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  • Articles  (269)
  • growth  (269)
  • Springer  (269)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Cell Press
  • 1995-1999  (269)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partitioning of fat and protein in energy retention of growing animals (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01617802
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient intake and protein metabolism: responses to feeding (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 332-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nutrient intake ; protein metabolism ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energy expenditures ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; Proteinsynthese ; Wachstum ; Energieaufwand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Zunahme von fettfreiem Gewebe tritt auf, wenn die Proteinsynthese größer ist als der Proteinabbau. Obwohl während des Wachstums von der Geburt bis zur Reife die absoluten Proteinsynthese- und -abbauraten ansteigen, nehmen dagegen die fraktionellen Raten ab. Bcide Prozesse reagieren auf die Nährstoffaufnahme. Es gibt aber deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Geweben. Protein, Kohlenhydrate und Fett können den Proteinansatz bei unreifen Tieren und Kindern stimulieren. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die Energieaufwendungen scheinen jedoch unterschiedlich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Lean tissue growth occurs when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown. Althoughabsolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown rise during growth from birth to maturityfractional rates fall. Both these processes are sensitive to nutrient intake but responses to feeding vary greatly amongst different tissues. Protein, carbohydrate and fat can all stimulate body protein accretion in immature animals and in children but the mechanisms by which they do so, and the energy expenditures involved, seem to be different.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01617817
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convergence across industrialised countries (1890–1989): new results using time series methods (1999)
    Springer
    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 23-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Cointegration ; convergence ; growth ; Kalman filter ; JEL classifications: C22 ; O47 ; O57
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Kalman filter convergence tests are applied to annual GDPs per head to 16 industrialised countries from 1890 to 1989. Results favour convergence towards the US with a structural break following the Second World War. Estimates suggest that steady-states were higher after the war and that speeds of convergence are different across countries. The Kalman filter method dismissed the no convergence hypothesis more often than its ADF counterpart. This could explain the apparent contradiction in earlier empirical work on similar data sets (cross-section methods tended to favour convergence while time series methods were unable to dismiss the no convergence hypothesis.)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001810050042
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition plant preference and offspring performance in the comma butterfly: correlations and conflicts (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 141-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Polygonia c-album ; Nymphalidae ; host-plant selection ; growth ; size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194743
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of bean and wheat α-amylase inhibitors on α-amylase activity and growth of stored product insect pests (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: amylase inhibitor ; red kidney bean ; hard red winter wheat ; growth ; insects ; beetles ; plant resistance ; stored products ; protease inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect α-amylase inhibiting and/or growth inhibiting activities of proteinaceous inhibitors from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined. The bean inhibitor was most effectivein vitro against α-amylases from the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and the confused flour beetle (T. confusum), followed by those from the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). The insect enzymes were from two- to 50-fold more susceptible than human salivary α-amylase. When the inhibitors were added at a 1% level to a wheat flour plus germ diet, the growth of red flour beetle larvae was slowed relative to that of the control group of larvae, with the bean inhibitor being more effective than the wheat inhibitor. Development of both the red flour beetle and flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes pusillus) was delayed by 1% bean inhibitor, but development of the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) was not affected by either the bean or wheat inhibitor at the 1% level. Rice weevil adults fed a diet containing 1% bean or wheat inhibitor exhibited more mortality than weevils fed the control diet. When the wheat amylase inhibitor was combined with a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, and fed to red flour beetle larvae, a reduction in the growth rate and an increase in the time required for adult eclosion occurred relative to larvae fed either of the inhibitors separately. The bean inhibitor was just as effective alone as when it was combined with the protease inhibitor. These results demonstrate that plant inhibitors of insect digestive enzymes act as growth inhibitors of insects and possibly as plant defense proteins, and open the way to the use of the genes of these inhibitors for genetically improving the resistance of cereals to storage pests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382258
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature, multiple allelochemicals and larval age on the performance of a specialist caterpillar (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 335-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: alkaloid ; developmental time ; early instars ; growth ; Manduca sexta ; molting duration ; phenolics ; plant-herbivore interactions ; thermal regime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To understand the mechanisms underlying plant-insect herbivore interactions, it is necessary to examine the simultaneous effects of temperature, food quality and larval age. We examined the simultaneous effects of three allelochemicals (tomatine, rutin and chlorogenic acid) on the performance of first and second instar Manduca sexta larvae under two representative thermal regimes 21 : 10°C and 26 : 15°C for spring and summer, respectively. Thermal regime and allelochemicals interacted to influence the time from egg hatch to ecdysis to the third instar. On average, it took about half as much time to reach the third instar at 26 : 15°C as it did at 21 : 10°C. Separately, tomatine and rutin had a negative effect on developmental time from egg hatch to the third instar, but their simutaneous effects were not additive. Chlorogenic acid significantly reduced the negative effect of tomatine. The magnitude of the allelochemical effect was larger at the cooler thermal regime compared to the warmer regime. For instance, chlorogenic acid by itself had no effect at the 26 : 15°C regime, but at the 21 : 10°C regime it significantly shortened total developmental time. The effect of chlorogenic acid on stadium duration was distinctly different for the two instars. Chlorogenic acid shortened stadium duration of first instar larvae. However, depending on thermal regime and the presence of tomatine, chlorogenic acid had a negative, positive or neutral effect on stadium duration of second instar larvae. Molting duration of second instar larvae was shortened by a half day at the warmer thermal regime but was not affected by the allelochemicals. Final larval weight was influenced by rutin and chlorogenic acid. Caterpillars fed diets containing 20 μmoles of rutin were on average 10% lighter than those fed plain diet, whereas those fed diets containing 20 μmoles of chlorogenic adic were on average 7% heavier. However, the effect of chlorogenic acid depended on thermal regime. Overall, our results indicated that: 1) temperature and food quality can interact to influence insect performance and 2) these effects are influenced by larval age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186292
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of natural and synthetic neuroactive substances on the growth and feeding of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 443-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: beta-carboline alkaloid ; Trichoplusia ni ; harmane ; harmaline ; amitriptyline ; imipramine ; monoamine oxidase inhibitor ; tricyclics ; growth ; feeding behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study we investigated the effects of two naturally occurring beta-carboline alkaloids and two synthetic tricyclic antidepressants on the growth and food consumption of fifth instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In artificial diets at high concentrations (3,000 ppm), harmane, amitriptyline, and imipramine reduce growth and feeding; harmane reduced feeding consistently at a lower concentration (200 ppm). In animals other than insects, beta-carboline alkaloids inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and thus affect rates of disposition of serotonin and other monoamine neurotransmitters. Because brain serotonin levels are associated with variation in rates of carbohydrate and protein intake in insects, the effects of beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion on dietary self-selection behavior were examined. Choosing between diets lacking carbohydrate but containing protein and diets lacking protein but containing carbohydrate, larvae consumed a greater proportion of diet containing protein but lacking carbohydrate in the presence of harmane than in its absence. These results are consistent with beta-carboline alkaloid-mediated persistence of serotonin in the brain due to MAO inhibition. Alternatively, these results could reflect alkaloid-mediated peripheral inhibition of sucrose taste receptors influencing ingestive behaviors. That beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion is associated with changes in feeding behavior is consistent with a possible defensive role for these compounds in plant foliage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343467
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The folliculostatins of two dipteran insect species, their relation to matrix proteins and prospects for practical applications (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect endocrinology ; ecdysone ; juvenile hormone ; reproduction ; growth ; inhibin ; oostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The first insect folliculostatic peptide was isolated from vitellogenic ovaries of the mosquitoAedes aegypti. This decapeptide directly inhibits trypsin biosynthesis in the gut, and indirectly ovarian development. The factor was named Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor or TMOF by its discoverers. From the fleshfly Neobellieria bullata 2 folliculostatins have been isolated, the hexapeptide Neb-TMOF and the 19-mer Neb-colloostatin. The available data suggest that at least 2 of the 3 folliculostatins originate from matrix (like) proteins present in the ovary, a hitherto unknown source of hormones. Furthermore, one of the folliculostatins (Neb-TMOF) is a potent inhibitor of ecdysone biosynthesis by larval ring glands of fleshflies. The discovery of the dipteran folliculostatins, which do not show any resemblance to inhibins of vertebrates, may significantly contribute to a better understanding of the hormonal control of growth in insects and perhaps, in other animals as well. None of the 3 folliculostatins is blocked at its N- or C-terminus. This, in combination with the pleiotropy of their effects and the narrow species specificity make such peptides prime candidates for, testing their potential in insect pest control by means of molecular biological methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383011
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lipaemia and liver composition in pregnant rats consuming olive oil and olive oil used for frying (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 205-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Frying ; growth ; liver lipids ; lipaemia ; olive oil ; pregnancy ; rat ; Fritierung ; Wachstum ; Leberfett ; Olivenöl ; Schwangerschaft ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um Informartionen über den Zusammenhang zwischen der Aufnahme von Fett, das zum Fritieren benutzt wurde, und dem Fetthaushalt während Perioden starken Körperaufbaus zu haben, wurde der Einfluß der Aufnahme von frischem Olivenöl (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen, 2 %; Ölsäure 78,9 mg/100 mg Öl, und Linolsäure 7 mg/100 mg Öl) und von Olivenöl, das 15 mal in Folge für das Fritieren von Kartoffeln benutzt worden war (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen 9 %; Ölsäure 75,8 mg/100mg Öl und Linolsäure 6,2 mg/100mg Öl) während der Gravidität, untersucht. Dazu wurden trächtige Wistar Ratten in zwei Gruppen geteilt, die beide eine isokalorische Diät bekamen, deren Fettanteil 15 % von frischem (unbenutztem) (P1) bzw. fritiertem (benutztem) (P2) Olivenöl stammte mit nicht trächtigen Ratten verglichen. Die Gravidität erhöhte (p〈0,01) die Futteraufnahme, das Körpergewicht, die Gewichtszunahmen und die Futterverwertung. Die Ölqualität beeinflußte dagegen diese Parameter nicht. Während der Gravidität stiegen die Serumwerte der Triglyceride (TG) (p〈0,01) und des Cholesterins (TC) (p〈0,05) an, während die der Phosphatide (PH) sanken (p〈0,01). Ein signifikanter Effekt der Ölqualität und eine Wechselwirkung zwischen Gravidität und Öl wurde für TG und PH festgestellt. Das Gewicht und der Fettgehalt der Leber der trächtigen Ratten stiegen signifikant an (p.〈0.05), Leber TC, TG und PH stiegen während der Gravidität (ungefähr um das 3-fache der Ausgangswerte), aber es traten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der Aufnahme von benutztem und nicht benutztem Öl (P2 vs P1) auf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Aufnahme von leicht verdorbenem Olivenöl als alleinige Fettquelle der Nahrung keine besonderen Folgen für die Gravidität hat, was die Gewichtszunahme der Mütter und der Feten, die Lipämie und die Zusammensetzung des Leberfetts betrifft.
    Notes: Summary The effect of the consumption of unused olive oil (polar content, 2 %; oleic acid, 78.9 mg/100 mg oil, and linoleic acid 7 mg/100 mg oil) and olive oil used discontinuously for frying potatoes 15 times (polar content, 9 %; oleic acid, 75.8 mg/100 mg oil and linoleic acid 6.2 mg/100 mg oil) was studied in pregnant rats with the aim of better understanding the relationship between the consumption of fat used in frying and lipid metabolism during periods of intense anabolism. Trials were performed in pregnant Wistar rats, divided into 2 groups and fed isocaloric diets in which the fat content (15 % wt/wt) consisted of unused olive oil (P1) or oil previously used for frying (P2), and the results were compared with those of nonpregnant rats fed unused olive oil (NP1) and olive oil used for frying (NP2). Pregnancy increased (p〈0.01) food intake, body weight, weight gain, and food efficiency ratio (P2 vs NP2 and P1 vs NP1, respectively), but the treatment of oil included in the diets did not alter these parameters. Gestation significantly increased the serum triglyceride (TG) (p〈0.01) and total cholesterol (TC) (p〈0.05) concentrations and diminished that of phospholipids (PH) (p〈0.01). A significant effect of the type of oil consumed and a pregnancy x oil interaction on Tg and PH levels was observed. The weight of the liver and its fat content increased significantly (p〈0.05) as a result of pregnancy. Liver TC, TG, and PH increased (approximately 3 times the original values) during gestation, but no significant differences due to the intake of used or unused oil (P2 vs P1) were observed. The results indicate that the consumption of moderately altered olive oil, as the sole source of fat, does not alter the effect of pregnancy on the mothers' weight gain, lipaemia, and hepatic fat composition to any important degree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623365
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of porcine somatotropin on the chemical body composition and fat quality in growing-finishing pigs (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 294-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Body composition ; fat ; growth ; somatotropin ; pig ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Fett ; Wachstum ; Somatotropin -Schwein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 78 männlichen Kastraten und weiblichen Schweinen der Kreuzung Pietrain x (Deutsches Edelschwein x Deutsche Landrasse) wurden Untersuchungen zum Einfluß einer porcinen Somatotropin (pST)-Behandlung während des Wachstums auf die chemische Körperzusammensetzung der Tiere, das Adipozyten-Wachstum und das Fettsäure-Profil des Rückenspecks untersucht. Die intramuskulären Injektionen (1 oder 3 mg pST) wurden täglich ab durchschnittlich 65 kg Lebendgewicht bis zum Schlachten verabreicht. Nach der pST-Behandlung wurden bei den Kastraten in allen untersuchten Merkmalen signifikante Unterschiede festgestellt, während sich bei den weiblichen Tieren nur leichte Reaktionen zeigten. Das pST verursachte eine Zunahme des Wasserund Proteingehaltes bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung des Lipidgehaltes besonders in den fettreichen Körperteilen der Tiere. Im Rückenspeck war der Gehalt an ungesättigten Fettsäuren erhöht und der Fettzelldurchmesser erniedrigt.
    Notes: Summary Seventy eight growing-finishing pigs (male castrates and females) of the cross-breed Pietrain x (Large White x German Landrace) were used to investigate the effects of pST treatment on the chemical composition of the body, the growth of adipocytes, and the fatty acid profile of the backfat. Intramuscular injections (1 or 3 mg pST) were administered daily from an average weight of 65 kg up to slaughter. After pST treatment significant changes in all studied characteristics were observed in barrows, whereas the females exhibited very small responses. The pST caused an increase of water and protein contents and a simultaneous decrease of lipid content especially in body parts rich in fat. Furthermore, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased and the fat cell diameter decreased in the backfat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01617801
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sources of Sectoral Growth in an Economy Wide Context: The Case of U.S. Agriculture (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of productivity analysis 8 (1997), S. 293-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0441
    Keywords: growth ; USagriculture ; externalities ; spill-overs ; public R and D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth in U.S. agriculture is linked to the non-farm economy through domestic terms of trade and factor market adjustments. With almost stable input growth, the relatively large contributions from growth in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) are passed on to intermediate and final consumers in the form of declining real prices for primary farm products. The resulting net growth in the real value of farm output (GDP) is relatively low (0.25% per annum). The decomposition of TFP suggests that public agricultural stock of knowledge and infrastructure are “robustly” associated with TFP growth, while spill-overs from private agricultural and economy wide research and development (R and D) are positive but, relatively small.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007759705652
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The determination of the age and growth of SE Asian mangrove seedlings from internodal counts (1999)
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 3 (1999), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: Avicennia alba ; growth ; internodal sequences ; mangrove age determination ; Rhizophora apiculata ; Sonneratia caseolaris ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of periodic changes in the length of the internodes of the seedlings of SE Asian mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris) growing in the Pak Phanang estuary (Nakhon Si Thammarat, SE Thailand) was confirmed. The annual nature of these periodic changes was verified through comparisons with the observed average number of internodes produced by plants tagged for one year. The cycles in the sequence of internodal length of the seedlings had an average (± SE) period of 16.0 ± 0.78 internodes for Avicennia alba, 25.0 ± 1.2 internodes for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 8.29 ± 0.40 internodes for Rhizophora apiculata. These values are remarkably close to, and not significantly different (t‐test, P 〉 0.05) from the average (± SE) annual number of internodes of 17.6 ± 0.8 for Avicennia alba, 28.8 ± 2.1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 8.03 ± 0.36 for Rhizophora apiculata produced in a year by tagged plants. In addition, the average (± SE) growth of the tagged plants was 0.39 ± 0.018 cm day-1 for Avicennia alba, 0.24 ± 0.015 cm day-1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 0.091 ± 0.0036 cm day-1 for Rhizophora apiculata. These estimates were very close to those (0.45 ± 0.06 cm day-1 for Avicennia alba, 0.32 ± 0.01 cm day-1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 0.13 ± 0.005 cm day-1 for Rhizophora apiculata) derived as the product of the mean number of internodes produced per day, calculated from the inferred number of internodes produced per year, and the mean length of the internodes of the plants. These findings indicate that the use of regular, annual changes in the length of the internodes of mangrove seedlings can be used reliably to determine their age and to estimate their growth rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009967401337
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological responses inCaenorhabditis elegans to high magnetic fields (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 284-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Alternating high magnetic fields ; eddy current ; magnetic flux concentration ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; growth ; reproduction ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Here we describe a device for testing possible influences of high magnetic fields on biological processes, by which alternating-current magnetic stimuli as high as 1.7 T can be administered. Experiments with a simple multicellular organism, the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, revealed that intermittent exposure to the magnetic fields modestly inhibited the animal's reproduction as well as its post-embryonic development, and caused a marked but transient derangement in its locomotory behavior. Available evidence indicates that alternating high magnetic fields can elicit both chronic and acute biological effects, but that the effects may be well tolerated or compensated for by the living organism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01931113
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of elevated CO2 on growth and photosynthesis in Agrostis canina L. ssp. monteluccii adapted to contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentrations (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 110 (1997), S. 169-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Agrostis canina ; CO2 vents ; photosynthesis ; lignification ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to characterise growth and photosynthetic capacity in plants adapted to long-term contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentrations (C a). Seeds of Agrostis canina L. ssp. monteluccii were collected from a natural CO2 transect in central-western Italy and plants grown in controlled environment chambers at both ambient and elevated CO2 (350 and 700 μmol mol−1) in nutrient-rich soil. Seasonal mean C a at the source of the plant material ranged from 610 to 451 μmol CO2 mol−1, derived from C4 leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C). Under chamber conditions, CO2 enrichment stimulated the growth of all populations. However, plants originating from elevated C a exhibited higher initial relative growth rates (RGRs) irrespective of chamber CO2 concentrations and a positive relationship was found between RGR and C a at the seed source. Seed weight was positively correlated with C a, but differences in seed weight were found to explain no more than 34% of the variation in RGRs at elevated CO2. Longer-term experiments (over 98 days) on two populations originating from the extremes of the transect (451 and 610 μmol CO2 mol−1) indicated that differences in growth between populations were maintained when plants were grown at both 350 and 700 μmol CO2 mol−1. Analysis of leaf material revealed an increase in the cell wall fraction (CWF) in plants grown at elevated CO2, with plants originating from high C a exhibiting constitutively lower levels but a variable response in terms of the degree of lignification. In vivo gas exchange measurements revealed no significant differences in light and CO2 saturated rates of photosynthesis and carboxylation efficiency between populations or with CO2 treatment. Moreover, SDS-PAGE/ LISA quantification of leaf ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) showed no difference in Rubisco content between populations or CO2 treatments. These findings suggest that long-term adaptation to growth at elevated CO2 may be associated with a potential for increased growth, but this does not appear to be linked with differences in the intrinsic capacity for photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050146
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    Fertility, growth and the financing of public education and health (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 415-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: H42 ; J 13 ; O 11 ; Fertility ; growth ; public education and health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the implications of the financing of government services to children when fertility decisions are endogenously determined. In particular, it is shown that when the services are financed by taxation, the equilibrium outcome is biased away from the socially preferred result. The bias results in higher fertility rates and lower economic growth rates than the efficient social optimum. This arises because each household internalizes the benefits, but not the costs of the tax-financed services. We consider alternative methods of financing the public provision of services and find that a combination of taxation and vouchers can eliminate the bias in the equilibrium outcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573073
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  • 16
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    Immigration, assimilation and growth (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 273-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: F22 ; O3 ; J61 ; Key words: Immigration ; assimilation ; growth ; diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper analyzes the welfare effects of immigration and its subsequent effect on ethnic diversity in a model featuring human capital spillovers which depend on the degree of ethnic heterogeneity, variation rates of time preference across individuals and endogenous levels of immigration and assimilation. In the model, an increase in ethnic diversity reduces the spillovers effect for the majority. Nonetheless, immigration can be welfare improving for the majority ethnic group even if it increases the degree of diversity as long as it raises the average human capital level and/or growth rate by increasing the proportion of people with low rates of time preference. However, if an economy is too homogenous, it will not be able to attract immigrants. Finally, if the level of immigration is not too high, then immigration also raises the net benefits to assimilation which leads to a more homogenous economy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050069
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    Endogenous fertility, mortality and growth (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 517-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Fertility ; mortality ; growth ; JEL classification: J13 ; O41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Economic and demographic outcomes are determined jointly in a choice-theoretic model of fertility, mortality and capital accumulation. There is an endogenous population of reproductive agents who belong to dynastic families of overlapping generations connected through altruism. In addition to choosing savings and births, parents may reduce (infant) deaths by incurring expenditures on health-care which is also provided by the government. A generalised production technology accounts for long-run endogenous growth with short-run transitional dynamics. The analysis yields testable time series and cross-section implications which accord with the empirical evidence on the relationship between demography and development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050082
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  • 18
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    Fertility, growth and the financing of public education and health (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 415-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Fertility ; growth ; public education and health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper considers the implications of the financing of government services to children when fertility decisions are endogenously determined. In particular, it is shown that when the services are financed by taxation, the equilibrium outcome is biased away from the socially preferred result. The bias results in higher fertility rates and lower economic growth rates than the efficient social optimum. This arises because each household internalizes the benefits, but not the costs of the tax-financed services. We consider alternative methods of financing the public provision of services and find that a combination of taxation and vouchers can eliminate the bias in the equilibrium outcome. JEL classification: H42, J13, O11
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573073
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  • 19
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    Bioenergetic factors controlling in vitro phosphorylation of LHIα (B870) polypeptides in membranes isolated from Rhodobacter capsulatus (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 165 (1996), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Protein phosphorylation ; ATP-Pi exchange ; Light-harvesting complexes ; Reaction center ; Photosynthesis ; Photomorphogenesis ; Membrane ; growth ; Polypeptide insertion ; Phospho-amino esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Membranes of Rhodobacter capsulatus strain U43 (pTX35) showed qualitatively very similar phosphorylation patterns under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro, it was irrelevant whether the phosphate source was orthophosphate or ATP. Inhibitors of electron transport did not inhibit light-harvesting complex I (LHIα) (B870) polypeptide phosphorylation, except for o-phenanthroline, which was strongly inhibitory. Redox conditions regulated the amount of protein phosphorylated; external redox potentials between +200 and +300 mV promoted the reaction. Phosphorylation was inhibited by uncouplers such as carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone and nigericin plus valinomycin plus potassium ions. Inhibitors of the H+-ATPase were also inhibitory when the phosphate source was [32P]Pi or [γ-32P]ATP. From these results, it was concluded that an operative reaction center, a coupled membrane, and external redox potentials higher than +200 mV are required for optimum LHIα phosphorylation. We also demonstrated that phosphorylation of LHIα polypeptide occurs before insertion into the membrane and that phosphate is preferentially incorporated into specific domains within the cytoplasmic membrane. Intracytoplasmic membranes, identified here as light membranes, were found to contain a dephosphorylated LHIα polypeptide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050306
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    Invertebrate phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipases C and their role in cell signaling (1995)
    Springer
    Invertebrate neuroscience 1 (1995), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-1104
    Keywords: phospholipase C ; inositol phosphate ; invertebrate vision ; olfaction ; growth ; differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: abstract Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC) is a family of enzymes that occupy a pivotal role in one of the largest classes of cellular signaling pathways known. Mammalian PLC enzymes have been divided into four major classes and a variety of subclasses based on their structural characteristics and immunological differences. There have been five invertebrate PLC-encoding genes cloned thus far and these fall within three of the four major classes used in categorizing mammalian PLC. Four of these invertebrate genes have been cloned fromDrosophila melanogaster and one is fromArtemia, a brine shrimp. Structural characteristics of the invertebrate enzymes include the presence of highly conserved Box X and Box Y domains found in major types of mammalian PLC as well as novel features. Two of the invertebrate PLC genes encode multiple splice-variant subtypes which is a newly emerging level of diversity observed in mammalian enzymes. Studies of the invertebrate PLCs have contributed to the identification of the physiological functions of individual isozymes. These identified roles include cellular processes such as phototransduction, olfaction, cell growth and differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211021
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    Fractal Approach in the Kinetics of Solid-Gas Decompositions (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 537-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: fractals ; growth ; nucleation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The author presents a model based on multi-step nucleation for the heterogeneous decompositions described by nucleation and growth phenomena, taking into account the fractal nature of the nuclei.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010115521902
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    The influence of feeding regime on growth and slaughter traits of cage-reared Atlantic salmon (1998)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 6 (1998), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ; Condition factor ; feeding regimes ; growth ; proximate composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different feeding methods on growth and slaughter traits of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, have been examined. Swimming activity associated with feeding was greatest amongst fish fed using automatic feeders, intermediate amongst those fed predetermined rations by hand, and least in groups of fish fed to satiation twice per day. Fish fed to satiation ate more and grew faster than did those provided with rations predicted to support high rates of growth, but the fish fed to satiation had higher feed:gain ratios than those given predetermined rations as two meals per day. The muscle tissues of the fish fed to satiation had higher lipid (%) and lower moisture (%) contents than did those of the fish fed the predetermined rations, but differences in muscle composition could be accounted for by differences in the size of the fish. Lipid was positively, and moisture negatively, correlated with fish size, whereas per cent protein and dress-out losses were little influenced by fish size and feeding regime. The fish fed to satiation were slightly heavier for a given length than those in the other groups. There was, however, no evidence that the largest fish had the highest condition factor, nor could condition factor be used to predict per cent lipid in the muscle tissue. Size variation increased in all groups of fish, and this was, in part, due to the cessation of growth of maturing individuals. Size variation was, however, most marked in the groups fed using automatic feeders, suggesting that interindividual competition for food was greatest amongst these fish.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009250118318
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    Survival and Growth of Bighead Carp Fry Exposed to Low Salinities (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) ; growth ; Laguna Lake ; salinity tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis Oshima) fry of various ages (11, 18, and 35 days post-hatch) were exposed to the low salinities encountered during the annual intrusion of seawater in Laguna Lake, Philippines. Practical indices of salinity tolerance assessed the effect of a 96 h direct exposure to low salinities (0–16‰). Mean (MST) and median survival times (MST50) of fry decreased as salinity of rearing medium increased. Younger fry were less able to tolerate exposure to these salinities than their older cohorts. Median lethal salinity after 96 h (MLS) revealed higher tolerance among 35–day old fry (7.6‰) than 11 (2.3‰) and 18–day old fry (6.0‰), demonstrating that survival in saline water depends on their age at initial exposure to low salinities. Mean body weight of 18–day old fry reared in 0 and 2‰ for 3 and 4 weeks was higher than for those reared in 4 and 6‰ for the same period. Growth over these periods was inversely related with the range of salinities tested. These results demonstrate that, despite their known stenohalinity, bighead carp fry possess some degree of osmoregulatory capability, allowing them to survive and grow in lakes subjected periodically to saltwater inflow.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009277012959
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    Calcium Requirement of Tiger Puffer Fed a Semi-Purified Diet (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 287-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bone mineralization ; calcium requirement ; feed efficiency ; growth ; semi-purified diet ; tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes) were fed semi-purified diets with graded levels (0–0.40%) of calcium (Ca) supplements for 8 weeks at a temperature of 23.0–25.5 °C. At the end of the feeding experiment, average final body weight increased with increasing dietary Ca levels. A diet without Ca supplement resulted in poor average final body weight and 0.05% dietary Ca supplement could not significantly improve the growth. However, supplemental Ca levels of 0.10–0.40% significantly increased growth. Dietary Ca supplements of 0.10% or more also improved the feed efficiency in tiger puffer. Ca and phosphorus contents of the bone were independent of dietary Ca supplements. However, 0.40% Ca in the diet decreased the zinc and manganese contents of bone. Results indicated that supplemental Ca levels of 0.10–0.20% in a semi-purified diet were required to maintain normal growth, feed utilization and bone mineralization of tiger puffer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009237429590
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    Effect of long term feeding of rice bran oil upon lipids and lipoproteins in rats (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 146 (1995), S. 63-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: rice bran oil ; growth ; plasma lipids ; fatty acids ; lipoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of feeding two levels of rice bran oil (RBO) on the growth, lipid parameters, and fatty acid composition of the plasma and liver of rats (Wistar strain) were compared with those produced on animals which had been fed the same levels of peanut oil (PNO). The control animals were fed synthetic diets containing 5 and 20% peanut oil (PNO) and the experimental groups were fed similar diets, containing the same level of rice bran oil (RBO). There was no significant difference with respect to the organ weights between the control and the experimental groups. In general, groups fed 20% oil gained more weight than groups fed 5% oil. The animals which received rice bran oil in their diet had, in general, comparatively lower levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. On the other hand, animals receiving 20% rice bran oil in their diet, showed an increase of 20% in high density lipoproteins (HDL-C), within 18 weeks (p〈0.05), when compared to the animals fed with peanut oil. Similarly, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) were lower in RBO-fed groups, than in the PNO-fed groups. There was, however, no significant differences in the cholesterol/phospholipid (C/P) ratio of the two groups. Analysis of plasma and of liver fatty acids indicated, in a general way, the type of fat consumed. There were no significant difference in the P/S ratio, nor any in the oleic/linoleic, oleic/stearic, palmitoleic/palmitic, oleic/palmitic, and oleic/palmitoleic ratios. Furthermore, levels of saturated (SAFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were identical in both the groups. Thus, our results suggest that feeding a high level of rice bran oil (RBO) has no deleterious effect on the growth and blood lipid profile of rats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00926883
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    Inhibition of plasma membrane NADH oxidase activity and growth of HeLa cells by natural and synthetic retinoids (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 166 (1997), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: NADH oxidase ; plasma membranes ; growth ; retinol ; retinoids ; HeLa cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several retinoids, both natural and synthetic, were evaluated for their ability to modulate NADH oxidase activity of plasma membranes of cultured HeLa cells and the growth of HeLa cells in culture. Both NADH oxidase activity and the growth of cells were inhibited by the naturally-occurring retinoids all trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin) and retinol as well as by the synthetic retinoids, trans-acitretin, 13-cis-acitretin, etretinate and arotonoid ethylester (Ro 13-6298). For all retinoids tested, inhibition of NADH oxidase activity and inhibition of growth were correlated closely. With tretinoin, etretinate and arotonoid ethylester, NADH oxidase activity and cell growth were inhibited in parallel in proportion to the logarithm of retinoid concentration over the range of concentrations 10-8 to 10-5 M. Approximately 70% inhibition of both NADH oxidase activity and growth was reached at 10 µM. With retinol, trans-acitretin and 13-cis-acitretin, inhibition of NADH oxidase activity and growth also were correlated but maximum inhibition of both was about 40% at 10 µM. The possibility is suggested that inhibition of the plasma membrane NADH oxidase activity by retinoids may be related to their mechanism of inhibition of growth of HeLa cells in culture. (Mol Cell Biochem 166: 101-109, 1997)
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006866726050
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    Early postnatal changes in sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium transport function in spontaneously hypertensive rats (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 163-164 (1996), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: heart ; postnatal development ; sarcoplasmic reticulum ; phospholamban ; calcium transport ; spontaneously hypertensive rats ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This comparative study investigates the relationship between sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium(Ca2+)-ATPase transport activity and phospholamban (PLB) phosphorylation in whole cardiac homogenates of spo`ntaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their parent, normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) strain during early postnatal development at days 1, 3, 6, 12 and at day 40 to ascertain any difference in SR Ca2+ handling before the onset of hypertension. At day 1, the rate of homogenate oxalate-supported Ca2+ uptake was significantly higher in SHR than in WKY (0.25 ± 0.02 vs 0.12 ± 0.01 nmoles Ca2+/mg wet ventricular weight/min, respectively; p 〈 0.001). This interstrain difference disappeared with further developmental increase in SR Ca2+ transport. Western Blot analysis and a semiquantitative ELISA did not reveal any difference in the amount of immunoreactive PLB (per mg of total tissue protein) between strains at any of the ages studied. In addition, levels of phosphorylated PLB formed in vitro in the presence of radiolabelled ATP and catalytic (C) subunit of protein kinase A did not differ between SHR and WKY at days 1, 3, 6 and 12. At day 40, C subunit-catalyzed formation of 32P-PLB was reduced by 66% (p 〈 0.001) in SHR when compared to age-matched WKY In the early postnatal period between day 1 and 12 SR Ca2+-transport values were linearly related to the respective 32P-PLB levels of both SHR and WKY rats. The results indicate that cardiac SR of SHR can sequester Ca2+ at a much higher rate immediately after birth compared to WKY rats. The disappearance of this interstrain difference with further development suggests that some endogenous neuroendocrine or nutritional factor(s) from the hypertensive mother may exert an influence upon the developing heart in utero resulting in a transiently advanced maturation of the SR Ca2+ transport function in SHR pups at the time of birth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408641
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    Use of dipyridyl-dithio substrates to measure directly the protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity of the auxin stimulated NADH: Protein disulfide reductase (NADH oxidase) of soybean plasma membranes (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 200 (1999), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: NADH oxidase ; protein disulfide-thiol interchange ; dipyridyl-dithio substrates ; plasma membrane ; auxin ; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ; growth ; plant (Glycine max)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dipyridyl-dithio substrates were cleaved by isolated vesicles of plasma membranes prepared from etiolated hypocotyls of soybean. The cleavage was stimulated by auxins at physiological concentrations. The substrates utilized were principally 2,2′-dithiodippyrine (DTP) and 6,6′-dithiodinicotinic acid (DTNA). The DTP generated 2 moles of 2-pyridinethione whereas the 6,6′-dithiodinicotinic acid generated 2 moles of 6-nicotinylthionine. Both products absorbed at 340 nm. The auxin herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) stimulated the activity approximately 2-fold to a maximum at about 10 μM. Concentrations of 2,4-D greater than 100 μM inhibited the activity. Indole-3-acetic acid stimulated the activity as well. The growth-inactive auxin, 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,3-D), was without effect. DTNA cleavage correlated with oxidation of NADH and reduction of protein disulfide bonds reported earlier in terms of location at the external plasma membrane surface, absolute specific activity, pH dependence and auxin specificity. The dipyridyl-dithio substrates provide, for the first time, a direct measure of the disulfide-thiol interchange activity of the protein previously measured only indirectly as an auxin-dependent ability of isolated plasma membrane vesicles to restore activity to scrambled and inactive RNase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006916116297
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    Differential expression and localization of annexin V in cardiac myocytes during growth and hypertrophy (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 178 (1998), S. 229-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: annexin V ; cardiac myocyte ; growth ; hypertrophy ; heart
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recently it was shown that annexin V is the most prominent member of the annexin family in the adult heart [1]. Amongst others, annexin V has been suggested to play a role in developmental processes. The aim of the present study was to explore whether in the heart annexin V content and localization change during maturational and hypertrophic growth, in order to obtain indications that annexin V is involved in cardiac growth processes. First, in the intact rat heart annexin V content and localization were studied during perinatal development. It was clearly demonstrated that annexin V content in total heart transiently increased in the first week after birth, from 0.79 ± 0.06 µg/mg protein at l day before birth to a peak value of 1.24 ± 0.08 µg/mg protein 6 days after birth, whereafter annexin V protein levels declined to a value of 0.70 ± 0.06 µg/mg protein at 84 days after birth (p 〈 0.05). Differences in annexin V content were also observed between myocytes isolated from neonatal and adult hearts [0.81 ± 0.09 and 0.17 ± 0.08 µg/mg protein, respectively (p 〈 0.05)]. Moreover, during cardiac maturational growth the subcellular localization of annexin V might change from a cytoplasmic to a more prominent sarcolemmal localization. Second, in vivo hypertrophy induced by aortic coarctation resulted in a marked degree of hypertrophy (22% increase in ventricular weight), but was not associated with a change in annexin V localization or content. The quantitative results obtained with intact hypertrophic rat hearts are supported by findings in neonatal ventricular myocytes, in which hypertrophy was induced by phenylephrine (10-5 M). In the latter model no changes in annexin V content could be observed either. In conclusion, the marked alterations in annexin V content during the maturational growth in the heart suggest a possible involvement of this protein in this process. In contrast, the absence of changes in annexin V content and localization in hypertrophied hearts compared to age matched control hearts suggests that annexin V does not play a crucial role in the maintenance of the hypertrophic phenotype of the cardiac muscle cell. This notion is supported by observations in phenylephrine-induced hypertrophied neonatal cardiomyocytes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006803900554
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    Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile tiger barb, Barbus tetrazona (Bleeker, 1855) (1998)
    Springer
    Aquarium sciences and conservation 2 (1998), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1448
    Keywords: Barbus tetrazona ; nutrition ; dietary requirement-phosphorus ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of increasing dietary concentrations of phosphorus on growth, feeding efficiency and body composition were studied in the tiger barb (Barbus tetrazona) (Bleeker, 1855). Juvenile tiger barbs (initial weight 0.33 ± 0.02 g) were fed purified diets containing graded levels of KH2PO4 to provide 0.17–1.57% available dietary phosphorus for 8 weeks in freshwater glass aquaria. The weight gain, feeding efficiency and mineral composition of the whole body and bone were significantly (p〈0.05) affected by dietary phosphorus. Growth response data calculated by broken line analysis showed that the minimum dietary phosphorus level required for maximum growth was 0.52%. The carcass protein, fat and ash contents but not moisture were affected by various dietary phosphorus levels. Fish fed a low-phosphorus diet had high body crude fat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00466402
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    Effects of Cyanogenesis Polymorphism in Turnera ulmifolia on Euptoieta hegesia and Potential Anolis Predators (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1455-1479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Turnera ulmifolia ; Euptoieta hegesia ; cyanogenesis ; Anolis sagrei ; tritrophic interactions ; host range ; sequestration ; growth ; development ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We examine the effects of the cyanogenesis polymorphism in Turnera ulmifolia on larvae, pupae, and adults of Euptoieta hegesia, the most damaging herbivore of T. ulmifolia in terms of tissue loss per unit time. We provide evidence that female E. hegesia do not show preference for host plants on the basis of their cyanogenesis level but do prefer T. ulmifolia over equally cyanogenic, closely related secondary host-plant species (Passiflora sp.). Similarly, cyanogenesis in T. ulmifolia has little effect on the food preference, growth, or development of the larvae. The potential host range of E. hegesia is limited, even within the genus Turnera, but this does not appear to be due to host-plant cyanogenesis. Pupae suffer very high mortality levels in the wild that are not associated with host-plant cyanogenesis, although our studies indicate that larvae are capable of sequestering cyanogenic glycosides from their host plants and possibly of synthesizing these or similar compounds. We provide evidence that the presence of sequestered cyanogenic compounds in the larvae protects them from terrestrial-based predators such as Anolis lizards
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    Losses and recoveries of fish populations in acidified lakes of southern Finland in the last decade (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 315-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Fish populations ; perch ; roach ; growth ; reproduction ; water chemistry ; acidification ; recover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Acid-induced fish damage in small lakes in southern Finland was studied in a fish status survey of eighty lakes from 1985–1987. Later, twenty of these lakes were selected for further monitoring. A sampling of these lakes from 1988–1989 showed that the decrease in some perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) populations still continued. The results from the same lakes in 1992 showed that successful reproduction had taken place with many of the perch populations that had been close to extinction in 1985. In contrast, no signs of recovery in the roach populations were detected. The explanation for the appearance of new cohorts of perch could have been the decrease in acid deposition but the exceptional hydrological conditions of winters in the early 1990s may also have affected them. The different responses of the perch and roach populations were interpreted as a consequence of the different sensitivity of these two species to acidification. Even a slight improvement in the water quality has resulted in the appearance of strong new year-classes of perch, but not of roach. Therefore, more improvement in water quality is needed until a sensitive species like roach can reproduce again.
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    Ozone effects on dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence during plant development of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1461-1466 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; growth ; senescence ; biomass partitioning ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In closed-chamber fumigation experiments dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence of wheat were studied, analysing the effects of ozone during different stages of plant development. Ozone causes enhanced leaf senescence, leading to a loss of green leaf area and, consequently to a decreased supply of assimilates, affecting (in increasing order of severeness) stem, ear and grain productivity because of reduced storage pools for translocation. Leaves of plants before shooting stage were most sensitive but the lack of green leaf area after ear emergence had the most pronounced effects on grain yield. Measurements of photochemical capacity showed that evidence for negative ozone effects could be found in changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaf sections not yet showing visible ozone injury. Negative effects on photosynthesis were more distinct with increasing accumulated ozone dose, with increasing age of leaf tissue and with increasing ozone sensitivity of the cultivar. The changes in chlorophyll fluorescence are most likely to be explained by a decreased pool size of plastoquinones caused by ozone.
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    Sediment Toxicity Bioassays for Assessment of Contaminated Sites in the Nervion River (Northern Spain). 2. Tubifex tubifex Reproduction Sediment Bioassay (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 111-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: Tubifex tubifex ; sediment bioassay ; hormesis ; growth ; reproduction ; egestion rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Toxicity assessment based on sediment chronic bioassays with the aquatic worm Tubifex tubifex was performed at ten contaminated sites in the industrial area of Bilbao (Northern Spain). One control and three reference sites were also included. Tubifex bioassay measures both survival and reproduction impairment. These endpoints have been contrasted and discussed in relation to somatic growth and both individual and total biomass of cocoons. Survival was only affected at one site which was heavily contaminated by organic compounds, mainly PAHs. A group of four severely ecotoxic sediments was characterised by a drastic reduction in number and size of cocoons, and adult somatic growth. In other group of sediments, some significant increases were found for these variables. It is suggested that these increases represent an effect of hormesis. An index of reproductive effort was used to integrate the relationship between somatic growth and reproduction. Values of reproductive effort at the test sediments were lower than those at the control sediment, suggesting a conservative strategy of oligochaete worms which consisted in an investment into somatic line (growth) at the expenses of offspring. Rates of food consumption which were estimated from egestion rates, were low at the contaminated sites. This fact could be related to the low production levels found at these sites and may reflect avoidance feeding behaviour of the oligochaete worms within the sediments. At some reference sites, high production could have resulted from high nutritional quality of sediments, or to an hormetic effect due to low concentration of some chemicals. Results are discussed in relation to toxicity data from sediment three-brood bioassay with Daphnia magna Straus performed separately on the same sediments.
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    Structure of the aesthetasc (olfactory) sensilla of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: transformations as a function of salinity (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 284 (1996), S. 279-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Aesthetasc ; Chemoreception ; Dendrite Blue crab ; growth ; Olfaction ; Salinity adaptation ; Sensilla ; Callinectes sapidus (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The aesthetasc sensilla of the euryhaline blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, are innervated by the dendrites of from 40 to 160 bipolar chemosensory neurons. Each dendrite forms two cilia within the basal portion of the sensillum, and these subsequently branch yielding approximately 10 outer dendritic segments per neuron. Auxiliary cells surround the inner dendritic segments and also ensheathe the outer dendritic segments up to the terminus of the ”constricted region” (a zone in which there is a slight narrowing of the aesthetasc). Crystal violet staining suggesting access of odor stimuli is limited to that portion of the sensillum distal to the constricted region. In freshwater-acclimated blue crabs the length and level of branching in the dendrites extending beyond the constricted region is significantly reduced relative to that of seawater-acclimated animals (mean lengths: 150 µm versus 517 µm, respectively). After transfer of freshwater-acclimated crabs to seawater there is a rapid increase in length of the outer dendritic segments, reaching 60% of that for seawater-acclimated crabs by 48 h. A similar time course for regrowth is seen for seawater-acclimated crabs in which the outer dendritic segments have been osmotically ablated. Conversely, with rapid transfer of seawater-acclimated animals to lower salinities, there is a correspondingly rapid reduction in length of the outer dendritic segments. The reduced length of the outer dendritic segments in freshwater-acclimated animals may reflect the effective distance over which an appropriate osmotic/ionic microenvironment for neural function can be maintained within the aesthetasc.
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    The dependence of internal brown spot development upon calcium fertility in potato tubers (1996)
    Springer
    Potato research 39 (1996), S. 165-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; temperature stress ; growth ; nutrient deficiency ; tuber analysis ; tuber size ; glasshouse ; growth room
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To determine calcium fertility and high temperature effects on internal brown spot development in potato, cv. Russet Burbank plants were fertilised with Hoagland's nutrient solution with or without calcium. Prevalence and severity of internal brown spot were greatest in tubers receiving no calcium fertilisation during growth. Internal brown spot was evident as early as tuber initiation. A high growth medium temperature (32°C) at tuber maturity with a lack of calcium increased internal brown spot incidence and severity. No tubers subjected to the high temperature and fertilised with calcium developed internal brown spot. Peel calcium concentration of tubers receiving no calcium fertilisation was lower (0.5–0.8 g/kg) than tubers receiving calcium (1.2–1.9 g/kg). Medullary tissue calcium concentration was similar under both calcium regimes. Calcium availability during early tuber growth was an influential factor in internal brown spot development, however high temperature effects may not be discounted in exacerbating the disorder.
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    Growth and reproductive characteristics in artificially formed clonal gametophytes ofDryopteris filix-mas (Dryopteridaceae) (1995)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 196 (1995), S. 195-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Pteridophyta ; Dryopteridaceae ; Dryopteris filix-mas ; Clonal gametophytes ; growth ; reproduction ; genetic and environmental effects ; phenotypic plasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Artificially formed clonal gametophytes ofDryopteris filix-mas (L.)Schott were able to grow and reproduce, although growth rates, proportions of hermaphrodites and reproductive efforts were low. Variable density and nutrient levels appeared to affect gametophytic life histories and they continued to influence the viability of the developing sporophyte generation. Differences between populations and sporophytes were discovered in life histories. Hermaphroditic gametophytes were considerably larger and possessed higher viability than did males. Clear differences between clones in the level of phenotypic plasticity in gametophyte size were observed. No neighbor effect on gametophyte sex expression was detected with the densities and nutrient levels used.
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    Growth and the content of laurinterol and debromolaurinterol in Laurencia okamurae (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 9-14 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Debromolaurinterol ; growth ; Laurencia ; laurinterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth of Laurencia okamurae and the content of laurinterol and debromolaurinterol were influenced by various factors. Temperature influenced growth raere te with a maximum at 25°C, regardless of daylength. Maturity depended on temperature rather than daylength; the plants grew without maturing at 15°C, while the plants matured within two weeks at 25°C. The plants were able to grow at salinities of 14–50‰ with maximum growth at 26‰. The salinities growth rash;50‰te reduced with decreasing concentration of nitrate below 1.2 × 10-3 M, and of total phosphate below 7.5× 10-8 M. Bromide concentration had no effect on growth, and the plants grew without bromide. Variation in temperature between 15–25°C and daylength produced no obvious change in laurinterol and debromolaurinterol contents. On the other hand, an increase in salinity led to an increase for both. The plants cultured in a completely artificial medium, modified ASP12NTA, showed a marked drop in their content of these metabolites. An increase in concentrations of nitrate, total phosphate or bromide did not restore the content.
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    Effect of thiobencarb on growth and photosynthesis of the soil alga Protosiphon botryoides (Chlorophyta) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 547-554 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: herbicide ; green alga ; growth ; nutrients ; photosynthesis ; it Protosiphon botryoides ; respiration ; Thiobencarb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the herbicide thiobencarb (Saturn) were tested on the growth and physiology of the chlorophyte Protosiphon botryoides isolated from an Egyptian paddy. Assays were conducted using 16-day batch cultures. Chlorophyll and dry weight biomass yields were significantly reduced at 2–3 mg L-1 thiobencarb, and dark respiration increased and protein decreased significantly at 3 mg L-1. Reductions in exponential specific growth rate (μ) were generally small, but in some cases significant. Thiobencarb also slightly, but significantly, reduced the 77 K fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm, an indicator of maximum photosynthetic efficiency. No consistent dose-dependent changes occurred in chlorophyll per unit dry weight, total carbohydrate or gross photosynthetic capacity. Whereas half of the added thiobencarb was recovered from control (uninoculated) medium, it was largely absent from cells and culture medium after sixteen days, indicating biodegradation by the alga or associated bacteria. P. botryoides recovered fully within sixteen days following subculture in thiobencarb-free medium. Independently varying phosphate and nitrate nine-fold had no clear effect on the sensitivity of P. botryoides to thiobencarb.
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    Effect of salinity and pH on growth and agar yield of Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui in laboratory and outdoor cultivation (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 543-549 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: agar ; Gracilaria tenuistipitata ; growth ; salinity ; seawater pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acclimation responses of the red alga Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui collected on the northwest coast of Philippines were determined in laboratory setups and outdoor cultivation tanks in Haifa, Israel. Growth under laboratory conditions was influenced by all three variables studied, namely, temperature (20 or 30 °C), salinity (20, 30 or39‰) and seawater pH (6.5, 7.0, 8.0 or ≥ 9.0). In 250 mL flasks lacking pH control growth was influenced by temperature only at 20 ‰, whereas at 39 ‰, growth rates were similar at 20 or 30 °C. In 500 mL cylinders in which pH was controlled, growth rates were significantly different at a pH of 6.5 and 7.0 for all salinities, with maximal rates occurring in 39 ‰. At pH 8.0, and above, growth rates between salinities were similar and reduced to approximately 50% at a pH of 9.0 compared to rates at a pH of 6.5. Photosynthesis responses generally resembled growth responses both, in 250 mL and 500 mL cultures. In 40-L outdoor tanks, weekly growth and agar yields were apparently enhanced by increasing light intensities (up to full sunlight) and nutrient concentrations (up to 0.2 mM PO3 2- and 2.0 mM NH4 +), and rates averaged four times higher than rates determined in the smaller flask cultures. This study shows broad salinity tolerance of G. tenuistipitata var. liui and its ability to sustain growth rates that are among the highest measured for Gracilaria spp. in outdoor cultures.
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    Biomass and concentrations of macronutrients and mercury inAzolla pinnata R.Br. In indian ponds enriched by anthropogenic effluents (1995)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 29 (1995), S. 157-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: growth ; Azolla ; eutrophication ; mercury ; India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth ofAzolla was stimulated in different water bodies in Burdwan. It depended on the PO4−P contents of the media. Biomass, chlorophyll and tissue phosphorus content ofAzolla were positively correlated with PO4−P of the different water bodies while chlorophyll content of the fern was positively correlated with conductivity. We concluded that the water bodies of Burdwan can be utilised as sites for large scale multiplication ofAzolla for fertilization purposes in rice cultivation, despite the presence of mercury.
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    Characterization of the growth and lipid content of the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 9 (1997), S. 19-24 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Chaetoceros ; growth ; neutral lipid ; total lipid ; nitrogen deprivation ; Nile Red
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chaetoceros muelleri (Schütt) was cultured on a thermal gradient plate, subjected to two media types with a range of specific conductances, and evaluated for growth and neutral lipid accumulation. Growth was measured directly by daily changes in cell numbers and indirectly by changes in optical density at 750 nm. C. muelleri exhibited a growth rate of at least two doublings day-1 over broad temperature (20 to 35 °C) and conductance ranges (10 to over 60 mS cm-1) and the optimum growth rate approached 4.0 doublings day-1 at 30 °C and a conductance of 25 mS cm-1. Intracellular neutral lipid storage was evaluated with fluorometry and epifluorescent microscopy using the fluorochrome Nile Red. Gravimetric analysis revealed a total lipid content in nitrogen-depleted cultures of C. muelleri of over 400 mg L-1, five to seven times that observed in nitrogen-replete cultures. Based on its high growth rate, tolerance to a broad range of temperatures and specific conductances, and large quantity of intracellular lipid, C. muelleri may have potential for exploitation as a renewable precursor to liquid fuels or as a lipid source.
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    Optimization of culture medium for growth of Haematococcus pluvialis (1997)
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    Journal of applied phycology 9 (1997), S. 437-444 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Haematococcus pluvialis ; experimental design ; optimization ; culture medium ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A central composite rotatable design was used to examine the effects of five components of the medium on the growth of Haematococcus pluvialis in batch culture. The medium components considered were: sodium acetate,potassium nitrate, major elements, trace elements and vitamins. Within the range of the concentrations tested, a moderate concentration of the major elements significantly enhanced algal growth, both in terms of specific growth rate and cell dry weight, whereas the vitamins had no significant effect. Based on the response surface contour plots and the results of numerical analyses, the optimal nutrient concentrations for growth in terms of specific growth rate were 0.51 g L-1 sodium acetate, 0.25 g L-1 potassium nitrate, 0.63 mL L-1 of the major element stock solution and 0.2 mL L-1 of the trace element stock solution. The optimal nutrient concentrations for biomass production were 1.64 g L-1 sodium acetate, 0.37 g L-1potassium nitrate, 2.52 mL L-1 of the major element stock solution and 0.03 mL L-1 of the trace element stock solution.
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    Response of Spirulina platensis (= Arthrospira fusiformis) from Lake Chitu, Ethiopia, to salinity stress from sodium salts (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 9 (1997), S. 551-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Spirulina ; Arthrospira ; growth ; salinity ; quantum yield ; nutrient status ; Chitu ; Ethiopia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spirulina platensis (=Arthrospira fusiformis) was isolated from Lake Chitu, a soda crater lake in the Ethiopian Rift Valley, where it formsa dense and almost unialgal population. Growth experiments were run in turbidostats under constant light, to assess growth response and tolerance to salinity, as well as to the component anions. Salinity was tested over the range 13–88 g L-1 using additions of NaHCO3, NaCl or Na2SO4. A maximum specific growth rate (µmax d-1) of 2.14 was achieved at the lowest salinity, but quantum yield (Φ%) was highest between 33 to 51 g L-1. Increasing salinity of the medium reduced the specific growth rate (µ) to a minimum of 0.33 d-1, and Φ to 〈 0.5%. Growth response in terms of µ and Φ was best in HCO 3 - , less in Cl-, and least in SO 4 2- series. Cultures showed obvious differences in cellular morphology, pigment, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in response to treatment with the different anions. Results indicate that the species has a wide range of tolerance to salinity from NaHCO3. Some degree of tolerance is also shown to high concentrations of Cl- and SO 4 2 , but with an overall lower performance of cells in terms of growth rate, light utilization efficiency, and nutrient status to cells grown in high HCO 3 - concentrations and the same levels of salinity and light.
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    The ecophysiological response of mussels (Mytilus edulis) in mesocosms to a range of inorganic nutrient loads: simulations with the model EMMY (1999)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 33 (1999), S. 83-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: eutrophication ; feeding ; growth ; Mytilus edulis ; validation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract EMMY is an ecophysiological model of the growth and reproduction of a single mussel (Mytilus edulis L.). It contains feedback loops in the uptake and metabolism of food and in the partitioning of carbon and nitrogen to the internal state variables somatic tissue, storage, organic shell matrix and gametes. In this paper EMMY is used to simulate individual mussel growth in a series of mesocosm experiments with different inorganic nutrient loads (N and P). The experiments explore the impact of eutrophication reduction scenarios on mussel growth under defined and controlled conditions. In earlier studies EMMY was calibrated using expert knowledge on growth and reproduction during a period of 5 years. The resulting calibrated model was validated for system inputs and observations of three ecosystems with significantly different food and silt concentrations. EMMY reproduced the mussel growth sufficiently accurate in ecosystems with moderate or high food concentrations. In this study EMMY was adapted in order to cope with low food concentrations, then recalibrated (using the original calibration data and procedure) and applied without further calibration to 3 replicated mesocosm experiments. The EMMY simulations in this study show the ecophysiological response of mussels to different food (phytoplankton and detritus) concentrations. It is concluded that the mussels can adapt to significantly reduced food concentrations, due to inorganic nutrient load reduction, and still maintain growth.
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    Experimental investigations for the mariculture ofGracilaria in Saldanha bay, South Africa (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 8 (1996), S. 421-430 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gracilaria gracilis ; suspended cultivation ; vegetative propagation ; South Africa ; yield ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rope rafts were used to evaluate the growth of localGracilaria gracilis at Saldanha Bay, on the west coast of South Africa, over four years. The plants were grown on horizontally-suspended ropes or netting lines. Relative Growth Rates (RGR) of plants on ropes with low stocking weights often exceeded 10% d−1 in (austral) summer, and fell to between 6 and 7.5% d−1 in winter. Commercial-style lines of plastic netting stocked at 400 g m−1 and placed 0.75 m apart yielded a mean of about 2 kg m−2 30 d−1, with a mean RGR of about 5% d−1 over a two-year period. Various methods of improving yields were tested, including attaching floats to individual lines and optimising stocking weight. In Saldanha Bay in late summer, warm, oligotrophic water can severely reduce growth. Growth was optimised by growing the plants as close as possible to the surface (0.2 m), where water motion, and by implication, nutrient uptake, are higher. Agar content and gel strength generally remained high all year round. The potential for commercial production is evaluated in the light of these results.
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    Hybridoma growth and productivity: effects of conditioned medium and of inoculum size (1999)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 29 (1999), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: batch culture ; conditioned medium ; growth ; hybridoma ; inoculum ; protein productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Apart from gas concentrations, temperature, and pH, generally only the initial conditions can be manipulated in batch culture. Inoculum size and initial conditioned medium concentration represent two important considerations for optimal batch production. Two hybridoma cell lines were used to assess the impact of these initial conditions on population growth and monoclonal antibody productivity in suspension batch culture. Varying initial cell concentration over the range of 1.0 × 105 cells mL-1 to 3.0 × 105 cells mL-1 did not affect maximum product titre or maximum volumetric cell-hours attained. Initial percent of conditioned medium up to 40 percent strongly impacted on population growth and productivity, with initial levels of 30 to 40% conditioned medium reducing or eliminating lag phase and increasing average viable cell density. However, specific productivity and product titre declined with increasing initial percent conditioned medium, even on a per volume of fresh medium basis. Glutamine and glucose depletion or ammonia toxicity could cause depressed product titres when conditioned medium is used. Glutamine and glucose levels can easily be replenished in conditioned medium at minimal cost, and ammonia can be removed. Specific productivity was higher during cyclic batch operating mode than during batch operating mode. This may be because cyclic batch operating mode results in an incidental volume of conditioned medium at the beginning of each cycle. A two stage, cyclic-batch/batch operating mode can be employed to fully utilize medium and maximize product titre.
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    Organismic determinants and their effect on growth and regeneration in Gracilaria gracilis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 293-299 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: organismic determinants ; Gracilaria gracilis ; Rhodophyta ; regeneration ; growth ; mariculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth of Gracilaria gracilis (Stackhouse) Steentoft, Irvine et Farnham was examined by studying the effect of organismic determinants such as thallus length, position along the thallus and branching. Knowledge of these factors is essential in order to increase production from suspended seaweed rafts seeded with vegetative G. gracilis fragments. Seeding netlons with seaweed material freshly collected from subtidal populations provided up to 30% higher relative growth rates than seaweed maintained on the netlons for successive months. Initial seedstock length greatly affected growth rates and yields such that 30-cm thalli fragments resulted in growth rates 14% higher than for 10-cm fragments. This difference is suggested to be due to the higher contribution to overall biomass by growth of lateral branches. Comparisons of the growth of apical and basal fragments suggest that growth takes place over the entire length of the thallus, but that the apex contributes more to overall elongation than does the proximal part. The removal of apical meristems resulted in an enhanced branching frequency with production of four times as many branches as intact fragments. Evidence is also provided for extensive morphological differentiation following long periods of rapid growth. These thalli have very high frequency of branching, are hollow due to the disintegration of medullary cells and are considered to be completely senescent. These factors have implications for the successful cultivation of G. gracilis on commercial mariculture systems.
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    Population dynamics, growth and production of the neozoon Marenzelleria cf. viridis (Verrill, 1873) (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in a coastal water of the southern Baltic Sea (1997)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 31 (1997), S. 177-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Marenzelleria ; Polychaetes ; macrozoobenthos ; abundance ; biomass ; population dynamics ; growth ; secondary production ; Baltic Sea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The propagation of an immigrant from North America, viz. the spionid Marenzelleria cf. viridis in the Darss-Zingst Bodden (DZB) (southern Baltic Sea), was studied at three stations from March 1992 to December 1995. Highest mean abundances (over 28 000 ind. m-2) and wet weights (400 g m-2) were recorded at station 2 in 1994. The spionid also reached its highest dominances in terms of biomass (40 to 90%) at this station, which was selected for the population dynamics, growth and secondary production studies. The spionid has a life span of about 3 years, and many individuals achieved sexual maturity after one year. Their growth curve is steepest during the first year of life, during which the animals grow to a length of about 180 segments. However, growth depression was observed during the ripening of the gametes in April, May and June. Secondary production was in the region of 55 to 85 g AFDW m-2 y-1. Productivity (P/B) varied considerably from generation to generation, ranging between 0 and 4.8 with an average between 1.2 and 1.6.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009903521182
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    Seasonal variation in growth and carrageenan content ofCalliblepharis jubata (Rhodophyceae, Gigartinales) from the Normandy coast, France (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 8 (1996), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Rhodophyceae ; Calliblepharis jubata ; growth ; carrageenan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Study of the seasonal variation in the quality and content of iota carrageenan inCalliblepharis jubata from the Normandy coast of France shows that seasonal fluctuation of the environment affects the growth and chemical composition of this red alga. Growth increases during winter, when there is little synthesis of carrageenan and floridean starch is accumulated. When inorganic nitrogen content decreases, growth also decreases and stops (May to August); with high light intensity, the metabolism is oriented towards a synthesis of parietal carrageenans to the detriment of the reserve products such as floridean starch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186219
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    Effects of harvesting onAscophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. (Fucales, Phaeophyta): a demographic approach (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 8 (1996), S. 87-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Ascophyllum nodosum ; growth ; harvesting effects ; reproduction ; season ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although populations ofAscophyllum nodosum are harvested commercially, little is known about the effects on demographic vital rates (growth, reproduction, survival). This study examines the effects of harvesting season and harvesting intensity on growth, reproduction and mortality of intact fronds in four size classes and in fronds truncated by the harvest. Knowledge of size-specific vital rates was used to evaluate the response of the population to harvesting. Harvesting season and harvesting intensity did not exert a significant effect on growth. Growth in plots not subject to harvesting was less than in harvested plots. No major differences in growth, reproduction and survival between intact and severed fronds emerged. The number of fronds attaining reproduction was enhanced by increased harvesting intensity and by cutting in summer. Harvesting did not seem to induce breakage, and breakage appeared higher in the uncut plots. Most harvesting treatments did not influence survivorship and survivorship was similar among all size classes. Growth rates were inversely related to sizes of fronds. Assessment of variation across size classes yielded more accurate estimates of growth rates than those of previously used methods. Accurate size class specific-growth rates will be a useful criterion when regulating intervals between harvests. Furthermore, assessment of size-specific vital rates allows identification of the frond size classes most relevant to the preservation of resources. Because of their fast growth rates and abundance, fronds in class 1, and, to a lesser extent, class 2, are responsible for most of the population regrowth after harvest. In contrast, classes 3 and 4 contribute little to recovery. This finding provides a strong basis for a harvesting strategy that targets the largest fronds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186311
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    New approaches to insect tissue culture (1996)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 20 (1996), S. 13-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: insect tissue culture ; cell-specific lines ; survival ; growth ; cell differentiation ; applications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conclusion Current methods of insect cell culture have produced a limited variety of cell types in an ever expanding list of insect cell lines. In developing midgut epithelial cell lines, we found that traditional methods in insect cell culture failed to provide healthy cells from mature tissues. Examination of mammalian cell culture literature for this particular cell type provided the insight required to successfully develop a cell-specific line (Baines et al., 1994). The potential applications for cell-specific lines from insects are numerous. This paper is a compilation of ideas that will hopefully enable other researchers to develop additional cell-specific lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350385
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    Effect of total dissolved solids and irradiance on growth and toxin production by Nodularia spumigena (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 551-558 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Nodularia ; growth ; hepatotoxin production ; nodularin ; salinity ; irradiance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the influence of total dissolved solids/salinity (TDS mgL-1) on growth and biomass specific rates of nodularin (hepatotoxin) production by Nodularia spumigena 001E isolated from Lake Alexandrina, South Australia. Maximum biomass yield (dry matter, chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon/POC) at 80 μmol photon m-2 s-1 was recorded at 3300 mg TDS L-1 and decreased at salinities above or below this value (p 〈 0.05). The maximum biomass yield (dry matter and chlorophyll a) at 30 μmol m-2 s-1 occurred at a higher salinity of 9900 mg TDS L-1. Cultures grown at 80 μmol m-2 s-1, at a TDS〉 6600 mg L-1, had significantly (p 〈 0.05) lower nodularin content (ml-1 medium) than cultures grown at the same salinities at 30 μmolm-2 s-1. The maximum total toxin concentration (mL-1 medium) occurred at 9900 and 3300 mg TDS L-1 at 30 μmol m-2 s-1and 80 μmol m-2 s-1 respectively. Toxin per unit biomass, expressed as dry matter, chlorophyll a and POC was similar for cultures grown at 30 μmol m-2 s-1 or 80 μmol m-2s-1 at salinities 〈 6600 mg TDS L-1. At salinities 〉 9900 mg TDS L-1 the toxin content per unit biomass decreased at both irradiances, however, cultures grown at 30 μmol m-2s-1 had a higher toxin content than those grown at 80 μmol m-2 s-1. The results indicate that not only do changes in irradiance and salinity directly influence growth and toxin production but that changes in irradiance affected the influence of salinity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008193918189
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    Feeding biology of the pelagic larvae of Marenzelleria cf. viridis (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Baltic Sea (1997)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 31 (1997), S. 149-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Marenzelleria cf. viridis ; Polychaetes ; food limitation ; food selection ; growth ; gut passage time ; food quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytoplankton 〈 20 µm was a principal dietary component of the larvae of Marenzelleria cf. viridis. Maximum ingested particle size increased as animal size increased, reaching a maximum diameter of 80 µm for larvae with 6 to 10 setigers. The larvae started ingesting particulate matter at the 1-setiger stage and were able selectively to ingest phytoplankton and polystyrene particles of various sizes. Larvae in the 6 to 10-setiger size group did not differ from those in the 11 to 17-setiger size group in respect of size selectivity for polystyrene particles. The gut passage time for Chlorella vulgaris was ≥ 20 min. The ingestion rate was limited by food concentrations even at concentrations much higher than those encountered in the natural biotope, saturation being reached at a concentration of 28.5 times 106 cells ml-1 (117.7 mg C l-1. The low maximum filtration rate of only 1.19 µl ind.-1 h-1 indicates that the filtering capacity of the larvae is low. The larvae are still capable of food uptake at 1 °C. Further experiments demonstrated that larval growth and survival were strongly dependent on both food concentration and quality. Larval growth was food-limited under biotope conditions of the Darss–Zingst Boddens and even more so under Baltic Sea conditions. The results indicate that Marenzelleria cf. viridis is a species adapted to eutrophic conditions prevailing in brackish waters.
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    Zooplankton nutrition: recent progress and a reality check (1998)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 32 (1998), S. 261-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: phosphorus ; fatty acid ; growth ; life history ; food limitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence suggests that marine and freshwater zooplankton generally experience food levels above subsistence values in terms of carbon. However, the quality of this food may be poor due to an insufficiency of other essential nutrients. In this review, we examine recent progress in three main areas of food quality research: (1) elemental (especially P) limitation, (2) digestion resistance, and (3) biochemical (especially fatty acids) limitation. We evaluate laboratory and field evidence in each of these areas, look at new evidence about the life history implications of the elemental limitation hypothesis, and suggest future avenues for research. From a rather large number of seemingly heterogeneous studies, a single consistent picture of food quality emerges: both P and essential fatty acids are predicted to be important dietary factors, but at different places and times. Nevertheless, despite an abundance of valuable laboratory studies, our knowledge of food quality limitation in the field is still poor.
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    Effect of temperature on the growth, total lipid content and fatty acid composition of recently isolated tropical microalgae Isochrysis sp., Nitzschia closterium, Nitzschia paleacea, and commercial species Isochrysis sp. (clone T.ISO) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 7 (1995), S. 595-602 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: microalgae ; temperature ; growth ; total lipids ; fatty acids ; tropical mariculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature from 10 °C to 35 °C on the growth, total lipid content, and fatty acid composition of three species of tropical marine microalgae, Isochrysis sp., Nitzschia closterium, N. paleacea (formerly frustulum), and the Tahitian Isochrysis sp. (T.ISO), was investigated. Cultures of N. closterium, Isochrysis sp. and T.ISO grew very slowly at 35 °C, while N. closterium did not grow at temperatures higher than 30 °C or lower than 20 °C. N. paleacea was low-temperature tolerant, with cells growing slowly at 10 °C. N. paleacea produced the highest percentage of lipids at 10 °C, while the other species produced maximum amounts of lipid at 20 °C. None of the species maintained high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at high growth temperature and there was a significant inverse relationship between the percentage of PUFAs and temperature for N. paleacea. A curved relationship was found between temperature and percentage of PUFA for N. closterium and tropical Isochrysis sp., with the maximum production of PUFA at 25 °C and 20 °C, respectively. The two Nitzschia species produced higher levels of the essential fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid [20:5(n-3)] at lower growth temperatures, but the two Isochrysis species had little change in percentage of 20:5(n-3) with temperature. Only T.ISO had the highest percentage of 22:6(n-3) at lowest growth temperature (11.4% total fatty acids at 10 °C).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003948
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    Factors influencing growth and toxin production by cultures of the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei Farlow ex Gomont (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 9 (1997), S. 55-63 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Lyngbya wollei ; paralytic shellfish poisons ; growth ; toxin production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Collections of Lyngbya wollei were taken from Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama, over a period of three years. Healthy filaments were isolated and transferred to agar plates of Z-8 and LM6E media. Unialgal isolates were cultured for the study of growth and paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) production. Filaments were extracted and the toxins were detected using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with post column oxidation followed by fluorescence detection. HPLC profiles show that laboratory cultures of L. wollei produced decarbamoyl gonyautoxin 2 and 3, plus several other PSP like toxins whose structures are under investigation. At 26 °C and a light intensity of 11 or 22 µmol m-2 s-1 optimum production of both biomass and toxins occurred. A decrease or increase in temperature or light flux caused a reduction in dry weight or toxicity. Compared to control levels, lower PO4-P and NO3-N and higher calcium levels gave rise to higher biomass and toxicity. Lower calcium, calcium- or PO4-P deficient medium and high NO3-N or PO4-P caused a large decrease in dry weight and toxicity.
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    Genetic compatibility between sexual and clonal genomes in local populations of the hybridogeneticRana esculenta complex (1996)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 10 (1996), S. 531-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: amphibian ; body size ; clonal ; genetic compatibility ; growth ; hybridogenesis ; local adaptation ; metamorphosis ; Rana esculenta ; tadpole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Hybridogenetic species possess a hybrid genome: half is clonally inherited (hemiclonal reproduction) while the other half is obtained each generation by sexual reproduction with a parental species. We addressed the question of whether different hemiclones of the hybridogenetic water frogRana esculenta are locally adapted for genetic compatibility with their sexual parental hostRana lessonae. We artificially crossedR. esculenta females of three hemiclones (GUT1, GUT2 and GUT3) from a pond near Gütighausen, Switzerland and one hemiclone (HEL1) from near Hellberg, Switzerland each toR. lessonae males from both populations. We also created primary hybrids by crossing the sameR. lessonae males from both populations toR. ridibunda females from Poznań, Poland (POZ). Tadpoles were then reared in the laboratory at two food levels to assess their performance related to early larval growth rate, body size at metamorphosis and length of the larval period. Tadpoles from hemiclones GUT1, GUT3 and POZ had higher growth rates than those from hemiclones GUT2 and HEL1 at the low food level, but at the high food level all growth rates were higher and diverged significantly between hemiclones GUT2 and HEL1. Tadpoles from the intrapopulational crosses GUT2 × GUT and HEL1 × HEL were larger at metamorphosis than those from the interpopulational crosses GUT2 × HEL and HEL1 × GUT. A high food level increased the size at metamorphosis in all tadpoles. A high food level also decreased the days to metamorphosis and tadpoles from GUT1, GUT3 and POZ had the shortest larval period whereas those from GUT2 and HEL1 had the longest. These results indicate that the differential compatibility of clonal genomes may play an important role in hybridogenetic species successfully using locally adapted sexual genomes of parental species and that interclonal selection is likely important in determining the distribution of hemiclones among local populations.
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    Spectral Reflectance, Growth and Chlorophyll Relationships for Rice Crop in a Semi-Arid Region of India (1999)
    Springer
    Water resources management 13 (1999), S. 73-84 
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    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; growth ; rice crop ; spectral reflectance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Relations among spectral reflectance, chlorophyll ‘a’, and growth of rice plants grown on irrigated light textured soil in a semi arid region are presented here. There was a linear relation between spectral reflectance and rice plant height (r = 0.97), for band 1 (0.45–0.52 μm) reflectance values. On the other hand, in bands 2 (0.52–0.60 μm) and 3 (0.63–0.69 μm), reflectance values decreased until 70 days after planting (DAP) and then increased during the reproductive phase of the crop. The near infrared band 4 (0.76–0.90 μm) showed a maximum reflectance at 59 DAP (panicle initiation stage) and a decline in reflectance thereafter through maturity. The peak value of IR/R ratio was 16.39 at 62 DAP during the early reproductive phase; thereafter, it declines gradually with the maturity of the crop. Chlorophyll ‘a’ concentration was high during early growth (vegetative and early reproductive stages) and decreased during the flowering and maturity stages. The rice plant canopy show a high chlorophyll ‘a’ concentration at 64 and 59 DAP for sites A and B, respectively. Chlorophyll ‘a’ concentration is higher in site A plant canopies than it is in site B during the entire crop cycle. A good inverse correlation (r = 0.91) has been found between chlorophyll ‘a’ and band 1, while the IR/R ratio and the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed a relationship (r = 0.78) with the chlorophyll ‘a’ concentration during the crop cycle. Band 2, 3 and 4 radiance values show a biphasic linear relationship with chlorophyll ‘a’ concentrations, negative for early growth and positive for flowering and maturity stages. Results indicate that the period between 66 to 70 DAP is most suitable for the assessment of rice crop yield, based on chlorophyll ‘a’ concentration.
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    Enhancing Growth of Common Carp, Rohu and Mozambique Tilapia through Plant Substrate: The Role of Bacterial Biofilm (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bacterial biofilm ; common carp (Cyprinus carpio) ; growth ; rohu (Labeo rohita) ; Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to enhance the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) through use of sugarcane bagasse as substrate. Bagasse was suspended in water with or without supplementation with fertilizers. Bagasse supplemented with cattle dung and urea favoured higher zooplankton production and significantly (p 〈 0.05) increased fish growth by over 50% compared to bagasse or fertilizers on their own. This higher production of fish is attributed to bacterial biofilm promoted on the substrate which, apart from forming food for zooplankton and fish, contributed to improved water quality by lowering ammonia.
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    Long Term Observation on Several Growth Parameters of Convict Child Under an Enhanced Ultraviolet-A (320–400 nm) irradiation (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum ; environmental UV effects ; growth ; ultraviolet radiation ; UVA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The long term (two generations) effect an enhanced (5%) sub-lethal ultraviolet-A (320–400 nm) irradiation on growth and survival rate of a convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum is presented. Two UVA irradiated populations (G1-UVA and G2-UVA) and two control populations (G1-control and G2-control) were observed from age 60 to 403 days. The UVA populations were exposed to enhanced UVA irradiation from 4 months of age (G1-UVA and from egg's state (G2-UVA). The specific growth rates (daily weight and length increase) and the condition factors of the populations were not affected by the enhanced UVA, it depended more on the population size. At the adapted temperature range (27–29 °C) the survival rate of those populations was not affected by enhanced UVA. A combined effect of enhanced UVA and increased temperature (31–32 °C) was responsible for a high mortality rate in the GI-UVA. A total of 67% of the G1-UVA population died just within a week of exposure to high temperature.
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    Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Gonad Maturation, Size and Age at First Maturity, Fecundity and Growth of Nile Tilapia (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 319-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: body composition ; dietary protein ; fecundity ; gonad maturation ; growth ; Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six-week-old Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry with an average weight (SD) of 0.51(0.2) g were reared for 140 days on five formulated, isocaloric diets of different protein levels (25, 30, 40 and 45% by dry weight). Fish fed diets of higher protein levels (40 and 45%) showed better growth and feed conversion ratio than those on lower protein levels. Fast-growing fish matured earlier. Maturation rate was affected by the dietary protein levels. Males matured earlier than females: the first mature males were recorded when they were 14 weeks old, whereas the females matured after 18 weeks. In both sexes, mean percentage of mature fish rose with increasing dietary protein level, the percentage of mature males being higher than that of the females. Similarly, the percentage of mature fish rose with the increasing age of fish, with more than 50% males and females mature at the age of 22 and 24 weeks, respectively, the exception being the 25% protein diet fed fish, where the percentage of mature fish was below 50%. In all treatments, spawning was initiated when the fish were 22 weeks old. Smallest size at spawning of males and females was 9.2 cm (13.1 g) and 8.1 cm (8.9 g), respectively, and dietary protein levels influenced the size of fish at first maturity. For both sexes, no difference was found in the gonado-somatic index (GSI) among different treatments. Fecundity increased with increasing dietary protein levels, but significant differences were found only between 40–45% and 25–35% dietary protein levels. The relative fecundity (eggs g−1 female) was higher at the lower dietary protein levels (25–35%) than at the higher dietary protein levels (40–45%). The dietary protein levels did not have any significant influence on the size and weight of mature eggs. The chemical composition of fish and mature ovaries was significantly influenced by the dietary protein level.
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    Growth and Survival of Blackslip Pearl Oyster Larvae Fed Different Densities of Microalgae (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: feeding ; growth ; larvae ; micro-algae ; pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera L.) ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on an experiment to determine growth and survival of blacklip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (L.), larvae fed a 1:1 mixture of Isochrysis aff. galbana clone T-ISO and Pavlova salina at six different densities (1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 × 103 cells ml-1. Larval growth and survival were assessed every four days over a 20–day period. Exponential and logistic regression models were fitted to the growth and survival responses, respectively. Overall growth of larvae fed ≥5 × 103 cells ml-1 was significantly greater (p 〉 0.01) than growth of larvae reared at other algal densities. The optimal food ration for maximum larval growth was 20 × 103 cells ml-1, which resulted in larvae with antero-posterior shell length of 230 μm after 20 days. These larvae were significantly larger (p 〉 0.05) than those in all other treatments at the end of the experiment. Survival of larvae fed 0, 1 and 2 × 103 cells ml-1 was significantly lower than that of larvae in all other treatments at the end of 15 days (p 〉 0.01). Maximal survival (8%) over the 20 day period was shown by larvae fed 10 × 103 cells ml-1, while lower survival was shown by larvae fed 2 × 103 cells ml-1 (2%) and 1 × 103 cells ml-1 (0%).
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    Growth and Survival of Fingerlings of Silver Catfish Exposed to Different Photoperiods (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 201-205 
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    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: fingerlings ; growth ; light regimes ; photoperiod ; silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009299830102
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    Preliminary Results on Rearing of Sparus Aurata × Pagrus Pagrus Hybrids. Performance Comparison With the Parental Species (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 295-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) ; growth ; hybridization ; red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Hybridization between gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, and red porgy, Pagrus pagrus, was undertaken and viable hybrids were produced by an artificial hormonal-induced cross. The hybrids, from the cross of female red porgy and male gilthead sea bream (Pp × Sa), survived through the yolk-sac larval stage. The hybrids produced from the cross of female gilthead sea bream and male red porgy (Sa × Pp) presented higher mortality in the larval stage (98.4%) compared to gilthead sea bream (80.0%) and red porgy (92.5%). Afterwards, the Sa × Pp hybrid was compared to the offspring of its parental species under the same rearing conditions (tanks of 500 l capacity, natural light, ambient temperature, self-feeding with commercial feed) in a 40–week experiment. In this comparative study, the Sa × Pp hybrid had intermediate mortality rate (6%), compared to gilthead sea bream (0%) and red porgy (21%). The growth profile of this hybrid resembled the slow growing phases of its parents (red porgy in warm period and gilthead sea bream in cold period). The feed conversion ratio between fish forms was not significantly different (1.54–1.84 in the Sa × Pp hybrid, 1.53–1.56 in the maternal species and 1.33–1.40 in the paternal one). The body weight variation in the Sa × Pp hybrid was quite high (31.7–37.9%), compared to that in gilthead sea bream (19.7–24.7%) and red porgy (18.0–31.3%). With respect to body coloration, the Sa × Pp hybrid was distinguishable and classified into groups of red porgy-like (55.1%), gilthead sea bream-like (40.6%), and intermediate forms (4.3%). The preliminary results of this study proved that the produced Sa × Pp hybrid had too low a performance for aquaculture use, but the interesting consequent hereditary potential could be a useful tool in fish hybridization practice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009296000457
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    Isolation of the effective concentration of 2-phenoxyethanol for anaesthesia in the spotted grunter, Pomadasys commersonnii, and its effect on growth (1997)
    Springer
    Aquarium sciences and conservation 1 (1997), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1448
    Keywords: anaesthetic ; growth ; Haemulidae ; 2-phenoxyethanol ; Pomadasys commersonnii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018367130130
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    Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile tiger barb, Barbus tetrazona (Bleeker, 1855) (1998)
    Springer
    Aquarium sciences and conservation 2 (1998), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1448
    Keywords: Barbus tetrazona ; nutrition ; dietary requirement--phosphorus ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of increasing dietary concentrations of phosphorus on growth, feeding efficiency and body composition were studied in the tiger barb (Barbus tetrazona) (Bleeker, 1855). Juvenile tiger barbs (initial weight 0.33 ± 0.02 g) were fed purified diets containing graded levels of KH2PO4 to provide 0.17--1.57% available dietary phosphorus for 8 weeks in freshwater glass aquaria. The weight gain, feeding efficiency and mineral composition of the whole body and bone were significantly (p 〈 0.05) affected by dietary phosphorus. Growth response data calculated by broken line analysis showed that the minimum dietary phosphorus level required for maximum growth was 0.52%. The carcass protein, fat and ash contents but not moisture were affected by various dietary phosphorus levels. Fish fed a low-phosphorus diet had high body crude fat
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009620609174
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    The growth performances of two mangrove crabs, Chiromanthes bidens and Parasesarma plicata under different leaf litter diets (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: grapsid crabs ; detritivory ; growth ; survival ; assimilation efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth performance of adult individuals of the detritivorous mangrove grapsid crabs Chiromanthes bidens and Parasesarma plicata common in the Mai Po marshes, Hong Kong, was followed in a long-term laboratory rearing experiment (10 months). Individual crabs' moulting frequency, growth increment and mortality when fed four kinds of leaf litter available in their natural habitats, viz. brown (two weeks of decomposition) and yellow (fresh litter) Kandelia candel, and brown and yellow Avicennia marina were followed. The survival period was strongly related to litter type when the data from both crab species were pooled, being longest for crabs fed with brown Avicennia marina, followed by brown Kandelia candel 〉 yellow Avicennia marina 〉 yellow Kandelia candel. A higher proportion of crabs moulted twice when yellow Avicennia marina was supplied, but more crabs moulted for a third time when fed with brown Avicennia marina. The growth increment of the two species of crabs after moulting was found to be significantly related to their pre-moult size (ANOVA, P〈0.05), but effects of the four treatments were non-significant. Increment of Chiromanthes bidens was significantly greater than that of Parasesarma plicata under the brown Kandelia candel treatment. Litter treatment has no effect on the time taken for the crabs to moult, only in the case of the yellow Avicennia marina treatment did Parasesarma plicata take a longer time to moult a second time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029121
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    Effect of synthethic waster on young Kandelia candel plants growing under greenhouse conditions (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 263-273 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Mangrove ; Kandelia candel ; seedling ; growth ; wastewater ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment wad performed to evaluate the effects of synthethic wastewater in three different strengths, NW, MW and CW, on the growth of the one-year old Kandelia candel (L.) Druce plants. NW had the characteristics and strength similar to natural municipal wastewater while MW and CW contained five and ten times of the nutrients and heavy metals in NW, respectively. Artificial seawater was used as the control. During one year wastewater treatment experiment, Kandelia were found to withstand wastewater of high strength and toxic symptoms were not detected in all plants. Synthethic wastewater with strength similar to the natural municipal sewage (NW) stimulated plant growth. The plants treated with NW had significantly higher aerial and root biomass, taller stem than those found in the CW, MW and the control. Maximum growth, in terms of both stem height and total biomass, of all plants occured in summer months, from June to September. With respect to the physiological and biochemical activities, CW and MW treated plants had significantly lower levels of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyl and catalase activity than those found in NW and control groups. In contrast, the proline content of plants treated with wastewater was similar to that of the control. These result suggest that normal wastewater (NW), attributed to its nutrients and trace elements, enhanced plant growth. The medium (MW) and concentrated wastewater (CW) supported similar amount of plant growth as the control but the physiological and biochemical parametes indicate that these treated plants might have been exposed to some kind of stress, probably due to the heavy metals present in MW and CW.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029133
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    Seasonal growth and reproduction in a highly fecund brachyuran crab, Metopograpsus messor (Forskal) (Grapsidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 319 (1996), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: brachyuran crab ; fecundity ; growth ; Metopograpsus messor ; reproduction ; seasonal changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The annual cycle of a Metopograpsus population (Muzhupilangad estuary) had three distinct periods: (1) growth-reproduction (January–May), when crabs were involved in moult and reproduction; (2) inactive period (June–July), and (3) reproductive period (August–December). Usually, spawning was immediately followed by another vitellogenic cycle, paralleled by the embryogenesis of prehatch eggs in the brood. Moulting was seemingly an annual event. In the programming of moult and reproduction, the species deviated from the common brachyuran pattern, inasmuch as the postmoult females engaged in active vitellogenesis. The synchrony in the stages of maturation and spawning, and the precision with which the physiological events are programmed, make this highly fecund species an ideal model for an integrated study of the physiology of growth and reproduction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020967
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    Variation in fish growth characteristics along a river course (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 325 (1996), S. 39-46 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: roach ; pike ; chub ; growth ; river zones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variation in the growth patterns of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), pike, Esox lucius L., and chub, Leuciscus cephalus (L.) was examined along the upper Warta River, where human impact (mostly pollution) has influenced the longitudinal zonation on the fish assemblage. Significant differences were found in the exponent of weight-length relationships for roach and chub populations occupying different zones of the river, but no such variation was observed in pike. Moreover, pike growth was isometric, whereas roach and chub grew allometrically, with regression coefficients (slope) above 3. Although the length-at-age data were similar for each zone, the von Bertalanffy parameters (L inf, K and t 0) suggest that there may exist some inter-zone variation in the overall growth patterns of these species. All the species grew better in the zone where the index of relative abundance (relating dominance of a particular species to its maximum abundance in river system) achieved its highest value. The results suggest that a relative abundance index expressed in this way can be a good index of ‘habitat quality’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023666
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    Food dependent color patterns inThamnocephalus platyurus Packard (Branchiopoda: Anostraca); a laboratory study (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 298 (1995), S. 133-139 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: β-carotene ; baker's yeast ; growth ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Coloration of phyllopods varies from place to place and from one life stage to another. It ranges from translucent or whitish through gray, blue, green, orange, and reddish. Here, we present experimental evidence for a food- dependent color pattern inThamnocephalus platyurus Packard. The presence or absence of the synthetic pigment trans — β — carotene in a baker's yeast diet was the controlling factor. All the 24 old larvae used in the experiment were whitish in color. From day 6 until the end the experiment (day 11), 100% of the shrimps under a diet with synthetic trans — β — carotene (treatment 1) exhibited a characteristic color pattern which consisted of an orange color in the cercopods, and in all theracopods; the rest of the body exhibited no particular color. In comparison, 100% of the shrimps under a diet without synthetic trans — β — carotene (treatment 2) were whitish throughout the body. In females from treatment 1, the ovaries and oocytes were green-bluish, while in females from treatment 2 the ovaries and oocytes were whitish. No significant differences in survival and growth were found, except that at day 9, there was a significant difference in growth, the females with the synthetic trans — β — carotene group growing faster.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033808
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    Laboratory culture of fairy shirmps using baker's yeast as basic food in a flow-through system (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 298 (1995), S. 141-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Thamnocephalus ; Branchinecta ; growth ; filter-feeders ; feeding ; clay ; silicium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We designed and standardized a culture method for freshwater anostracans using diets free of live algae.Thamnocephalus platyurus andBranchinecta lindahli were used as test organisms. We used baker's yeast as basic food and added inert particles (clay or amorphic silicium dioxide) to improve the digestion of the yeast. A flow-through culture system was used, according to a fixed feeding schedule, to supply separately, culture medium (tap water), food, and inert particle suspensions. Three variants with baker's yeast as basic, food were compared for survival, growth, and reproduction. A diet of solely baker's yeast (diet 1) or baker's yeast supplemented with vegetal oil containing ß-carotene (diet 2) was unsuitable for reproduction ofT. platyurus. Cyst production was only achieved when diet 2 was supplemented with fish oil andSpirulina powder (diet 3). This suggests that not only a digestibility problem, but also nutritional deficiencies are present in baker's yeast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033809
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    Larviculture of the fairy shrimp,Streptocephalus proboscideus (Crustacea: Anostraca): effect of food concentration and physical and chemical properties of the culture medium (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 298 (1995), S. 159-165 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Anostraca ; algal food ; temperature ; conductivity ; water quality ; growth ; maturation ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Food concentration (0.5 × 103 − 5 × 105 Scenedesmus cells m1−1) significant influenced the somatic growth, maturation and survivorship ofS. proboscideus larvae. A density of 5 × 104 cells m1−1 was optimal for early larval stages. Of four temperature tested (20–35 °C), 30 °C resulted in the best growth and survival. Maturation time was inversely related to temperature, and was size- rather that age-dependent. Larvae were tolerant of a wide conductivity range, but optimal growth and survival were observed at 260 µS cm−1. Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO2-N) caused a larval mortality of 50% after 24 h at 0.58 mg1−1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033810
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    Age structure, growth and reproduction ofRutilus lemmingii in an intermittent stream of the Guadalquivir river basin, southern Spain (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 299 (1995), S. 207-213 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rutilus lemmingii ; age ; growth ; reproduction ; fecundity ; life-history tactics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The age, growth and reproduction ofRutilus lemmingii (Steindachner, 1866), an endemic cyprinid from the Iberian Peninsula, was studied for over a period of two years in a small seasonal tributary of the Guadalquivir river basin. Approximately 65 % of the total growth in length occured in the first year of life. Males reached a maximum age of 3+ yr (Fork Length, F.L. = 114 mm) and females 4+ yr (F.L. = 144 mm). Both sexes matured during their second year of life (1 +). The overall sex ratio (334 males to 389 females) differed significantly from unity. Somatic condition decreased markedly during the reproductive period of March to May.R. lemmingii is a multiple spawner and releases two batches of eggs per female each year. Mean egg diameter of the first batch was larger than the second one. The regression between fecundity and Fork Length (mm) was: Fec = 0.014 F.L.Z.2.858 Compared with available information, thisR. lemmingii population, located at a lower latitude, is characterized by fast growth, early maturity, high level of reproductive effort, and a short life-span. These life-history characteristices are typical of species in unstable environments, where adult mortality is high, variable or unpredictable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00767327
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    Fishes, their biology and fisheries management in Lake Peipsi (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 338 (1996), S. 163-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lake smelt ; vendace ; bream ; pikeperch ; spawning ; fecundity ; feeding ; growth ; fisheries management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lake Peipsi is a large (3558 km2) and relatively shallow (up to 15.3 m) productive smelt-bream-pikeperch lake on the territories of Estonia and Russia. 34 fish and lamprey species inhabit this lake permanently, the main commercial fishes being smelt, perch, ruffe, roach, bream, pike, up to the 1990s also vendace and lately pikeperch. The second-rate commercial fishes are burbot, whitefish, white bream and bleak. In general, the spawning and feeding conditions of fishes are more or less favourable in the lake. Bream and pike grow fast, the majority of the other investigated fish species passably. The total catch of fish has usually been 9000–12000 t (25–34 kg ha−1) a year. As a result of the intensive use of trawls and fine-meshed Danish seines, the stock of pikeperch was strongly suppressed for a long time. After trawls were prohibited and the number of Danish seines considerably restricted, the stock and catches of pikeperch began to grow rapidly; pikeperch has become one of the main commercial fishes in the lake. During the last years the abundance of vendace has sharply decreased, and it has lost (we hope, temporarily) its economic importance. This is probably caused, first of all, by the high mortality of its eggs on the spawning grounds during successive mild winters of the last years. An increasing pressure from pikeperch (a big predator) has also contributed to strong decline of the stock of vendace. It would be reasonable to begin a regular introduction of elvers into the lake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00031720
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    Effects of an organic sediment on performance of young Phragmites australis clones at different water depth treatments (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 330 (1996), S. 189-194 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Phragmites australis ; reed decline ; growth ; biomass allocation ; nutrient uptake ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Performance of young Phragmites australis plants was examined after 7 weeks on an artificial nutrient-enriched inorganic substrate and on the same substrate to which an organic sediment from a eutrophic lake was added, at three different water depth treatments. Growth decreased, and proportional allocation of biomass to roots increased, with the addition of sediment. These differences were significant in shallow and deep water, but not at a medium depth. Concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in plant biomass decreased, and concentration of iron increased, with addition of sediment. The effects of sediment addition may have resulted from a decreased availability of nutrients in the substrate or from an impaired root functioning. Nutrient exhaustion in the substrate, due to a fast plant growth, can explain the relatively strong effects in shallow water. Deep water, on the other hand, probably restricted oxygen transport to the roots, resulting in an impaired root functioning in the low-redox sediment environment. The results show that, especially in relatively deep water, growth of undisturbed plants of P. australis may be inhibited by eutrophication of sediments, probably because of an impaired root functioning in sediments containing reduced toxic compounds (e.g. ferrous iron).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024207
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    Effects of Chironomus tentans larval growth retardation on adult emergence and ovipositing success: implications for interpreting freshwater sediment bioassays (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 323 (1996), S. 155-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chironomus tentans ; growth ; emergence ; sediment toxicity assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory study was conducted with Chironomus tentans to assess the significance of growth retardation of third-to fourth-instar larvae over a 10-d test period on long-term survival, adult emergence, and ovipositing success. Data were intended to provide interpretive guidance for the commonly used growth endpoint in 10-d sediment bioassays with C. tentans. Larval growth was controlled by using six feeding levels ranging from 0.2 to 5.9 mg dry weight Tetrafin® fish food per day. Mean 10-d survival was ≥88% at all feeding levels, but larval growth decreased significantly (p〈0.05) with each decrease in feeding level. Cumulative successful emergence of adult C. tentans decreased significantly with decreasing larval growth. Mean times to emergence always increased with decreasing growth rates and effects were generally more pronounced for females than males. At the lowest 10-d mean growth where successful emergence occurred (0.27 mg), the times to emergence doubled relative to the times observed at the highest 10-d mean growth (1.03 mg). Ten-day larval growth retardation was strongly correlated with reduction in adult emergence success (r 2 = 0.96). Growth retardations ≥64% resulted in 86–100% reductions in adult emergence. Growth retardation in the range of 35 to 50% equated with comparable percent reductions in adult emergence success. Although fewer females successfully emerged at 10-d growths of 0.37 and 0.74 mg relative to the highest 10-d growth (1.03 mg), ovipositing success of these females did not appear to be adversely affected by either their slower growth rates or their lower mean dry weights (0.62 and 0.99 mg, respectively). Growth of second generation larvae did not appear to be affected by maternal growth rate, but rather appeared to be solely correlated with their own feeding level.
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    Population characteristics of green tiger prawns, Penaeus semisulcatus, in Kuwait waters prior to the Gulf War (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 337 (1996), S. 37-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: exploitation rate ; recruitment ; mortality ; growth ; sex ratios
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Monthly length-frequency data of green tiger prawns from April 1985 to August 1990 were analyzed to estimate the von Bertalanffy growth curves and related parameters. The mean asymptotic carapace lengths (L ∞) and growth constants (K) over 5 seasons were 36.6 mm and 1.6 yr−1 for males and 51.2 mm and 1.7 yr−1 for females, respectively. Annual total mortality rates (Z) from 1985/86 to 1989/90 ranged from 2.7 to 6.5 yr−1 for males and from 2.8 to 6.8 yr−1 1 for females. The mean exploitation rates calculated using the mean natural mortality rates (M) of 2.5 yr−1 for males and 2.4 yr−1 for females showed that the male green tiger prawns in Kuwait waters were under exploited, whereas the catch of females was very close to the sustainable yield. Chi-square tests indicated that the sex ratio was close to one for adults (CL ≽ 26 mm), but significantly favoured males for recruits (CL 〈 26 mm). A major recruitment was detected from June/July in all seasons and a minor recruitment in some seasons in August/September. The relative yield-per-recruit (Y'/R) reached the optimum at the length-at-first capture (L c) of 25 mm CL for males, and increased as L c increased for females. The observed mean L c, values were 23.4 mm for both males and females. The Y'/R under the current exploitation level is close to the maximum sustainable yield for females, but lower for males. More fishing effort could be exerted to exploit males, but doing so may not be biologically or commercially possible with current trawling practices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028505
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    Growth and fecundity of Daphnia after diapause and their impact on the development of a population (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 320 (1996), S. 209-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Daphnia ; diapause ; growth ; maturity ; clutch size ; intrinsic rate of increase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field investigations revealed that the life history traits of exephippial and parthenogenetic generations of Daphnia differ substantially. Daphniids hatching from resting eggs grow faster and their definitive body sizes are bigger than of hatchlings from subitaneous eggs. Size at maturity for exephippial animals is significantly larger. In spite of this, they mature a few days earlier than parthenogenetic females. In this study, the difference was 3–4 days for the laboratory experiments and 1–3 days for the field. Fecundity of the exephippial generation is markedly higher. Here, the clutch size for this generation was up to 3.5–4.0 times as large as for the parthenogenetic generation. Moreover, obtained results suggest that the relationship between clutch size and body length for both generations differ significantly. Estimates of the intrinsic rate of increase for field Daphnia populations demonstrated that life history traits of exephippial animals lead to a two or threefold higher rate of increase in the conditions of invertebrate predation pressure. Under moderate fish pressure, obtained r values for the daphniids hatching from resting eggs were larger than those from subitaneous. High growth rate of exephippial females is disadvantageous only under the conditions of severe pressure by fish. Obtained results suggest that hatchlings from diapausing eggs an acceleration of population increase by several times during the beginning of the development of a population with periodical re-establishment from resting eggs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016822
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    The effect of temperature, and food quantity and quality on the growth and development rates in laboratory-cultured copepods and cladocerans from a Sri Lankan reservoir (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 350 (1997), S. 131-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: microcrustacean zooplankton ; tropical limnology ; laboratory cultures ; growth ; development rates ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Length growth, instar durations, fecundity and mortality rates of fivespecies of microcrustacean zooplankton from a tropical reservoir weremeasured in relation to food quantity and temperature in laboratorycultures. Three cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia cornuta, Moina micrura,Diaphanosoma excisum), one calanoid copepod (Heliodiaptomus viduus), and onecyclopoid copepod (Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides) were studied. Filteredseston (45 µm mesh) from a local pond was used for food. Two foodconcentrations were employed: (1) 10 µg chlorophyll l−1(ca 0.25 mg Cl−1), and (2) 50 µg chlorophylll−1 (ca 1.25 mg C l−1). Food levels and watertemperature (22.5, 27.5, and 32.5 °C) used, roughly covered the rangesfound in the reservoir. Although all the three growth parameters were oftenaffected to some degree by temperature and food, the quantitative responseof the species differed. Also, the species reacted differently to the threepossible interactions (i.e. food × temperature,food × instar, andtemperature × instar). This contributed to the overalldifferences in the species responses. For the cladocerans, instar durationswere always affected by temperature. The food did not affect the durationtime of the adults and that of the combined juvenile instars, the latterexcept in one case significantly. For the two copepods food level affectedthe duration times of naupliar and copepodite instars, but the effect oftemperature was only significant for H. viduus. The development timesobserved for H. viduus were extraordinary long compared with values reportedin the literature for other tropical calanoids. This suggests that foodconditions in our culture were adversely affecting its growth rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003087815861
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    A comparison of two tubificid oligochaete species as candidates for sublethal bioassay tests relevant to subtropical and tropical regions (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 334 (1996), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sediment bioassay ; Oligochaeta ; Tubifex tubifex ; Branchiura sowerbyi ; growth ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two tubificid oligochaetes, Branchiura sowerbyi and Tubifex tubifex, were evaluated as potential test organisms for sediment bioassays. We attempt to reproduce the sediment bioassay proposed by Reynoldson et al. (1991) using his strain of Tubifex tubifex and his reference sediment and to compare this technique using Branchiura sowerbyi. This species was chosen because it is more common and dominant in tropical and subtropical environments than Tubifex tubifex. Data on survival and reproduction were obtained for both species, and growth estimates were obtained for B. sowerbyi. The sublethal bioassay with T. tubifex confirmed earlier estimates of a test duration of 4 weeks at 22.5 °C. B. sowerbyi cultures can produce usable estimates in 21 days at 30 °C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017366
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    Morphogenesis of helical fibers in haplotaxids (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 334 (1996), S. 207-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: haplotaxids ; helical muscles ; ultrastructure ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract There are two different muscle fiber types in haplotaxids. The pseudo-circomyarian type is typical of Haplotaxis gordioides and the flattened circomyarian type of Pelodrilus leruthi. The mechanisms of growth in fiber size and in fiber number of the two fiber types in the hindmost region of adult specimens have been studied ultrastructurally. The increase in length and girth of the muscle fiber is always the result of the insertion of new myofilaments in the peripheral zones of the muscle cells. The increase in the number of fibers seems to be due to division of differentiated muscle cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017371
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    A comparison of reproduction, growth and acute toxicity in two populations of Tubifex tubifex (Müller,1774) from the North American Great Lakes and Northern Spain (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 334 (1996), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: toxicity ; cultures ; oligochaetes ; T. tubifex ; growth ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reproduction in Tubifex tubifex is being used as part of a suite of indicators of sediment toxicity in Canada and Spain, and reproduction of T. tubifex is being considered as a component of sediment objectives for environmental regulation and clean-up in the Canadian Great Lakes. The data being used to set these reproductive targets have been developed from a single culture of T. tubifex from Lake Erie. The plasticity of this particular species is well known and before it can be adopted widely as a test organism it is necessary to determine whether a single culture source should be used or if cultures derived from different populations respond similarly. A series of experiments with two cultures, one from Lake Erie the second from a small mountain stream in Northern Spain have shown that the Spanish worms appear to produce fewer cocoons per adult (mean 8.6 S.D. 1.0) than those from Lake Erie (mean 10.4 S.D. 0.3) at 22.5 °C, a standard test temperature. The number of young produced per adult by the Spanish culture is also lower (mean 19.0 S.D. 4.6) than the L. Erie population (mean 30.6 S.D. 2.3), however, the Spanish population has higher reproductions rates at a lower temperature. The Spanish worms also have lower and more variable growth rates than the Canadian population. There also appear to be slight differences in the sensitivities to toxicants, with the Canadian worms having higher LC50s for copper, chromium and cadmium. While there are differences in the responses in the two cultures these are not considered to be sufficient to invalidate the use of either population in a standard bioassay protocol as long as appropriate calibration and validation are undertaken.
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    Diurnal carbon restrictions on the photosynthesis of dense stands of Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 340 (1996), S. 11-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: weedbed ; growth ; physiology ; pH ; oxygen ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In slow-moving and static eutrophic waters, submerged macrophytes growing in dense stands produce a highly structured environment, with reduced internal water flow. An afternoon lull in the net photosynthesis of such stands has been reported from a number of previous studies. This has been attributed to increased photorespiration caused by an accumulation of photosynthetically-derived, dissolved oxygen in the surrounding water. Results here demonstrate that even in a water quite rich in dissolved inorganic carbon (2.5 mmol l−1), limitations on the supply of inorganic carbon will normally be more important in curtailing photosynthesis, with photorespiration playing only a minor role.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012727
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    Translocation of assimilates in Undaria and its cultivation in China (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 352 (1997), S. 287-293 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Undaria pinnatifida ; translocation ; photoassimilates ; growth ; cultivation ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Undaria cultivation on a commercial scale began in China only in the last decade. Today, Undaria pinnatifida is the main species under cultivation concentrated in two provinces, Liaoning and Shandong. The annual production in the early nineties was 8000-13 000 tons dry weight, which is two or three times the pre-1980 figures. The raft cultivation method maintaining the alga at the desired depths generally ensures the light saturated rate of photosynthesis on clear days, and enhances production. Under the cultivated condition, the calculated annual primary productivity of this alga is 160 gC m−2 y−1. Translocation of 14C-labelled photoassimilates in rapidly growing sporophyte of Undaria pinnatifida was studied in the open sea. Samples from different parts of the blade with counterparts exposed to tracer (NaH14CO3) showed that the translocation that occurred mainly from the tip of the blade to the growing region had obvious source-sink relationship. It took 20 minutes to translocate the labelled photoassimilates from the epidermis, via cortex, to the medulla of the midrib, where rates of translocation averaging 42–48 cm h−1 were observed in the open sea. Production experiments of tip-cutting of the blades showed an increased production of 9%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003004230593
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    Distribution, diversity, life cycle and growth of a mayfly community in a prealpine stream system (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 308 (1995), S. 85-101 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Alps ; prealpine streams ; Ephemeroptera ; community structure ; life cycle ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Within the framework of a study on the ecology of Dippers in a prealpine stream system, the macroinvertebrate communities were also investigated, especially Ephemeroptera. Ten stations were sampled qualitatively, of which two (Saane and Turbach streams) were investigated quantitatively for 16 months (April 1983–July 1984). Fifteen mayfly species were found. The faunistic affinities among the 10 streams investigated reflect the main abiotic characteristics. There was no significant difference in species richness, diversity and evenness for Saane and Turbach streams. Life cycles of nine species were studied in these two watercourses. Those of Rhithrogena degrangei, Rh. hybrida, Rh. savoiensis and Ecdyonurus helveticus are described for the first time. Baetis alpinus is the only species to exhibit a bivoltine cycle, whereas all others have a univoltine summer or winter cycle. Specific growth rates were measured for most species. The summer generation of B. alpinus presents the highest growth rate (4.51 % dry weight d−1), whereas the lowest values were recorded for Rh. degrangei (0.76% dry weight d−1). The importance of abiotic variables, especially water temperature, is also discussed.
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    Consequences of protist-stimulated bacterial production for estimating protist growth efficiencies (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 341 (1996), S. 113-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bacteria ; protist ; flagellate ; ciliate ; growth ; activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The trophic link between bacteria and bacterivorous protists is a complex interaction that involves feedback of inorganic nutrients and growth substrates that are immeadiately available for prey growth. These interactions were examined in the laboratory and in incubations of concentrated natural assemblages of bacterioplankton. Growth dynamics of estuarine and marine bacterivorous protists were determined in laboratory culture using Vibrio natriegens as prey and were compared to growth of protists on bacterioplankton assemblages concentrated by tangential flow filtration from four northwest Florida Estuaries. Biomass transfers from bacteria to protists were monitored by tracing elemental carbon and nitrogen in particulate fractions of protist added and grazer free controls. Gross growth efficiencies of the protists on naturally occurring bacteria were within the range determined in lab estimates of growth efficiency on cultured bacteria (∼50%). However, bacterial response to protist excretion products was different in the lab and field incubations, and bacterial growth contributed to the biomass available to protists in the field incubations. As determined by radioisotope-labeled substrate incorporation, a time lag in bacterial reponse to protist excretion products was observed for laboratory batch cultures, allowing accurate estimation of growth efficiency. In incubations with concentrated natural bacterial assemblages, bacterial growth response coincided with protist growth and excretion. The additional bacterial production on protist excretion products reached a maximum of 2–3-fold higher than protist-free controls. In addition, ammonium concentrations increased with protist grazing and growth in lab cultures, but ammonium excreted by protists in concentrates did not accumulate. The C:N values for the bacterial concentrates suggests that these bacteria were nitrogen limited. It is speculated that dissolved organic carbon, concentrated by tangential flow filtration (〉 100,000 MW membrane) with the bacterioplankton, was utilized by bacteria when nitrogen was supplied as ammonium and amino acids from protist excretion. Thus, estimates of protist growth efficiency on naturally occurring bacterioplankton, corrected for protist-stimulated bacterial production, were in the range of 13–21%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018115
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    Effects of temperature and food level on growth and development of a planktonic water mite (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 308 (1995), S. 153-165 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: water mite ; Piona ; growth ; development ; temperature-food interactions ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analysed the relative effects of food availability and temperature on rates of growth and development of a predatory planktonic water mite, Piona exigua. Growth in length of mites fed Daphnia, Ceriodaphnia and Chydorus was analysed by Gompertz or von Bertalanffy curves; these curves were compared by parallel curve analysis. Growth rates of nymphs and adult female mites increased with temperature; the duration of the imagochrysalis stage decreased. Females grown at 10 °C were smaller at final size than females grown at 15 °C, 18 °C or 22 °C. Females reared at food levels of 15 or 30 prey l−1 grew more slowly and were smaller than those provided with 60 or 120 prey l−1. Nymphs grew more slowly when Daphnia were the only prey, than when smaller prey were available. Food level did not affect nymph growth at 10 °C or 15 °C, but growth at 18 °C or 22 °C may have been slowed at the lowest food levels. Synergistic effects of temperature and food level on nymph growth were apparent only from analysis of growth curves and not from stage duration data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007401
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    Integrated cultivation of salmonids and seaweeds in open systems (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 326-327 (1996), S. 67-73 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: growth ; kelp ; Laminaria ; Nereocystis ; nutrient removal ; technical and economical feasibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Critical aspects of growing Laminaria saccharina and Nereocystis luetkeana near salmon sea cages are discussed. A new computer spreadsheet model was developed, which integrated biological, physical and economic aspects of kelp/salmon cultivation, in order to provide information on production, nutrient removal, and technical and economic feasibility of different production strategies. Given a farm-gate price of $20 kg−1 (dry mass) and either a 24 or 48 sea cage salmon farm, kelp is a feasible investment option. Results of the model suggest that kelp apparently obtains ammonium for growth during slack tide and that ammonium uptake is also significant during that time. The net yield of Nereocystis needs to be increased before it can compete with the yield of Laminaria. To include kelp on a salmon farm, a part-time position and a separate mooring system for kelp would be needed. Special attention should be given to training personnel in both salmon and kelp production.
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    Diet and growth of a leaf-shredding caddisfly in southern Appalachian streams of contrasting disturbance history (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 346 (1997), S. 193-201 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: stream ; disturbance ; caddisfly ; shredder ; diet ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diet and growth of leaf-shredding caddisfly larvae, Pycnopsyche spp.,were examined in streams draining a reference catchment and a 16-year-oldclear-cut (disturbed) catchment at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory insouthwestern North Carolina, USA. The objective was to explain why shredderproduction is higher in the disturbed streams despite the larvae having lessfood (i.e., leaves) available. We predicted larvae would grow faster onfast-decaying leaf material representative of the disturbed streams. Larvaeconsumed mostly leaf detritus in three streams draining each catchment overthree seasons (fall, winter, and spring), which showed larvae did notconsume higher quality foods (e.g., algae and animal material) in disturbedstreams. When fed 2-month-old conditioned black birch (Betula lenta L.) (afast-decaying leaf species) and white oak (Quercus alba L.) (a slow-decayingleaf species) leaves in the laboratory, larvae grew significantly faster onthe birch leaves. However, when larvae were fed the same leaf types after3-months conditioning, larvae grew significantly faster on oak leaves. Afield growth experiment conducted for 42 d using mixed-species leaf dietsrepresentative of each catchment and initially conditioned for 2 monthsfound that Pycnopsyche grew significantly better on the diet representativeof the reference catchment. The ’reference diet‘ contained more oak leaveswhich apparently became a more acceptable food as the experiment proceeded.High shredder production in the disturbed streams could not be explained byhigh Pycnopsyche growth rates on fast-decaying leaves. Instead, larvae grewbetter on leaves that were apparently conditioned optimally regardless ofconditioning rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002930419317
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    Optimum growth conditions and light utilization efficiency of Spirulina platensis (= Arthrospira fusiformis) (Cyanophyta) from Lake Chitu, Ethiopia (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 332 (1996), S. 99-109 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Arthrospira ; Chitu ; Ethiopia ; growth ; light ; nutrient status ; quantum yield ; Spirulina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spirulina platensis (= Arthrospira fusiformis) was isolated from Lake Chitu, a saline, alkaline lake in Ethiopia, where it forms an almost unialgal population. Optimum growth conditions were studied in a turbidostat. Cultures grown in modified Zarrouk's medium and exposed to a range of light intensities (20–500 µmol photons m−2s−1) showed a maximum specific growth rate (µmax) of 1.78 d−1. Quantum yield for growth (Φµ) was 3.8% at the optimum light for growth of 330 µmol photons m−2s−1, and ranged from 2.8 to 9.4%. With increase in irradiance, the chlorophyll a concentration decreased, and the carotenoids/chlorophyll a ratio increased by a factor of 2.4. The phosphorus to carbon ratio (P/C) showed some variation, while the nitrogen to carbon ratio (N/C) remained relatively constant, thus causing fluctuations in the N:P ratio (7–11) of cells. An optimum N:P ratio of about 7 was attained in cells growing at the optimum light for growth. Results from the continuous culture experiments agreed well with maximum values of photosynthetic efficiency given in the literature for natural populations of S. platensis in the soda lakes of East Africa, Lake Arenguade (Ethiopia), and Lake Simbi (Kenya).
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    Life history of Gambusia holbrooki (Pisces, Poeciliidae) in the Ebro delta (NE Iberian peninsula) (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 341 (1996), S. 215-224 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Gambusia holbrooki ; Poeciliidae ; growth ; reproduction ; life history tactics ; Mediterranean estuary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied age, growth and reproduction of an introduced poeciliid, Gambusia holbrooki (Agassiz, 1859), in the Ebro delta marshes. Maximum ages observed were 2+ in females and 0+ in males. Growth commenced in March and continued until September. Females reached greater sizes, had a higher rate of growth and lived longer than males. The largest sizes found were 63 mm ♀♀ versus 32 mm ♂♂. Multiple spawning occurred throughout the reproductive cycle (from May to September). The average brood size per female reached its maximum in July in the parental cohort (86 embryos/♀) and in August in the offspring cohort (29 embryos/♀). After reproduction the parental cohort decreased drastically. The relationship between fecundity (F) and total length (mm) was calculated for each month of the reproductive period. Sex-ratio deviated significantly from unity. Viviparity, several broods and large larvae provide G. holbrooki with several advantages over oviparous species. The capacity to adjust its life history to a particular environment could explain the life history differences between those in the Ebro delta and other populations.
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    Preliminary results of providing various combinations of live foods to grouper (Epinephelus coioides) larvae (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 358 (1997), S. 301-304 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: grouper larvae ; live foods ; growth ; fatty acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fertilized oyster eggs, S-rotifer (Brachionusrotundiformis) and SS-rotifer (Brachionus sp.),were tested either solely or in combination fortheir suitability as feed for early stage grouper (Epinephelus coioides) larvae. Sizes ofS-rotifers ranged between 143-224 µm lorica lengthwith mean 182±21µm, and SS-rotifersbetween 122-176µmlorica length with mean 154±13µm. Theresults indicated that both fertilized oyster eggs andSS-rotifers were suitable as feed at F1 (first feedingday). However, poor growth was recorded when providing oyster eggs solely for the periodsF1-F3. Although growth of larvae at F6 had nodifference between the sole SS-rotifers and the oystereggs additionally provided for F1-F3, better survivalof larvae at F15 was obtained when providingcombinations of SS-rotifers with oyster eggs for F1-F3.Besides, better growth and survival of larvae at F15was found when providing S-rotifers enriched withKirin yeast for F7-F15. The highest survival andfastest growth of larvae at F15 was found whenproviding oyster eggs for F1-F3, SS-rotifers forF1-F6, S-rotifers for F7-F15, both rotifers enrichedwith Kirin yeast, and Isochrysis for F1-F15.Total fatty acid (TFA), EPA, DHA content, and DHA/EPA(D/E) ratio of larvae changed with their sizes andcorresponded to that of their feeds. The F15 larvaehaving a higher TFA grew faster, having higher DHA orEPA survived better.
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    Factors affecting feeding rate, reproduction and growth of an oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus (Müller) (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 377 (1998), S. 183-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Lumbriculus ; feeding rate ; reproduction ; growth ; sediment toxicity tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Worm density of a deposit feeding oligochaete (Lumbriculus variegatus) did not affect egestion whereas both temperature and sediment type had a significant influence. The worms egested less actively at the lowest temperature (6 °C). The egestion rate, expressed as mg dry feces produced, was highest in the sandy sediment and lowest in the sediment derived almost exclusively from decaying plant material. The amount of dry material and the volume of wet sediment passing through the worms varied between the test sediments; the results are probably dependent on the chosen unit of measure. Reproduction was significantly decreased in sandy sediment with low organic carbon content. Reproduction was also dependent on the worm size, larger worms reproducing more frequently. Most worms lost weight during the tests, but the loss was lowest in the sediment with the highest organic carbon content.
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    Democracy and growth (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: growth ; democracy ; freedom ; rule of law ; O40 ; O57
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth and democracy (subjective indexes of political freedom) are analyzed for a panel of about 100 countries from 1960 to 1990. The favorable effects on growth include maintenance of the rule of law, free markets, small government consumption, and high human capital. Once these kinds of variables and the initial level of real per capita GDP are held constant, the overall effect of democracy on growth is weakly negative. There is a suggestion of a nonlinear relationship in which more democracy enhances growth at low levels of political freedom but depresses growth when a moderate level of freedom has already been attained. Improvements in the standard of living—measured by GDP, health status, and education—substantially raise the probability that political freedoms will grow. These results allow for predictions about which countries will become more or less democratic over time.
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    Growth, income distribution, and democracy: What the data say (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of economic growth 1 (1996), S. 149-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7020
    Keywords: income distribution ; growth ; fertility ; political instability ; O1 ; H5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between income distribution, democratic institutions, and growth. It does so by addressing three main issues: the properties and reliability of the income distribution data, the robustness of the reduced form relationships between income distribution and growth estimated so far, and the specific channels through which income distribution affects growth. The main conclusion in this regard is that there is strong empirical support for two types of explanations, linking income distribution to sociopolitical instability and to the education/fertility decision. A third channel, based on the interplay of borrowing constraints and investment in human capital, also seems to receive some support by the data, although it is probably the hardest to test with the existing data. By contrast, there appears to be less empirical support for explanations based on the effects of income distribution on fiscal policy.
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    Brassinolides promote the expression of a new Cicer arietinum β-tubulin gene involved in the epicotyl elongation (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 807-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: brassinolides ; β-tubulin ; Cicer arietinum ; epicotyls ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone, CanTUB, encoding a putative β-tubulin protein was isolated from a cDNA library constructed from 5-day old chickpea (Cicer arietinum) epicotyls. Analysis of its deduced amino acid sequence showed all the typical structural motifs of plant β-tubulins. Putative sequences for autoregulation and tubulin mRNA stability, GTP and Ca2+/MAPs (microtubule-associated proteins) binding sites were present. Southern blot analysis of chickpea genomic DNA revealed that there are multiple β-tubulin genes. The level of expression of β-tubulin genes was correlated with the rate of growth in either seedlings and adult plants. The transcript levels of β-tubulin genes were higher in actively elongating tissues such as etiolated epicotyls, roots and stem tissues of adult plants. Brassinolide-induced growth in chickpea epicotyls was accompanied by promotion of the expression of the gene coding for β-tubulin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006013718429
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    Two growth-related organ-specific cDNAs from Cicer arietinum epicotyls (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 35 (1997), S. 433-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chickpea ; epicotyls ; growth ; tissue-specific gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two cDNAs, CanST-1 and CanST-2, encoding two different growth-related organ-specific sequences have been isolated from a cDNA library from growing epicotyls of Cicer arietinum. An intriguing property of these two clones is the presence in their coding region of a repeated sequence which is highly conserved except for the number of repeats. The corresponding genes of CanST-1 and CanST-2 encode for proteins related to elongation processes. CanST-1 and CanST-2 are up-regulated during epicotyl growth, the transcript levels of both clones decrease when the growth of epicotyls is inhibited by several treatments and their expression increases when epicotyls resume growth. Furthermore, clones CanST-1 and CanST-2 are tissue-specific and are only expressed in epicotyls, mesocotyls, roots and stem tissues whose cells undergo elongation processes. Neither clone was found to be expressed in other organs such as cotyledons, leaves, flowers, pods and immature seeds. The results of auxin (IAA) and brassinolides (BR) treatments suggest that the processes in which the proteins encoded by CanST-1 and CanST-2 are involved are not mediated by these hormones.
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    Protein synthesis, growth and energetics in larval herring (Clupea harengus) at different feeding regimes (1995)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 14 (1995), S. 195-208 
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    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: larval herring ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energetics ; protein turnover ; protein synthesis costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rates of growth, protein synthesis and oxygen consumption were measured in herring larvae, Clupea harengus, in order to estimate the contribution that protein synthesis makes to oxygen consumption during rapid growth at 8°C. Protein synthesis rates were determined in larvae 9 to 17 d after hatching. Larvae were bathed in 3H phenylalanine for several hours and the free pool and protein-bound phenylalanine specific radioactivities were determined. Fractional rates of protein synthesis increased 5 to 11 fold with feeding after a period of fasting. Efficiencies of retention of synthesized protein were approximately 50% during rapid growth. Rapid growth in herring larvae thus appears to be characterized by moderate levels of protein turnover similar to those obtained for larger fish. Increases in growth rate occurred without changes in RNA concentration, i.e., the larvae increased the efficiency of RNA rapidly. Oxygen consumption rates were not correlated with growth rates. Protein synthesis was estimated to account for 79% of the oxygen consumption, and energy costs of protein synthesis were high, i.e., about 98 mmole O2 g−1 protein synthesized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004310
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