community was exposed directly, and in acclimated cultures, to a range of Mono Lake salinities under anaerobic incubations and the activity of nitrogenase assayed by acetylene reduction. Activity was stimulated in light, but also occurred in darkness. Over an experimental salinity range from 50 to 150 g L-1 TDS, nitrogenase activity was reduced by 90 per crnt, with the activity persisting at the highest salinity being attributable to dark fixation alone. Between a salinity of 50 g L-1, occurring in Mono Lake over 50 years ago, and 100 g L-1, nitrogenase activity was reduced by nearly half. Changes in the area of the littoral zone at varied lake levels also affect the total amount of potential benthic nitrogen fixation in the lake. An accounting of yearly inputs of nitrogen to Mono Lake suggests N2-fixation could contribute as much as 76–81 percent of the total. Inhibition of nitrogen fixation rates by increased salinity could limit the long-term nutrient supply and benthic primary productivity of this ecosystem.
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  • 22
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    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 7-18 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: coastal waters ; production ; decomposition ; phytoplankton ; Aral Sea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The species composition, population density, biomass and main functional characteristics of the phytoplankton community near Cape Tastubec, northern Aral Sea in September 1993 were investigated. The characteristics investigated were daily primary production, decomposition, and photosynthetic intensity. The data indicate that certain changes in the structure and function of the phytoplankton have recently taken place.
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  • 23
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    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 357-368 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aphanothece ; Artemia ; cyanobacteria ; biological management ; Dunaliella ; hypersalinity ; sodium chloride ; solar saltworks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Data on biota and nutrients in solar ponds of a saltworks near Burgas, Bulgaria, were obtained. Surveys of the biota were undertaken, and records from management officials gave information on biological and physical conditions related to salt production. The decrease in the quality and quantity of sodium chloride harvested that began 10 to 15 years before the study, may be related to the high levels of plankton, combined nitrogen and phosphate, and the large accretion of bottom sediments and density of benthic communities. Biological management can improve the quality and quantity of the sodium chloride produced by the saltworks.
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  • 24
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    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 7-18 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: coastal waters ; production ; decomposition ; phytoplankton ; Aral Sea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The species composition, population density, biomass and main functional characteristics of the phytoplankton community near Cape Tastubec, northern Aral Sea in September 1993 were investigated. The characteristics investigated were daily primary production, decomposition, and photosynthetic intensity. The data indicate that certain changes in the structure and function of the phytoplankton have recently taken place.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; Chilean populations ; hypersaline ecosystems ; cysts ; nauplii ; adult morphology ; crossbreeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Hypersaline habitats in Chile, from marine solar salt pans to saline lagoons and pools in Andean salars, were prospected in search of Artemia populations. These saline ecosystems were characterized through physico-chemical parameters and ionic composition of their brines. Biometrics of cysts and nauplii, as well as morphometrics by using multivariate discriminant analysis for adult specimens evidenced that the Chilean populations of brine shrimp belong to A. franciscana. Cross-breeding results supported the former hypothesis of conspecific Chilean populations, and their differences with A. persimilis, also endemic to the New World, but restricted to Argentinean sites.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; Chilean populations ; hypersaline ecosystems ; cysts ; nauplii ; adult morphology ; crossbreeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Hypersaline habitats in Chile, from marine solar salt pans to saline lagoons and pools in Andean salars, were prospected in search ofArtemia populations. These saline ecosystems were characterized through physico-chemical parameters and ionic composition of their brines. Biometrics of cysts and nauplii, as well as morphometrics by using multivariate discriminant analysis for adult specimens evidenced that the Chilean populations of brine shrimp belong toA. franciscana. Cross-breeding results supported the former hypothesis of conspecific Chilean populations, and their differences withA. persimilis, also endemic to the New World, but restricted to Argentinean sites.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; genetic polymorphism ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract We have applied the technique of random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to the analysis of the relationships among four species of brine shrimp:Artemia franciscana, A. urmiana, A. sinica, andA. parthenogenetica. Seventy ten-base synthetic oligonucleotides were used to amplify a total of 458 distinct fragments. DNA polymorphisms were found in all the species examined; the highest percentage of polymorphic bands was found inA. parthenogenetica, with 28.8 per cent. Each species was scored for the presence or absence of every amplification product and the data entered into a binary data matrix. Cluster analysis was then performed to create a dendrogram using UPGMA by the NTSYS program. There are significant differences between bisexual species and parthenogenetic populations.A. parthenogenetica provided 94 specific molecular markers, while bisexual species gave 27 specific molecular markers.A. sinica is a species distinct from the other Old World bisexual species.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: bacterioplankton ; blue-green algae ; meromictic salt lake ; phytoplankton ; vertical structure ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The specific composition, vertical distribution and daily migration of plankton in a meromictic salt lake, Lake Shira, have been investigated. The main structural components of the ecosystem are bacteria, algae and crustaceans. Since the late 1970s, blue-green algae are reported as dominant. Nowadays the phytoplankton is dominated by Lyngbya contorta, Microcystis ichtyoblabe (Cyanophyta), Cyclotella tuberculata (Bacillariophyta) and Dictyosphaerium tetrachotomum (Chlorophyta). The zooplankton of Lake Shira comprises Arctodiaptomus salinus (Copepoda), Brachionus plicatilis and Hexarthra oxiuris (Rotatoria). Investigation revealed a stratified vertical distribution of all dominant species except Cyclotella with a maximum at a depth of 12--15 m during the summer growth period. Zooplanktons differ in the pattern of distribution and daily migration, but most zooplankton tend to concentrate near the surface. The possible reasons for the vertical distribution of the plankton are discussed.
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  • 29
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    International journal of salt lake research 5 (1996), S. 287-313 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: claypans ; hydrology ; intermittent wetlands ; littoral invertebrates ; physicochemical features ; saline lakes ; tadpoles ; waterbirds ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Bloodwood Station, 130 km NW of Bourke, NSW, has a diverse array of intermittently flooded wetlands raging from salinas to fresh waters, either clear, opaque or very turbid, and from relatively large (820 ha) to quite small (〈1 ha). A study during 1995 followed the filling of 22 wetlands after heavy rain in January to subsequent drying or recession, and looked at the relationship between physicochemical features, aquatic plants, zooplankton, littoral invertebrates, tadpoles, and waterbirds. Wetlands were delineated into two major groups: saline and fresh, with the latter subdivided into five types — clear fresh waters, artificial tanks, vegetated pans, turbid pans, and miscellaneous. The saline lakes developed extensive beds of macrophytes some months after filling which attracted large number of waterbirds. Later, abundant Zooplankton were feed for many Pink-eared Duck. Most of the fresh waters developed large initial populations of phyllopodous crustaceans, Zooplankton and tadpoles, but these waters attracted few waterbirds. Clearer fresh waters later grew macrophytes which attracted many waterbirds, but the turbid claypans remained unattractive to waterbirds during their existence, despite harbouring a host of invertebrates. The vegetated pans, artificial tanks and miscellaneous sites attracted only a few waterbirds, but the tanks along with the persistent clear fresh waters become important as feeding and resting sites as other wetlands dried towards the year end. Few waterbirds bred on these wetlands during 1995. However, many were important as major feeding sites and formed part of a mosaic of intermittent wetlands for Australia's inland waterbirds.
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  • 30
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    International journal of salt lake research 5 (1996), S. 253-260 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: saline lakes ; chlorophyll ; size-fractions ; phytoplankton ; shallow lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The size-fractionated distribution of chlorophylla was studied in a temporary hypersaline lake situated in the south of Spain during an annual hydrological cycle characterized by low levels of rainfall. The contribution of each size class to the total chlorophylla concentration indicates that ultraplankton (size class 〈5μm) was the most important fraction of phytoplankton biomass during this year.
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  • 31
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    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 5-16 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aral Sea ; Central Asia ; EC (electrical conductivity) ; Lake Balkhash ; Lake Kamyslybas ; phytoplankton ; saline lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The Aral Sea, Lake Balkhash, and Lake Kamyslybas are closed lakes in Central Asia. They range from oligosaline to metasaline. The salinity of the Aral Sea has increased by more than 30 g L−1 since widespread irrigation began in its catchment area. Few studies of the phytoplankton have been conducted on these lakes since extensive irrigation started. The investigation reported here compares the flora of phytoplankton in these saline lakes. In the Small Aral Sea, phytoplankton density gradually decreased with increasing electrical conductivity (EC) (∼ salinity), but there was no such relation in Lake Balkhash and Lake Kamyslybas. In the Aral Sea, Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were frequently observed in most areas of high EC value, and Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous in the area of medium and lower EC values. In Lake Balkhash, Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous, but Chlorophyceae were also noticeable. Most Cyanophyceae in Aral Sea formed filaments with heterocysts. The distinct characteristic of the phytoplankton of the Lake Balkhash was that all dominant species form colonies covered with a gelatinous film. Siliceousplankton diversity gradually decreased with increasing EC values in the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash.
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  • 32
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    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 45-80 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: aquatic flora and fauna ; circum-lacustrine vegetation ; cormophytes ; microphytobenthos ; pelogenous/non-pelogenous lakes ; phytoplankton ; Romania ; saline lakes ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An inventory of the aquatic and circum-lacustrine flora and aquatic fauna of 23 karst- and anthroposaline lakes formed on Miocene rock salt bodies in Romania was undertaken. Simultaneous field determinations of water and sediment pH, total dissolved solids, Secchi transparency and lake maximum depth were also made. Environmental conditions for phytoplankton, microphytobenthos, macrophyte and cormophyte species were defined. Relations between the numbers of plankton, microbenthos, macrophyte and cormophyte species differentiated pelogenous (usually, therapeutic) and non-pelogenous lakes. High densities and occurrence frequencies characterized the most representative species. For three of these species, Amphora veneta, Artemia sp. and Potamogeton pectinatus, ecological conditions were noted. In the circum-lacustrine vegetation, glycophytes were more important than halophytes.
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  • 33
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    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 13-24 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; bacteria ; benthic microbial communities ; ecology ; feeding biology ; grazing ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Primary production in Lake Hayward, Western Australia, is dominated by benthic microbial communities, with limited planktonic primary production. This study investigated the question of howArtemia, commonly regarded as simple, obligate, non-selective filter feeders, were able to survive in this system. Bacteria (heterotrophic and autotrophic, filamentous and unicellular) were the major components in the diet of theArtemia in Lake Hayward. These bacteria were derived from bacterial aggregates in the water column and also from benthic mat material (both still attached to the substrate and from pieces floating in the water column). Benthic diatoms were a substantial dietary component of animals living in the unstratified shallow regions. Photosynthetic eukaryotic nanoplankton comprised a minor component of the diet of thisArtemia population. Gut contents of a large number of animals and the results of a simple laboratory test indicated that these animals utilise substrate-bound food resources. The results of the present study raises the question of the ecological significance of surface grazing by brine shrimps in other shallow, benthos dominated saline systems.
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  • 34
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    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 45-80 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: aquatic flora and fauna ; circum-lacustrine vegetation ; cormophytes ; microphytobenthos ; pelogenous/non-pelogenous lakes ; phytoplankton ; Romania ; saline lakes ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An inventory of the aquatic and circum-lacustrine flora and aquatic fauna of 23 karst- and anthroposaline lakes formed on Miocene rock salt bodies in Romania was undertaken. Simultaneous field determinations of water and sediment pH, total dissolved solids, Secchi transparency and lake maximum depth were also made. Environmental conditions for phytoplankton, microphytobenthos, macrophyte and cormophyte species were defined. Relations between the numbers of plankton, microbenthos, macrophyte and cormophyte species differentiated pelogenous (usually, therapeutic) and non-pelogenous lakes. High densities and occurrence frequencies characterized the most representative species. For three of these species,Amphora veneta, Artemia sp. andPotamogeton pectinatus, ecological conditions were noted. In the circum-lacustrine vegetation, glycophytes were more important than halophytes.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; brine shrimp ; characterization ; new species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In this study, we report on the existence of a new bisexual Artemia species, found in the high plateaus of Tibet (P. R. China). Different disciplines have been used to characterize this new population: biometrics of cysts and nauplii, morphometry of adults, cytogenetics, allozyme and DNA analyses and cross-breeding/fertility tests with known Artemia species. The results obtained justify that there is enough evidence to support the view that Artemia from Tibet is a new species with the proposed name Artemia tibetiana.
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  • 36
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    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; divergence ; DNA ; haemoglobin ; Parartemia ; protein sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Parartemia is a genus of brine shrimp endemic to Australia which is related to the more widespread and economically important Artemia sp. The expression of a multimeric haemoglobin molecule in Artemia is well documented but in Parartemia only trace levels of a possible haemoglobin have been observed. In this paper we describe the DNA sequence of a domain of a haemoglobin molecule in Parartemia. The derived amino acid sequence suggests that the possible date of divergence about 85 million years ago of the two genera predates the divergence of the C and T polymers of Artemia haemoglobin. This date would correlate with the physical and temporal isolation of Australia in the late Mesozoic.
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  • 37
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    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; divergence ; DNA ; haemoglobin ; Parartemia ; protein sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Parartemia is a genus of brine shrimp endemic to Australia which is related to the more widespread and economically importantArtemia sp. The expression of a multimeric haemoglobin molecule inArtemia is well documented but inParartemia only trace levels of a possible haemoglobin have been observed. In this paper we describe the DNA sequence of a domain of a haemoglobin molecule inParartemia. The derived amino acid sequence suggests that the possible date of divergence about 85 million years ago of the two genera predates the divergence of the C and T polymers ofArtemia haemoglobin. This date would correlate with the physical and temporal isolation of Australia in the late Mesozoic.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: microbial mats ; mixis ; nutrient loading ; periphyton ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The changes in the trophic state in the Salada de Chiprana (north-eastern Spain) over two quite different seasonal cycles (1989, 1994/95) were studied. During the former cycle, the lake was permanently stratified, and was biogenically meromictic, and in the latter, showed no apparent stratification. The main variables related to the physico-chemical changes observed can be attributed to the effect caused by the increase in the nutrient loading. The large amounts of nutrients (total-N and total-P) and organic matter are due to the use of the lake as a reservoir for water discharged from irrigation. Two remarkable effects of the change are the permanent mixing of the water column and the immobilization of phosphorus in the form of ionic species and solid phases that are not available to the biota especially primary producers (phytoplankton, periphyton, microbial mats). The results of the present study emphasize the fragility of (hyper) saline ecosystems to anthropogenic disturbances such as increases in freshwater inflow and nutrient inputs. Likewise, the study reveals the failure of conservation criteria that have been used to manage this lake, especially those which refer to the control of freshwater, nutrient-rich influents.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; genetic polymorphism ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract We have applied the technique of random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to the analysis of the relationships among four species of brine shrimp: Artemia franciscana, A. urmiana, A. sinica, and A. parthenogenetica. Seventy ten-base synthetic oligonucleotides were used to amplify a total of 458 distinct fragments. DNA polymorphisms were found in all the species examined; the highest percentage of polymorphic bands was found in A. parthenogenetica, with 28.8 per cent. Each species was scored for the presence or absence of every amplification product and the data entered into a binary data matrix. Cluster analysis was then performed to create a dendrogram using UPGMA by the NTSYS program. There are significant differences between bisexual species and parthenogenetic populations. A. parthenogenetica provided 94 specific molecular markers, while bisexual species gave 27 specific molecular markers. A. sinica is a species distinct from the other Old World bisexual species.
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  • 40
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    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 211-232 
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: bacterioplankton ; blue-green algae ; meromictic salt lake ; phytoplankton ; vertical structure ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The specific composition, vertical distribution and daily migration of plankton in a meromictic salt lake, Lake Shira, have been investigated. The main structural components of the ecosystem are bacteria, algae and crustaceans. Since the late 1970s, blue-green algae are reported as dominant. Nowadays the phytoplankton is dominated byLyngbya contorta, Microcystis ichtyoblabe (Cyanophyta),Cyclotella tuberculata (Bacillariophyta) andDictyosphaerium tetrachotomum (Chlorophyta). The zooplankton of Lake Shira comprisesArctodiaptomus salinus (Copepoda),Brachionus plicatilis andHexarthra oxiuris (Rotatoria). Investigation revealed a stratified vertical distribution of all dominant species exceptCyclotella with a maximum at a depth of 12–15 m during the summer growth period. Zooplanktons differ in the pattern of distribution and daily migration, but most zooplankton tend to concentrate near the surface. The possible reasons for the vertical distribution of the plankton are discussed.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; A. persimilis ; biometry ; cross-breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Artemia populations were sampledin four hypersaline ecosystems in continentalevaporitic basins from the Argentinean provinces of LaPampa and Buenos Aires. Biometrics of cysts andnauplii were performed. The morphometrics of adultfemales under standard culture conditions, studied bymultivariate discriminant analysis, provided evidencethat these populations belonged to the species A.persimilis; this was further supported bycross-breeding tests established between one of thesepopulations (Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo, province ofLa Pampa) and a population of A. franciscanafrom San Francisco Bay (California, USA), which showedreproductive isolation and barriers to gene flowbetween both populations.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; A. persimilis ; biometry ; cross-breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Artemia populations were sampled in four hypersaline ecosystems in continental evaporitic basins from the Argentinean provinces of La Pampa and Buenos Aires. Biometrics of cysts and nauplii were performed. The morphometrics of adult females under standard culture conditions, studied by multivariate discriminant analysis, provided evidence that these populations belonged to the speciesA. persimilis; this was further supported by cross-breeding tests established between one of these populations (Salinas Grandes de Hidalgo, province of La Pampa) and a population ofA. franciscana from San Francisco Bay (California, USA), which showed reproductive isolation and barriers to gene flow between both populations.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: AFLP ; Artemia ; species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers were successfully employed to analyze 15Artemia species and strains for genetic diversity. AFLP markers are extremely sensitive to even a small sequence variation. They are stable and more polymorphic than RAPD. Twelve pairs of primer combinations were used to detect AFLP bands, of which 384 were polymorphic, and DNA fingerprintings were obtained by using silver staining. The polymorphism analysis leads us to the following conclusions: 1.Artemia tibetiana seems to differentiate fromA. sinica. 2. The parthenogenetic populations from inland salt lakes could follow an evolutionary path that is different from that of the coastal parthenogenetic populations.
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