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  • RFLP  (260)
  • wheat  (245)
  • Radioactivity
  • Springer  (509)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Elsevier
  • 1995-1999  (509)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the effect of hydroxamic acids from wheat on five species of cereal aphids (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: wheat ; aphids ; hydroxamic acids ; DIMBOA ; DIMBOA-glucoside ; EPG ; electrical penetration graph ; feeding deterrents ; antixenosis ; plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Feeding behaviour of five species of cereal aphids in wheat seedlings differing in hydroxamic acid (Hx) levels, was monitored via electrical penetration graphs (EPG). Aphid species could be grouped as sensitive to the feeding deterrent effect of Hx in the seedlings (Rhopalosiphum padi, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, andMetopolophium dirhodum) or insensitive to them (Rhopalosiphum maidis). However, when feeding behaviour was studied in artificial diets containing Hx, all species were equally sensitive to Hx. The behavour ofR. maidis was further compared with that ofR. padi through detailed EPG analysis. It was found that the insensitivity ofR. maidis to Hx in seedlings may be due to a feeding strategy avoiding contact with the compounds by decreasing the number of cellular punctures in live tissues other than sieve elements during its way to the phloem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383002
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hypersensitive response of wheat to the Hessian fly (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 283-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: hypersensitivity ; Hessian fly ; plant resistance ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hessian flyMayetiola destructor (Say) larvae are able to obtain food from their host plant without inflicting mechanical damage to the plant surface, apparently by secreting substances which elicit release of nutrients from plant cells surrounding the feeding site. Cells of fully susceptible plants retain their normal appearances, while in resistant plants extensive areas of cellular collapse occur. These responses indicate that hypersensitivity is the basis of wheat's resistance to the Hessian fly. The fly's feeding mechanism more closely resembles that of a pathogen than of a phytophagous insect; correspondingly, both the genetic relationship and resistance mechanism of the host plant to the parasite are of the sorts commonly associated with bacterial and fungal pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381793
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Within-plant distribution of Rhopalosiphum padi on wheat seedlings is affected by induced responses (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 227-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhopalosiphum padi ; cereal aphids ; wheat ; induced responses ; feeding site
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003874225681
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Diuraphis noxia resistance in wheat isolines and plant introduction lines (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: plant resistance ; antibiosis ; tolerance ; antixenosis ; Russian wheat aphid ; wheat ; Homoptera ; Aphididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is one of the most important aphid pests of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., worldwide. Among the various pest management options, plant resistance is an economical management tactic to control D. noxia in cereal crops such as wheat. Researchers have identified D. noxia resistant germplasm and it has been incorporated into wheat. This study compared D. noxia resistance between the ‘Betta’ wheat isolines Betta-Dn1, Betta-Dn2, and Betta-Dn5 and their corresponding donor gene plant introduction (PI) lines PI 137739 (Dn1), PI 262660 (Dn2), and PI 294994 (Dn5). Although the Betta isolines and PI lines showed D. noxia resistance when compared with Betta wheat, the degree of resistance in the isolines to D. noxia was different from their corresponding PI donors. Aphid number, aphid fecundity, and biomass per aphid were not different between Betta-Dn1 and PI 137739 or Betta-Dn2 and PI 262660; however, the same parameters were significantly lower on PI 294994 compared with Betta-Dn5. This indicated that aphid resistance in PI 137739 and PI 262660 was probably governed by a single dominant gene, while the resistance in PI 294994 was controlled by more than one gene. Additionally, plant biomass reduction was aphid density dependent, which suggested that use of appropriate aphid infestation level is important when using plant biomass reduction as an indicator of resistance. Plant resistance categorization showed that there was no detectable difference in antixenosis among the seven lines evaluated. However, the higher aphid fecundity observed on PI 262660 compared with PI 137739 and PI 294994, in addition to no significant differences among the three PIs in plant biomass reduction, suggested PI 262660 was a tolerant line, while PI 137739 and PI 294994 were antibiotic lines. Plant tolerance could not be elucidated among the three Betta isolines using aphid fecundity and plant biomass reduction as indicators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003719325094
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of cereal leaf epicuticular wax on Diuraphis noxia probing behavior and nymphoposition (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 111-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: leaf surface wax ; probing behavior ; nymphoposition ; Russian wheat aphid ; wheat ; barley ; oat ; Homoptera ; Aphididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of cereal leaf surface wax on Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), the Russian wheat aphid, probing behavior and nymphoposition was evaluated. Ultrastructure of leaf epicuticular wax from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) c.v. ‘Arapahoe’ and ‘Halt’ was different from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) c.v. ‘Morex’, and oat (Avena sativa L.) c.v. ‘Border’. Both wheat cultivars had similar rod-shaped epicuticular wax, while barley and oat plants had flakes. The chemical composition comparison of gas chromatograms also indicated that the extract of the two wheat cultivars had similar pattern of peaks, while the barley and oat leaves had similar peaks. Cereal variety significantly affected aphid probing behavior (P 〈 0.05), but wax removal using ethyl ether swab did not (P 〈 0.05). Aphids initiated significantly more probes on Border oat leaves than on Morex barley irrespective of wax removal, although total probing duration per aphid was not significantly different among the four cereals examined. Accumulative salivation duration per aphid on oat leaves with wax was significantly longer than other cereal leaves with wax, while accumulative ingestion duration per aphid on Arapahoe wheat and Morex barley was significantly longer than on oat. Nymphoposition of D. noxia on cereal leaves maintained on the benzimidazole-agar medium showed that aphids produced a greater number of nymphs on Morex barley and less on Border oat leaves, although wax removal did not affect aphid nymphoposition. Removal of leaf epicuticular waxes from the 4 cereal genotypes using ethyl ether swab indicated that the influence of wax on plant resistance to D. noxia probing and reproduction was limited. Morex barley was the most favorable, while Border oat was the least favorable cereal host of D. noxia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003458406502
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salivation into sieve elements in relation to plant chemistry: the case of the aphid Sitobion fragariae and the wheat, Triticum aestivum (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 111-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sieve element ; salivation ; aphid ; plant resistance ; wheat ; Sitobion fragariae ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extended sieve element salivation (E1 waveform in the electrical penetration graph) is a characteristic activity during early sieve element punctures, particularly in resistant plants. In order to explore a chemically-mediated mechanism of resistance associated with sieve element salivation, we compared the pattern of feeding behaviour of the aphid, Sitobion fragariae (Walker), on two cultivars of the wheat Triticum aestivum L., with different concentrations of hydroxamic acids (Hx). During 24 h of electronic monitoring, aphids dedicated over 50% of the total time to phloem ingestion from the sieve elements. Total time allocated to E1 in the experiment, time to first E1 within the experiment, time allocated to E1 before a sustained phloem ingestion (E2) and the contribution of sieve element salivation to the phloem phase (E1/[E1+E2]) were significantly higher in the high-Hx cultivar. The increased salivation in plants with higher contents of Hx suggests the existence, at least in this system, of a chemically-mediated sieve element constraint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003628703035
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular identification of co-occurring Cortinarius and Dermocybe species from southeastern Australian sclerophyll forests (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 9 (1999), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words PCR ; RFLP ; ITS sequence analysis ; Ectomycorrhizal fungi ; Cortinarius taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ability of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to discriminate 10 co-occurring Cortinarius and Dermocybe species at a southeastern Australian sclerophyll forest site was assessed. Using the basidiomycete-specific primers ITS1F and ITS4B, some taxa were separated on the basis of individual RFLP patterns derived using the restriction endonucleases Hae III or Hinf I. Combined data from both endonucleases were, however, required to separate all taxa [Dermocybe austro-veneta Clel. (Moser & Horak), C. rotundisporus Clel. & Cheel, C. archeri Berk., C. sinapicolor Clel., C. violaceus (L.: Fr.) S.F.Gray, C. radicatus Clel. and four morphologically-distinct, but unidentified Cortinarius spp.]. ITS sequence comparisons confirmed that D. austro-veneta belongs in Dermocybe, that C. rotundisporus is correctly placed in subgenus Phlegmacium, and suggest that Australian C. violaceus collections are not conspecific with northern hemisphere C. violaceus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050004
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex in Escherichia coli does not disrupt the clonal structure of the population: evidence from random amplified polymorphic DNA and restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 440-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Clonal theory ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the Escherichia coli population by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) has established its clonal organization, but there is increasing evidence that horizontal DNA transfer occurs in E. coli. We have assessed the genetic structure of the species E. coli and determined the extent to which recombination can affect the clonal structure of bacteria. A panel of 72 E. coli strains from the ECOR collection was characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) of the ribosomal RNA gene (rrn) regions. These strains have been characterized by MLEE and are assumed to reflect the range of genotypic variation in the species as a whole. Statistical analysis, including factorial analysis of correspondence (FAC) and hierarchical classifications, established that the data obtained with the three genetic markers are mutually corroborative, thus providing compelling evidence that horizontal transfer does not disrupt the clonal organization of the population. However, there is a gradient of correlation between the different classifications which ranges from the highly clonal structure of 132 group strains causing extraintestinal infections in humans to the less-stringent structure of B1 group strains that came mainly from nonprimate mammals. This group (B1) appears to be the framework from which the remaining non-A group strains have emerged. These results indicate that RAPD analysis is well suited to intraspecies characterization of E. coli. Lastly, treating the RAPD data by FAC allowed description of subgroup-specific DNA fragments which can be used, in a strategy comparable to positional cloning, to isolate virulence genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160315
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mantle heat flow and geotherms for the main geologic domains in Morocco (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 88 (1999), S. 458-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Key words Heat flow ; Pn velocity ; Radioactivity ; Geotherm ; Morocco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Thermal and deep seismic soundings data are used to study the dependence between the compressional Pn velocity and the surface heat flow or the temperature at the Moho discontinuity in Morocco. This correlation indicates a significant decrease in Pn velocity where high heat flow and Moho temperature are observed. This result is consistent with respect to other regions of the world. Crustal heat generation models and geotherms are constructed for the major Moroccan geological domains extending from the Precambrian units in the south to the Alpine units in the north. The crustal contribution in surface heat flow is on average 35 mWm–2, with high values of 41–42 mWm–2 in the western and eastern Meseta where Hercynian granite intrusions could enrich the crust in radioactive heat sources. High mantle heat flow values are obtained beneath the Alboran neogene basin (62 mWm–2), the Rif (47 mWm–2), the Middle Atlas (41 mWm–2), and the south Atlantic margin (40 mWm–2) where the crust is thinned by an extensional tectonic regime. Despite their similar formation context, the intra-continental belts of the Middle and the High Atlas show different geothermal field components. A lithospheric heating process in the Middle Atlas could be the result of a Plio-Quaternary basaltic volcanism. Finally, the Precambrian basement of the Anti-Atlas like all the West African shield is a stable domain showing the lowest subsurface temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050278
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Modular Vector for Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation of Wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 17 (1999), S. 323-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; modular vector ; transformation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat (cv Chinese Spring) tissues were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefasciens and a new plasmid modular vector, pMVTBP. We constructed pMVTBP with unique restriction sites connecting (1) the CaMV 35S promoter, (2) a Kozak sequence, (3) the FLAG epitope, (4) the (His)6 epitope, (5) a coding region (for wheat TATA Binding Protein, wTBP) and (6) the CaMV 35S 3′UTR. This vector thus allows easy exchange of different regulatory or coding sequences. Explants of either germinating mature seeds, or immature embryos, were induced to callus for up to two weeks, treated with virulence-induced bacteria for one hour, then regenerated into plantlets. Transient expression of a GUS reporter gene, assayed at about one week, occurred in 10–12% of calluses. Expression of the FLAG-tagged wTBP was also detected, by immunostaining. Stable expression, by selective growth on geneticin, and by GUS expression at about six weeks, occurred in 1–2% of calluses, quite comparable to that achieved by other methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007686408369
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Analysis of Different DNA Extraction Protocols: A Fast, Universal Maxi-Preparation of High Quality Plant DNA for Genetic Evaluation and Phylogenetic Studies (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 69-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: cpDNA ; DNA extraction ; fingerprinting ; forest trees ; M13 fingerprinting ; method ; PCR ; rDNA ; RFLP ; rhododendron ; plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four DNA extraction protocols were compared for ability to produce DNA from the leaves or needles of several species: oak, elm, pine, fir, poplar and maize (fresh materials) and rhododendron (silica dried or frozen material). With the exception of maize and poplar, the species are known to be difficult for DNA extraction. Two protocols represented classical procedures for lysis and purification, and the other two were a combination of classical lysis followed by anion exchange chromatography. The DNA obtained from all procedures was quantified and tested by PCR and Southern hybridisation.Test results indicated superiority of one of the four protocols; a combination of CTAB lysis followed by anion exchange chromatography which enabled DNA extraction from all seven species. A second protocol also produced DNA from leaves or needles of all species investigated and was well suited for PCR applications but not Southern hybridisations. The remaining protocols produced DNA from some but not all species tested. Abbreviations: CTAB, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; EtOH, Ethanol; TBE, tris-borate-EDTA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007428009556
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A survey on the occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat and maize from western Romania (1998)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 143 (1998), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: deoxynivalenol ; enzyme immunoassay ; feed ; maize ; mycotoxins ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Samples of wheat (n = 25) and maize (n = 30) for animal consumption, collected in 1997 after harvest from western Romania, were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays for mycotoxin contamination. Toxins analyses included deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetylDON, 15- acetylDON, fusarenone X (FX), T-2 Toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OA), and citrinin (CT). DON and acetylDONs were the major contaminants in wheat (100%) and maize (46%). Median values for DON, 3-acetylDON, and 15-acetylDON were 880 μg kg-1, 66 μg kg- 1, and 150 μg kg-1 in wheat, and 890 μg kg-1, 180 μg kg-1, and 620 μg kg- 1 in maize, respectively. Additionally, 3,15-diacetylDON was detected in some samples by HPLC-EIA analysis. All samples were negative for FX (〈150 μg kg-1). T-2 was found in wheat (n = 6) and maize (n = 1) at levels between 13 and 63 μg kg- 1. DAS (2.6 μg kg-1) was found in one maize sample. ZEA occurred in all wheat and in four maize samples, median values were 10 μg kg-1 and 250 μg kg-1, respectively. One maize sample contained FB1 (140 μg kg-1). All samples were AFB1-negative (〈4 μg kg-1). OA was found in one wheat sample (37 μg kg- 1), CT was found in one maize sample (580 μg kg- 1). This first reported natural occurrence of a range of mycotoxins in Romanian feeding stuff shows that DON and acetyl DONs may be present at levels which may affect animal production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006987205986
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First survey on the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in Bulgarian wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 136 (1996), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fusarium ; mycotoxins ; occurrence ; trichothecenes ; wheat ; zearalenone ; deoxynivalenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wheat for human consumption (140 samples) was collected after harvest from all regions of Bulgaria. The 1995 crop year was characterized by heavy rainfall in the spring and summer months. The internal mycoflora of wheat samples was dominated by Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp., and storage fungi were rarely present. The samples were analysed for contamination with Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), T-2 Toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and zearalenone (ZEA), using enzyme immunoassay methods. DON and ZEA were the predominant toxins, with a contamination frequency of 67% and 69%, respectively. The average levels of these toxins in positive samples were 180 μg/kg (DON) and 17 μg/kg (ZEA), maximum concentrations were 1800 μg kg−1 and 120 μg kg−1, respectively. Acetyl derivatives of DON, namely 3-AcDON and 15-AcDON, were found in 2.1 % and 0.7% of the samples, at at maximum level of about 100 μg kg−1. Only one sample was positive for T-2 (55 μg/kg), DAS was not detected. This is the first report about the natural occurrence of a range of Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat for human consumption in Bulgaria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436660
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of the contribution of biological N2 fixation to twoPhaseolus vulgaris genotypes using simulation of plant nitrogen uptake from15N-labelled soil (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 169-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N ; non-nod beans ; quantification of N2 fixation ; reference crops ; simulation technique ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A technique for the application of the15N isotope dilution technique for the quantification of plant associated biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) was tested and applied to quantify the BNF contribution to two genotypes ofPhaseolus vulgaris. The technique makes use of sequential measurements of the15N enrichment of soil mineral N, and the uptake of labelled N by the “N2-fixing” plant, to simulate its uptake of soil N (the “soil to plant simulation” technique). The test was made with two non-N2-fixing crops (non-nodulating beans and wheat) and two bean genotypes (PR 923450 and Puebla 152), at two levels of N fertilizer addition (10 and 40 kg N ha−1), to compare the actual N uptake with that simulated from the soil and crop15N data. The simulation of the soil N uptake by the non-nod bean crop using this “soil to plant simulation” technique underestimated by 20 to 30% the true N uptake, suggesting that the mineral N extracted from soil samples taken from the 0–15cm layer had a higher15N enrichment than that N sampled by the roots of this crop. In the case of the wheat crop the simulation resulted in a much greater underestimation of actual N uptake. In general the results using this technique suggested that BNF inputs to the bean cultivars was higher than would be expected from the nodulation and acetylene reduction data, except for the early PR beans in the 40 kg N ha−1 treatment. In this case the total N and simulated soil N accumulation were well matched suggesting no BNF inputs. An allied technique (the “plant to plant simulation technique”) was proposed where the15N enrichrnent of soil mineral N was simulated from the data for total N and labelled N accumulation taken from sequential harvests of either of the non-N2 -fixing control crops. This was then utilized in combination with the labelled N uptake data of the other crop to simulate its soil N uptake. However, the results using either technique indicated that the wheat and non-nod or nodulating beans exploited pools of N in the soil with completely different15N enrichments probably due to differences in exploitation of the soil N with depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748587
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of climate on the recovery in crop and soil of15N-labelled fertilizer applied to wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: climate ; fertilizer recovery ; 15N fertilizer ; precipitation-evaporation quotient ; soil ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data was assembled from experiments on the fate of15N-labelled fertilizer applied to wheat (Triticum spp.) grown in different parts of the world. These data were then ranked according to the annual precipitation-evaporation quotient for each experimental location calculated from the average long-term values of precipitation and potential evaporation. Percentage recovery of15N fertilizer in crop and soil varied with location in accordance with the precipitation-evaporation quotient. In humid environments more15N fertilizer was recovered in the crop than in the soil, while in dry environments more15N fertilizer was recovered in the soil than in the crop. Irrespective of climatic differences between locations 20% (on average) of the15N fertilizer applied to wheat crops was unaccounted for at harvest. Most of the15N fertilizer remaining in the soil was found in the 0–30 cm layer. The most likely explanation of these differences is that wheat grown in dry environments has a greater root:shoot ratio than wheat grown in humid environments and, further, that the residue of dryland crops have higher C/N ratios. Both factors could contribute to the greater recovery of15N fertilizer in the soil in dry environments than in humid ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748591
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sustainable yield trends of irrigated maize and wheat in a long-term experiment on a loamy sand in semi-arid India (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: long-term experiment ; maize ; wheat ; fertilizers ; farm yard manure ; weedicide application ; yield sustainability ; zinc deficiency ; nutrient uptake ; cropping sequence ; organic carbon build-up
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-term field experiments play an important role in understanding the complex interactions of plants, soils, climate and management and their effects on sustainable crop production. A long-term fertilizer experiment with maize-wheat-cowpea (fodder) is in progress since 1971 at Punjab Agricultural University farm Ludhiana, India. The experimental result for the first 21 years showed that application of N alone or in combination with P did not produce as much maize and wheat grains as the application of N, P and K together. Eight years after the start of the experiment, the optimal levels of N, P and K application (100% NPK) were unable to sustain the similar (maize) yield level as before because of Zn deficiency. Whereas in FYM amended plots the Zn deficiency did not appear and the higher crop yields could be sustained. The chemical control of weeds could not sustain the maize productivity at the same level as the manual removal of weeds. It was concluded that the high level of crop production can be sustained with the application of N, P and K under intensive cropping system provided deficiency of any of the micronutrient does not crop up. The deficiency of Zn is most likely to occur in semi-arid light textured alluvial soils under intensive cropping without the addition of farm yard manure/organic manures. In maize based cropping systems, manual control of weeds may be preferred to the chemical one. Addition of FYM in conjunction with 100% NPK is most beneficial both from bio-physical and economic point of view.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420557
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium relations in five major cereals reviewed in respect to fertilizer recommendations using simulation modelling (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 37-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: millet ; sorghum ; rice ; maize ; wheat ; nutrient harvest index ; post-anthesis nutrient uptake ; recovery fraction ; simulation modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In land use plans, fertilizer recommendations are indispensable to avoid soil nutrient depletion or soil water pollution. Nutrient relations of five cereals have been evaluated on the basis of a literature review with the aim of arriving at such fertilizer recommendations at regional level. Nutrients considered were nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for millet, sorghum, maize, rice and wheat. The relevant nutrient relations are fertilizer nutrient application to nutrient uptake, and nutrient uptake to crop yield. In addition, post-anthesis nutrient uptake is considered. Subsequently, obtained results are used in simulation modelling exercises to calculate the time required to attain an equilibrium nutrient balance and to investigate the effect of erosion control and straw recycling. Although fertilizer requirements could be assessed for each of the five cereals, monitoring of nutrient supply from natural sources remains necessary. Moreover, research on fertilizer use should focus on improvement of fertilizer recoveries and multiperiod models for both N and P uptakes by crops to allow quantitative land use planning where the time scale is included.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750691
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    The effect of foliar supplements of potassium nitrate and urea on the yield of winter wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: foliar fertilizer ; nitrate ; potassium ; urea ; wheat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Winter wheat crops were grown with ostensibly adequate supplies of all soil nutrients in 1990 and 1991 with the aim of testing if late foliar supplements of K and N, applied at key development stages, could improve grain yield and grain N content. Foliar sprays of KNO3 solution, supplying up to 40 kg K ha−1 in total, at flag leaf unfolded, inflorescence completed and the watery-ripe stage of grain filling, had no effect on yield, yield components or grain N. Urea, supplying 40 kg N ha−1 at flag leaf unfolded, had no effects on grain yield and grain N in 1990, but in 1991 grain N was increased by 0.14% whilst yield was reduced by up to 0.6 t ha−1. Urea scorched flag leaf tips in both years. In 1990, the spring was very dry and foliar supplements might have been expected to have had an effect, but on this highly fertile soil all crop K and N requirements were met from the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750928
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    Evaluation of soil extractants for Mn availability and response of wheat to applied Mn in soils of semi-arid zone of Punjab, India (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: critical levels of Mn ; soil extractants ; Mn-deficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seven chemical extractants were tested for their relative performance to predict the response of wheat to Mn application in coarse textured alkaline soils of semi-arid region. Five out of the seven extractants were found to be promising for the estimation of critical level of available Mn in these soils, as the amount of Mn extracted by these extractants was positively and significantly correlated with relative grain yield as well as Mn uptake. The critical deficiency level of soil available Mn with 0.005 M DTPA, 0.02% hydroquinone, 0.02 N sodium pyrophosphate, 0.1N H3PO4 and 0.05N HCl+0.025N H2SO4 was 3.1, 13.8, 23.5, 5.3 and 17.8 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. The 1N ammonium acetate and 0.01M CaCl2 were found to be unsuitable extractants for these soils. Further field trials at eight locations with varying levels of Mn deficiency showed successive increase in the grain yield of wheat with foliar Mn application, emphasizing the need for Mn fertilization when wheat is grown on Mn deficient soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009754724227
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    The detection and recognition of underground nuclear explosions (1995)
    Springer
    Surveys in geophysics 16 (1995), S. 495-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: Nuclear explosion detection and recognition ; Seismology ; Remote sensing ; Radioactivity ; Ionospheric effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on a joint meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society's Joint Association for Geophysics and VERTIC (the Verification Technology Information Centre) held in London in 1992. The topics presented focused on the detection and recognition of underground nuclear explosions. The objective of the meeting was to emphasize the multi-methodological approach that is important in verifying compliance with test-ban treaties. An overview of seismological monitoring was followed by a discussion of the technical and scientific aspects of a global seismic monitoring network, and in particular of the 1991 experiment to test the large-scale international exchange of seismic data between recording stations and data centres world-wide. The current capabilities of satellite remote-sensing were presented, and their use explained in terms of both the provision of information for monitoring the development of foreign nuclear testing programmes and also for providing sufficient information for the evaluation of treaty compliance. A review of radio-isotope sampling showed how the isotopic signature of both air and ground based sampling programmes can be diagnostic of the nuclear source. Finally, previously classified research on the ionospheric effects of underground nuclear explosions was presented, the generated acoustic waves disturbing the ionosphere and producing detectable changes in the reflection of radio and radar signals which have potential as a monitoring technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665683
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  • 21
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    Selenium concentration in spring wheat as influenced by basal application and top dressing of selenium-enriched fertilizers (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Basal dressing ; Se-enriched fertilizers ; Se-uptake ; soil texture ; top-dressing ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A multisite field experiment was conducted to study the effect of topdressed Se-enriched Ca(NO3)2 (CN) and basal applied NPK on the selenium (Se) concentration in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Selenium was applied either through CN (at the rates of 0, 6.45, and 12.91 g Se ha−1) or NPK (5.83 g Se ha−1). Selenium concentration in wheat grains increased consistently with increasing rate of Se-enriched CN or NPK. However, the superiority of Se-enriched CN over NPK in raising the Se concentration in wheat grain depended on location and growth conditions. At the same rate both methods of Se-application were found to be equally effective in raising the Se concentration of wheat grains. The Se concentration of grain was generally higher in the light textured soils than in the medium to heavy textured soils. Without Se application, the Se-concentration in wheat grain was about 16µg kg−1 which is regarded insufficient to meet the Se requirement for Se in animal and human. Calcium nitrate enriched with 25 mg Se kg−1 (6.45 g Se ha−1) increased the Se concentration in wheat grain to a desired level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00790666
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    Use of a lux-based procedure to rapidly visualize root colonisation by Pseudomonas fluorescens in the wheat rhizosphere (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72 (1997), S. 365-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: bioluminescence ; Pseudomonas ; root colonization ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bioluminescently marked Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 5RL, has been used previously to follow colonisation of soy bean roots (De Weger et al. [1991] Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:36-41). In the present paper the method has been further developed and optimized for wheat roots and it is used to get a quick overview of the colonisation patterns of many different root systems at the same time. Colonisation was followed on wheat plants grown in our gnotobiotic sand system (Simons et al., 1996. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 9: 600–607) and the following results were obtained. (i) A spatio-temporal analysis of the colonisation of wheat roots showed that 4 days after planting the highest bacterial activity was observed at the upper part of the root. After 6 days the high bacterial activity at the upper part was further increased, whereas spot-like activities were observed on the lower root parts, possibly due to micro-colonies. (ii) Bacterial mutations causing lack of motility or auxotrophy for amino acids resulted in impaired colonisation of the lower root parts, indicating that motility and prototrophy for the involved amino acid(s) are important factors for wheat root colonisation by strain 5RL. (iii) Coinoculation of strain 5RL with other wild type Pseudomonas strains on the root influenced the colonisation pattern observed for strain 5RL. Colonisation was not visually affected when the competing strain was a poor root coloniser, but was severely reduced when the competing strain was a good root coloniser. The results show that the spatio-temporal colonisation of wheat root by P. fluorescens strain 5RL and derivatives is similar to that of strain WCS365 on tomato. The advantage of the use of lux-marked strains is that the results are obtained much quicker than when conventional methods are used and that the result is supplied as an image of the colonisation pattern of many different roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000565413024
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    Influence of within-field and landscape factors on aphid predator populations in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 14 (1999), S. 239-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: Coccinellidae ; Aphididae ; wheat ; spatial scale ; species diversity ; numerical response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of prey density, within-field vegetation, and the composition and patchiness of the surrounding landscape on the abundance of insect predators of cereal aphids was studied in wheat fields in eastern South Dakota, USA. Cereal aphids, aphid predators, and within-field vegetation were sampled in 104 fields over a three year period (1988–1990). The composition and patchiness of the landscape surrounding each field were determined from high altitude aerial photographs. Five landscape variables, aggregated at three spatial scales ranging from 2.6 km2 to 581 km2, were measured from aerial photographs. Regression models incorporating within-field and landscape variables accounted for 27–49% of the variance in aphid predator abundance in wheat fields. Aphid predator species richness and species diversity were also related to within-field and landscape variables. Some predators were strongly influenced by variability in the composition and patchiness of the landscape surrounding a field at a particular spatial scale while others responded to variability at all scales. Overall, predator abundance, species richness, and species diversity increased with increasing vegetational diversity in wheat fields and with increasing amounts of non-cultivated lands and increasing patchiness in the surrounding landscape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008002528345
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    A Rapid DNA Extraction Method for RFLP and PCR Analysis from a Single Dry Seed (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 90-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: DNA extration ; DNA fingerprint ; half seed ; PCR ; RFLP ; target gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A single-seed DNA extraction method was developed for rapid identification of plant genotype. The method was applied to 12 plant species, including the oil seeds sesame and soybean. The results were comparable to those obtained for oil-less seeds such as rice. This method will be useful for genotypic selection which requires rapid screening of large populations. It can also be used to identify varietal purity of seed stocks by PCR and RFLP analysis. The method includes two major steps, (i) treatment by proteinase K in an SDS extraction buffer, and (ii) grinding of a single half seed in the buffer after incubation. About 1.5–2 µg of DNA per half seed (the endosperm part) of rice was obtained and more than 200 half seed samples could be handled by one person in a day. The DNA could be used for fingerprinting and detection of target genes in a transgenic plant by PCR. The amplified PCR products from the half seed DNA exhibited the same banding patterns as those from leaf DNA. Yield and quality of DNA extracted from half seeds of rice was also sufficient for RFLP analysis. The remnant half seeds containing the embryo can be maintained for later germination of selected genotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007418606098
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    Management of Stored Wheat Insect Pests in the USA (1999)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 127-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: wheat ; stored-grain ; integrated pest management ; aeration ; biological control ; grain sampling ; insect monitoring ; modeling ; area-wide IPM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009682410810
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    Radioelement (U, Th, Rn) concentrations in Norwegian bedrock groundwaters (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 25 (1995), S. 165-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Groundwater ; Radioactivity ; Radon ; Uranium ; Thorium ; Norway ; Granite ; Drinking Water Standards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-eight samples of groundwater from bedrock boreholes in three distinct Norwegian geological provinces have been taken and analyzed for content of Rn, U, and Th, together with a wide variety of minor and major species. Median values of 290 Bq/1, 7.6 μg/1, and 0.02 μg/1 were obtained for Rn, U, and Th respectively, while maximum values were 8500 Bq/1, 170 μg/1, and 2.2 μg/1. Commonly suggested drinking water limits range from 8 to 1000 Bq/1 for radon and 14 to 160 μg/1 for uranium. Radioelement content was closely related to lithology, the lowest concentrations being derived from the largely Caledonian rocks of the Trøndelag area, and the highest from the Precambrian Iddefjord Granite of southeast Norway (11 boreholes) where median values of 2500 Bq/1, 15 μg/1 and 0.38 μg/1, respectively, were obtained. The Iddefjord Granite is not believed to be unique in Norway in yielding high dissolved radionuclide contents in groundwaters, and several other granitic aquifers warrant further investigation in this respect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00768546
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    Radon variations in a Hungarian village (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 31 (1997), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Geochemistry ; Porosity ; Radioactivity ; Radon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  A steady radon exhalation is assumed in most publications. In a village of North-East Hungary, however, high radon concentrations have been measured, differing strongly in neighbouring houses and varying in time, due to the interplay of geochemical phenomena.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050171
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    A new polymorphism in the 5' flanking region of the human interleukin (IL)-4 gene (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 738-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Interleukin (IL)-4 ; Promoter ; Polymorphism ; RFLP ; Linkage disequilibrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050677
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    A new polymorphism in the promoter of the Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit (IL-5RA) gene (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 65-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words IL-5Rα ; Promoter ; Polymorphism ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050402
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    Ultrastructural and molecular study of plastid inheritance in Abies alba and some Abies hybrids (1998)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 11 (1998), S. 284-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Abies ; Egg cell ; Plastid inheritance ; RFLP ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of egg cells in Abies alba was examined to elucidate the lack of maternal inheritance of plastids. Before fertilization, maternal plastids are absent in the perinuclar zone containing mainly mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. During egg cell development the maternal plastids are transformed into large inclusions which are situated mostly towards the periphery of the egg cell, and finally disintegrate. As a consequence, they do not participate in zygote formation. RFLP analysis of cpDNA of parental trees and their F1 interspecific hybrids (A. alba×A. numidica, A. alba×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. Alba) using HindIII and BamHI showed a paternal mode of cpDNA inheritance. Paternal inheritance has also been found with PCR/RFLP analysis of cpDNA from parental trees and their hybrids (A. alba×A. pinsapo, A. pinsapo×A. alba, A. pinsapo×A. numidica) using ApaI and HaeIII digests, as well as in the crosses of A. cephalonica×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. cephalonica, A. cephalonica×A. numidica using TagI digests.
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    Non-Mendelian and skewed segregation of DNA markers in wide crosses of the bean rust fungus,Uromyces appendiculatus (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Genetic linkage mapping ; Segregation distortion ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The inheritance of DNA markers was investigated in 27 F2 progeny from a single F1 hybrid derived from a wide cross inUromyces appendiculatus. This cross was unusual because asexual spores were used to fertilize sexual fruiting structures. Sixty percent of the DNA markers failed to segregate according to simple Mendelian ratios. Segregation bias was evident, in that F2 progeny inherited on average 91 % of maternal bands and 52% of paternal bands, which deviates significantly from the expected value for each of 75% for dominant markers. Because of these distortions, linkage mapping was not possible with this population. Evaluation of two F1s from a second wide cross, reciprocals obtained by normal fertilization, also showed non-Mendelian inheritance of one of three co-dominant RFLPs and five of six isozyme markers, indicating that the method of crossing was probably not responsible for the abnormal segregation patterns in the first cross. Either genetic incompatibility, similar to that of an interspecific cross, or selection of particular genotypes could explain the genetic anomalies reported here.
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    Heterogeneity in intergenic regions of the ribosomal repeat of the pine-blister rustsCronartium flaccidum andPeridermium pini (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 388-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cronartium flaccidum ; Pine blister rusts ; Ribosomal intergenic region polymorphism ; RFLP ; HPA analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mixed aeciospore isolates ofCronartium flaccidum andPeridermium pini were obtained from single-tree infections in Britain, Italy and Greece. The 5.8s ribosomal RNA gene and flanking intergenic transcribed spacer regions ITS 1 and ITS2 were found to be highly similar betweenC. flaccidum andP. pini. Within samples heterogeneity was detected at three nucleotide loci in the ITS1 and at four loci in the ITS2 suggesting that several fungal genotypes may occur at a single infection court. The heterogeneity was confirmed by heteroduplex polymorphism analysis of mixed aeciospore products. RFLP of the ribosomal intergenic spacer region 1 (IGSI) amplified from the same templates indicated limited sequence polymorphism in some copies of this repeated locus. Both the sexual and asexual forms ofC. flaccidum show evidence of sequence polymorphism in two independent, non-coding regions of the ribosomal gene array. Variation appears to be greater in the sexual formC. flaccidum, than in the monoaecious formP. pini.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02208620
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    Heterogeneity in intergenic regions of the ribosomal repeat of the pine-blister rusts Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 388-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words  Cronartium flaccidum ; Pine blister rusts ; Ribosomal intergenic region polymorphism ; RFLP ; HPA analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Mixed aeciospore isolates of Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini were obtained from single-tree infections in Britain, Italy and Greece. The 5.8s ribosomal RNA gene and flanking intergenic transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2 were found to be highly similar between C. flaccidum and P. pini. Within samples heterogeneity was detected at three nucleotide loci in the ITS1 and at four loci in the ITS2 suggesting that several fungal genotypes may occur at a single infection court. The heterogeneity was confirmed by heteroduplex polymorphism analysis of mixed aeciospore products. RFLP of the ribosomal intergenic spacer region 1 (IGS1) amplified from the same templates indicated limited sequence polymorphism in some copies of this repeated locus. Both the sexual and asexual forms of C. flaccidum show evidence of sequence polymorphism in two independent, non-coding regions of the ribosomal gene array. Variation appears to be greater in the sexual form C. flaccidum, than in the monoaecious form P. pini.
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    Non-Mendelian and skewed segregation of DNA markers in wide crosses of the bean rust fungus, Uromyces appendiculatus (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 29 (1996), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Genetic linkage mapping ; Segregation distortion ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The inheritance of DNA markers was investigated in 27 F2 progeny from a single F1 hybrid derived from a wide cross in Uromyces appendiculatus. This cross was unusual because asexual spores were used to fertilize sexual fruiting structures. Sixty percent of the DNA markers failed to segregate according to simple Mendelian ratios. Segregation bias was evident, in that F2 progeny inherited on average 91% of maternal bands and 52% of paternal bands, which deviates significantly from the expected value for each of 75% for dominant markers. Because of these distortions, linkage mapping was not possible with this population. Evaluation of two F1s from a second wide cross, reciprocals obtained by normal fertilization, also showed non-Mendelian inheritance of one of three co-dominant RFLPs and five of six isozyme markers, indicating that the method of crossing was probably not responsible for the abnormal segregation patterns in the first cross. Either genetic incompatibility, similar to that of an interspecific cross, or selection of particular genotypes could explain the genetic anomalies reported here.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050031
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    Characterization of Cyanobacteria by SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins and PCR/RFLP of the 16S rRNA gene (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 168 (1997), S. 176-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Cyanobacteria ; Planktonic ; Total protein ; SDS-PAGE ; PCR ; RFLP ; 16S rRNA ; UPGMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Planktonic, filamentous cyanobacterial strains from different genera, both toxic and nontoxic strains, were characterized by SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins and PCR/RFLP of the 16S rRNA gene. Total protein pattern analysis revealed the mutual relationships at the genus level. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 16S rRNA gene with reference strains proved to be a good method for the cyanobacterial taxonomy. The nonheterocystous strains outgrouped from the nitrogen-fixing ones. With both methods, Aphanizomenon clustered with Anabaena, and Nodularia with Nostoc. In the RFLP study of Anabaena, the neurotoxic strains were identical, but the hepatotoxic ones formed a heterogeneous group. Genetic distances found in the RFLP study were short, confirming that close genotypic relationships underlie considerable diversity among cyanobacterial genera.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050485
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    Megaplasmids in Thermus oshimai isolates from two widely separated geographical areas: restriction fragment profiling and DNA homology (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 168 (1997), S. 473-479 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Thermus oshimai ; Megaplasmids ; Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ; RFLP ; Southern ; hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Megaplasmid DNA was detected in ten isolates belonging to the recently described thermophilic eubacterial species Thermus oshimai and isolated from hot springs in Portugal (eight isolates) and Iceland (two isolates). The estimated size of the large plasmids purified from T. oshimai SPS-18 from S. Pedro do Sul, Portugal, and from isolate JK-91 from Hveragerdhi-Hengill, Iceland, was 214 and 275 kb, respectively. No sequence homologous to isolate SPS-18 megaplasmid is present in chromosomal DNA as indicated by Southern hybridization analysis. Overall examination of the HindIII fragment profiles of megaplasmid DNAs purified from isolates from the same geographical area gave similar but not always identical restriction profiles on agarose gels. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was higher for megaplasmids present in isolates purified from the Portuguese and Icelandic isolates than for megaplasmids from the same hot spring. Megaplasmid RFLP correlated with previous results obtained on the polymorphism of macrorestriction patterns of whole genomic DNA and with the RFLP of co-resident small plasmid DNA that was found in one half of the isolates examined. The 16-kb HindIII–HindIII fragment from isolate SPS-18 megaplasmid showed DNA–DNA homology with restriction fragments of similar size generated by the large plasmids present in all the other isolates, even in those from hot springs of widely separated geographical areas. This suggests a high degree of sequence conservation in T. oshimai megaplasmids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050524
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    Olfactory responses of the parasitoidDiaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to odor of plants, aphids, and plant-aphid complexes (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 407-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; biological control ; cabbage ; wheat ; Diuraphis noxia ; Brevicoryne brassicae ; olfactometer ; infochemical ; preference ; host plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) is a parasitoid of several aphid species, including the Russian wheat aphid (RWA),Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), and the cabbage aphid (CA).Brevicoryne brassicae (L.). The response of matedD. rapae females to odors from wheat, cabbage, and plant-host complexes was investigated using a four-choice olfactometer. Experienced parasitoids, but not inexperienced females, responded positively to odors of the wheat-RWA complex in a no-choice test. In choice tests, experienced parasitoids did not respond to odors of uninfested cabbage and wheat leaves, but did respond positively to aphid-infested plants and to aphids alone. The response ofD. rapae to the cabbage-CA complex and to CA alone was significantly greater than to the wheat-RWA complex and RWA alone, suggesting an innate odor preference for crucifer-feeding aphids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036738
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    Characteristics of Hydroxamic Acid Induction in Wheat Triggered by Aphid Infestation (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2695-2705 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defense ; herbivory ; aphids ; wheat ; Gramineae ; hydroxamic acids ; Defense theory ; Carbon/Nutrient theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxamic acids (Hx) are natural products of Gramineae that are associated with cereal resistance to pests. We aimed at characterizing the induction of Hx accumulation in seedlings of wheat,Triticum aestivum, by short-term infestation of the cereal aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi. A load of 25 aphids increased significantly the Hx levels in the infested primary leaf in comparison with control levels. Lower loads did not increase Hx concentration. Aphid infestation lasting 16 hr did not elicit induction of Hx, even after a time-lag of 32 hr to allow the expression of any induced response. Forty-eight hours was the minimum duration of aphid infestation required to trigger Hx induction. The age of the infested tissue (the primary leaf) did not affect induction. Similar increases of Hx were found in unfolding, expanding, and totally expanded primary leaves. It was determined that the regime of nutrient supply (N-intensive nutritive solutions at low and high concentration) to wheat seedlings had no effect on the magnitude of the aphid-induced Hx (N-based secondary metabolites). Results obtained are discussed in the framework of general theories of plant defense allocation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022554708782
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    Effects of ambient air pollution on wheat and rice yield in Pakistan (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1311-1316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Pakistan ; air pollution ; ozone ; nitrogen dioxide ; rice ; wheat ; filtration ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Open-top chambers ventilated with ambient or chiarcoal-filtered air were used to assess the impact of air pollution on the yield of local cultivars of wheat and rice, at a site on the outskirts of Lahore. At this location, 6-h mean O3 concentrations reach 60 ppb in certain months, and annual mean NO2 concentrations are 20–25 ppb. The experiments showed significant yield reduction in two successive seasons which ranged from 33% to 46% in wheat and from 37% to 51% in rice. The major yield parameter affected was the number of ears or panicles per plant, although there was also evidence of small effects on 1000 grain weight and on the number of grains per ear/panicle. These results have significance in terms of the maintenance of agricultural yields as pollution emissions rise in south and south-east Asia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477163
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    Ozone effects on dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence during plant development of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1461-1466 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; growth ; senescence ; biomass partitioning ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In closed-chamber fumigation experiments dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence of wheat were studied, analysing the effects of ozone during different stages of plant development. Ozone causes enhanced leaf senescence, leading to a loss of green leaf area and, consequently to a decreased supply of assimilates, affecting (in increasing order of severeness) stem, ear and grain productivity because of reduced storage pools for translocation. Leaves of plants before shooting stage were most sensitive but the lack of green leaf area after ear emergence had the most pronounced effects on grain yield. Measurements of photochemical capacity showed that evidence for negative ozone effects could be found in changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaf sections not yet showing visible ozone injury. Negative effects on photosynthesis were more distinct with increasing accumulated ozone dose, with increasing age of leaf tissue and with increasing ozone sensitivity of the cultivar. The changes in chlorophyll fluorescence are most likely to be explained by a decreased pool size of plastoquinones caused by ozone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477187
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    Quantifying the fine scale (1km × 1km) exposure, dose and effects of ozone: Part 2 estimating yield losses for agricultural crops (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1485-1490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Ozone ; wheat ; areal interpolation ; economics ; yield losses ; critical levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In Britain wheat is an important crop accounting for 41% of the total cereal production. In this study ozone concentrations for 1989 estimated as described in Part 1 of the paper are integrated with the estimated wheat distribution to derive a detailed estimate of the impact of ozone on wheat yields at a fine spatial scale (1km × 1km). These data provide estimates for calculating regional and national yield losses. The methodology can be applied to other crop species. Recent research on a range of crops has established relationships between the economic yield loss for certain crops, including wheat, and ozone exposure. Exposure is described as the accumulated exposure above a threshold experienced during the daylight hours (AOT). Critical AOT values are derived from yield exposure relationships which show linear reductions of yield loss with increasing ozone concentrations. This study has made use of land cover data from remotely sensed imagery at 25m resolution and nationally collected agricultural statistics for counties. These data were combined using an areal interpolation technique to provide more spatially articulate estimates of the location and intensity of wheat production. The results demonstrate the economic importance of ozone as a pollutant. Wheat yield losses attributed to ozone vary between different parts of the country but, for years when ozone levels are high, yield losses are likely to be significant in some areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477191
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    Nucleotide sequence of a major satellite DNA element isolated from a saltwater fishSillago japonica (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 22 (1995), S. 33-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: fish ; repetitive DNA ; RFLP ; satellite DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A member of satellite repetitive DNA was isolated and sequenced from a saltwater fishSillago japonica (Percoidei). This sequence consists of several oligo-dA/dT tracts and two inverted repeats which resemble each other. Dot blot hybridization analysis using a satellite DNA clone pSJ2 among the species in the suborder Percoidei revealed that the pSJ2 sequence was amplified at least after the family Sillaginidae had been derived.
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    cDNA encoding a wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring) glycine-rich RNA-binding protein (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 1301-1306 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; glycine-rich ; ribonucleoprotein ; RNA-binding protein ; RNP motif ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A wheat cDNA encoding a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein, whGRP-1, was isolated. WhGRP-1 contains two conserved domains, the RNA-binding motif (RNP motif) combined with a series of glycine-rich imperfect repeats, characteristic of a conserved family of plant RNA-binding proteins. Northern analysis revealed that whGRP-1 mRNA accumulates to high levels in roots and to lower levels in leaves of wheat seedlings. whGRP-1 mRNA accumulation is not enhanced by exogenous abscisic acid in seedlings and accumulates to very high levels during wheat embryo development, showing a pattern different from that of the ABA-inducible wheat Em gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019560
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    Differential display-mediated rapid identification of different members of a multigene family, HSP16.9 in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 575-584 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: differential display ; heat shock proteins ; non-coding regions ; PCR ; reverse transcription ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Isolation of cDNAs encoding individual members of a gene family is essential for assessing their role in a biological phenomenon. However, this process is often laborious and slow due to highly conserved protein-coding region that interferes with the isolation of the individual members. Identification of gene-specific probes from 3′ non-coding regions of different members can assist in the fast retrieval and characterization of individual members of a multigene family. We used the recent technique of differential display for the same purpose. As an example of a multigene family in plants, we selected a heat shock protein gene family, HSP16.9 from wheat, with estimated 12 members. We modified the original differential display technique for selective amplification of the 3′ non-coding regions of different wheat HSP16.9 genes by replacing the random 10-mer in the original method with a conserved HSP16.9 gene family-specific primer. Sixteen cDNA fragments from these experiments were sequenced and they represent 8 different members of a 12 member gene family. Our succes can be attributed to shorter 3′ non-coding regions that are typical of higher-plant genes and use of highly conserved gene family-specific primer in these experiments. This modified differential display technique can be of general application to other plant systems where cloning of the different members of a gene family is desired.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042230
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    A pollen allergen-encoding gene is expressed in wheat ovaries (1996)
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    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 435-445 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: male sterility ; ovary ; parthenogenetic lines ; pollen allergen ; subtractive hybridization ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To isolate genes specifically expressed at the initiation of plant embryo development we have applied a sensitive subtractive hybridization technique for three isogenic wheat lines of the so-called ‘Salmon system’ with either zygotic or autonomous embryo development. Here we present a gene sequence showing a high homology to grass pollen allergens of type II/III thought to be expressed in pollen tissue only. Surprisingly, the pollen allergen-like sequence, designated Tri a III, is also expressed in gynoecia of the sexual, male fertile wheat line ‘(aestivum)-Salmon’, whereas the two parthenogenetic and male sterile wheat lines ‘(caudata)-Salmon’ and ‘(kotschyi)-Salmon’ completely lack any Tri a III transcript. Our data suggest a positive correlation between the expression of this clone and the manifestation of male fertility. Northern and in situ hybridization analysis revealed that, in addition to its presence in pollen, Tri a III is expressed in the parenchymatous tissue of ‘(aestivum)-Salmon’ ovaries exclusively at the day of anthesis. This precise temporal and spatial expression pattern suggests a more general function of the pollen allergen-like sequence Tri a III not limited to the exhibition of allergens in pollen grains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019095
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    Expression of a wheat ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene during development of normal and water-stress-affected anthers (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 34 (1997), S. 445-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; anther ; pollen ; male sterility ; water stress ; wheat ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), water deficit during meiosis in the microspore mother cells (MMCs) induces pollen abortion, resulting in the failure of fertilization and a reduction in grain set. In stressed plants, meiosis in MMCs proceeds normally but subsequent pollen development is arrested. Unlike normal pollen grains, which accumulate starch during the late maturation phase, stress-affected anthers contain pollen grains with little or no starch. Stress also alters the normal distribution of starch in the anther wall and connective tissue. To determine how starch biosynthesis is regulated within the developing anthers of stressed plants, we studied the expression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP), which catalyzes the rate limiting step of starch biosynthesis. Two partial-length cDNAs corresponding to the large subunit of AGP were amplified by RT-PCR from anther RNA, and used as probes to monitor AGP expression in developing anthers of normal and water-stressed plants. These clones, WAL1 and WAL2, had identical deduced amino acid sequences and shared 96% sequence identity at the nucleic acid level. In normal anthers, AGP expression was biphasic, indicating that AGP expression is required for starch biosynthesis both during meiosis and later during pollen maturation. AGP expression in stressed anthers was not affected during the first phase of starch accumulation, but was strongly inhibited during the second phase. We conclude from these results that the reduced starch deposition later in the development of stressed pollen could be the result of a lower expression of AGP. However, this inhibition of AGP expression is unlikely to be the primary cause of male sterility because anatomical symptoms of pollen abortion are observed prior to the time when AGP expression is inhibited.
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    Developmental, circadian and light regulation of wheat ferredoxin gene expression (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 293-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ferredoxin ; PetF gene ; circadian rhythm ; light regulation ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genomic clone encoding the precursor of wheat leaf ferredoxin has been isolated and characterised. The uninterrupted PetF gene encodes a polypeptide of 143 amino acid residues, consisting of an N-terminal presequence of 46 amino acid residues and a mature polypeptide of 97 amino acid residues. Southern blot analysis suggests that six copies of the PetF gene are present in the wheat haploid genome. Northern blot analysis has shown that the genes are both developmentally and light regulated in wheat seedlings and provides evidence that a circadian rhythm regulates the steady-state levels of ferredoxin transcripts. The intact wheat gene and several chimeric constructs, containing portions of the 5′-upstream region fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene, have been introduced into tobacco plants, but levels of β-glucuronidase activity above background were not detected, suggesting that the 5′-upstream region is unable to function as a promoter in tobacco plants.
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    Multiple cDNAs of wheat voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC): Isolation, differential expression, mapping and evolution (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 109-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNAs ; expression ; mapping porin ; VDAC ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial outer membrane of eukaryotic cells contains voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC) also termed porins. Three cDNAs from wheat (Triticum aestivum) were isolated and sequenced (Tavdac 1–3). They share 65% similarity of their amino acid sequences, and therefore they probably represent isoforms. The deduced amino acid sequence of one of the cDNAs was found to be identical to the purified VDAC protein from wheat mitochondria [8]. Secondary structure analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the three vdac cDNAs revealed a characteristic α helix at their N-terminal and β-barrel cylinders characteristic of VDAC channels. The Tavdac cDNAs are differentially expressed in meristematic tissues. The transcript levels of Tavdac 1 in all wheat tissues is at least 2.5-fold higher than Tavdac 2 and Tavdac 3. Tavdac 2 has a low level of expression in all floral tissues whereas Tavdac 3 is highly expressed in anthers. This is the first report on differential expression of vdac genes in plants. The Tavdac genes have been mapped on the wheat genome. Tavdac 1 is located on the long arm of chromosome 5, Tavdac 2 on the long arm of chromosome 1 and Tavdac 3 on the long arm of chromosome 3. A phylogenetic reconstruction indicates that vdac genes underwent numerous duplication events throughout their evolution. All duplications occurred after the separation of plants from animals and fungi, and no orthologous genes are shared among phyla. Within plants, some of the vdac gene duplications probably occurred before the monocotydelon-dicotydelon split.
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    A novel plant peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans-isomerase (PPIase): cDNA cloning, structural analysis, enzymatic activity and expression (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 493-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; expression ; FKBP ; PPIase ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A novel cDNA encoding for a peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans-isomerase (PPIase) belonging to the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family was isolated from wheat. It contains an open reading frame of 559 amino acids and it represents the first plant FKBP-PPIase to be cloned. It possesses a unique sequence which is composed of three FKPB-like domains, in addition to a putative tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motif and a calmodulin-binding site. The recombinant FKBP-PPIase expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli exhibits PPIase activity that is efficiently inhibited by the immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and rapamycin. Northern blot analysis showed that wheat FKBP was found mainly in young tissues. Polyclonal antibodies revealed the presence of cross-reacting proteins in embryos, roots and shoots. The unique structural features, the enzymatic activity and the presence of putative isoforms in wheat tissues indicate the possibility of the involvement of wheat PPIase in essential biological functions, similar to other members of the FKBP gene family.
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    Characterization of dynamics of the psbD light-induced transcription in mature wheat chloroplasts (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 33 (1997), S. 267-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; in vitro transcription ; light ; psbA ; psbD/C operon ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dynamical aspects of three chloroplast promoters responding to change in light condition were examined in mature chloroplasts of wheat (Triticum aestivum) by in vitro transcription. The wheat psbD/C operon has four distinct promoters, two of which named as D/C-3 and D/C-4 promoters dominantly function in mature chloroplasts to produce the mRNAs encoding D2/CP43 and CP43 alone, respectively. Activity of the D/C-3 promoter in mature chloroplasts was reduced to less than 30% by 24 h dark adaptation and recovered by re-illumination to the original level within 30 to 60 min. The activation of the D/C-3 promoter which requires de novo cytoplasmic protein synthesis was induced by low fluence of light (e.g. 16 µE m-2 s-1), but the extent of activation increased with increasing light fluence. The accumulation of mRNAs from the D/C-3 promoter saturated at 2- to 3-fold higher level within 2 h when the dark-adapted seedlings were transferred to the lig at 72 µE m-2 s-1, concomitant with the increase in rate of D2 synthesis, suggesting that synthesis of D2 in mature chloroplasts is controlled via the D/C-3 promoter activity in a light-dependent way. Activity of the D/C-4 promoter slightly increased in the dark and decreased in the light. Effect of light on the psbA promoter activity was not observed at all in mature chloroplasts. In vitro transcriptional analysis of the D/C-3 promoter with 5′ deletion mutations revealed that at least two cis elements which are located within the sequences of -78 to -47 and -46 to -29 of the transcription initiation site, respectively, act as enhancing elements in the D/C-3 promoter. The light-switching element of the transcription, however, was suggested to be located in the core promoter sequence downstream of the -35 element.
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    Chalcone synthase in rice (Oryza sativa L.): Detection of the CHS protein in seedlings and molecular mapping of the chs locus (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 735-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chalcone synthase cDNA (chs cDNA) ; RFLP ; anthocyanins ; flavonoids ; synteny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chalcone synthase is a key enzyme that catalyses the first dedicated reaction of the flavonoid pathway in higher plants. The chs gene and its protein product in rice has been investigated. The presence of a chalcone synthase (CHS) protein in rice seedlings and its developmental stage-specific expression has been demonstrated by western analysis. The chalcone synthase of rice was found to be immunologically similar to that of maize. A rice cDNA clone, Os-chs cDNA, encoding chalcone synthase, isolated from a leaf cDNA library of an indica rice variety Purpleputtu has been mapped to the centromeric region of chromosome 11 of rice. It was mapped between RFLP markers RG2 and RG103. RG2 is the nearest RFLP marker located at a genetic distance of 3.3 cM. Some segments of chromosome 11 of rice including chs locus are conserved on chromosome 4 of maize. The markers, including chs locus on chromosome 11 of rice are located, though not in the same order, on chromosome 4 of maize. Genetic analysis of purple pigmentation in two rice lines, Abhaya and Shyamala, used in the present mapping studies, indicated the involvement of three genes, one of which has been identified as a dominant inhibitor of leaf pigmentation. The Os-chs cDNA shows extensive sequence homology, both for DNA and protein (deduced), to that of maize, barley and also to different monocots and dicots.
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    The wheat protein kinase gene, TaPK3/, of the PKABA1 subfamily is differentially regulated in greening wheat seedlings (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 33 (1997), S. 935-941 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cold temperature ; dehydration ; greening ; protein kinase ; Triticum aestivum/ ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have identified a new wheat PKABA1/-like protein kinase gene, TaPK3/, that is expressed in greening wheat seedlings. TaPK3 has high sequence homology (97% similarity with some sequence diversity at the 3' end) to the wheat PKABA1 protein kinase mRNA, which is upregulated by cold-temperature treatment, dehydration and abscisic acid (ABA). Use of a TaPK3 gene-specific probe has revealed that TaPK3 is differentially expressed with respect to PKABA1. TaPK3 mRNA accumulates in greening shoot tissue of wheat, but is not affected by dehydration, cold-temperature treatment or ABA. Based on sequence and expression differences, we conclude that expression of the PKABA1/-like protein kinases is not limited to stress responses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005720203535
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    cDNA structure and expression patterns of a low-temperature-specific wheat gene tacr7 (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 34 (1997), S. 643-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: callus ; crown tissue ; gene expression ; low temperature ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The low-temperature (2 °C)-specific wheat cDNA, pTACR7, represents a gene designated tacr7 from hard red winter wheat (HRWW; Triticum aestivum L. cv. Winoka). The term low-temperature-specific (LTS) is used because tacr7 is not induced by ABA or stresses such as salt, dehydration, and heat. pTACR7 was isolated by RT-PCR with mRNA from wheat crown tissue, the oligonucleotide primers derived from the barley cognate pHVCR8 (GenBank accession number L28091). Based on the deduced amino acid sequence, TACR7 is highly hydrophobic, with a single transmembrane domain and an amino acid bias for leucine (19%). Thus, the encoded protein TACR7 is unique among low-temperature-regulated wheat proteins described in the literature. Analysis of steady-state levels of tacr7 transcripts (630 nt) showed accumulation in wheat seedlings, crown tissue, and callus cultures after transfer from control (25 °C) to low temperature (2 °C). No detectable transcripts were observed by northern blot hybridization with pTACR7 probe from seedling or callus treated with ABA, salt, dehydration, or heat stress. tacr7 transcripts accumulated during 2 °C exposure to a greater amount in a freeze-resistant HRWW (FR; SDmut 16029) than in a freeze-susceptible HRWW (FS; SDmut 16169) crown tissue, with the largest difference between genotypes being 30% ± 3% at 3 weeks.
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    Accelerated production of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 16 (1996), S. 12-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat ; transformation ; biolistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have developed a method for the accelerated production of fertile transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that yields rooted plants ready for transfer to soil in 8–9 weeks (56–66 days) after the initiation of cultures. This was made possible by improvements in the procedures used for culture, bombardment, and selection. Cultured immature embryos were given a 4–6 h pre-and 16 h post-bombardment osmotic treatment. The most consistent and satisfactory results were obtained with 30 μg of gold particles/bombardment. No clear correlation was found between the frequencies of transient expression and stable transformation. The highest rates of regeneration and transformation were obtained when callus formation after bombardment was limited to two weeks in the dark, with or without selection, followed by selection during regeneration under light. Selection with bialaphos, and not phosphinothricin, yielded more vigorously growing transformed plantlets. The elongation of dark green plantlets in the presence of 4–5 mg/l bialaphos was found to be reliable for identifying transformed plants. Eighty independent transgenic wheat lines were produced in this study. Under optimum conditions, 32 transformed wheat plants were obtained from 2100 immature embryos in 56–66 days, making it possible to obtain R3 homozygous plants in less than a year.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01275440
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    Assessment of the type and degree of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in diploid species of the genus Triticum (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1063-1067 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: T. monococcum ssp. monococcum ; T. monococcum ssp. boeoticum ; T. urartu ; RFLP ; Diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The A genome of the Triticeae is carried by three diploid species and subspecies of the genus Triticum: T. monococcum ssp. monococcum, T. monococcum ssp. boeoticum, and T. urartu, the A-genome donor of bread wheat. These species carry many genes of agronomic interest, including disease resistances, and may also be used for the genetic mapping of the A genome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability present in a sample of 25 accessions representative of this group using RFLP markers. Twenty probes, consisting of genomic DNA or cDNA from wheat, were used in combination with four restriction enzymes. A high level of polymorphism was found, especially at the interspecific level. Selecting the most informative enzymes appeared to be of great importance in order to obtain a stable structure for the diversity observed with only 20 probes. The results are largely consistent with taxonomy and data relating to geographical origins. The probes were also tested on 14 wheat cutivars. A good correlation coefficient was found for their informative values on wheat cultivars and diploid lines. Whether the group of species studied here would be useful for genetic mapping remains to be determined. Nevertheless, RFLP markers will be useful to follow genes that can possibly be introgressed from these species into cultivated wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222922
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    Detection of the apomictic mode of reproduction in maize-Tripsacum hybrids using maize RFLP markers (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1198-1203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Diplospory ; RFLP ; Bulk-segregant analysis ; Genome similarity ; Intergeneric hybrids ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polyploid plants in the genus Tripsacum, a wild relative of maize, reproduce through gametophytic apomixis of the diplosporous type, an asexual mode of reproduction through seed. Moving gene(s) responsible for the apomictic trait into crop plants would open new areas in plant breeding and agriculture. Efforts to transfer apomixis from Tripsacum into maize at CIMMYT resulted in numerou intergeneric F1 hybrids obtained from various Tripsacum species. A bulk-segregant analysis was carried out to identify molecular markers linked to diplospory in T. dactyloides. This was possible because of numerous genome similarities among related species in the Andropogoneae. On the basis of maize RFLP probes, three restriction fragments co-segregating with diplospory were identified in one maize-Tripsacum dactyloides F1 population that segregated 1∶1 for the mode of reproduction. The markers were also found to be linked in the maize RFLP map, on the distal end of the long arm of chromosome 6. These results support a simple inheritance of diplospory in Tripsacum. Manipulation of the mode of reproduction in maize-Tripsacum backcross generations, and implications for the transfer of apomixis into maize, are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222943
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    Mapping quantitative trait loci for downy mildew resistance in pearl millet (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 448-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: QTLs ; RFLP ; Pearl millet ; Downy mildew resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to pathogen populations of Scelerospora graminicola from India, Nigeria, Niger and Senegal were mapped using a resistant x susceptible pearl millet cross. An RFLP map constructed using F2 plants was used to map QTLs for traits scored on F4 families. QTL analysis was carried out using the interval mapping programme Mapmaker/QTL. Independent inheritance of resistance to pathogen populations from India, Senegal, and populations from Niger and Nigeria was shown. These results demonstrate the existence of differing virulences in the pathogen populations from within Africa and between Africa and India. QTLs of large effect, contributing towards a large porportion of the variation in resistance, were consistently detected in repeated screens. QTLs of smaller and more variable effect were also detected. There was no QTLs that were effective against all four pathogen populations, demonstrating that pathotype-specific resistance is a major mechanism of downy mildew resistance in this cross. For all but one of the QTLs, resistance was inherited from the resistant parent and the inheritance of resistance tended to be the result of dominance or over-dominance. The implications of this research for pearl millet breeding are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222972
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    Identification of a RAPD marker for palmitic-acid concentration in the seed oil of spring turnip rape (Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera) (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 477-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica rapa ; RFLP ; RAPD ; QTL ; Palmitic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract F2 progeny (105 individuals) from the cross Jo4002 x Sv3402 were used to identify DNA markers associated with palmitic-acid content in spring turnip rape (Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera). QTL mapping and ANOVA analysis of 140 markers exposed one linkage group with a locus controlling palmitic-acid content (LOD score 27), and one RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) marker, OPB-11a, closely linked (1.4 cM) to this locus. Palmitic-acid content in the 62 F2 plants with the visible allele of marker OPB-11a was 8.45 ±3.15%, while that in the 24 plants without it was 4.59 ±0.97%. As oleic-acid concentration is affected by a locus on the same linkage group as the palmitic-acid locus, this locus probably controls the chain elongation from palmitic acid to oleic acid (through stearic acid). Marker OPB-11a may be used in future breeding programs of spring turnip rape to simplify and hasten the selection for palmitic-acid content.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222976
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    Cytoplasmic DNAs and nuclear rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in commercial witloof chicories (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 505-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chloroplast DNA ; Mitochondrial DNA ; rDNA ; RFLP ; Witloof chicory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of cytoplasmic DNAs and nuclear rDNA were analyzed in several Cichorium intybus genotypes, comprising four white inbred lines, eight red witloof experimental lines, and a number of F1 hybrids derived from two white parents. Chloroplast and mitochondrial restriction patterns led to the distinction between two different cytoplasms, called I and II. Southern hybridization using a nuclear rDNA probe revealed that all the lines possessed two types of rDNA repeat units. The shortest unit was 10 kb and was common to all lines. The largest rDNA repeat unit was 10.5 kb in lines I and 10.4 kb in lines II. In addition, a sequence heterogeneity between the 10.5 and 10.4-kb rDNA repeat units was revealed by Sac I digestion. A 10-kb rDNA unit was successively cloned, mapped, and used as a probe to check the genetic purity of F1 hybrid seeds between line I and II white parents. We found a 30% average percentage of impurities, originating both from selfing and full-sib crossing, in different open-pollinated hybrid samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222980
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    Genetic mapping of soybean cyst nematode race-3 resistance loci in the soybean PI 437.654 (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 574-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Heterodera glycines ; RFLP ; Genetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is difficult to evaluate in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeding. PI 437.654 has resistance to more SCN race isolates than any other known soybean. We screened 298 F6∶7 recombinant-inbred lines from a cross between PI 437.654 and ‘BSR101’ for SCN race-3 resistance, genetically mapped 355 RFLP markers and the I locus, and tested these markers for association with resistance loci. The Rhg 4 resistance locus was within 1 cM of the I locus on linkage group A. Two additional QTLs associated with SCN resistance were located within 3cM of markers on groups G and M. These two loci were not independent because 91 of 96 lines that had a resistant-parent marker type on group G also had a resistant-parent marker type on group M. Rhg 4 and the QTL on G showed a significant interaction by together providing complete resistance to SCN race-3. Individually, the QTL on G had greater effect on resistance than did Rhg 4, but neither locus alone provided a degree of resistance much different from the susceptible parent. The nearest markers to the mapped QTLs on groups A and G had allele frequencies from the resistant parent indicating 52 resistant lines in this population, a number not significantly different from the 55 resistant lines found. Therefore, no QTLs from PI 437.654 other than those mapped here are expected to be required for resistance to SCN race-3. All 50 lines that had the PI 437.654 marker type at the nearest marker to each of the QTLs on groups A and G were resistant to SCN race-3. We believe markers near to these QTLs can be used effectively to select for SCN race-3 resistance, thereby improving the ability to breed SCN-resistant soybean varieties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223282
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    A barley RFLP map: alignment of three barley maps and comparisons to Gramineae species (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 681-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Barley ; Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum ; Gramineae ; Comparative mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several gene linkage maps have been produced for cultivated barley. We have produced a new linkage map for barley, based on a cross between Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum and Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare (Hvs x Hvv), having a higher level of polymorphism than most of the previous barley crosses used for RFLP mapping. Of 133 markers mapped in the Hvs x Hvv F2 population, 69 were previously mapped on other barley maps, and 26 were mapped in rice, maize, or wheat. Two known gene clones were mapped as well as two morphological markers. The distributions of previously mapped markers were compared with their respective barley maps to align the different maps into one consensus map. The distributions of common markers among barley, wheat, rice and maize were also compared, indicating colinear linkage groups among these species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223297
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    Linkage relationships among stress-induced genes in wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 795-801 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Salt stress ; Water deficient ; Heat shock ; Mapping ; Triticeae ; RFLP ; Linkage map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Linkage relationships among genes responding to water-deficit, salt stress, and heat shock were investigated in diploid wheat, Triticum monococcum L. The position of these gene loci relative to closely linked markers and the centromeres is reported. It is proposed to continue to use the present T. monococcum mapping population and the genetic maps based thereon as a framework for future determination of relationships among other genes related to environmental stress in the tribe Triticeae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220962
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    Detection of a highly heterozygous locus in recombinant inbred lines of rice and its possible involvement in heterosis (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 978-986 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heterozygosity ; Oryza sativa ; Heterosis ; RFLP ; Recombinant inbred lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-seven recombinant inbred (RI) lines derived from a cross between two indica rices, cv ‘Phalguna’ and the Assam land race ARC 6650, were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using cloned probes defining 150 single-copy loci uniformly dispersed on the 12 chromosomes of rice. Of the probes tested, 47 detected polymorphism between the parents. Heterozygosity was calculated for each line and for each of the polymorphic loci. Average heterozygosity per line was 9.6% but was excessive (〉20%) in the 5 lines that seemed to have undergone outcrossing immediately prior to harvest. Average heterozygosity detected by each probe across the 47 RI lines was 9.7%. The majority of probes revealed the low level of heterozygosity (〈8%) expected for F5-F6 lines in a species showing about 5% outbreeding. On the other hand, 7 probes exhibited heterozygosity in excess of 15%, while with a eighth probe (RG2 from chromosome 11) heterozygosity varied according to the restriction enzyme employed, ranging from 2% with SaII to 72% with EcoRV. The presence of 34 recombination sites in a segment of the genome as short as 24 kb indicates a strong selection for recombination between two neighbouring loci, one required as homozygous for the ‘Phalguna’ allele, and the other heterozygous. Since selection was principally for yield advantage over that of the high-yielding parent, ‘Phalguna’, one or both of these loci may be important for heterosis in this cross. The results also indicate that heterozygosity as measured by RFLP can depend on the particular restriction endonuclease employed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223909
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    Mapping quantitative trait loci for seedling vigor in rice using RFLPs (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 395-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Quantitative trait locus (QTL) ; RFLP ; Seedling vigor ; Shoot growth ; Oryza sauva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Improving seedling vigor is an important objective of modern rice (Oryza saliva L.) breeding programs. The purpose of this study was to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seedling vigor-related traits using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). An F2 population of 204 plants was developed from a cross between a low-vigor japonica cultivar ‘Labelle’ (LBL) and a high-vigor indica cultivar ‘Black Gora’ (BG). A linkage map was constructed of 117 markers spanning 1496 Haldane cM and encompassing the 12 rice chromosomes with an average marker spacing of 14 cM. The length of the shoots, roots, coleoptile and mesocotyl were measured on F3 families in slantboard tests conducted at two temperatures (18° and 25°C). By means of interval analysis, 13 QTLs, each accounting for 7% to 38% of the phenotypic variance, were identified and mapped in the two temperature regimes at a log-likelihood (LOD) threshold of 2.5. Four QTLs controlled shoot length, 2 each controlled root and coleoptile lengths and 5 influenced mesocotyl length. Single-point analysis confirmed the presence of these QTLs and detected additional loci for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths, these latter usually accounting for less than 5% of the phenotypic variation. Only 3 QTLs detected both by interval and singlepoint analyses were expressed under both temperature regimes. Additive, dominant and overdominant modes of gene action were observed. Contrary to what was predicted from parental phenotype, the low-vigor LBL contributed 46% of the positive alleles for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths. Positive alleles from the high-vigor parent BG were identified for increased root, coleoptile and mesocotyl lengths. However, BG contributed alleles with only minor effects for shoot length, the most important determinant of seedling vigor in water-seeded rice, suggesting that it would not be an ideal donor parent for introducing faster shoot growth alleles into temperate japonica cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223685
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    Identification of molecular markers linked to the Agropyron elongatum-derived leaf rust resistance gene Lr24 in wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 982-990 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leaf rust ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Wheat ; Agropyron elongatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers linked to the wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr24 derived from Agropyron elongatum (3DL/3Ag translocation). Two near isogenic lines (NILs), ‘Arina’ and Lr24/7 * “Arina”, were screened for polymorphism at the DNA level with 115 RFLP probes. Twenty-one of these probes map to the homoeologous group 3. In addition, 360 RAPD primers were tested on the NILs. Six RFLP probes showed polymorphism between the NILs, and 11 RAPD primers detected one additional band in the resistant NIL. The genetic linkage of the polymorphic markers with Lr24 was tested on a segregating F2 population (150 plants) derived from a cross between the leaf rust resistant Lr24/7 * “Arina” and the susceptible spelt (Triticum spelta) variety ‘Oberkulmer’. All 6 RFLP markers were completely linked to Lr24: one was inherited as a codominant marker (PSR1205), one was in coupling phase (PSR1203) and 4 were in repulsion phase (PSR388, PSR904, PSR931, PSR1067) with Lr24. The localization of these probes on chromosome 3D was confirmed by nulli-tetrasomic analysis. Distorted genotypic segregation was found for the Codominant RFLP marker PSR1205. This distortion can be explained by the occurrence of hemizygous plants. One of the 11 RAPD markers (OPJ-09) also showed complete linkage to theLr24 resistance gene. The polymorphic RAPD fragment was cloned and sequenced. Specific primers were synthesized, and they produced an amplification product only in the resistant plants. This specific marker allows a reliable and rapid screening of a large number of genotypes in practical breeding. Analysis of 6 additional lines containing Lr24 revealed that 3 lines have a smaller chromosomal segment of A. elongatum than lines derived from ‘Agent’, a commonly used gene donor for the Lr24 resistance gene.
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    The genetic and molecular characterization of pollen-derived plant lines from octoploid triticale x wheat hybrids (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 811-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Doubled haploids ; Octoploid triticale ; Wheat ; Wheat/rye translocations ; Wheat/rye addition ; Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) ; SDS-PAGE ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six doubled-haploid (DH) lines, derived by anther culture from octoploid triticale x wheat hybrids, were characterized using cytological, biochemical and molecular techniques. Lines varied in their wheat and rye genome composition, and were either wheat-rye chromosome multiple addition lines or had spontaneous substitutions and/or wheat-rye translocations. Most of the lines contained a pair of 4R chromosomes, whereas 1R or 7R were present in others. The results are similar to those previously obtained with hexaploid triticale x wheat crosses and indicate that it is possible to produce alien (wheat/rye) addition, substitution, and translocation lines directly from the anther culture of intergeneric hybrids.
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    The genetic and molecular characterization of pollen-derived plant lines from octoploid triticale × wheat hybrids (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 811-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Doubled haploids ; Octoploid triticale ; Wheat ; Wheat/rye translocations ; Wheat/rye addition ; Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) ; SDS-PAGE ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Six doubled-haploid (DH) lines, derived by anther culture from octoploid triticale × wheat hybrids, were characterized using cytological, biochemical and molecular techniques. Lines varied in their wheat and rye genome composition, and were either wheat-rye chromosome multiple-addition lines or had spontaneous substitutions and/or wheat-rye translocations. Most of the lines contained a pair of 4R chromosomes, whereas 1R or 7R were present in others. The results are similar to those previously obtained with hexaploid triticale × wheat crosses and indicate that it is possible to produce alien (wheat/rye) addition, substitution, and translocation lines directly from the anther culture of intergeneric hybrids.
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    Linkage between RFLP markers and genes affecting kernel hardness in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 580-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Kernel hardness ; Wheat ; RFLP ; QTL ; Puroindoline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A molecular-marker linkage map of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) provides a powerful tool for identifying genomic regions influencing breadmaking quality. A variance analysis for kernel hardness was conducted using 114 recombinant inbred lines (F7) from a cross between a synthetic and a cultivated wheat. The major gene involved in kernel hardness, ha (hard), known to be on chromosome arm 5DS, was found to be closely linked with the locus Xmta9 corresponding to the gene of puroindoline-a. This locus explained around 63% of the phenotypic variability but there was no evidence that puroindoline-a is the product of Ha (soft). Four additional regions located on chromosomes 2A, 2D, 5B, and 6D were shown to have single-factor effects on hardness, while three others situated on chromosomes 5A, 6D and 7A had interaction effects. Positive alleles were contributed by both parents. A three-marker model explains about 75% of the variation for this trait.
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    Genetic localization of four genes for nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) resistance in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 991-997 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Sugar beet ; Beta vulgaris ; Nematode resistance ; RFLP ; Genetic maps ; Bulk segregant analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is highly susceptible to the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.). Three resistance genes originating from the wild beets B. procumbens and B. webbiana have been transferred to sugar beet via species hybridization. We describe the genetic localization of the nematode resistance genes in four different sugar beet lines using segregating populations and RFLP markers from our current sugar beet linkage map. The mapping studies yielded a surprising result. Although the four parental lines carrying the wild beet translocations were not related to each other, the four genes mapped to the same locus in sugar beet independent of the original translocation event. Close linkage (0–4.6 cM) was found with marker loci at one end of linkage group IV. In two populations, RFLP loci showed segregation distortion due to gametic selection. For the first time, the non-randomness of the translocation process promoting gene transfer from the wild beet to the sugar beet is demonstrated. The data suggest that the resistance genes were incorporated into the sugar beet chromosomes by non-allelic homologous recombination. The finding that the different resistance genes are allelic will have major implications on future attempts to breed sugar beet combining the different resistance genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050220
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    Comparative genetic mapping between duplicated segments on maize chromosomes 3 and 8 and homoeologous regions in sorghum and sugarcane (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 1024-1030 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Maize ; Sorghum ; Sugarcane ; RFLP ; Synteny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Comparative mapping within maize, sorghum and sugarcane has previously revealed the existence of syntenic regions between the crops. In the present study, mapping on the sorghum genome of a set of probes previously located on the maize and sugarcane maps allow a detailed analysis of the relationship between maize chromosomes 3 and 8 and sorghum and sugarcane homoeologous regions. Of 49 loci revealed by 46 (4 sugarcane and 42 maize) polymorphic probes in sorghum, 42 were linked and were assigned to linkage groups G (28), E (10) and I (4). On the basis of common probes, a complete co-linearity is observed between sorghum linkage group G and the two sugarcane linkage groups II and III. The comparison between the consensus sorghum/sugarcane map (G/II/III) and the maps of maize chromosomes 3 and 8 reveals a series of linkage blocks within which gene orders are conserved. These blocks are interspersed with non-homoeologous regions corresponding to the central part of the two maize chromosomes and have been reshuffled, resulting in several inversions in maize compared to sorghum and sugarcane. The results emphasize the fact that duplication will considerably complicate precise comparative mapping at the whole genome scale between maize and other Poaceae.
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    RFLP mapping of QTLs for yield and related characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 920-927 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Oryza sativa L. ; RFLP ; Yield traits ; QTLs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Quantitative triat loci (QTLs) for yield and related traits in rice were mapped based on RFLP maps from two indica/indica populations, Tesanai 2/CB and Waiyin 2/CB. In Tesanai 2/CB, 14 intervals carrying QTLs for eight traits were detected, including 3 for grain weight per plant (GWT), 2 for number of panicles per plant (NP), 2 for number of grains per panicle (NG), 1 for total number of spikelets per panicle (TNS), 1 for spikelet fertility (SF), 3 for 1000-grain weight (TGWT), 1 for spikelet density (SD), and 1 for number of first branches per main panicle. The 3 QTLs for GWT were located on chromosomes 1, 2, and 4, with 1 in each chromosome. The additive effect of the single locus ranged from 2.0 g to 9.1 g. A major gene (np4) for NP was detected on chromosome 4 within the interval of RG143-RG214, about 4 cM for RG143, and this locus explained 26.1% of the observed phenotypic variance for NP. The paternal allele of this locus was responsible for reduced panicles per plant (3 panicles per plant). In another population, Waiyin 2/CB, 12 intervals containing QTLs for six of the above-mentioned traits were detected, including 3 for GWT, 2 for each of NP, TNS, TGWT and SD, 1 for SF. Three QTLs for GWT were located on chromosome 1, 4, and 5, respectively. The additive effect of the single locus for GWT ranged from 6.7 g to 8.8 g, while the dominance effect was 1.7–11.5 g. QTL mapping in two populations with a common male parent is compared and discussed.
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    Linkage between RFLP markers and genes affecting kernel hardness in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 580-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Kernel hardness ; Wheat ; RFLP ; QTL ; Puroindoline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A molecular-marker linkage map of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) provides a powerful tool for identifying genomic regions influencing breadmaking quality. A variance analysis for kernel hardness was conducted using 114 recombinant inbred lines (F7) from a cross between a synthetic and a cultivated wheat. The major gene involved in kernel hardness, ha (hard), known to be on chromosome arm 5DS, was found to be closely linked with the locus Xmta9 corresponding to the gene of puroindoline-a. This locus explained around 63% of the phenotypic variability but there was no evidence that puroindoline-a is the product of Ha (soft). Four additional regions located on chromosomes 2A, 2D, 5B, and 6D were shown to have single-factor effects on hardness, while three others situated on chromosomes 5A, 6D and 7A had interaction effects. Positive alleles were contributed by both parents. A three-marker model explains about 75% of the variation for this trait.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050318
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    Comparative QTL mapping of resistance to Ustilago maydis across four populations of European flint-maize (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1321-1330 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Maize ; Ustilago maydis ; QTL mapping ; RFLP ; Resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We mapped and characterized quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to Ustilago maydis and investigated their consistency across different flint-maize populations. Four independent populations, comprising 280 F3 lines (A×BI), 120 F5 lines (A×BII), 131 F4 lines (A×C) and 133 F4 lines (C×D), were produced from four European elite flint inbreds (A, B, C, D) and genotyped at 89, 151, 104, and 122 RFLP marker loci, respectively. All Fn lines were evaluated in field trials with two replications in five German environments. Genotypic variances were highly significant for the percentage of U. maydis infected plants (UST) in all populations, and heritabilities exceeded 0.69. Between five and ten QTLs were detected in individual populations by composite interval mapping, explaining between 39% and 58% of the phenotypic variance. These 19 different QTLs were distributed over all ten chromosomes without any clustering on certain chromosomes. In most cases, gene action was dominant or overdominant. Fourteen pairs of the detected QTLs for UST displayed significant digenic epistatic interactions, but only two of them did so after arcsin √UST/100 transformation. Significant QTL× environment interactions occurred frequently. Between two to four QTLs were common between pairs of populations. Population C×D was also grown in Chartres, a location with a high U. maydis incidence. Two out of six QTLs identified for Chartres were in common with QTLs detected across five German environments for C×D. Consequently, marker-assisted or phenotypic selection based on results from natural infection seem to be suitable breeding strategies for improving the resistance of maize to U. maydis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051025
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    Inter- and intra-genomic homology of the Brassica genomes: implications for their origin and evolution (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1225-1233 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica rapa ; B. oleracea ; B. nigra ; Genome homology ; RFLP ; Linkage maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to determine the homologous regions shared by the cultivated Brassica genomes, linkage maps of the diploid cultivated B. rapa (A genome, n = 10), B. nigra (B genome, n = 8) and B. oleracea (C genome, n = 9), were compared. We found intergenomic conserved regions but with extensitve reordering among the genomes. Eighteen linkage groups from all three species could be associated on the basis of homologous segments based on at least three common markers. Intragenomic homologous conservation was also observed for some of the chromosomes of the A, B and C genomes. A possible chromosome phylogenetic pathway based on an ancestral genome of at least five, and no more than seven chromosomes, was drawn from the chromosomal inter-relationships observed. These results demonstrate that extensive duplication and rearrangement have been involved in the formation of the Brassica genomes from a smaller ancestral genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223454
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    Ribosomal DNA variation in foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv., and a survey of variation from Europe and Asia (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 751-756 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Foxtail millet ; rDNA ; RFLP ; Restriction mapping ; Geographical distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and the structure of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were investigated in 117 landraces of foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. Five RFLP phenotypes were found when the genomic DNA was digested with BamHI; these were named types I–V. Of these types I, II and III were the most frequent. Type I was mainly distributed in the temperature zone, type II in the Taiwan-Philippines Islands and type III in South Asia. Restriction mapping of the cloned rDNA and comparison with RFLP phenotypes showed that the different types originated from a polymorphism in the length within the intergenic spacer (IGS) and BamHI site changes within the IGS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050621
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    Phylogenetic analysis of Acacia (Mimosaceae) as revealed from chloroplast RFLP data (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 291-298 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words DNA ; Molecular evolution ; Parsimony ; PAUP ; Phylogeny ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Chloroplast DNA of 22 species of Acacia (Tourn.) Miller was digested with ten restriction endonucleases, Southern-blotted and probed with cloned fragments covering the chloroplast genome of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Phyletic and phenetic analyses of the resulting 176 polymorphic bands recorded among the 22 species were performed. The phylogram was reconstructed using heuristic search and Wagner parsimony. The resulting most parsimonious consensus phylogram displayed three major phyletic lineages, consistent with the previously established three subgenera of Acacia. The 10 species of subgenus Acacia and the 6 species of subgenus Heterophyllum formed two monophyletic sister clades. The 5 species of subgenus Aculeiferum studied and Acacia albida (Syn. Faidherbia albida) grouped together and were basal to the clades of subgenera Acacia and Heterophyllum. The phylogram indicated that subgenus Heterophyllum diverged earlier from subgenus Aculeiferum than did subgenus Acacia; however, the phenogram indicated the reverse. The study indicated that A. nilotica and A. farnesiana are sister species, though A. nilotica is Afro-Asiatic and A. farnesiana is American. The phenogram separated the three subgenera in agreement with the phylogram, but the two dendrograms differed regarding the topologies of the species and the distance of evolution between subgenera Acacia and Heterophyllum.
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    Mapping of Ve in tomato: a gene conferring resistance to the broad-spectrum pathogen, Verticillium dahliae race 1 (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 315-319 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Linkage analysis ; Mapping populations ; Introgression Lines ; RFLP ; Host range
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The soil-borne fungi Verticillium spp. cause vascular wilt disease in a wide range of crop plants. In tomato, resistance to Verticillium dahliae race 1 is conferred by a single dominant gene, Ve. Previous efforts to map Ve in tomato have yielded confusing results, locating it on different chromosomes, which subsequently raised the possibility that Verticillium resistance may be controlled by a number of loci. We used three different mapping populations to obtain an unambiguous map location of Ve: a recombinant inbred (RI) line population; an F2 population segregating for Verticillium resistance; and a population of 50 introgression lines (IL). In all of the mapping populations Ve was positioned on the short arm of chromosome 9 tightly linked to the RFLP marker GP39. This linkage was confirmed by screening for GP39 in different breeding lines with known resistance or susceptibility to Verticillium. A perfect match was found between GP39 and the Verticillium response of the lines, indicating the potential of GP39 in the rapid detection of Verticillium resistance and as a starting point for map-based cloning of Ve. This approach is particularly relevant for Verticillium dahliae race 1, since in the present work we also show that the isolate that infects tomato is responsible for wilt disease in other important crop plants.
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    Comparative molecular mapping of GA insensitive Rht loci on chromosomes 4B and 4D of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1133-1137 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Comparative genetic mapping ; Dwarfing genes ; GA insensitivity ; Microsatellites ; RFLP ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The two GA-insensitive dwarfing gene loci Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 were mapped using three F2 populations, segregating for Rht-B1c (Rht3), Rht-D1b (Rht2) or Rht-D1c (Rht10). Rht-B1c was mapped on chromosome 4BS in the centromere region, distal and closely linked to the RFLP markers Xpsr144 (11.9 cM) and Xpsr584 (17.8 cM), but proximal to Xmwg634 (30 cM). Rht-D1c, however, was found to be closely linked to the distally located markers Xpsr921 (0.8 cM) and Xmwg634 (1.5 cM). The homoeologous relationships between the GA-insensitive dwarfing genes within the Triticeae are discussed.
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    A genetic linkage map of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) developed from a cross between two inbred, domesticated lines (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1210-1217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Vigna unguiculata ; RFLP ; RAPD ; AFLP ; Linkage map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have constructed a genetic linkage map within the cultivated gene pool of cowpea (2n=2x=22) from an F8 recombinant inbred population (94 individuals) derived from a cross between the inbreds IT84S-2049 and 524B. These breeding lines, developed in Nigeria and California, show contrasting reactions against several pests and diseases and differ in several morphological traits. Parental lines were screened with 332 random RAPD decamers, 74 RFLP probes (bean, cowpea and mung bean genomic DNA clones), and 17 AFLP primer combinations. RAPD primers were twice as efficient as AFLP primers and RFLP probes in detecting polymorphisms in this cross. The map consists of 181 loci, comprising 133 RAPDs, 19 RFLPs, 25 AFLPs, three morphological/classical markers, and a biochemical marker (dehydrin). These markers identified 12 linkage groups spanning 972 cM with an average distance of 6.4 cM between markers. Linkage groups ranged from 3 to 257 cM in length and included from 2 to 41 markers, respectively. A gene for earliness was mapped on linkage group 2. Seed weight showed a significant association with a RAPD marker on linkage group 5. This map should facilitate the identification of markers that “tag” genes for pest and disease resistance and other traits in the cultivated gene pool of cowpea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050683
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    Genetic linkage map of a wheat×spelt cross (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 1163-1170 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key wordsTriticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta ; RFLP ; Genetic map ; QTL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We constructed a genetic map of a cross between the Swiss winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Forno and the Swiss winter spelt (Triticum spelta L.) variety Oberkulmer. For the linkage analysis,176 polymorphic RFLP probes and nine microsatellites were tested on 204 F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of Forno×Oberkulmer revealing 242 segregating marker loci. Thirty five percent of these loci showed significant (P〉0.05) deviation from a 1 : 1 segregation, and the percentage of Forno alleles ranged from 21% to 83% for individual marker loci. Linkage analysis was performed with the program MAPMAKER using the Haldane mapping function. Using a LOD threshold of 10, we obtained 37 linkage groups. After finding the best order of marker loci within linkage groups by multi-point analysis we assembled the linkage groups into 23 larger units by lowering the LOD threshold. All except one of the 23 new linkage groups could be assigned to physical chromosomes or chromosome arms according to hybridisation patterns of nulli-tetrasomic lines of Chinese Spring and published wheat maps. This resulted in a genetic map comprising 230 marker loci and spanning 2469 cM. Since the analysed population is segregating for a wide range of agronomically important traits, this genetic map is an ideal basis for the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these traits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051181
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    Construction of RFLP-based maps of foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Foxtail millet ; Genetic map ; Primary trisomics ; RFLP ; Setaria italica ; Setaria viridis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  An RFLP-based map consisting of 160 loci was constructed in an intervarietal cross of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.], Longgu 25×Pagoda Flower Green. The map comprises nine linkage groups, which were aligned with the nine foxtail millet chromosomes using trisomic lines, and spans 964 cM. The intraspecific map was compared to an interspecific map, constructed in a S. italica×S. viridis cross. Both the order of the markers and the genetic distances between the loci were highly conserved. Deviations from the expected 1 : 2 : 1 Mendelian segregation ratios were observed in both the intra- and inter-specific populations. The segregation data indicate that chromosome VIII in the Longgu 25×Pagoda Flower Green cross carries a gene that strongly affects gamete fertility.
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    Organization of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene cluster on chromosome 4 including the RPS2 gene, in the Brassica nigra genome (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 468-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Microsynteny ; Genome ; Gene cluster ; RFLP ; PFGE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic and physical maps, consisting of a large number of DNA markers for Arabidopsis thaliana chromosomes, represent excellent tools to determine the organization of related genomes such as those of Brassica. In this paper we report the chromosomal localization and physical analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of a well-defined gene complex of A. thaliana in the Brassica nigra genome (B genome n=8). This complex is approximately 30 kb in length in A. thaliana and contains a cluster of six genes including ABI1 (ABA-responsive), RPS2 (resistance against Pseudomonas syringae, a bacterial disease), CK1 (casein kinase I), NAP (nucleosome-assembly protein), X9 and X14 (both of unknown function). The Arabidopsis chromosomal complex was found to be duplicated and conserved in gene number at different levels in the Brassica genome. Linkage group B1 had the most-conserved arrangement carrying all six genes tightly linked. Group B4 had an almost complete complex except for the absence of RPS2. Other partial complexes of fewer members were found on three other chromosomes. Our studies demonstrate that by this approach it is possible to identify ancestrally related chromosome segments in a complex and duplicated genome, such as the genome of B. nigra, permitting one to draw conclusions as to its origin and evolution.
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    QTL mapping of resistance to Sporisorium reiliana in maize (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 593-598 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Keywords Maize ; Head smut ; Sporisorium reiliana ; QTL ; RFLP ; Ustilago maydis ; Puccinia sorghi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We mapped and characterized quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to Sporisorium reiliana. A population of 220 F3 families produced from the cross of two European elite inbreds (D32, D145) was evaluated with two replications at a French location with high natural incidence of S. reiliana and at a Chinese location employing artificial inoculation. The 220 F3 families were genotyped with 87 RFLP and seven SSR markers. Using composite interval mapping, we identified two different sets of 3 and 8 QTL for the French and the Chinese locations explaining 13% and 44% of respectively. Individual QTL explained up to 14% of σ^2 p. The 11 QTL mapped to eight maize chromosomes and displayed mostly additive or partial dominant gene action. Significant digenic epistatic interactions were detected for one pair of these QTL. Only a few QTL for S. reiliana were in common with QTL for resistance to Ustilago maydis and Puccinia sorghi, identified at a German location for the same population. Consequently, in our materials resistance to these three fungal pathogens of maize seems to be inherited independently.
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    RFLP mapping of BaYMV resistance gene rym3 in barley (Hordeum vulgare) (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 727-732 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Hordeum vulgare ; BaYMV ; Resistance gene ; RFLP ; Mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The rym3 (formerly designated ym3) gene conferring resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) is effective against all strains of the virus but up to now has not been mapped to any chromosome. We performed a linkage analysis, using DNA extracted from individually harvested mature leaves of 153 F2 plants derived from a cross between BaYMV-resistant cv ’Ishuku Shirazu’ carrying rym3 and susceptible cv ’Ko A’. Additionally, the F3 lines derived from F2 plants were grown in the BaYMV-infested field and examined for their reaction to BaYMV. Our results indicated that rym3 is located on the short arm of chromosome 5H and flanked by RFLP markers MWG28and ABG705A at distances of 7.2 and 11.7 cM, respectively. The chromosomal configuration estimated by DNA markers around rym3 and the utilization of these molecular markers for pyramiding with the BaYMV resistance genes in barley breeding programs are discussed.
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    Molecular phylogeny of mangroves V. Analysis of genome relationships in mangrove species using RAPD and RFLP markers (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 617-625 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Mangroves ; Genome relationship ; Phylogeny ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  DNA from pooled leaf samples of 11 true major mangrove, three true minor mangrove, two mangrove associate, two mangrove parasite, three terrestrial and one cultivated species were isolated for the present study. In total, 198 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and 180 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci were scored by using ten primers and 14 enzyme-probe combinations respectively. The polymorphism observed for these markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity in mangroves at both inter-specific or inter-generic levels. A dendrogram, constructed after pooling both RAPD and RFLP data, using a similarity index was analysed for genome relationships among these species. The dendrogram showed clustering of all the major mangroves, except for Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae), into one group. All species under the tribe Rhizophorae formed a sub-cluster, to which Xylocarpus granatum was found to be the most closesly related species. The clustering pattern implied that Excoecaria agallocha and Acanthus ilicifolius should be considered as true minor mangroves. The present study also provided molecular data favouring the separation of Avicennia spp. from the Verbenaceae to create a monotypic family the Avicenniaceae. The separation of Viscum orientale into the Viscaceae was also favoured.
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    A genetic linkage map of durum wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 721-728 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Durum wheat ; Mapping ; Linkage map ; RFLP ; Morphological markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A genetic linkage map of tetraploid wheat [Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell.] was constructed using segregation data from a population of 65 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the durum wheat cultivar Messapia and accession MG4343 of T. turgidum (L.) Thell. ssp dicoccoides (Korn.) Thell. A total of 259 loci were analysed, including 244 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), one PCR (polymerase chain reaction) marker (a sequence coding for a LMW (low-molecular-weight) glutenin subunit gene located at the Glu-B3 locus), seven biochemical (six seed-storage protein loci and one isozyme locus) and seven morphological markers. A total of 213 loci were mapped at a LOD≥3 on all 14 chromosomes of the A and B genomes. The total length of the map is 1352 cM and the average distance between adjacent markers is 6.3 cM. Forty six loci could not be mapped at a LOD≥3. A fraction (18.6%) of the markers deviated significantly from the expected Mendelian ratios; clusters of loci showing distorted segregation were found on chromosomes 1B, 3AL, 4AL, 6AL and 7AL. The durum wheat map was compared with the published maps of bread wheat using several common RFLP markers and general features are discussed. The markers detected the known structural rearrangements involving chromosomes 4A, 5A and 7B as well as the translocation between 2B-6B, but not the deletion on 2BS. This map provides a useful tool for analysing and breeding economically important quantitative traits and for marker-assisted selection, as well as for studies of genome organisation in small grain cereal species.
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    A molecular genetic map of the long arm of chromosome 6R of rye incorporating the cereal cyst nematode resistance gene, CreR (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1000-1012 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words CCN ; RFLP ; PCR ; Heterodera avenae ; Genetic mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A genetic map of the long arm of chromosome 6R of rye was constructed using eight homoeologous group-6 RFLP clones and five PCR markers derived from the rye-specific dispersed repetitive DNA family, R173. The map was developed using a novel test-cross F1 (TC-F1) population segregating for resistance to the cereal cyst nematode. Comparisons were made between the map generated with other rye and wheat group-6 chromosome maps by the inclusion of RFLP clones previously mapped in those species. Co-linearity was observed for common loci. This comparison confirmed a dramatic reduction in recombination for chromosome 6R in the TC-F1 population. The CreR locus was included in the linkage map via progeny testing of informative TC-F1 individuals. CreR mapped 3.7 cM distal from the RFLP locus, XksuF37. Comparative mapping should allow the identification of additional RFLP markers more closely linked to the CreR locus.
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    Linkage relationships among molecular markers and storage root traits of carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus) (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 58-64 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic map ; RFLP ; AFLP ; RAPD ; SAMPL ; Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A 109-point linkage map consisting of three phenotypic loci (P 1, Y 2, and Rs), six restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), two random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), 96 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and two selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL) was constructed for carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus; 2n=2x=18). The incidence of polymorphism was 36% for RFLP probes, 20% for RAPD primers, and 42% for AFLP primers. The overall incidence of disturbed segregation was 18%. Linkage relationships at a LOD score of 4.0 and θ=0.25 indicated 11 linkage groups. The total map length was 534.4 cM and the map was clearly unsaturated with markers spaced at 4.9 cM. AFLP P6B15 was 1.7 cM from P 1, AFLP P1B34 was 2.2 cM from Y 2, and AFLP P3B30XA was 8.1 cM from Rs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051208
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  • 89
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    Genetic localization of four genes for nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) resistance in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 991-997 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sugar beet ; Beta vulgaris ; Nematode resistance ; RFLP ; Genetic maps ; Bulk segregant analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is highly susceptible to the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.). Three resistance genes originating from the wild beets B. procumbens (Hs1 pro-1) and B. webbiana (Hs1 web-1, Hs2 web-7) have been transferred to sugar beet via species hybridization. We describe the genetic localization of the nematode resistance genes in four different sugar beet lines using segregating F2 populations and RFLP markers from our current sugar beet linkage map. The mapping studies yielded a surprising result. Although the four parental lines carrying the wild beet translocations were not related to each other, the four genes mapped to the same locus in sugar beet independent of the original translocation event. Close linkage (0–4.6 cM) was found with marker loci at one end of linkage group IV. In two populations, RFLP loci showed segregation distortion due to gametic selection. For the first time, the non-randomness of the translocation process promoting gene transfer from the wild beet to the sugar beet is demonstrated. The data suggest that the resistance genes were incorporated into the sugar beet chromosomes by non-allelic homologous recombination. The finding that the different resistance genes are allelic will have major implications on future attempts to breed sugar beet combining the different resistance genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224039
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  • 90
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    A putative major gene for rust resistance linked with a RFLP marker in sugarcane cultivar ‘R570’ (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 1059-1064 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Major gene ; Polyploidy ; Puccinia melanocephala ; Sugarcane ; RFLP ; Rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inheritance of resistance to rust was investigated in the self progeny of the sugarcane cultivar ‘R570’ also used to build a RFLP genetic map. Resistance was evaluated through both field and controlled greenhouse trials. A clear-cut 3 (resistant) ∶ 1 (susceptible) segregation indicative of a probable dominant resistant gene was observed. This is the first documented report of a monogenic inheritance for disease resistance in sugarcane. This gene was found linked at 10 cM with an RFLP marker revealed by probe CDSR29. Other minor factors involved in the resistance were also detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224049
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  • 91
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    An integrated genetic linkage map for eucalypts using RFLP, RAPD and isozyme markers (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 869-875 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic map ; Linkage ; Eucalypts ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An integrated genetic linkage map for E. nitens was constructed in an outbred three-generation pedigree. Analysis of 210 RFLP, 125 RAPD and 4 isozyme loci resulted in 330 markers linked in 12 linkage groups covering 1462 cM (n=11 in eucalypts). The 12th linkage group is comprised of only 5 markers and will probably coalesce with another linkage group when further linked loci are located. Co-dominant RFLP loci segregating in both parents were used to integrate linkages identified in the male and female parents. Differences in recombination frequencies in the two parents were observed for a number of pairs of loci, and duplication of sequences was identified both within and between linkage groups. The markers were distributed randomly across the genome except for the RFLPs in linkage group 10 and for some loci showing segregation distortion, which were clustered into three regions of the map. The use of a large number of co-dominant RFLP loci in this map enables it to be used in other pedigrees of E. nitens and forms a basis for the detection and location of QTL in E. nitens and other eucalypt species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223894
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  • 92
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphism detected by cDNA and genomic DNA clones in Stylosanthes (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 1210-1213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Stylosanthes ; DNA isolation ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A DNA isolation method suitable for genomic library construction and RFLP analyses of the forage legume Stylosanthes was developed. Probes isolated using this method were used to investigate the feasibility of constructing RFLP-based genetic maps in this genus. Two hundred and seventy-one PstI genomic DNA and 134 cDNA clones were analysed against four Stylosanthes accessions, including two tetraploids and two diploids, with the use of two restriction enzymes, DraI and HindIII. The proportion of clones which detected single-copy sequences from the PstI genomic library was higher than that from the cDNA library, but the percentage of clones which detected low-copy sequences was doubled in the latter. There was no significant difference in the level of RFLPs detected by gDNA and cDNA probes, although the level of polymorphism was lower in the diploids. A large proportion of RFLPs seemed to have resulted from mutation/base substitution events, and this was especially the case in diploids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220931
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  • 93
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    Mapping quantitative trait loci for seedling vigor in rice using RFLPs (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 395-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Quantitative trait locus (QTL) ; RFLP ; Seedling vigor ; Shoot growth ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Improving seedling vigor is an important objective of modern rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding programs. The purpose of this study was to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seedling vigor-related traits using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). An F2 population of 204 plants was developed from a cross between a low-vigor japonica cultivar `Labelle' (LBL) and a high-vigor indica cultivar `Black Gora' (BG). A linkage map was constructed of 117 markers spanning 1496 Haldane cM and encompassing the 12 rice chromosomes with an average marker spacing of 14 cM. The length of the shoots, roots, coleoptile and mesocotyl were measured on F3 families in slantboard tests conducted at two temperatures (18° and 25°C). By means of interval analysis, 13 QTLs, each accounting for 7% to 38% of the phenotypic variance, were identified and mapped in the two temperature regimes at a log-likelihood (LOD) threshold of 2.5. Four QTLs controlled shoot length, 2 each controlled root and coleoptile lengths and 5 influenced mesocotyl length. Single-point analysis confirmed the presence of these QTLs and detected additional loci for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths, these latter usually accounting for less than 5% of the phenotypic variation. Only 3 QTLs detected both by interval and single-point analyses were expressed under both temperature regimes. Additive, dominant and overdominant modes of gene action were observed. Contrary to what was predicted from parental phenotype, the low-vigor LBL contributed 46% of the positive alleles for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths. Positive alleles from the high-vigor parent BG were identified for increased root, coleoptile and mesocotyl lengths. However, BG contributed alleles with only minor effects for shoot length, the most important determinant of seedling vigor in water-seeded rice, suggesting that it would not be an ideal donor parent for introducing faster shoot growth alleles into temperate japonica cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050141
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  • 94
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    Mapping of the K+/Na+ discrimination locus Kna1 in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 448-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Wheat ; Salt tolerance ; Homoeologous recombination ; QTL ; RFLP ; Genetic marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   In saline environments, bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (genomes AABBDD), accumulates less Na+ and more K+ in expanding and young leaves than durum wheat, T. turgidum L. (genomes AABB). Higher K+/Na+ ratios in leaves of bread wheat correlate with its higher salt tolerance. Chromosome 4D from bread wheat was shown in previous work to play an important role in the control of this trait and was recombined with chromosome 4B in the absence of the Ph1 locus. A population of plants disomic for 4D/4B recombined chromosomes in the genetic background of T. turgidum was developed to investigate the genetic control of K+/Na+ discrimination by chromosome 4D. Evidence was obtained that the trait is controlled by a single locus, designated Kna1, in the long arm of chromosome 4D. In the present work, K+/Na+ discrimination was determined for additional families with 4D/4B chromosomes. The concentrations of Na+ and K+/Na+ ratios in the youngest leaf blades clustered in two nonoverlapping classes, and all recombinant families could be unequivocally assigned to Kna1 and kna1 classes. The Kna1 locus scored this way was mapped on a short region in the 4DL arm and was completely linked to Xwg199, Xabc305, Xbcd402, Xpsr567, and Xpsr375; it was also mapped as a quantitative trait. The results of the QTL analysis, based on the K+/Na+ ratios in the young leaves of greenhouse-grown plants and flag leaves of field-grown plants, agreed with the position of Kna1 determined as a qualitative trait. Several aspects of gene introgression by manipulation of the Ph1 locus are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050148
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  • 95
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    Chloroplast DNA variation in Populus. III. Novel chloroplast DNA variants in natural Populus x canadensis hybrids (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 331-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Interspecific poplar hybrids ; Non-parental chloroplast DNA fragments ; Novel organelle DNA ; RFLP ; Chloroplast DNA recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A rare phenomenon of the occurrence of novel non-parental chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variants in natural sexual interspecific hybrids between Populus deltoides var deltoides and P. nigra, P. x canadensis is described. Restriction fragment variation of cpDNA in 17 P. x canadensis cultivars was examined and compared with that of representative samples of P. deltoides and P. nigra using 83 combinations of 16 restriction enzymes and six Petunia hybrida cpDNA probes. Twelve cultivars had one to five novel non-parental cpDNA fragments in the chloroplast genome region homologous to the 9.0-kb PstI cpDNA fragment of Petunia from the large single-copy region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221973
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  • 96
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    A genetic linkage map for Pinus radiata based on RFLP, RAPD, and microsatellite markers (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 673-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pinus radiata ; Genetic linkage map ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genetic linkage map for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) has been constructed using segregation data from a three-generation outbred pedigree. A total of 208 loci were analyzed including 165 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 41 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 2 microsatellite markers. The markers were assembled into 22 linkage groups of 2 or more loci and covered a total distance of 1382 cM. Thirteen loci were unlinked to any other marker. Of the RFLP loci that were mapped, 93 were detected by loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) cDNA probes that had been previously mapped or evaluated in that species. The remaining 72 RFLP loci were detected by radiata pine probes from a PstI genomic DNA library. Two hundred and eighty RAPD primers were evaluated, and 41 loci which were segregating in a 1∶1 ratio were mapped. Two microsatellite markers were also placed on the map. This map and the markers derived from it will have wide applicability to genetic studies in P. radiata and other pine species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226088
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  • 97
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    Development of a PCR-based marker to identify rice blast resistance gene, Pi-2(t), in a segregating population (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Molecular markers ; RFLP ; PCR ; SAPs ; DNA sequence ; Marker-assisted selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genomic clone RG64, which is tightly linked to the blast resistance gene Pi-2(t) in rice, provides means to perform marker-aided selection in a rice breeding program. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of generating a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based polymorphic marker that can distinguish the blast resistant gene, Pi-2(t), and susceptible genotypes within cultivated rice. RG64 was sequenced, and the sequence data was used to design pairs of specific primers for (PCR) amplification of genomic DNA from rice varieties differing in their blast disease responsiveness. The amplified products, known as sequenced-tagged-sites (STSs), were not polymorphic between the three varieties examined. However, cleavage of the amplified products with the restriction enzyme HaeIII generated a polymorphic fragment, known as specific amplicon polymorphism (SAP), between the resistant and the susceptible genotypes. To examine the power of the identified SAP marker in predicting the genotype of the Pi-2 (t) locus, we determined the genotypes of the F2 individuals at this locus by performing progeny testing for the disease response in the F3 generation. The results indicated an accuracy of more than 95% in identifying the resistant plants, which was similar to that using RG64 as the hybridization probe. The identification of the resistant homozygous plants increased to 100% when the markers flanking the genes were considered simultaneously. These results demonstrate the utility of SAP markers as simple and yet reliable landmarks for use in marker-assisted selection and breeding within cultivated rice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220852
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    Mitochondrial DNA diversity and male sterility in natural populations of Daucus carota ssp carota (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 150-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Mitochondrial DNA diversity ; Natural populations ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Daucus carota L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial variability was investigated in natural populations of wild carrot (Daucus carota ssp carota) in different regions: South of France, Greece, and various sites in the Mediterranean Basin and Asia. Total DNA was digested with two restriction endonucleases (EcoRV and HindIII) and probed with three mitochondrial DMA-specific genes (coxI, atp6, and coxII). Twenty-five different mitochondrial types were found in 80 analyzed individuals. Thirteen mitotypes were found among the 7 French populations studied. On average, 4.4 different mitotypes were observed per population, and these mitotypes were well-distributed among the populations. All of the mitochondrial types were specific to a single region. However, the proportion of shared restriction fragments between 2 mitotypes from different regions was not particularly lower than that which occurred among mitotypes from a single region. On the basis of the sexual phenotype [male-sterile (MS) or hermaphrodite] of the plants studied in situ and that of their progeny, 2 mitotypes were found to be highly associated with male sterility. Eighty percent of the plants bearing these mitotypes were MS in situ, and all of these plants produced more than 30% MS plants in their progeny. This association with male sterility was consistent in several populations, suggesting an association with a cytoplasmic male-sterility system. Moreover, these two mitotypes had very similar mitochondrial DNA restriction patterns and were well-differentiated from the other mitotypes observed in wild plants and also from those observed in the two CMS types already known in the cultivated carrot. This suggests that they correspond to a third cytoplasmic sterility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220872
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  • 99
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    Identification of quantitative trait loci under drought conditions in tropical maize. 1. Flowering parameters and the anthesis-silking interval (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 905-914 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Anthesis-silking interval ; Drought ; Quantitative trait loci ; RFLP ; Tropical maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Drought is an important climatic phenomenon which, after soil infertility, ranks as the second most severe limitation to maize production in developing countries. When drought stress occurs just before or during the flowering period, a delay in silking is observed, resulting in an increase in the length of the anthesis-silking interval (ASI) and in a decrease in grain yield. Selection for reduced ASI in tropical open-pollinated varieties has been shown to be correlated with improved yields under drought stress. Since efficient selection for drought tolerance requires carefully managed experimental conditions, molecular markers were used to identify the genomic segments responsible for the expression of ASI, with the final aim of developing marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategies. An F2population of 234 individuals was genotyped at 142 loci and F3 families were evaluated in the field under several water regimes for male flowering (MFLW), male sterility (STER), female flowering (FFLW) and ASI. The genetic variance of ASI increased as a function of the stress intensity, and the broad-sense heritabilites of MFLW, FFLW and ASI were high under stress conditions, being 86%, 82% and 78%, respectively. Putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in the expression of MFLW and/or FFLW under drought were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10, accounting for around 48% of the phenotypic variance for both traits. For ASI, six putative QTLs were identified under drought on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 and 10, and together accounted for approximately 47% of the phenotypic variance. Under water stress conditions, four QTLs were common for the expression of MFLW and FFLW, one for the expression of ASI and MFLW, and four for the expression of ASI and FFLW. The number of common QTLs for two traits was related to the level of linear correlation between these two traits. Segregation for ASI was found to be transgressive with the drought-susceptible parent contributing alleles for reduced ASI (4 days) at two QTL positions. Alleles contributed by the resistant line at the other four QTLs were responsible for a 7-day reduction of ASI. These four QTLs represented around 9% of the linkage map, and were stable over years and stress levels. It is argued that MAS based on ASI QTLs should be a powerful tool for improving drought tolerance of tropical maize inbred lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221905
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  • 100
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    RFLP mapping of the dwarfing (Ddw1) and hairy peduncle (Hp) genes on chromosome 5 of rye (Secale cereale L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 1073-1077 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Rye ; RFLP ; Genetic mapping ; Dwarfing genes ; Hairy peduncle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  An population was established for mapping the two dominant genes for dwarfness (Ddw1) and hairy peduncle (Hp) on chromosome 5R. The location of both genes was shown to be on the segment of chromosome 5RL which was ancestrally translocated and is homoeologous to Triticeae 4L. Hp co-segregated with the wheat gDNA probe WG199, localised in wheat on chromosomes 5AL, 4BL and 4DL. No segregation was observed between the traits hairy peduncle and hairy leaf sheath. The locus for Ddw1 was found to map distally to Hp/Xwg199 but proximal to the isozyme marker β-amy-R1. The genetical distances were 5.6 cM between Hp/Xwg199 and Ddw1 and 11.5 cM between Ddw1 and β-amy-R1, respectively. The map position of Ddw1 suggests that it is homoeologous to the wheat dominant dwarfing gene Rht12, present on chromosome 5AL and linked to β-amy-A1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050232
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