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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Robust Feedback Control of a Single Server Queueing System (1999)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 12 (1999), S. 307-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Key words. Robust control, Nonlinear control, Queueing server, Hamilton–Jacobi equation, Traffic signals, Storage function, Bicharacteristics, Boundary dynamics.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. This paper extends previous work of Ball et al. [BDKY] to control of a model of a simple queueing server. There are n queues of customers to be served by a single server who can service only one queue at a time. Each queue is subject to an unknown arrival rate, called a “disturbance” in accord with standard usage from H ∞ theory. An H ∞-type performance criterion is formulated. The resulting control problem has several novel features distinguishing it from the standard smooth case already studied in the control literature: the presence of constraining dynamics on the boundary of the state space to ensure the physical property that queue lengths remain nonnegative, and jump discontinuities in any nonconstant state-feedback law caused by the finiteness of the admissible control set (choice of queue to be served). We arrive at the solution to the appropriate Hamilton–Jacobi equation via an analogue of the stable invariant manifold for the associated Hamiltonian flow (as was done by van der Schaft for the smooth case) and relate this solution to the (lower) value of a restricted differential game, similar to that formulated by Soravia for problems without constraining dynamics. An additional example is included which shows that the projection dynamics used to maintain nonnegativity of the state variables must be handled carefully in more general models involving interactions among the different queues. Primary motivation comes from the application to traffic signal control. Other application areas, such as manufacturing systems and computer networks, are mentioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009855
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conditions for stability of the extended Kalman filter and their application to the frequency tracking problem (1995)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Extended Kalman filter ; Stability ; Discrete-time nonlinear systems ; Frequency tracking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The error dynamics of the extended Kalman filter (EKF), employed as an observer for a general nonlinear, stochastic discrete time system, are analyzed. Sufficient conditions for the boundedness of the errors of the EKF are determined. An expression for the bound on the errors is given in terms of the size of the nonlinearities of the system and the error covariance matrices used in the design of the EKF. The results are applied to the design of a stable EKF frequency tracker for a signal with time-varying frequency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01212364
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous state representations for AR Systems (1995)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 82-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Linear systems ; Realization theory ; Polynomial matrix representations ; Continuity of systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider in a behavioral setting the subclass of dis-crete-time, linear, finite-dimensional systems, which can be represented by autoregressive (AR) equations. It will be shown that, with respect to the convergence of all coefficients in an AR representation, there exist continuously dependent input-state-output (i/s/o) representations, under the condition that some specified degree remains constant. This continuous i/s/o representation is given by the Fuhrmann realization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01212368
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pole assignment for uncertain systems in a specified disk by output feedback (1996)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 152-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Discrete-time uncertain system ; Continuous-time uncertain system ; Quadratic stabilizability ; Lyapunov theory ; Pole assignment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the problem of pole assignment in a disk by output feedback for continuous-or discrete-time uncertain systems is addressed. A necessary and sufficient condition for quadratic d stabilizability by output feedback is presented. This condition is expressed in terms of two parameter-dependent Riccati equations whose solutions satisfy two extra conditions. An output d stabilization algorithm is derived and a controller formula given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211751
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Connections between stochastic control and dynamic games (1996)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 303-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Risk-sensitive stochastic control ; Stochastic dynamic games ; Free energy ; Relative entropy ; Legendre-type transformations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We consider duality relations between risk-sensitive stochastic control problems and dynamic games. They are derived from two basic duality results, the first involving free energy and relative entropy and resulting from a Legendre-type transformation, the second involving power functions. Our approach allows us to treat, in essentially the same way, continuous- and discrete-time problems, with complete and partial state observation, and leads to a very natural formal justification of the structure of the cost functional of the dual. It also allows us to obtain the solution of a stochastic game problem by solving a risk-sensitive control problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211853
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Finite-dimensional solutions of a modified Zakai equation (1996)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 341-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Risk-sensitive control ; Zakai equation ; Finite-dimensional filters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In risk-sensitive control a modified Zakai equation arises which includes an extra term related to the exponential running cost. We show that a wide class of finite-dimensional solutions related to the Beneš filter is possible as long as nonlinearities in the drift are canceled in an appropriate way by terms in the running cost.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211855
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the scalar rational interpolation problem (1996)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 352-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Scalar rational interpolation ; Gröbner basis ; Key equation ; Berlekamp-Massey ; Welch-Berlekamp ; Partial realization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new technique is derived for determining a parametrization of all minimal complexity rational functionsa(x)/b(x) interpolating an arbitrary sequence of points. Complexity is measured in terms of max{deg(a), deg(b) +r } wherer is an arbitrary integer (so thatr=0 corresponds to the McMillan degree). Our construction uses Gröbner bases of submodules of the free module of rank 2 over the polynomial ring in one variable and extends previous work on the key equation of error control coding theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211856
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complexity issues in robust stability of linear delay-differential systems (1996)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 386-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Linear delay-differential systems ; Computational complexity ; Complex programming ; Multidimensional systems ; Structured singular value ; Disk matrices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the following stability problems concerning linear delay-differential systems are shown to beN P-hard: (i) asymptotic stability independent of delay, and (ii) robust asymptotic stability, when each delay is known to lie in an interval. The main results are based on theN P-hardness of complex bilinear programming over the polydisk n which also shows that the purely complexμ computation, analysis/synthesis problems areN P-hard even if there are no repeated blocks. Another side result of the paper is that checking robust nonsingularity, robust Hurwitz stability, and robust Schur stability of a disk matrix areN P-hard problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211858
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rational wavelet decompositions of transfer functions in hardy-sobolev classes (1995)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 257-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Model reduction ; Rational wavelets ; Matching pursuit ; Least squares ; Infinite-dimensional systems ; Hardy-Sobolev norm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The model approximation of transfer functions using rational wavelets (or molecular decompositions) is considered. By using techniques from Hardy-Sobolev spaces it is shown that Hilbert space methods such as a modified matching-pursuit algorithm and least-squares technique can be employed to obtain good approximations in bothH 2 andH ∞ norms. Several theoretical results are given on rates of convergence when the methods are applied to delay systems and fractional filters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211862
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feedback classification of nonlinear control systems on 3-manifolds (1995)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 299-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Feedback classification ; Canonical forms ; Singularities ; Affine modules ; Homotopy method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We consider nonlinear control-affine systems with two inputs evolving on three-dimensional manifolds. We study their local classification under static state feedback. Under the assumption that the control vector fields are independent we give complete classification of generic systems. We prove that out of a “singular” smooth curve a generic control system is either structurally stable and thus equivalent to one of six canonical forms (models) or finitely determined and thus equivalent to one of two canonical forms with real parameters. Moreover, we show that at points of the “singular” curve the system is not finitely determined and we give normal forms containing functional moduli. We also study geometry of singularities, i.e., we describe surfaces, curves, and isolated points where the system admits its canonical forms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01209688
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  • 111
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    The time-varying gap and coprime factor perturbations (1995)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 352-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Gap metric ; Time-varying systems ; Robust control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The connection between the time-varying gap metric and two-block problems is utilized to obtain criteria for robust stabilization of linear, discretetime, time-varying systems. In particular we give a formula for the optimal minimal angle for a stabilizable linear time-varying system and show that it has a maximally stabilizing controller.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01209690
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  • 112
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    Orthogonal decompositions of 2-D nonhomogeneous discrete random fields (1995)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 375-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Two-dimensional (2-D) nonhomogeneous random fields ; Total-order ; Wold decomposition ; Purely-indeterministic random fields ; Deterministic random fields ; Evanescent random fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Imposing atotal-order on a two-dimensional (2-D) discrete random field induces an orthogonal decomposition of the random field into two components: Apurely-indeterministic field and adeterministic one. The purely-indeterministic component is shown to have a 2-D white-innovations driven moving-average representation. The 2-D deterministic random field can be perfectly predicted from the field's “past” with respect to the imposed total-order definition. The deterministic field is further orthogonally decomposed into anevanescent field, and aremote past field. The evanescent field is generated by the columnto-column innovations of the deterministic field with respect to the imposed nonsymmetrical-half-plane total-ordering definition. The presented decomposition can be obtained with respect to any nonsymmetrical-half-plane total-ordering definition, for which the nonsymmetrical-half-plane boundary line has rational slope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01209691
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  • 113
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    Stability of discrete-time linear systems with Markovian jumping parameters (1995)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 390-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Discrete-time linear stochastic system ; Stochastic stability ; Markov process ; Robust stability ; Bounded uncertainties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the robustness of a class of discrete-time linear systems with Markovian jumping parameters and unknown but bounded uncertainties. Assuming that the Markovian jump process (disturbance) has finite state space and that there is complete access to the system's state and its mode, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for stochastic stability of the autonomous nominal model. We also establish sufficient conditions for robust stability for this class of uncertain systems under matching conditions and with bounded uncertainties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01209692
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  • 114
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    Resonance, stabilizing feedback controls, and regularity of viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations (1996)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 59-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Asymptotically stabilizing feedback control ; Nonlinear ; Resonance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that no resonance and small time local controllability imply many standard necessary conditions for the existence of a continuous, asymptotically stabilizing (state) feedback control (ASFC) for ann-dimensional, real analytic, single input affine control system. Furthermore, no resonance means there exist local coordinates in which the drift vector field is linear, yielding a canonical form for the study of sufficient conditions and construction of an ASFC. The roles of resonance and the Kawski necessary condition are examined in detail, together with their implications on regularity of viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211518
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  • 115
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    Semidefinite lyapunov functions stability and stabilization (1996)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 95-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Lyapunov functions ; Stability ; Stabilization ; Feedback ; Nonlinear systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper gives some new stability sufficient conditions. It presents an extension of the classical Lyapunov theory by considering Lyapunov functions which are nonnegative semidefinite instead of positive definite. Several examples are presented to illustrate the various theorems and an application to the feedback stabilization problem of a nonlinear control system is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211748
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  • 116
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    The effect of small time-delays on the closed-loop stability of boundary control systems (1996)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 123-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Small time-delays ; Stability ; Robustness ; Partial differential equations ; Boundary control ; In-span control ; Transfer functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract It has been observed that for many stable feedback systems, the introduction of arbitrarily small time-delays into the loop causes instability. In this paper we present a systematic treatment of this phenomenon for a large class of boundary control systems which allows for in-span control. Our approach is based on a combination of input-output methods and modal analysis. We give a number of sufficient conditions for robustness/nonrobustness of closed-loop input-output stability with respect to delays. Our framework includes a large class of ill-posed systems, i.e., systems whose open-loop transfer function is unbounded on any right half-plane. We then analyze the relationship between the poles of the transfer function and the exponential modes of the underlying boundary-value problem to derive internal stability properties from external ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211750
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  • 117
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    A sampled normal form for feedback linearization (1996)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 162-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Nonlinear systems ; Sampled systems ; Digital control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the problem of preserving approximated feedback linearization under digital control. Starting from a partially feedback linearizable affine continuous-time dynamics, a digital control procedure which maintains the dimension of the maximally feedback linearizable part up to any order of approximation with respect to the sampling period is proposed. The result is based on the introduction of a sampled normal form, a canonical structure which naturally appears when studying feedback linearization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211752
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  • 118
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    How violent are fast controls?, II (1996)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 327-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Linear autonomous system ; Reachability ; Minimum norm control ; Asymptotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract For a linear autonomous system, if a state is reachable from zero in some time duration, then it is reachable within any positive time duration. However, the norm of the control that steers the zero state to the given reachable state increases as the available control time shrinks. This paper gives the asymptotics of minimalL p -norm controls as the time duration goes to zero; there are also some further remarks for other related norms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211854
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  • 119
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    Finite-dimensional filters with nonlinear drift, VI: Linear structure of Ω (1996)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 370-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Finite-dimensional filters ; Nonlinear drift ; Estimation algebra of maximal rank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Ever since the concept of estimation algebra was first introduced by Brockett and Mitter independently, it has been playing a crucial role in the investigation of finite-dimensional nonlinear filters. Researchers have classified all finite-dimensional estimation algebras of maximal rank with state space less than or equal to three. In this paper we study the structure of quadratic forms in a finite-dimensional estimation algebra. In particular, we prove that if the estimation algebra is finite dimensional and of maximal rank, then the Ω=(∂f j /∂x i −∂f i /∂x j )matrix, wheref denotes the drift term, is a linear matrix in the sense that all the entries in Ω are degree one polynomials. This theorem plays a fundamental role in the classification of finite-dimensional estimation algebra of maximal rank.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211857
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  • 120
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    The Calibration of fibre optic probes used for light dosimetry measurements during photodynamic therapy (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Light dosimetry ; Fibre optic probes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe the calibration of fibre optic probes used to perform in vivo light dosimetry studies during the treatment of skin lesions by photodynamic therapy. Results from six individual detectors show that the linearity of the calibration and the calculated radiant energy fluence rate within a liquid phantom are independent of the type and sensitivity of the probe. The method of calibration is also shown to yield the optical interaction coefficients of the phantom.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133159
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  • 121
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    Non-PDT Uses of lasers in oncology (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 3-8 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The use of therapeutic lasers depends on four basic laser-tissue interactions; photothermal, photochemical (PDT), mechanical and ablative. There is no place for mechanical and ablative interactions in oncology; PDT will be the subject of a further review and the subject of this review is therefore the photothermal reaction. Thermal lasers have been in routine use in oncology for the last 10–15 years. These lasers, emitting in the visible or infra-red parts of the spectrum, are used to produce three basic effects; hyperthermia, coagulation and vaporization. Other energy sources beside lasers can also be used to produce these tissue effects but lasers seem to possess certain basic advantages. In comparison with monopolar or bipolar diathermy and heater probes, lasers can deliver more power, more accurately at the target tissue with better control of damage and a wider range of effects. In comparison with microwave and ultrasound therapy, lasers are again more precise and can be used with more compact and accurate delivery devices. In gastroenterological surgery (as opposed to endoscopy), neurosurgery and gynaecology, laser light can be delivered via a handpiece to cut and coagulate. In ENT and also some applications of gynaecology lasers can also be used via a microscope. In endoscopic surgery laser light is delivered through an optical fibre within the endoscope—this for the time being precludes the use of the CO2 laser for these applications. More recently, the laser fibre can be placed directly within tumour tissue for interstitial thermal therapy of liver metastases, pancreatic tumours and brain tumours. The future use of thermal lasers in oncology depends very much on the results of properly controlled comparative studies against PDT and non-laser thermal devices; in addition their use may well be widened to include some curative procedures; up until now their use has very much been restricted to palliative therapy except where they are used as an adjunctive cutting device alongside conventional curative surgery.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133156
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  • 122
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    Endoscopic Nd-YAG laser therapy of gastric polyposis (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 189-192 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Stomach ; Polyposis ; Nd-YAG laser ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Thirteen patients with gastric polyposis (113 polyps) were treated by endoscopic Nd-YAG laser irradiation. Among them there were five cases with adenomas, six with hyperplastic polyps and two with inflammatory polyps. Ninety-six polyps were 〈1 cm, 13 polyps were ⩾ 1 cm, and four polyps were ⩾ 2 cm. In the patient who had the largest number of lesions, 22 polyps were found at endoscopic examination. All but two patients were regularly followed up endoscopically for 2–5 years after treatment and showed no sign of recurrence. Mild bleeding occurred in three cases. No perforation or any other serious complications occurred. The results were encouraging. It is concluded that endoscopic Nd-YAG laser ablation of gastric polyposis is effective, simple to perform, safe and deserves recommendation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133330
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  • 123
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    Granular cell abrikossoff tumours of the larynx and tongue treated with the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 213-216 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Granular cell tumours ; CO2 Laser treatment ; Electron microscopic examinations ; Tongue ; Larynx
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Seven cases of granular cell Abrikossoff tumours of the larynx and tongue are reported: four in the tongue and three in the larynx. All of these tumours were removed with the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. The anatomical site of the origin and clinical features of granular cell tumours (GCT) are not specific. Histological, light microscopic, electron microscopic (EM) and immunohistochemical studies are required for diagnosis. The histogenesis and cellular derivation of GCTs is still controversial. The biological potential and lack of cellular atypia define a benign process. However, it is important to take into account that these tumours have ill-defined borders without a capsule. Radiation therapy has proved ineffective in the past. Surgical excision with a wide margin is required. Because of numerous advantages, for example, no bleeding, no oedema, minimal pain and quick recovery, CO2 laser removal is the treatment of choice. The authors have not seen any recurrence or complications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133334
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  • 124
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    Laser energy threshold for thermal vascular injury in a port-wine stain skin model (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 231-234 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Port-wine stain ; Blood vessel ; Pulse duration ; Energy threshold ; Selective photothermolysis ; Monte Carlo ; Thermal diffusion ; Vascular injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Monte Carlo simulation of laser energy deposition in a port-wine stain (PWS) skin model and numerical solution of the thermal diffusion equation have been used to calculate threshold energies for thermal injury of PWS blood vessels for different vessel sizes and laser pulse durations. It has been assumed that an average vessel temperature rise of 65
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133614
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    The effect of helium-neon laser irradiation on in vitro maturation and fertilization of immature bovine oocytes (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 113-119 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Radiation effects ; In vitro maturation ; In vitro fertilization ; HeNe laser irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A study was made of the effects of low power laser irradiation on in vitro oocyte maturation rates and subsequent fertilization of immature bovine oocytes. Immature bovine oocytes from cows sacrificed at a slaughterhouse were irradiated with Helium-Neon laser (HeNe laser) irradiation at an energy density of 0.4 and 2.0 J cm−2. An oocyte group was left untreated, serving as control group. All oocytes were matured and fertilized in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum (FCS). Maturation and fertilization rates obtained in the irradiated oocytes group were lower (p〈0.001 andp〈0.05, respectively) than those of the control group. Furthermore, the laser-treated oocytes showed important degenerative changes on both cytoplasm and chromosomes in comparison with untreated control oocytes which showed a homogenous cytoplasm and disperse chromosomes. It is concluded that the application of HeNe laser irradiation at 0.4 and 2.0 J cm−2 energy densities has a detrimental effect on in vitro maturation and fertilization process of immature bovine oocytes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02150848
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    Development of an alternative light source to lasers for photodynamic therapy: 2. Comparative in vivo tumour response characteristics (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 121-126 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Haematoporphyrin derivative ; In vivo ; Laser ; Light source ; Murine tumour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a low cost, table-top/portable light source was tested against an argon ion pumped dye laser for in vivo photodynamic therapy (PDT). The prototype delivers up to 1 W via a 4 mm flexible lightguide within a 30 nm bandwidth centred at any wavelength from 300 nm to 1200 nm at fluence rates of up to 8 W cm−2. An in situ bioassay using regrowth delay of tumour T50/80 was used to quantify the relative efficacy of the prototype with a laser. The tumours were sensitized with haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) and externally irradiated. There was no significant difference in the response of the tumour to treatment between the two light sources (p = 0.69). Mean growth delays ranged from 2 days (light dose 10 J cm−2) to 20 days (light dose 100 J cm−2). The estimate for the difference in means (laser minus prototype growth delay) was only 0.66 days and was not statistically significant. This in vivo study demonstrates that the prototype is equivalent to a laser in PDT effect. The device has low capital/running cost, is simple to use and is one of the most powerful, spectrally efficient non-laser PDT sources available.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02150849
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    Construction, quality assurance and calibration of spherical isotropic fibre optic light diffusers (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 137-147 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Isotropic fibre optic light diffusers ; Construction of diffusers ; Quality assurance of diffusers ; Calibration of diffusers ; Goniometer ; Integrating sphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Spherical isotropic fibre optic light diffusers are used in photodynamic therapy either as a light source or as a light detector. The construction of light diffusers using different materials is described, viz. an optical method involving local polymerization of a dental fissure sealant, which is referred to as the Henderson method, and a second method using plastic or ceramic pre-fabricated spheres. Quality tests necessary for reliable clinical use are presented for the mechanical strength, output power and isotropy. The maximum pull-off force and blow-off output power for the different kinds of diffusers were determined. The calibration procedures are given for measurement of the output power and wavelength of the light emitted by a diffuser and for measurement of the fluence rate by a light-detecting diffuser, using a compact integrating sphere device. With all types of diffusers described, an isotropy can be obtained of better than ± 20% measured over a 320° angle for spheres as small as ≈ 1 mm. Larger ceramic diffusers are particularly suitable for delivering high output powers. A 3-mm-diameter ceramic diffuser mounted on a 600-μm-core fibre can emit up to ≈ 5 W of continuous wave (CW) visible light in air. Diffusers used for light detection can measure the light fluence rate in tissue with ≈15% accuracy or better if calibration factors are determined for each individual probe.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02150852
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    Editorial (1995)
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 155-155 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133325
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    Holmium-YAG Laser ablation characteristics in calvarial lamellar and cortical bone: The role of water and tissue micro-architecture (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 181-188 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Bone histology ; Holmium-YAG laser ; Infra-red lasers ; Laser surgery ; Photo ablation ; Otology ; Stapes ; Otosclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of tissue micro-architecture and water content on ablation rates in bone is examined. Precisely machined and prepared porcine calvarial lamellar and cortical bone were ablated with a Holmium-YAG laser (λ=2.1Μm). Lamellar and cortical bone differ substantially in their tissue micro-architecture. Both are porous hard tissues, which differ predominantly in size and distribution of pores within the bone matrix. These hard tissues were ablated under physiological (wet) and chemically dehydrated conditions. The ablation rates over the range of energy densities examined assumes many linear characteristics. Ablation rate (as a function of fluence) is considerably higher for dehydrated cortical bone (4.7Μm cm2 J−1) compared to fresh cortical bone (1.49Μm cm2 J−1). This trend is also observed in lamellar bone (2.31Μm cm2 J−1 for wet and 0.37Μm cm2 J−1 for dry). Under both physiological and dehydrated conditions, cortical bone was ablated faster. Mechanisms accounting for these observations are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133329
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    Interstitial laser thermotherapy: Comparison between bare fibre and sapphire probe (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 193-200 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Nd-YAG laser ; Hyperthermia ; Light penetration ; Temperature distribution ; Feedback control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A sapphire probe and a bare fibre were compared with respect to temperature control and distribution and light fluence in interstitial laser thermotherapy. Experiments were performed in processed liver using an Nd-YAG laser and output power levels of 1–4 W. The temperature was controlled at a distance of 10 mm using a feedback circuit with an automatic thermometry system and thermistor probes. With the sapphire probe, carbonization was rare at power levels of 1–2 W but was observed in half of the experiments at 3 W and in all experiments at 4 W. Using the bare fibre, carbonization was seen in almost all experiments. Absence of carbonization was associated with a moderate decrease in the penetration of light and excellent control of the temperature, whereas carbonization led to rapid impairment of light penetration and temperature control. In addition, the temperature gradient was smaller with the sapphire probe than with the bare fibre or when carbonization was absent. It is concluded that a diffuser tip, such as the sapphire probe, may be preferable to the bare fibre for interstitial laser thermotherapy because it gives a smaller temperature gradient and helps to avoid carbonization which results in preserved light penetration and improved temperature control.
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    Surgical removal of dorsal wrist ganglion with a new laser scalpel (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 217-221 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Laser scalpel ; Nd-YAG laser ; Wrist ganglion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A novel laser scalpel, consisting of a clad conically-sculptured silica tip (core diameter: 600Μm; end diameter: 150Μm transmitting radiation from a 10 W CW Nd-YAG laser, was used for the excision of a dorsal wrist ganglion. The dynamic range of this instrument (17–57 kW cm−2) easily suffices for the cutting of soft tissues, which feature is combined with impressive haemostatic properties, thus obviating the need for tourniquet control. Morphological examination of the excised ganglion reveals a peripheral zone of heat-damaged collagenoius tissue containing vessel profiles which show signs of thermally-induced blood flow stasis.
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    Analysis of laser effects on chromosomal structure by fluorescence in situ hybridization and image cytometry: Methodological approach for precise microdissection (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 261-266 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Chromosome ; Laser ; Image cytometry ; Fluorescence in situ hybridization ; Microdissection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laser effects on human chromosomes have been studied with an image cytometer using an argon ion laser emitted beam at 488 nm, with a 50 mW power. The smallest laser spot was of 0.2Μm. Aiming of the laser beam was controlled by a computer. Irradiated and non-irradiated chromosomal fragments were analysed by measuring the fluorescence intensity of propidium iodide and by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with fluorescein biotinylated Alu polymerase chain reaction products. No propidium iodide staining or FISH could be observed on irradiated chromosome fragments indicating total elimination of DNA by the laser beam. The non-irradiated fragments of chromosome showed Alu hybridization similar to control metaphase spreads, suggesting that the DNA structure remained intact. This methodological approach could be used to carry out precise and rapid microdissection of chromosomes.
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    New laser literature (1995)
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 287-289 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133623
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    Can intra-uterine mortality be reduced in Nd-YAG laser treatment of Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome? An analysis (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 283-286 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome ; Haemodynamics ; Intra-uterine laser coagulation ; ND-YAG laser treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies have shown that laser therapy can reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome in the second trimester of pregnancy. The purpose of this paper is to analyse current treatment strategies using laser surgery, and to suggest ways in which fetal mortality may be further reduced.
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    Total effective fluence: a useful concept in photodynamic therapy (1996)
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 139-143 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Fluence ; Irradiance ; Light source
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy is generally carried out using a laser, usually a dye laser with the wavelength tuned to suit the particular sensitizer. The availability of broad-band sources for use in photodynamic therapy is challenging the role of the laser, since the non-laser sources are more portable and less expensive. Also, the wavelengths utilized may easily be changed by optical filtering. However, the use of a broad-band source introduces serious problems with dosimetry. The concept of the ‘total effective fluence’ takes account of the incident spectral irradiance from the light source, optical transmission through tissue (preferably including backscatter), and absorption by the sensitizer. Application of the concept to various light sources demonstrates the potential value of this simple concept.
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    Book review (1996)
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 149-149 
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    New laser literature (1996)
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 145-147 
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    Editorial (1996)
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 1-1 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02161286
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    Photochemically-induced tissue injury observed very shortly after sensitizer injection (1996)
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 31-36 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Haematoporphyrin derivative ; In vivo ; Light fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In clinical photochemotherapy, irradiation is delayed by a few days with respect to sensitizer injection in order to enhance the specificity of action. However, there are animal experiments which, above all, require a strong response; this is expected to occur if the delay time is much shorter. To assess the influence of the delay time, lesions were produced in rat ears using haematoporphyrin derivative and green light, and characterized by a scoring system. It was found that, starting from the shortest experimentally accessible value (8 min), the intensity of lesions decreases with increasing delay time (by a factor of 2 in 90 min). This result suggests that the lesions are induced by circulating sensitizer. Dose fractionation, performed 97 min after injection, enhances the response (p〈0.005).
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    New laser literature (1996)
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 61-63 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    Editorial (1996)
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 69-69 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133203
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    An in vivo comparison of the photodynamic action of a new diode laser and a copper vapour dye laser at 652 nm (1996)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 117-121 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Diode laser ; mTHPC ; Depth of necrosis ; Normal rat liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Initial pre-clinical evaluation of a new 652 nm diode laser system for photodynamic therapy was performed to establish its efficacy in photo-activating the second-generation photosensitizer meta-tetrahydroxyphenychlorin (mTHPC). The diode laser was compared directly to a copper vapour laser pumped dye laser using depth of necrosis in normal rat liver as a measure of the photodynamic effect. No significant difference between the two lasers was observed.
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    Guest editorial (1996)
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 175-175 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02156759
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    Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy of rat palatal mucosa: Normal tissue effects and light dosimetry (1996)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 163-174 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Photofrin ; Oral mucosa ; Normal tissue damage ; Light dosimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality with potential application for premalignant lesions and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa. PDT in principle has dual selectivity. This may result from a ‘preferential’ retention of the photosensitizer in target tissue. In addition, the photodynamic activity will be limited to the irradiated area because PDT will not affect tissues in the absence of excitation light. The specificity of PDT is limited by the fact that normal tissues also retain the photosensitizer to some degree, which makes these tissues susceptible to PDT damage. To optimize PDT for oral malignancies, a study was undertaken on normal tissue to investigate the responses in rat palatal mucosa and surrounding anatomical structures. Eighty male Wistar rats were used in the study. Photofrin was administered i.v. at four doses (0, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg kg−1 body weight). Irradiation for PDT was performed 24 h later. An argon pumped dye laser system was used to produce light of two different treatment wavelengths (514.5 and 625 nm), and various energy density levels (0, 25, 50, 100 or 200 J cm−2). Early effects of PDT were studied at 2 days and late effects at 2 months after treatment. Twenty-four hours after i.v. administration of Photofrin, it was found that PDT affects normal tissues of the oral cavity both macroscopically and microscopically. Combinations of photosensitizer doses ≥5 mg kg−1 and light doses≥100 J cm−2 caused severe and permanent damage to the palatal mucosa and adjacent normal structures such as palatal bone and dentition. Light scattering and internal reflection usually raise the fluence rate in tissue above the irradiance of the incident beam. In an additional study using six male Wistar rats, the energy fluence rate at two treatment wavelengths (514.5 and 625 nm) was measured ex vivo in the palatal mucosa and adjacent anatomical structures. As expected, the energy fluence rates were wavelength, tissue and depth dependent. At the air-mucosa boundary, light of 625 nm was found to have a three-times higher fluence rate than the primary incident beam. Under similar conditions, the fluence rate of 514.5 nm was found to be less, but still twice as high as the primary incident beam. At deeper levels of the rat maxilla, fluence rates were still elevated compared with the incident beam. For 625 nm light, this phenomenon was observed up to the level of the nasal cavity. These increased fluence rates could largely explain the pattern of damage to normal mucosa and surrounding anatomical structures.
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    Infra-red tomography of port-wine-stain blood vessels in human skin (1996)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 199-204 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Port-wine stain ; Infra-red tomography ; Laser treatment ; Blood vessel ; Photothermolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Specifying the distribution of laser energy within a tissue is the first step towards understanding and capitalizing on a variety of laser-tissue interactions. Whether photothermal, photochemical or photomechanical in nature, laser-tissue interactions begin with the absorption of photon energy. The spatial distribution of photon absorption specifies the required laser exposure to be delivered and the extent of subsequent therapeutic action. Using infra-red tomography (IRT), the broad, long-term objective of this research is the development of a tomographic reconstruction algorithm as a means to determine: (1) the depths and physical dimensions of discrete subsurface port-wine-stain (PWS) blood vessels in human skin; and (2) the initial space-dependent temperature increase in PWS blood vessels immediately following pulsed laser exposure. In this report, preliminary studies are described which demonstrate the potential application of IRT in the clinical management of PWS patients.
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    Action spectra (660–700 nm) for virus inactivation and red cell damage photosensitized by the silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 (1996)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Action spectra ; Virus inactivation ; Red blood cells ; Photosensitization ; Phthalocyanine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The silicon phthalocyanine HOSiPcOSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)2 (Pc 4) is being studied as a photosensitizer for decontamination of blood for transfusion. In order to optimize the treatment conditions, ie reduce damage to red blood cells (RBC) while maintaining virucidal activity, action spectra were obtained for Pc 4. Using monochromatic light from a dye laser pumped by an argon-ion laser, in the range of 660–700 nm, a red shift of the action spectra was observed with respect to the absorption spectrum of Pc 4 in methanol solution. This shift was a uniform 4 nm for induction of red cell damage. A similar shift was observed for the absorption spectrum of Pc 4 bound to RBC membranes. For virus inactivation, there was a 4 nm red shift on the blue side and approximately a 12 nm shift on the red side of the spectrum. It is concluded that using light of 690–700 nm would increase the specificity of the virucidal treatment several fold.
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    Editorial (1998)
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    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 1-1 
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592953
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    Determination of tissue optical properties by steady-state spatial frequency-domain reflectometry (1998)
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    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 55-65 
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    Keywords: Absorption coefficient ; Optical properties ; Reduced scattering coefficient ; Skin ; Spatial frequency-domain reflectometry ; Tissue optics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new non-invasive method to measure the optical properties of biological tissue is described. This method consists of illuminating the investigated sample with light which is spatially periodically modulated in intensity. The spatial modulation of the backscattered light and the diffuse reflectivity of the sample, both detected with an imaging technique, are used to deduce the absorption and reduced scattering coefficient from a table generated by Monte Carlo simulations. This principle has three major advantages: Firstly, it permits the immediate acquisition of the average values of the optical coefficients over a relatively large area (typ. 20 mm in diameter), thus avoiding the perturbations generated by small tissue heterogeneities; It also provides good flexibility for measuring the optical coefficients at various wavelengths and it does not require the use of a detector with a large dynamic range. The method was first validated on phantoms with known optical properties. Finally, we measured the optical properties of human skin at 400 nm, 500 nm, 633 nm and 700 nm in vivo.
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    New Laser Literature (1998)
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    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 82-84 
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    Imaging of Human Skin Lesions Using Multipixel Fourier Transform Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Spectral Imaging (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 112-118 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Acne; Aminolaevulinic acid; Autofluorescence; Basal cell carcinoma; Fluorescence; Fourier transform spectroscopy; Imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. A novel spectral image-analysis system based on Fourier transformed spectroscopy combined with image processing has been used for the in vivo study of porphyrin localisation in human skin lesions. Fluorescence measurements were performed on patients with basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and acne. BCC lesions were examined after a 16-hour topical application of aminolaevulinic acid (ALA); for acne lesions, autofluorescence was studied. The results of fluorescence microscopy of BCC lesions revealed red fluorescence in the stratum corneum, epidermis, pilosebaceous units and in the tumour sites. The in vivo macroscopic examination showed higher protoporphyrin IX (PP) fluorescence in BCC lesions and in acne as compared to the surrounding normal tissue. An enhanced demarcation of the lesions' borders was obtained using the spectral similarity-mapping function.
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    Experimental Studies on the Interaction of LW 10082 (Aprosulphate) with Other Antithrombotic Agents in Laser-Induced Thrombosis (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 132-136 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Antithrombotic agents; Laser-induced thromossis; LW 10082
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible interactions of LW 10082 with several other antithrombotic agents. The antithrombotic effects of all agents were studied in a thrombosis model in which rat mesenteric venules (diameter 20–30 μm) were injured by well-defined argon laser lesions. The number of laser injuries which were needed to induce a thrombus that intermittently occluded the vessel was used to quantify the results. LW 10082 was injected s.c. 2 h before testing. The minimal effective dose which significantly inhibited thrombus formation was 5 mg/kg−1. The minimal effective dose of Daltroban (orally 2 h before testing) was 10 mg/kg−1. At 30 min after i.v. injection of 0.1 mg/kg−1 Molsidomin, a significant antithrombotic activity was present. Ticlopidine inhibited thrombus formation if administered orally for 3 days at a dose of 2×10 mg/kg−1. A 5 mg/kg−1 dose of LW 10082 given together with Molsidomin produced a strong additive effect. The combination of LW 10082 and Daltroban also had a significant additive effect. There was a slight but not significant additive effect between LW 10082 and Ticlopidine. In conclusion, LW 10082 and some other antithrombotic agents show additive effects in the prevention of laser-induced thrombus formation in the rat microcirculation. The clinical use of such combinations seems possible in patients at high risk of thrombotic vascular occlusion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050066
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    Simultaneous Measurement of the Photoplethysmographic Signal Variability in the Right and Left Hands (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 189-195 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Autonomic nervous system; Hemiplegic patients; Photoplethysmography; Tissue blood volume variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: The photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal, which is a measure of the systolic oscillations in the tissue blood volume, spontaneously fluctuates in the respiration rate and in lower frequencies similar to the heart rate fluctuations. In the current study, the low frequency fluctuations, which are attributed to the sympathetic nervous system activity, were obtained from PPG examinations simultaneously performed on the right and the left hands of healthy subjects and hemiplegic patients. For normal subjects, the fluctuations in the two hands were found to be correlated, demonstrating their central origin. For some of the hemiplegic patients, the coefficient of correlation between the right and the left hands was significantly lower than the normal range. The simultaneous measurement of the PPG signal fluctuations in both hands provides information on the adequate function of the autonomic nervous system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050073
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    Ultraviolet Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy Diagnosis of Human Stomach Malignant Tissues (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 209-213 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Cancer diagnosis; Laser-induced fluorescence; Spectra; Stomach; Tissue autofluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: To evaluate the potential of laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy for the detection of premalignant lesions of human stomach, fluorescence properties of stomach tissues have been investigated in vitro and in vivo. A specially made optical fibre probe and the multichannel fluorescence collection system have been used successfully in our research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050076
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    Laser Resistance of Endotracheal Tubes I: Experimental Results of a Compound Tube in Comparison to a Metallic Tube (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 242-252 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Laser-induced ignition of endotracheal tubes; Laser safety; Laser surgery; Upper aerodigestive tract; Vaporisation cooling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Laser-induced ignition of endotracheal tubes is a serious problem in CO2 laser surgery of the upper aerodigestive tract. A new tube built of composite materials with a foam at its surface is protected by vaporisation of water from the wet foam. This tube and a flexible metallic tube of stainless steel were tested experimentally against the radiation of various lasers such as CO2, holmium/YAG, Nd/YAG, Nd/YAG frequency doubled in KD*P, argon and excimer. At laser power densities of 103 W/cm2, the shaft of the metallic tube was damaged within seconds whereas the compound tube was stable for more than 2 min; the damage threshold of the new tube was found to be at 3.2×106 W/cm2. While the compound tube was found to be sufficiently laser resistant, the metallic tube was found to exhibit functional damage, in particular the PVC inflation conduits inside of the tube were destroyed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050003
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    Phototransformation of Sensitisers: 3. Implications for Clinical Dosimetry (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 271-278 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Erythrocyte ghosts; Haematoporphyrin; Hepatoma 22; Human serum albumin; Photodynamic dose; Photoproduct; Photosan; Phototransformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Spectroscopic studies of aqueous solutions of haematoporphyrin-type sensitisers reveal that photobleaching during eposure to light is followed by the formation of stable red-absorbing photoproducts. Experiments in model systems (sensitisers bound to human serum albumin or in a suspension of resealed erythrocyte ‘ghosts’) and in tumour tissue show that similar photomodification takes place in all investigated environments. Loss of total absorption and emission intensities is accompanied by an increase of absorption in the red spectral region (630–650 nm) which is used for the treatment of tumours because of the deeper penetration of light into tissues. This should be taken into account when the duration of illumination is chosen to reach an appropriate photodynamic dose using Hp-type sensitisers in the photodynamic treatment of tumours.
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    Evaluation of the Bactericidal Activity on Oral Organisms of the Nd-YAP Laser In Vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 288-292 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Dental root canal; Infection; Laser; Treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The bactericidal activity of a pulsed fibre-optic Nd-YAP laser on various strains of oral bacteria: Prevotella nigrescens, Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus (i), Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Peptostreptococcus micros (i) was evaluated. A 200-μm optical fibre was placed in Eppendorf tubes containing the different bacterial suspensions. At an energy of 170 mJ/30 Hz, 351 pulses of 150 μs were sufficient to kill the most resistant bacteria (i). The exposure time was 28 s. The temperature rise caused by the shots were measured in vitro at the surface of the roots of two groups of 10 single-rooted teeth. One group received 350 pulses; for the other the preparation time was fixed at 28 s. The temperature rose by 25.66°C for the first group and 25.25°C for the second.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050010
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    Laser Therapy in Maintenance of the Patency of Expandable Metal Stents (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 20-23 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Diode laser; Expandable metal stent; Malignant dysphagia; Nd-YAG; Overgrowth; Tumour in-growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Re-establishment of the oesophageal lumen is the main focus of care in patients with dysphagia due to re-blockage of in situ expandable metal stent (EMS). A total of 51 patients aged 44–89 years were intubated with EMS for dysphagia due to inoperable oesophagogastric carcinoma. Of these patients, 25 required follow-up endoscopy at variable intervals after stent insertion; 17 patients were found to have significant tumour in-growth (9), overgrowth (4) or both (4). All these patients were treated with Nd-YAG (70 W/s) or diode laser (30–50 W, continuous) for maintenance of satisfactory swallowing. The intensity of tumour ablation was similar with both types of lasers but four patients being treated with Nd-YAG laser developed deformity of EMS. This complication was not encountered with diode laser. The timing of the stent insertion should be carefully chosen since the longer the stent is in situ, the greater is the likelihood of tumour ingrowth or overgrowth. The combination of endoscopic laser therapy (ELT) and EMS may offer the best palliation, particularly when patient survival of several months is anticipated. ELT can effectively deal with tumour in-growth and overgrowth but care must be exercised in the use of Nd-YAG which can damage the structure of the EMS.
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    The Holmium Laser for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Brief Review (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 86-90 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Benign prostatic hyperplasia; Enucleation; Holmium; Laser; Prostatectomy; Resection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. At a wavelength of 2140 nm, the holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser can be used for incision, ablation and resection of prostatic tissue. This laser has revolutionised the surgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in our institution. Five different techniques have been utilised in evolving the current techniques using the Ho:YAG laser either alone or in combination with neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG laser for the surgical management of BPH. The clinical outcome of 664 patients undergoing these procedures is presented. Enucleation of the prostatic adenoma using the holmium laser energy is the most common procedure presently performed at our institution for the surgical management of BPH. A mechanical tissue morcellator appears to be the most efficient way to remove prostatic tissue, once enucleated, from within the bladder.
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    Fibrin Plugging as a Cause of Microcirculatory Occlusion During Photodynamic Therapy (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 129-135 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Microcirculation; Mono-l-aspartyl chlorin-e-6 (Npe-6); Photodynamic therapy (PDT); Vascular shut-down
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. An experimental system that allows the white light observation of rapid changes in vessels without disturbance by red laser light was used. Mice were injected with mono-l-aspartyl chlorin-e-6 (Npe-6) i.v. via the tail vein and were immediately exposed to laser light. White emboli were observed forming on the inside of the vessel walls within seconds after commencement of light exposure. Emboli adhered to vessel walls and caused vascular obstruction. Light microscopy of the exposed material using fibrin staining was performed. Electron microscopy on the same material was also carried out. The embolisation time was influenced by both drug dose and laser power. With low laser power, it took a long time to stop the blood flow. Fibrin staining revealed the white emboli to be composed of fibrin. Electron microscopy findings revealed damage to endothelial cells and platelet aggregation. This study suggests that two main mechanisms (direct cellular damage and vascular shut-down ) might actually be complementary and synergistic in the production of vascular lesions using photodynamic therapy.
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    Editorial (1999)
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    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 167-167 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050079
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    The Treatment of Spider Naevi with the Tunable Dye Laser (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 175-176 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Laser; Spider naevus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . A total of 112 spider naevi in 86 patients were treated with the tunable dye laser with a wavelength of 585 nm and pulse duration of 450 µs (SPTL 1, Candela Corporation, Wayland, MA). Complete ablation of the spider telangiectasia was achieved in 81 lesions (72.3%) partial ablation was achieved in 27 lesions (24.1%) and four (3.6%) lesions had no response to treatment. Transient hyperpigmentation was noted in one patient and minimal scarring in the form of a slight depression over the treated area was noted in another patient. The pulsed dye laser is shown to be effective in the treatment of spider naevi.
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    Removal of Epulis Fissuratum Associated to Vestibuloplasty with Carbon Dioxide Laser (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 203-206 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Carbon dioxide laser; Epulis fissuratum; Laser; Vestibuloplasty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . There have been numerous surgical techniques developed for removing the epulis fissuratum lesions in order to improve alveolar ridge contour and improving adaptation of full prostheses. Most of these techniques can cause postoperative complications, such as oedema, pain, difficulty in swallowing and jaw movements, haemorrhage, infections and slow placement of final prostheses. The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for the surgical removal of epulis lesions has resulted in many significant improvements including convenient mucosa removal, no bleeding or need for sutures, and minimal postoperative pain and oedema. This study is of 15 cases of removal of extensive epulis with vestibuloplasty in the maxilla and mandible that was carried out with CO2 laser, with no postoperative complications, rapid healing, and excellent aesthetic and functional outcome, all of which allowed for more rapid placement of final prosthesis.
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    Laser-Activated Solid Protein Solder for Nerve Repair: In Vitro Studies of Tensile Strength and Solder/Tissue Temperature (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 228-237 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Feedback control; Indocyanine green dye; Laser-activated solid protein solder strips; Nerve repair; Temperature monitoring; Tensile strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . Laser-activated solid protein solder strips have been developed for peripheral nerve repair. Indocyanine green dye added to the solder strongly absorbs diode wavelengths (∼800 nm) and causes localised heating and coagulation of the albumin protein solder. The protein strengthens the tissue join, particularly during the acute healing phase postoperative, while shielding the underlying axons from excessive thermal damage. In this investigation of the solid protein solder technique for nerve repair, the effect of laser irradiance on weld strength and solder and tissue temperature were studied. The tensile strength of repaired nerves rose steadily with increased irradiance reaching a maximum of 105±10 N/cm2 at 12.7 W/cm2. At higher irradiances, tensile strength fell. The maximum temperature reached at the solder surface and at the solder/nerve interface, measured using a non-contact fibre optic radiometer and thermocouple, respectively, also rose steadily with laser irradiance. At 12.7 W/cm2, the temperatures reached at the surface and at the interface were 88±5°C and 71±4°C, respectively. This in vitro investigation demonstrates the feasibility of the laser-activated solid protein solder strips for peripheral nerve repair. The laser irradiance and the corresponding solder surface temperature for optimal tensile strength have been identified.
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    Aminolaevulinic Acid-induced Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Dysplastic Barrett's Oesophagus and Adenocarcinoma (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 278-285 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Adenocarcinoma; Aminolaevulinic acid; Barrett's oesophagus; Dysplasia; Photodynamic therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may have a role in the prevention of oesophageal cancer. Ten patients with Barrett's oesophagus, three with low-grade dysplasia (LGD), four with high-grade dysplasia (HGD), one with carcinoma in situ and two with invasive carcinoma, were treated with PDT. All received 30 mg/kg aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) followed 4 h later by laser endoscopy. Half were treated with red light (630 nm; 100 mW/cm2 for 1000 s) and half with green light (514 nm; 100 mW/cm2 for 500 s). Columnar epithelial regression was seen in all patients with dysplasia (mean area decrease 44%; range 10–100%), with apparent elimination of dysplasia in all cases. In patients with in situ or invasive carcinoma, no response was seen. ALA-induced PDT, using either red or green light, produces effective ablation of dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus, hence may have a role in the prevention of oesophageal carcinoma, but has little effect on in situ or invasive adenocarcinoma.
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    A transformation system for interactive reformulation of design optimization strategies (1998)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 10 (1998), S. 30-61 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Design ; Formulation ; Optimization ; Reformulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Automatic design optimization is highly sensitive to problem formulation. The choice of objective function, constraints and design parameters can dramatically impact on the computational cost of optimization and the quality of the resulting design. The best formulation varies from one application to another. A design engineer will usually not know the best formulation in advance. To address this problem, we have developed a system that supports interactive formulation, testing and reformulation of design optimization strategies. Our system includes an executable, data-flow language for representing optimization strategies. The language allows an engineer to define multiple stages of optimization, each using different approximations of the objective and constraints or different abstractions of the design space. We have also developed a set of transformations that reformulate strategies represented in our language. The transformations can approximate objective and constraint functions, abstract or reparameterize search spaces, or divide an optimization process into multiple stages. The system is applicable in principle to any design problem that can be expressed in terms of constrained optimization; however, we expect the system to be most useful when the design artifact is governed by algebraic and ordinary differential equations. We have tested the system on problems of racing yacht design and jet engine nozzle design. We report experimental results demonstrating that our reformulation techniques can significantly improve the performance of automatic design optimization. Our research demonstrates the viability of a reformulation methodology that combines symbolic program transformation with numerical experimentation. It is an important first step in a research program aimed at automating the entire strategy formulation process.
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    Experimental observation of iteration in engineering design (1998)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 10 (1998), S. 107-117 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Design quality ; Experimental observation ; Iteration ; Process modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper uses a laboratory experimental setting to make observations about the iteration process in engineering design. Iteration is an important and ubiquitous feature of engineering design. Previous research has constructed prescriptive mathematical models of the iteration process in an attempt to aid the design manager. In this paper, experimental observations are made about design iteration in a group setting, and those observations are compared with the existing models of the iteration process. Some correspondence with existing models is noted, although there are also significant differences. These differences could be used to improve the mathematical models of the iteration process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01616691
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    A hierarchical classification scheme to define and order the design space for integral snap-fit assembly (1998)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 10 (1998), S. 94-106 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Classification scheme ; Integral attachment ; Mechanical attachment ; Snap-fits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The diversity of integral attachment snap-fit feature types (e.g. cantilever hooks, bayonet-fingers, compressive hooks, annular snaps, and others), and their possible combinations, sizes and locations and orientations on parts to enable assembly has made it appear that design possibilities may be unbounded. Attempts at understanding, no less optimization, seemed intractable. This paper presents a hierarchical classification scheme that brings order to the design space, and uses that classification scheme to define boundaries and size of the design space for achieving attachment at a level above feature detailing. Classification is based on the essential geometry of parts being assembled. The result is surprising order and simplicity, and the ability to reduce viable options for any assembly situation to a number (e.g. 8–10) that will permit true optimization.
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    Of green monkeys and failed affordances: A case study of a mechanical engineering design course (1998)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 10 (1998), S. 118-128 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Design education ; Design learning ; Distributed cognition ; Inscriptional systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article reports on an ethnographic study of a mechanical engineering design class. The findings are based on participant observation of one student design team of three students as they designed, tested and built an engineered solution to a problem over a period of ten weeks. The paper describes the curricular efforts to provide social and material affordances both for learning and doing design, and the failure of students on the observed team to take up those affordances. It offers explanations for failure within a framework of conflicting classroom views and pedagogic issues. It discusses the implications of the observed student behavior for design education in general, and mechanical engineering design, in particular.
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    Axiomatic Design Theory for Systems (1998)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 10 (1998), S. 189-209 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words: Architecture; Axioms; Independence; Information; Design; Systems; Theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: A general theory for system design is presented based on axiomatic design. The theory is applicable to many different kinds of systems, including machines, large systems, software systems, organizations, and systems consisting of a combination of hardware and software. Systems are represented by means of a system architecture, which takes the form of the {FR}/{DP}/{PV}hierarchies, a ‘junction-module’ diagram, and the ‘flow diagram’. The ‘flow diagram’ for system architecture concisely represents the system design, the relationship among modules, and the control sequence in operating systems. The flow diagram of the system architecture can be used for many different tasks: design, construction, operation, modification, and maintenance of the system. It should also be useful for distributed design and operation of systems, diagnosis of system failures, and for archival documentation.
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    Expertise in engineering design (1998)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 10 (1998), S. 141-149 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Expertise ; Engineering design ; Problem framing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Most studies of designer behavior are limited to studies of novice or average-ability designers. We have studied two outstanding, expert designers, and are able to draw some parallels between their design strategies. We note that they both take a systemic view of the design situation, choose to frame their view of the problem in a challenging way, and draw upon first principles to guide both their overall concept and detailed design. Studying expert designers should enable us to identify the seeds of ‘best practice’. This should be useful in design practice and in education, for guiding the development of better-than-average designers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607156
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    Computerized product process: Measurement and continuous improvement (1998)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 10 (1998), S. 166-177 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Business process reengineering ; Performance measurement ; Product development ; Networked information technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Product development has until recently been considered pure art instead of being a controllable process. However, the current competitive environment has forced companies to take a closer look in the way new products are being developed. A key element in this assessment is the development of a set of metrics, which describe the whole product development process. This article explores the data-based opportunities for continuous improvement in the product development process emerging alongside the increasing utilization of networked Information Technology (IT) applications. Based on data from information systems in the case-study companies, three different product process visualizations are presented. Each visualization is discussed both from the viewpoint of its explanatory power as well as its limitations. The results of the case-studies clearly indicate that the computerization of the engineering and design processes is generating new ways of measuring, understanding and improving product development. The appropriate measures combined with open communication and a learning environment can be used to create a cycle of continually improving the product development process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607158
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    Automatic Meshing and Remeshing in the Simultaneous Engineering Context (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 55-66 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Advancing front techniques – CAD/CAM – Mesh generation – Nodal density – Remeshing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: This paper presents a method to integrate in a better way the finite element method in the CAD/CAM process for two-dimensional problems, through efficient and automatic meshing and remeshing procedures. During the design step, the lack of integration between geometric modeling and numerical analysis remains a crucial problem and it still tends to restrain the use of finite element methods to a small number of engineers. Here we tackle the problem of the automatic remeshing of an object in the context of minor changes in its geometry and topology without restarting the mesh generation from the beginning. We have developed a mesh generator that is able to adapt a previous mesh, through two complementary strategies (for 2D cases) to a new geometry without destroying the whole initial discretization. We also present the possible extension of these concepts to three-dimensional problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001630050005
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    Designing Assemblies (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 229-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Assembly – Assembly sequence analysis – Feature-based design of assemblies – Kinematic assembly – Kinematic constraint – Screw theory – Tolerance analysis of assemblies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. This paper presents a theory to support the design of assemblies. It brings together prior work in a new synthesis, resulting in a top-down process for designing assemblies so that they deliver geometric Key Characteristics (KCs) that achieve top level customer requirements. The theory applies to assemblies that take the form of mechanisms (e.g. engines) or structures (e.g. aircraft fuselages), but has less relevance to assemblies that take the form of connective or distributive systems (e.g. hydraulic piping). The theory shows how kinematically constrained (statically determinate) assemblies can be unambiguously designed to satisfy geometrically-defined customer requirements. The top-down process presented here begins by creating a kinematic constraint structure and a systematic scheme by which parts are located in space relative to each other, followed by declaration of assembly features that join parts in such a way as to create the desired constraint relationships. This process captures design intent by creating a connective data model that contains information to support relevant analyses such as variation buildup, constraint analysis, and establishment of constraint-consistent assembly sequences. Adjustable assemblies, assemblies built using fixtures, and selective assemblies can also be described by this theory. Problems arising from multiple KCs and KC conflict can be identified. Issues unresolved by the theory are also noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001630050017
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    Using an evolutionary algorithm for catalog design (1998)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 10 (1998), S. 63-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Catalog design ; Configuration design ; Genetic algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes an evolutionary algorithm that was developed for catalog design. This algorithm is based on genetic algorithms, but uses an object-oriented coding scheme to represent a design, and introduces unique crossover and mutation operators. To account for the dependence of system performance on both system configuration and component selection, the evolutionary algorithm allows for simultaneous alterations of configurations and components. This new approach allows the consideration of alternate configurations and allows the configurations to evolve to make the best use of the available components. Using this evolutionary algorithm, a piping system was designed in which cooling fluid was delivered to three machines on a manufacturing floor at specified pressures and flow rates. The algorithm was able to find good designs that satisfied the given design specifications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01616688
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    Understanding conceptual electronic design using protocol analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 10 (1998), S. 129-140 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Design process ; Design protocols ; Design research ; Function-behaviour-structure model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Many theories about the process, of design have been derived from prescriptive or descriptive analysis. There have been few attempts to empirically test these theories. Protocol analysis facilitates detailed inspection of the design process allowing design task analysis across the temporal dimension. Some hypotheses about the design process, derived from the literature, are objectively tested using results obtained from protocol analyses of various electronics designers engaged in conceptual design. Support for the hypotheses is found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607155
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    Effective practices in design transfer (1998)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 10 (1998), S. 178-188 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Management ; Organizations ; Practices ; Reuse ; Transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The notion of transferring existing design solutions to new design problems is a basic one. Transfer provides a means of tackling increasing complexity, of limiting risks and costs, and of capitalizing on experience. In practice, in design organizations, it can be hard to judge the outcome of transfer because there can be several, often obscure benefits and drawbacks. This work is therefore an attempt to identify effective practices towards transfer on the part of designers and design managers. It is based on a qualitative analysis of 50 unstructured interviews carried out with members of two commercial design organizations. The practices were classified inductively in 15 main categories, of which the most heavily populated were associativity-improving, criteria-broadening, effort-reducing, environment-influencing, error-averting and motivation-addressing. The results have both a practical relevance (since most of the effective practices could be readily taught to novice designers) and a more theoretical relevance (showing what designers believe makes design transfer problematic).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607159
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    Producibility Analysis Using Metrics Based on Physical Process Models (1998)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 10 (1998), S. 210-225 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words: Concurrent engineering; Design for manufacturing; Extrusions; Producibility analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: This paper presents an approach to evaluating producibility which is intended to enhance the ability of engineers to quickly design low-cost and high-quality parts. We divide all production processes into two categories: trajectory-dominated processes in which a generic tool is moved in a trajectory to form the part shape, and process-physics-dominated processes in which shaped tools are used to form similarly shaped parts. We focus on process-physics-dominated processes and on producibility problems that arise because of part shape. We argue that for these processes the currently popular approach of representing parts as collections of geometric features may be inappropriate for evaluating producibility. We propose an alternative approach and representation. Our approach consists of first identifying the different failure modes of the process and then defining producibility metrics corresponding to the likelihood of encountering each failure mode. This set of metrics is used to represent the degree to which a part is easily manufactured. Finally, we demonstrate this approach by developing a set of metrics for evaluating the producibility of aluminum extrusions. We use extrusions from the Boeing 777 to validate the metrics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001639870002
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    A Taxonomy for Design Requirements from Corporate Customers (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 103-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Design – QFD – Requirements – Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: We have developed a taxonomy that classifies those needs of a corporation that impact product design. We call these needs corporate requirements. In contrast to the consumer or end-user requirements, corporate requirements come from internal sources such as marketing, finance, manufacturing, and service. This taxonomy allows for an organized method of gathering, managing, and retrieving the requirements. The taxonomy also helps to facilitate a broader, clearer form of Quality Function Deployment. Generic in nature, this taxonomy provides a template with which to create taxonomies for a given product within a given company or industry. We include an industrial case study to demonstrate this concept.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00003882
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    Extracting alternative machining features: An algorithmic approach (1995)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 7 (1995), S. 173-192 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Design critique ; Feature-based recognition ; Feature recognition ; Manufacturing alternatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Automated recognition of features from CAD models has been attempted for a wide range of application domains. In this article we address the problem of representing and recognizing a complete class of features in alternative interpretation for a given design. We present a methodology for recognizing a class of machinable features and addressing the computational problems posed by the existence of feature-based alternatives. Our approach addresses a class of volumetric features that describe material removal volumes made by operations on three-axis vertical machining centers, including drilling, pocket-milling, slot-milling, face-milling, chamfering, filleting, and blended surfaces. This approach recognizes intersecting features and is complete over all features in our class; i.e., for any given part, the algorithm produces a set containing all features in our class that correspond to possible operations for machining that part. This property is of particular significance in applications where consideration of different manufacturing alternatives is crucial. This approach employs a class of machinable features expressible as MRSEVs (a STEP-based library of machining features). An example of this methodology has been implemented using the ACIS solid modeler and the National Institute's of Health C++ class library.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01638098
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    Representation of function-form relationship for the conceptual design of stamped metal parts (1995)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 7 (1995), S. 253-269 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Conceptual design representation ; Function-form relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Design representation of parts during conceptual design stage has been a challenging task because of the incompleteness of the information available. Traditional geometric design requires too much information on the geometric attributes, and does not consider the functionality of the part any more than that provided by individual features. Functional design in the form of 〈verb, noun〉 representation does not have adequate correlation with the geometric design. In this article, we propose a new form of the design representation of parts during conceptual design. The representation is calledsketching abstraction. In this representation, the discretionary geometry of the part that has functional relevance is captured using functional features, while the non-discretionary geometry is represented using a linkage mechanism. The functional features are related to the part function using data structures calledfunction-form matrices. The sketching abstraction is annotated with a set of primitives, and a grammar has been developed that parses the sketch to extract a set of canonical relationships between the functional features. These relationships can be used to extract part designs that are functionally similar but geometrically dissimilar. The sketching abstraction has a relationship with the solid model of the part as well. Thus we attempt to bridge the gap between function and form representations and provide the designer with a tool that can be used for generating design alternatives. We illustrate the theory developed in the domain of stamped metal parts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580462
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    QFD: The problem of comparing technical/engineering design requirements (1995)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 7 (1995), S. 270-278 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Cardinal scale ; Decision making ; Multiplecriteria decision aiding (MCDA) ; Ordinal scale ; Quality function deployment (QFD)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An approach based on multiple-criteria decision aid (MCDA) methods has been introduced for the prioritization of technical/engineering design requirements during the quality function deployment (QFD) process. The proposed method allows the avoidance of the rigid procedure under which the relationship matrix coefficients are turned from an ordinal into a cardinal scale. A comparison analysis is carried out between the “traditional” approach and the proposed one. A numerical example is also provided so as to highlight the main differences between the two methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580463
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    CADET: A software support tool for constraint processes in embodiment design (1996)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 8 (1996), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Embodiment design ; Constraint-based design ; Product-models ; Simulated annealing ; Genetic algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract For the last two decades there has been an attempt to put more “design” in computer-aided design (CAD) through improving CAD for conceptual design, embodiment design, design for manufacturing, and design for environment. This article presents computational methods for supporting constraint specification and satisfaction in mechanical embodiment design. The methods were tested and their feasibility verified through the implementation of the prototype software support tool, CADET (computer-aided-design embodiment tool). CADET is capable of rapidly specifying and satisfying large sets of algebraic design constraints. This article describes the product model developed to maintain design information and describes the use of generic component libraries to automate the specification of design constraints. In addition, adaptive search algorithms to find feasible designs to satisfy the imposed constraints are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01616553
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    Axiomatic design of a microcellular filament extrusion system (1996)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 8 (1996), S. 166-177 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Axiomatic design ; Extrusion ; Microcellular plastics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a case study of axiomatic design for a microcellular polymer processing system with particular emphasis on the continuous formation of a polymer/gas solution. The objective is to design a continuous processing system for the manufacture of microcellular polymers, which are characterized by cell densities greater than 109 cells/cm3 and cells smaller than 10 µm. Conventional microcellular polymers are produced in batch processes by first forming a polymer/gas solution followed by rapidly decreasing the solubility of gas in the polymer resulting in the nucleation and growth of bubbles. The main strategy for the design of a new continuous processing system is to integrate these two major steps into an extrusion process such that the overall process is decoupled. The axiomatic design principles are effectively used as a structured framework for the design of the overall system and for the detailed design of each stage as well. The resulting microcellular plastics extrusion system has independently controllable functions at each stage via an appropriate design parameter. The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic design procedure emphasizing the continuous polymer/gas solution system, illustrating the decomposition of the functional requirements and design parameters, the zigzagging required between the design domains for decomposition, and the use of the design axioms during the design of a microcellular polymer manufacturing system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608351
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    An engineering design methodology with multistage Bayesian surrogates and optimal sampling (1996)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 8 (1996), S. 189-206 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Bayesian statistics ; Data-adaptive optimal sampling ; Design Methodology ; Embedded electronics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an adaptive, surrogate-based, engineering design methodology for the efficient use of numerical simulations of physical models. These surrogates are nonlinear regression models fitted with data obtained from deterministic numerical simulations using optimal sampling. A multistage Bayesian procedure is followed in the formulation of surrogates to support the evolutionary nature of engineering design. Information from computer simulations of different levels of accuracy and detail is integrated, updating surrogates sequentially to improve their accuracy. Data-adaptive optimal sampling is conducted by minimizing the sum of the eigenvalues of the prior covariance matrix. Metrics to quantify prediction errors are proposed and tested to evaluate surrogate accuracy given cost and time constraints. The proposed methodology is tested with a known analytical function to illustrate accuracy and cost tradeoffs. This methodology is then applied to the thermal design of embedded electronic packages with five design parameters. Temperature distributions of embedded electronic chip configurations are calculated using spectral element direct numerical simulations. Surrogates, built from 30 simulations in two stages, are used to predict responses of new design combinations and to minimize the maximum chip temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01597226
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    Upper and lower limits for ‘the principles of design’ (1996)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 8 (1996), S. 207-216 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Axiomatic design ; Design evaluation ; Evaluation hypothesis ; Pi-theorem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Until now, theindependence axiom and theinformation axiom stated in axiomatic design are based on inductive conclusions. These inductive conclusions are justified by design case experience and a claim of the non-existence of any known counter-example. For the independence axiom, a theoretical framework and proof are provided under the assumption that the recently stated evaluation hypothesis applies. This evaluation hypothesis postulates that ‘any minimal description in the sense of the Pi-theorem is an evaluation’, thus using the similarity theory of physics to establish an evaluation model for the purpose of engineering design analysis. For the information axiom a proof is also provided which leads to a different interpretation. The fact that engineering design case experiences coincide with proofs which naturally result from the evaluation hypothesis provides another piece of evidence for its validity. In this respect, the evaluation hypothesis appears to be a further step towards the establishment of a physically justifiable future science base for engineering design purposes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01597227
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    A CAD-based tool for development of large layouts (1996)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 8 (1996), S. 217-228 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Complex systems ; Complex train equipment ; 3-D CAD systems ; Design ; Development ; Geometric abstraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper focuses on the development of a CAD-based tool for the design of complex systems layout, where the primary objective is to compress time to market. We describe the concept for a library which contains necessary information for the conceptual stage of the design process based on the features technology. The stored information has both geometric and non-geometric characteristics. Geometric information is the core of the CAD-based tool. It is in the form of a geometry library which contains systematically abstracted 3-D CAD models. We introduce guidelines for geometric abstraction so that large layouts can be constructed and analysed in 3-D CAD systems. Besides a simplified version of the virtual model of a product, non-geometric information such as functionality, mode of action, costs, material properties, etc., are provided. The method described has been applied for the design of complex train equipment. The results reveal that the lead time required to develop an equipment layout is reduced to about 70 compared with early designs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01597228
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    A semi-analytic approach to robust design in the conceptual design phase (1996)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 8 (1996), S. 229-239 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Conceptual design ; Design variability ; Parameter design ; Robust design ; Sensitivity analysis ; System design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract One of the most important contributions to quality engineering over the last decades is the concept of robust design and its accomplishment through the use of various experimental methods. However, the prerequisite for successful parameter design in terms of a robust solution principle is seldom discussed. Methods that explicitly aid robust design in the conceptual design phase exist but are few. This article forwards the suggestion to use the principles behind the error transmission formula as a semi-analytic method for evaluation of robustness of concept solutions, prior to entering Taguchi's parameter design stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01597229
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    Teaching engineering design: Can reading a textbook make a difference? (1996)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 8 (1996), S. 240-250 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Engineering education ; Engineering design ; Verbal protocol analysis ; Text comprehension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Teaching design is an integral part of most engineering curricula. Often, students are introduced to the engineering design process through a chapter in a textbook. Does this passive approach to teaching an active process aid the students' learning? An experiment was conducted to assess what students learn about the design process when they read a text. Here, 10 students enrolled in a freshman course were asked to read aloud from a freshmen engineering textbook. Half of the subjects read the text prior to solving three open-ended engineering design problems and the other half solved the same problems before they read the text. Both the subjects' process in solving the problems, as well as the quality of their solutions (the product), are assessed. Results show that subjects that read the text before they solved the three problems spent significantly more time solving the problems and were more sophisticated in their problem solving strategies. These subjects also scored better when judged on the quality of their approach to the problem (including the number of design criteria considered, communications, assumptions, and technical accuracy). However, these subjects did not score better on a quality measure of the final solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01597230
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    Standardized observation of team-work in design (1997)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 9 (1997), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Design methods ; Engineering design analysis ; Team-work
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In the research project ‘Team-work in Engineering Design Practice’, engineers and psychologists investigate design processes in industry by detailed observation. The aim is to comprehend how the external conditions in conjunction with the individual designer's and the group's prerequisites influence the design process and the solution. Therefore, the design process has to be documented in a standardized form. The paper presents a method for standardized observation of design team-work in industrial practice. In an example of an observed and recorded group setting, some abilities of the protocol analysis methods are demonstrated. After discussing the non-participating observation of design processes with on-line recordings, the planned future work is introduced. Apart from further investigation methods, experiences from first investigations in industry are mentioned.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607053
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    A model for synchronous collaborative design using CAD and database management (1997)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 9 (1997), S. 85-98 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: CAD ; Collaboration ; Databases ; Design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Collaborative design is currently supported through the integration of graphical representations with relational databases and the distribution of data and applications across local and wide area networks. Recent developments in computer support for synchronous collaboration have led to the development of multi-user drawing boards and video conferencing software for remote meetings. The extension of CAD for use in a collaborative design session changes the focus of collaborative design from a distribution of data to a shared workspace. Combining CAD with the concept of multi-user software introduces issues of shared visualisation and shared decision making. A model for the integration of CAD and database management in a collaborative design session is presented within a client server architecture, and an implementation of this model using AutoCAD as the shared CAD system is described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01596484
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    Generalised models of design interation using signal flow graphs (1997)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 9 (1997), S. 112-123 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Design iteration ; Design process modeling ; Product development lead time ; Signal flow graphs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Changing customer preferences, demand for quality, and new technologies have led to very short product life cycles. This requires firms to have short product development lead times while keeping product costs low and quality high in order to stay competitive. In this context, we focus on improved understanding of time-consuming design iterations. We are creating tools for modeling product development projects in order to predict the performance of product development organisations. In this paper, signal flow graphs are presented as a flexible tool for design process modeling, and illustrated using an industrial example. Analysis of the model allows computation of the probability distribution of lead time and identification of the key drivers of lead time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01596486
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    Mechanism concept retrieval using configuration space (1997)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 9 (1997), S. 99-111 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Computer-aided design ; Conceptual design ; Database ; Mechanism design ; Qualitative configuration space ; Spatial reasoning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract When designing mechanisms, making use of examples in past designs and handbooks should lead to cost reduction by promoting the sharing of parts and subassemblies among the products as well as reduction of time and effort. At present, however, the process of surveying design examples is left almost entirely to human designers and little computerised aid has been developed. We propose a computerised method of retrieving mechanism concepts from a library by specifying a required behaviour using qualitative configuration space as a retrieval index. First, mechanism concepts and their kinematics characteristics are described and stored in a computerised library using qualitative configuration spaces accompanined by additional information such as motion type and motion transmission direction. To retrieve mechanism concepts which realise specific kinematic behaviour, designers specify the required behaviour as timing charts of given input and intended output motions. Motion types, motion transmission direction, and motion speed dependence of the input and output motions can also be specified. Computer programs translate the required timing charts into required locus patterns in motion parameter space, and then available mechanism concepts to realise the behaviour are retrieved based on pattern matching between the qualitative configuration spaces and the locus patterns. The method is implemented as an experimental computer program written in Prolog and applied to simple mechanism design problems as examples to confirm the effectiveness of the approach.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01596485
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    A tool for the conceptual design of production and operations systems (1997)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 9 (1997), S. 146-167 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Conceptual design ; Ideation ; Inferential design theory ; Operations systems ; Production systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a conceptual design tool, based upon inferential design theory. It has been specifically developed for the design of production and operations systems, but its use can be extended to other engineering areas, such as mechanical and structural systems. Inferential design theory and its foundation in the inferential theory of learning are briefly outlined. Both theories are based on the idea of using specialised knowledge operators in learning and design, termed knowledge transmutations and design knowledge transmutations respectively. The 24 transmutations existing in the two theories are outlined, and a further 12 design-specific transmutations are proposed. These have been developed as a result of our research. A conceptual design process is proposed, in which design knowledge transmutations are used. A software tool for design, CREDO, is also described and an example of its use in the generation of design concepts for an after-sales service facility is presented. The conclusions discuss the initial methodological experience of using CREDO to generate design concepts. They are based on the introductory use of CREDO at Technion in Israel for teaching purposes. Directions for further research are also provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01596600
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  • 194
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    Sensitive factor for position tolerance (1997)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 9 (1997), S. 228-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Deviation orientation ; Position tolerance ; Sensitivity study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A tolerance sensitivity study evaluates the influence of each component tolerance on the assembly tolerance. It is crucial to the improvement to tolerance design. This paper discusses a difficulty in evaluating the sensitive factors of some geometric tolerances (e.g. the position tolerance), due to their connections with a random orientation angle α. An average sensitive factor over α is proposed for the position tolerance. The usefulness of the average sensitive factor is demonstrated through a mechanical example.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01589684
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  • 195
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    Nanobiotechnology Center (NBTC) (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 91-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017268818862
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  • 196
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    NanoLaser/Microfluidic BioChip for Realtime Tumor Pathology (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 111-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: tumor pathology semiconductor microfabrication microfluidics nanolasers ; nanotechnology cytometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Through recent interdisciplinary scientific research, modern medicine has significantly advanced the diagnosis and treatment of disease. However, little progress has been made in reducing the death rate due to cancer, which remains the leading cause of death in much of the world. Pathologists routinely rely on microscopic examination of cell morphology using methods that originated over a hundred years ago. These staining methods are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and frequently in error. New micro-analytical methods1 (JBM, 1998; Harrison et al., 1993; Ramsey et al., 1995; Mauro Ferrari, Lynn Jelinski, 1994; Anderson et al., 1996; Carlson et al., 1996) for high speed (real time) automated screening of tissues and cells are critical to advancing pathology and hold the potential for improving diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. By teaming experts in semiconductor physics, microfabrication, surface chemistry, film synthesis, and fluid mechanics with microbiologists and medical doctors, we are investigating nanostructured biochips to assess the condition of tumor cells by quantifying total protein content. This technique has the potential to quickly identify a cell population that has begun rapid protein synthesis and mitosis, characteristic of tumor cell proliferation. By incorporating microfluidic flow of cells inside the laser microcavity for the first time, we have enabled high throughput screening of cells in their native state, without need of chemical staining, in a sensitive nanodevice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009945603841
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  • 197
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    Microfabrication Technology for the Production of Capillary Array Electrophoresis Chips (1998)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1998), S. 7-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: DNA Analysis ; capillary array electrophoresis ; confocal fluorescence detection ; multiplex sample injection ; glass micromachining ; capillary electrophoresis chips
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Improvements in the fabrication, sample handling and electrical addressing of capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) chips have permitted the development of high density, high-throughput devices capable of analyzing 48 samples in about 20 minutes. The fabrication of high density capillary arrays on 10 cm diameter substrates required the characterization of glasses that yield high quality etches and the development of improved sacrificial etch masks. Using these improved fabrication techniques, high-quality, deep channel etches are routinely obtained. Methods for bonding large area substrates and for drilling arrays of 100 or more access holes have also been developed. For easier sample introduction, we use an array of sample wells fabricated from an elastomeric sheet. The practicality of these technologies is demonstrated through the analysis of 12 DNA samples in parallel on a microfabricated CAE chip, the development of methods for injecting multiple samples onto a single capillary without cross contamination, and the operation of a microfabricated array of 12 capillaries with 4 sample injections per capillary that can analyze 48 samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009922004301
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  • 198
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    Hemocompatible Polyethylene Glycol Films on Silicon (1998)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1998), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: self-assembled ; surface modification ; silicon ; PEG ; ESCA ; hemocompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A simple hemocompatibility-enhancing technique for immobilizing a self-assembled polyethylene glycol multilayer onto silicon surfaces is introduced. It involves the functionalization of PEG by SiCl3 groups on its chain ends, and the reaction of the PEG organosilicon derivatives with hydroxylated groups on silicon surfaces. Surface properties of the treated surfaces were characterized by contact angle measurement, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, and ellipsometry. The coated PEG self-assembled molecular film showed effective suppression in both plasma protein adsorption and platelet adhesion to silicon surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009938507935
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  • 199
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    Editorial (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1999), S. 97-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009942606031
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  • 200
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    DNA Analysis in Microfabricated Formats (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1999), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The use of microfabricated DNA analysis tools utilizing microfluidics will provide the next generation of inexpensive DNA diagnostics. It will also provide methodologies to measure gene expression in a massively parallel manner, eventually providing the methodologies to measure most or all the human genes of significance on a single chip. These technologies, including PCR analysis, electrophoresis and gene chips are described using examples from the archival literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009992306940
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