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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (3,455)
  • Animals  (2,869)
  • 42.75
  • AERODYNAMICS
  • Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
  • Tectonics
  • 1995-1999  (6,201)
  • 1935-1939  (609)
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1
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    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.73, 1-11 (1999) p.187
    Publication Date: 2007-01-23
    Description: Menippus philippinensis Jacoby, 1894, is reported from Java, and Issikia clarki (Jacoby, 1884) comb. nov., from Sumatra.
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Galerucinae ; Menippus ; Issikia ; Issikia clarki ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 2
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    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.72, 1-10 (1998) p.101
    Publication Date: 2007-01-26
    Description: Galeruca malakkana spec. nov., a new species is described from Malaysia.
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Galerucinae ; Galeruca ; new species ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 3
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.9 (1999) p.143
    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: New and old records of the robberfly Machimus cowini in the Netherlands (Diptera: Asilidae) Until recently, Machimus cowini (Hobby, 1943) was known from just one record in the Netherlands. An examination of Dutch specimens of the similar M. cingulatus revealed specimens of M. cowini from five new localities. The records are concentrated on the island Ameland and along the rivers Waal and Maas. On Ameland, M. cowini probably occurs in coastal dunes. Near Nijmegen the species was found in grassy vegetation on floodplains and on riverdunes near the river.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Diptera ; Asilidae ; Machimus cowini ; Nederland ; Verspreiding ; Biotopen ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 4
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    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.73, 1-11 (1999) p.1
    Publication Date: 2007-01-23
    Description: Two new species of the genus Diachasmimorpha Viereck, 1913 (Braconidae: Opiinae) are described: D. feijeni spec. nov. from Bhutan (reared from Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in fruits of Citrus reticulata Blanco (mandarin)) and D. budrysi spec. nov. from Far East Russia. A key to the Palaearctic species is added, including two similar species (Fopius alternatae (Tobias, 1977), and F. myolejae (Tobias, 1977)).
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Opiinae ; Diachasmimorpha ; Palaearctic ; Bhutan ; Russia ; key ; Diptera ; Citrus reticulata ; Bactrocera minax ; Tephritidae ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 5
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    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.72, 1-10 (1998) p.105
    Publication Date: 2007-01-23
    Description: A new genus of the subfamily Alysiinae (Braconidae) is reported from South Africa (Bobekoides gen. nov.; type species: Bobekoides fulvus spec. nov.), illustrated, and described. A key to the species is added. The new genus is closely related to the East Palaearctic genus Hylcalosia Fischer, 1967.
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Alysiinae ; Alysiini ; Bobekoides ; Afrotropical ; South Africa ; key ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 6
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    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.72, 1-10 (1998) p.1
    Publication Date: 2007-01-23
    Description: A synopsis of the genus Rhodopygia Kirby is given. Its species are discussed and their diagnostic morphological characters elucidated by figures. The hitherto unknown females of R. hinei Calvert and R. pruinosa Buchholz are described. A key to the species is provided.
    Keywords: Libellulidae ; Rhodopygia ; Central and South America ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2007-01-23
    Description: For the first time a gregarious parasitoid belonging to the genus Phaenocarpa Foerster, 1862 (Braconidae: Alysiinae) is reported, and described as P. helophilae spec. nov. from England. The first record of Chloropidae as host for a Phaenocarpa species is given; P. livida (Haliday, 1838) reared from Calamoncosis (Rhaphiopyga) glyceriae Nartshuk, 1958. Sathra debilis Foerster, 1862, is synonymised with P. livida (Haliday). Additionally, Phaenocarpa curticauda spec. nov. from The Netherlands is described and fully illustrated. A lectotype is designated for Alysia pectoralis Zetterstedt, 1838, and Phaenocarpa rufoflava Papp, 1968, is recognised as a valid species.
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Alysiinae ; Alysiini ; Phaenocarpa ; Diptera ; Syrphidae ; Chloropidae ; Helophilus ; Calamoncosis ; Europe ; Palaearctic ; distribution ; biology ; gregarious ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 8
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.9 (1999) p.142
    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: Pemphredon montana, new to The Netherlands (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) In 1998 Pemphredon montana Dahlbom, 1845 was recorded for the first time in the Netherlands. The species was found nesting in the insulating material of a caravan in the northernmost part of the province of Overijssel.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Hymenoptera ; Sphecidae ; Crabronidae ; Pemphredon montana ; Nederland ; Verspreiding ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 9
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.9 (1999) p.140
    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: The influence of recent inundations on the distribution pattern of the isopod Eluma purpurascens in the province of Zeeland (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscoidea) Small scale mapping of Eluma purpurascens Budde-Lund, 1885 in the province of Zeeland revealed a remarkable distribution pattern. The species proved to be absent in parts which have been inundated during and after the second world war. This study shows that for the interpretation of distribution patterns the history of the study area should be considered.
    Keywords: Arthropoda ; Crustacea ; Isopoda ; Oniscoidea ; Nederland ; Verspreiding ; Biotopen ; Herkenning ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 10
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.8 (1999) p.33
    Publication Date: 2007-01-09
    Description: Faunistics and ecology of the syrphid genus Epistrophe in The Netherlands (Diptera: Syrphidae) Ten species of Epistrophe have been found in the Netherlands, two of which, E. cryptica and E. similis, are recorded here for the first time. The distribution, changes in distribution and ecology of the species were investigated and are illustrated by distribution maps and diagrams of the flight period. In all species, except E. eligans, females were observed more than males. Furthermore, females seem to be active later in the season than males. It is discussed that this is probably caused by the differences in behaviour between the males of the species.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Diptera ; Syrphidae ; Epistrophe ; Fenologie ; Verspreiding ; Biologie ; Nederland ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 11
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.8 (1999) p.1
    Publication Date: 2007-01-26
    Description: Until recently Boreus hyemalis was considered to be a rare species in The Netherlands. It was only known from a few localities in The Netherlands in the provinces of Noord-Holland, Zuid- Holland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Drenthe. The last few years many new populations have been discovered. In this paper the first records for the provinces of Limburg, Noord-Brabant and Overijssel are presented. The species seems to prefer scarcely vegetated patches in sanddunes, dominated by greyhair grass Corynephorus canescens and the moss Polytrichum piliferum. It proved to be relatively easy to find, when the right places were searched in the right period (October until February).
    Keywords: Insecta ; Mecoptera ; Boreidae ; Boreus hyemalis ; Sneeuwspringer ; Verspreiding ; Nederland ; Biotopen ; Biologie ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 12
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.9 (1999) p.79
    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: Het genus Bryotropha in Nederland (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Het genus Bryotropha staat bekend als een notoir lastig geslacht van kleine bruine motjes. Die moeilijkheid komt door de variatie, maar vooral ook door gebrek aan bruikbare beschrijvingen. Met dit artikel zijn de negen Nederlandse soorten te determineren. Vanwege het gebrek aan determinatieliteratuur in heel Europa is het in het Engels geschreven. Behalve de maar één keer waargenomen B. domestica, zijn de meeste soorten vrij gewone verschijningen in ons land, zoals uit de kaarten blijkt.
    Keywords: Insecten ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; Verspreiding ; Nederland ; Fenologie ; Waardplanten ; Biotopen ; Determinatiesleutel ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2007-08-06
    Description: The occurrence of Digitivalva arnicella in the Netherlands: rediscovery and conservation (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae: Acrolepiinae) Digitivalva arnicella (Heyden, 1863), previously only known from two localities before 1902, has been rediscovered in eight localities in the northern part of the Netherlands (province of Drenthe) on its host Arnica montana. On the basis of leafmines, found in old herbarium collections, it can be concluded that the species was once widespread within the range of its host in the northern and eastern parts of the Netherlands and has apparently been overlooked by entomologists since. D. arnicella is a much endangered species in the Netherlands, because of the dramatic decline of its host. Two of the eight discovered populations have been lost since their discovery in the first half of the 1990’s. Systematics and life history of the species are described and illustrated, the distribution is mapped and advise for management of its sites are given. The current management of some populations of Arnica, by mowing the site completely in August, is disastrous for the young caterpillars, mining the leaves.
    Keywords: Acrolepiinae ; Plutellidae ; Yponomeutoidea ; Digitivalva ; Netherlands ; conservation ; Arnica ; Digitivalva arnicella ( Plutellidae- ) ; Habitat management ; Endangered status ; effect of food plant shortage ; conservation proposals ; Food plants ; Arnica montana ; effect on decline to endangered status ; Decline-to-endangered-status ; influences-and-conservation ; Netherlands ; Distribution ; population dynamics and conservation ; endangered species ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 14
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.8 (1999) p.91-93
    Publication Date: 2007-01-09
    Description: Nemobius sylvestris in the dunes near Bergen (Orthoptera) A large population of Nemobius sylvestris (Bosc, 1792) has been found in the dunes near Bergen (Noord-Holland), 60 km northwest of the nearest known site in the Gooi-area. This discovery sheds new light on a specimen from Bergen found in a collection, which was thought to be mislabelled.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Orthoptera ; Gryllidae ; Nemobius sylvestris ; Nederland ; Verspreiding ; Biotopen ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 15
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.8 (1999) p.85
    Publication Date: 2007-01-09
    Description: Interesting new records of Odonata in the Netherlands in 1998 A survey of the most interesting observations on Dutch Odonata is presented. During the Odonata Recording Scheme many new records of rare species have become available. Gomphus flavipes, G. vulgatissimus, Anax parthenope, Sympetrum pedemontanum and S. depressiusculum seem to become more common. The status of some threatened species is elucidated: Calopteryx virgo, Sympecma paedisca, Coenagrion hastulatum and Cordulegaster boltonii.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Odonata ; Verspreiding ; Nederland ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2007-01-23
    Description: The assassin bug genus Rasahus Amyot & Serville (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae) comprises 26 Neotropical species. A cladistic analysis of the genus was carried out using 63 characters from external morphology, body vestiture, and male and female genitalia, with the species considered as terminal taxa. The analysis yielded 149 equally parsimonious cladograms, each with 206 steps, CI = 0.35, and RI = 0.60; the successive weighting procedure resulted in eight cladograms (CI = 0.79 and RI = 0.91). In the strict consensus cladogram, two major clades are delimited: one comprising the species R. rufiventris, R. hamatus, R. arcitenens, R. arcuiger, R. amapaensis, R. thoracicus, R. biguttatus, R. argentinensis, R. limai, R. grandis, and R. angulatus; and the other with R. castaneus, R. aeneus, R. scutellaris, R. maculipennis, R. brasiliensis, R. sulcicollis, R. surinamensis, R. albomaculatus, R. guttatipennis, R. atratus, R. peruensis, R. costarricensis, R. bifurcatus, R. flavovittatus, and R. paraguayensis. A cladistic biogeographic analysis of the provinces of the Neotropical subregion, considering distributional data of the species of Rasahus and three other genera of Peiratinae (Eidmannia, Melanolestes, and Thymbreus) was carried out. Four general area cladograms were obtained applying programs COMPONENT 2.0 and TASS. The most parsimonious general area cladogram (= implying fewer items of error) was obtained with COMPONENT 2.0 minimizing the number of leaves added, and shows the sequence (Desierto, (Caatinga, (Cerrado, (Chacoan, (Caribbean, Amazonian), (Paranaense, Atlantic))))). This sequence of area relationships is congruent with the history previously hypothesized for the subregion, where the development of an open vegetated diagonal (comprising the Chacoan, Cerrado, and Caatinga provinces) due to the aridification induced by the gradual uplift of the Andes, separated the former Amazonian forest in a northwestern part (Caribbean plus Amazonian provinces) and a southeastern part (Paranaense plus Atlantic provinces).
    Keywords: Cladistics ; biogeography ; Rasahus ; Heteroptera ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 17
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    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.72, 1-10 (1998) p.51
    Publication Date: 2007-01-26
    Description: Two new species of the genus Bentonia van Achterberg, 1992 (Braconidae: Orgilinae) (B. inca from Peru and B. xochiquetzalis from Mexico) are described and partly illustrated. A third undescribed species was found for which some characters are listed. The distribution of B. scutellaris van Achterberg, 1992, is extended west to Peru and B. longicornis van Achterberg, 1992, north to Venezuela. An identification key is added.
    Keywords: Braconidae ; Orgilinae ; Bentonia ; Peru ; Mexico ; Venezuela ; key ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2007-01-23
    Description: The West Palaearctic species of the subfamily Paxylommatinae are reviewed and the species of the genus Hybrizon Fallén, 1813, from the Palaearctic region are keyed. Hybrizon juncoi (Ceballos, 1957) is recognized as a valid species, a neotype is designated for Hybrizon latebricola Nees, 1834, and a lectotype is designated for Plancus apicalis Curtis, 1833. Paxylomma grandis Rudow, 1883, Ogkosoma schwarzi Haupt, 1913, and Eurypterna arakawae Matsumura, 1918, are new junior synonyms of Eurypterna cremieri (de Romand, 1838).
    Keywords: Ichneumonidae ; Paxylommatinae ; Hybrizon ; Ghilaromma ; Eurypterna ; keys ; distribution ; Palaearctic ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 19
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.9 (1999) p.29
    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: Het genus Scrobipalpa in Nederland (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Scrobipalpa is een geslacht van kleine, lastig uit elkaar te houden motjes. In heel Europa zijn ongeveer 70 soorten bekend. Doorgaans zijn de vleugels bruin- of grijsachtig met een tekening van stippels en strepen die bovendien erg kan variëren. Hierdoor kunnen de individuele soorten vaak moeilijk herkend worden. Aan de hand van de genitaliën kunnen soorten wel allemaal gedetermineerd worden. Omdat de literatuur over deze groep niet erg toegankelijk is en bestaande beschrijvingen soms erg onvolledig zijn, wordt dit artikel in het Engels geschreven. Met dit artikel zijn de elf Nederlandse soorten te determineren. De meeste hiervan zijn min of meer gebonden aan de kust. Van alle soorten worden naast beschrijvingen van de vleugeltekening en de genitaliën, ook de verspreiding, de biologie en de ecologie gegeven.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Lepidoptera ; Scrobipalpa ; Verspreiding ; Biotopen ; Fenologie ; Herkenning ; Determinatiesleutel ; Waardplanten ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 20
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.8 (1999) p.93
    Publication Date: 2007-01-09
    Description: New records of Cheilosia caerulescens in the Netherlands (Diptera: Syrphidae) Cheilosia caerulescens is a rare hoverfly in The Netherlands. Until 1998 only four records were known, the first in 1986. In 1998 the species was found on three new and one old locality. The record from Heemstede (province of Noord-Holland) is among the northernmost in the European distribution of this species. Three of the four records originate from gardens.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Diptera ; Syrphidae ; Cheilosia caerulescens ; Nederland ; Verspreiding ; Biotopen ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 21
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.8 (1999) p.89
    Publication Date: 2007-01-09
    Description: Chironomidae in newly created nature reserves In a newly created nature reserve near Eindhoven many interesting species of Chironomidae were found. Several new species to the Dutch fauna were identified and one species (of the genus Neozavrelia) proved to be new to science. The fauna of these young habitats is poorly known, but proves to be very interesting.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Chironomidae ; Verspreiding ; Biotopen ; Nederland ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 22
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    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.73, 1-11 (1999) p.165
    Publication Date: 2007-01-23
    Description: A key to the European species of the Pteromalus altus group is presented. The relationship between this group and species of the genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) is confirmed. One new species: P. villosae, associated with Euphorbia villosa Waldst. & Kit.is presented. Two new species of the albipennis group: Pteromalus almeriensis and P. costulata are presented. In addition one species of the P. vibulenus group: P. tethys is added. Information on P. sylveni Hedqvist, P. osmiae Hedqvist and P. discors Graham is given.
    Keywords: Chalcidoidea ; Pteromalidae ; Pteromalus ; new species ; redescriptions ; Spain ; Portugal ; France ; Greece ; Euphorbia ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 23
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    In:  Zoologische Mededelingen (00240672) vol.73, 1-10 (1999) p.131
    Publication Date: 2007-01-23
    Description: The species of Encarsia Foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) known from Egypt are revised. A total of 14 species are treated, including one new species. E. indifferentis Mercet, 1929, is synonymised with E. inaron (Walker, 1839). All species are fully described or diagnosed, and illustrated. Host records, and species-distributions outside Egypt, are given.
    Keywords: Egypt ; Encarsia ; Aleyrodidae ; Aphelinidae ; Diaspididae ; parasitoids ; biological control ; natural enemies ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 24
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.9 (1999) p.133
    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: Interesting records of beetles in The Netherlands (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Nitidulidae, Dermestidae) Tachyporus quadriscopulatus Pandellé, 1869 has been recorded for the second time in the Netherlands at Arcen and Velden, province of Limburg. After 27 years, a third record of Carpophilus marginellus Motschulsky, 1858 can be reported from St. Geertruid, in the southern part of the province of Limburg. One specimen was found outdoors, in a wood. One specimen of Anthrenocerus australis Hope, 1843 was also found outdoors, in Oost- Maarland also in southern Limburg, sitting on a flower in a meadow.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Nitidulidae ; Dermestidae ; Nederland ; Verspreiding ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 25
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.9 (1999) p.127
    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: Butterflies in the Netherlands still under pressure (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) New information on the Dutch Rhopalocera fauna since the distribution atlas of Tax (1989) is presented. Coenonympha pamphilus was common in large parts of the Netherlands, but has declined dramatically. C. arcania is now formally extinct in our country. An extensive research showed that Maculinea alcon ericae has dissappeared from many sites. Furthermore the smallest of the two remaining populations of Heteropterus morpheus seems to have gone extinct. On the other hand, Callophrys rubi, has colonized new territory. Lampidus boeticus, was observed once as an adult and once a caterpillar was found between snow peas from Egypt. Colias croceus was very abundant in 1998. The reintroductions of Maculinea teleius and M. nausithous in 1990 appear to have been successful.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Lepidoptera ; Rhopalocera ; Verspreiding ; Bedreiging ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 26
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.9 (1999) p.109
    Publication Date: 2007-01-10
    Description: The rearing of the botfly Cephenemyia auribarbis (Diptera: Oestridae) After several failures we finally succeeded in rearing botflies Cephenemyia from third-instar larvae. From a red deer shot at 13 March 1998 about one hundred larvae of Cephenemyia auribarbis (Meigen, 1824) were collected. Ten individuals reached the pupal stage. After 22 days, one fullgrown male died in the pupa, and two males emerged and lived for 17 and 18 days respectively. This is one of the few recorded succesful attempts to rear botflies.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Diptera ; Oestridae ; Cephenemyia auribarbis ; Nederland ; Verspreiding ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 27
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.8 (1999) p.90
    Publication Date: 2007-01-09
    Description: A new record of Chorthippus apricarius in the Netherlands (Orthoptera) Chorthippus apricarius is a very rare grasshopper in The Netherlands. Only three, very widely separated sites are known. In 1998 a small new population has been found in a roadside verge, 2 km southwest of the southernmost site in the south of the province of Limburg.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; Chorthippus apricarius ; Locomotiefje ; Verspreiding ; Biotopen ; Nederland ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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    In:  Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (01692453) vol.8 (1999) p.11
    Publication Date: 2007-01-09
    Description: Checklist of the Nitidulidae and Brachypteridae (Coleoptera) of the Netherlands and surrounding regions An annotated checklist of the Nitidulidae and Brachypteridae of the Netherlands and surrounding regions is presented, based mainly on literature research. Since the list of Brakman seven new species to the Netherlands have been published. One of these species, Pocadius adustus, is listed here for the first time. Major nomenclatorial changes, published elsewhere, have been implemented. The list contributes to the faunistic work of the European Invertebrate Survey - The Netherlands. A separate list of hostplants of the Nitidulidae and Brachypteridae is presented.
    Keywords: Insecta ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; Brachypteridae ; Glanskevers ; Verspreiding ; Waardplanten ; Biologie ; Naamlijst ; Nederland ; 42.75
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 238-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Cellular slime molds ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plantae ; Maximum-likelihood method ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetic position of Dictyostelium inferred from 18S rRNA data contradicts that from protein data. Protein trees always show the close affinity of Dictyostelium with animals, fungi, and plants, whereas in 18S rRNA trees the branching of Dictyostelium is placed at a position before the massive radiation of protist groups including the divergence of the three kingdoms. To settle this controversial issue and to determine the correct position of Dictyostelium, we inferred the phylogenetic relationship among Dictyostelium and the three kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae by a maximum-likelihood method using 19 different protein data sets. It was shown at the significance level of 1 SE that the branching of Dictyostelium antedates the divergence of Animalia and Fungi, and Plantae is an outgroup of the Animalia-Fungi-Dictyostelium clade.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 183-193 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Small-subunit ribosomal RNA ; Phylogeny ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plants ; Alveolates ; Heterokonts ; Stramenopiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary relationships of four eukaryotic kingdoms—Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista—remain unclear. In particular, statistical support for the closeness of animals to fungi rather than to plants is lacking, and a preferred branching order of these and other eukaryotic lineages is still controversial even though molecular sequences from diverse eukaryotic taxa have been analyzed. We report a statistical analysis of 214 sequences of nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA (srRNA) gene undertaken to clarify these evolutionary relationships. We have considered the variability of substitution rates and the nonindependence of nucleotide substitution across sites in the srRNA gene in testing alternative hypotheses regarding the branching patterns of eukaryote phylogeny. We find that the rates of evolution among sites in the srRNA sequences vary substantially and are approximately gamma distributed with size and shape parameter equal to 0.76. Our results suggest that (1) the animals and true fungi are indeed closer to each other than to any other “crown” group in the eukaryote tree, (2) red algae are the closest relatives of animals, true fungi, and green plants, and (3) the heterokonts and alveolates probably evolved prior to the divergence of red algae and animal-fungus-green-plant lineages. Furthermore, our analyses indicate that the branching order of the eukaryotic lineages that diverged prior to the evolution of alveolates may be generally difficult to resolve with the srRNA sequence data.
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    Marine geophysical researches 17 (1995), S. 63-95 
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: Tectonics ; strike-slip ; plate kinematics ; Seabeam ; seismic reflection ; side-scan sonar ; Northern Caribbean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Marine geophysical data including Seabeam, seismic reflection, magnetics, gravimetry and side-scan sonar have been recently collected along the northern Caribbean strike-slip plate boundary between Cuba and Hispaniola, in the Windward Passage area. The analysis of this comprehensive data set allows us to illustrate active strike-slip tectonic processes in relation to the kinematics of the Caribbean Plate. We show that the transcurrent plate boundary trace runs straight across the Windward Passage, from the southern Cuban Margin in the west (Oriente Fault) to the Tortue Channel in the east. The Windward Passage Deep is thus not an active pull-apart basin, as previously suggested. The plate boundary geometry implies that the motion of the Caribbean Plate relative to the North American Plate is partitioned between a strike-slip component, accommodated by the Windward Passage active fault zone, and a convergence component, accommodated by compression at the bottom of the Northern Hispaniola Margin. On the basis of a correlation with onland geological data, an age is given to the stratigraphic sequences identified on seismic profiles. A kinematic reconstruction is proposed that follows the tectonic unconformities recognized at sea and on land (Late Eocene, Early Miocene, Middle Miocene and Late Pliocene). Each one of these tectonic events corresponds to a drastic reorganization of the plate boundary geometry. We propose to correlate these events with successive collisions of the northern Caribbean mobile terranes against the Bahamas Bank. During each event, the plate boundary trace is shifted to the south and a part of the Caribbean Plate is accreted to North America.
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    Environmental geology 26 (1995), S. 48-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Catastrophic subsidence ; Collapse ; Doganella sinkhole ; Tectonics ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A case study describes the recent catastrophic subsidence of the land surface neighboring the Lepini karstic range (Lazio region). A number of sinkholes in the Pontina plain are shown on the early topographic maps (dated 1850). Their origin is natural and related to subsidence that occurred during the Holocene. A review of sinkholes in central Italy was made by Facenna and others (1993). The aim of this study is to clarify the possible relationships between tectonics and sinkhole formation. The subsidence phenomena have been related to the slow dissolution of the buried carbonate bedrock due to fluids rich in CO2, H2S, and SO2, which migrate through major tectonic fractures. Lowering of piezometric levels in waterbearing formations and seismic events are also important factors as they may upset the stability of a cave system buried by unconsolidated deposits.
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    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Etna ; CO2 ; Soil degassing ; Tectonics ; Volcanic activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The relationships between soil gas emissions and both tectonic and volcano-tectonic structures on Mt. Etna have been studied. The investigation consisted of soil CO2 flux measurements along traverses orthogonal to the main faults and eruptive fissures of the volcano. Anomalous levels of soil degassing were found mainly in coincidence with faults, whereas only 49% of the eruptive fissures were found to produce elevated CO2 soil fluxes. This result suggests that only zones of strain are able to channel deep gases to the surface. According to this hypothesis, several previously unknown structures are suggested. Based on our geochemical data, new structural maps of different areas of Etna are proposed. The soil CO2 fluxes observed in this study are higher than those measured in a 1987 study, and they are consistent with the higher level of volcanic unrest during the current study.
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    Machine vision and applications 8 (1995), S. 187-193 
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Keywords: Tracking ; Segmentation ; Pigs ; Animals ; Computer vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract An algorithm was developed for the segmentation and tracking of piglets and tested on a 200-image sequence of 10 piglets moving on a straw background. The image-capture rate was 1 image/140 ms. The segmentation method was a combination of image differencing with respect to a median background and a Laplacian operator. The features tracked were blob edges in the segmented image. During tracking, the piglets were modelled as ellipses initialised on the blobs. Each piglet was tracked by searching for blob edges in an elliptical window about the piglet's position, which was predicted from its previous two positions.
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    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words. Geoid ; GPS ; Himalaya ; Tectonics ; Suture zone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. Fast and accurate relative positioning for baselines less than 20 km in length is possible using dual-frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. By measuring orthometric heights of a few GPS stations by differential levelling techniques, the geoid undulation can be modelled, which enables GPS to be used for orthometric height determination in a much faster and more economical way than terrestrial methods. The geoid undulation anomaly can be very useful for studying tectonic structure. GPS, levelling and gravity measurements were carried out along a 200-km-long highly undulating profile, at an average elevation of 4000 m, in the Ladak region of NW Himalaya, India. The geoid undulation and gravity anomaly were measured at 28 common GPS-levelling and 67 GPS-gravity stations. A regional geoid low of nearly −4 m coincident with a steep negative gravity gradient is compatible with very recent findings from other geophysical studies of a low-velocity layer 20–30 km thick to the north of the India–Tibet plate boundary, within the Tibetan plate. Topographic, gravity and geoid data possibly indicate that the actual plate boundary is situated further north of what is geologically known as the Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone, the traditionally supposed location of the plate boundary. Comparison of the measured geoid with that computed from OSU91 and EGM96 gravity models indicates that GPS alone can be used for orthometric height determination over the Higher Himalaya with 1–2 m accuracy.
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
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    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 385-413 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of the living blood cells is described and the cells are classified in the following species of ascidians: Phallusia nigra, Ecteinascidia turbinata, Clavelina oblongata, Symplegma viride. Evidence for the genetio relationship of the various types of cells is discussed.
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    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 455-507 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The history of the cytoplasmic components in the spermatogenesis of Gerris is, in general, like that which has been described in the Pentatomidae. The observations of fixed material have been checked by extensive studies of freshly teased preparations. During the spermatocyte growth period the chondriosomes undergo considerable increase in mass. During the maturation divisions the chondriosomes are remarkably constant in orientation with respect to the centrioles. The nebenkern arises by fusion of chondriosomes differentiated into chromophilic and chromophobic portions. The Golgi bodies of the earlier spermatocytes are vesicular bodies, the peripheries of which are osmiophilic. These are not visible in fresh preparations, but the masses resulting from their fusion in the late prophase of the first division are visible in the unfixed cells. The non-osmiophilic material inside these masses stains with neutral red in fresh preparations. Only the osmiophilic part of the Golgi masses is involved in the fragmentation to form dictyosomes. There is very suggestive evidence that the process of acrosome synthesis largely takes place inside the sac-like acroblast (Golgi apparatus). In the spermatid, material which stains, in fresh preparations, like the acroblast is never seen, except inside or attached to the acroblast, where it appears in the form of small spheres of ‘pro-acrosomic’ material, which fuse to form the acrosome.
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    Journal of Morphology 49 (1930), S. 579-619 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Haemichromis bimaculata is a tropical teleost fish which will produce eggs practically throughout the year at intervals of from three to four weeks. These eggs are of suitable size and character for embryological study, the features of special interest so far discovered being as follows: (1) The egg is oval; (2) it is attached to a substratum by its side, the blastopore being at one end; (3) the embryo always tends to develop along the side opposite that originally next to the substratum.Results obtained by reorienting the eggs previous to cleavage, and by centrifuging them, seem to show that the relation of the embryonic axis to the egg is determined either previous to laying or very soon afterward, possibly by the relation to the substratum, and is not subsequently affected by gravity or other known factors. There may be some tendency for the first cleavage plane and the sagittal plane of the embryo to coincide, but such coincidence is not at all constant or exact.
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    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 127-142 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Color changes in Palaemonetes had been found to be inhibited in the whole abdomen by occluding the dorsal abdominal artery. Inasmuch as these chromatic responses are brought about by means of circulating hormones, it should be possible, in view of early anatomical findings, for specific substances to reach the abdomen by way of the ventral abdominal artery which has been described for so many decapod crustaceans. This paper reports a degenerate ventral abdominal artery and a ventral continuation of the dorsal abdominal artery, the latter thus being distributed to practically the entire abdomen and therefore chiefly responsible for abdominal color-change phenomena.A method is given for injecting the arteries of small crustaceans, and the entire arterial system of Palaemonetes is described and figured. Several hitherto unreported vascular structures are noted: a plexus of blood vessels surrounding the supra-oesophageal ganglion, certain branches of the ophthalmic artery leading to the eyes, and various branches of the dorsal abdominal artery in the region of the telson and uropods. The forward flow of blood in the ventral portion of the abdomen in decapod crustaceans is held to be unique.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histological changes which occur in the digestive system and its appendages and in the muscular system of the honeybee during metamorphosis are described. Some attention is given to changes which take place in the fat-body, the silk-glands, and the reproductive system. Material of known ages was used. Observations began with the sealing of the larva in its cell and were concluded with the young bee ready to emerge from its cell. Soon after the larva is sealed in its cell, the body tissues begin to undergo a change. Larval epithelial cells lining the midgut are cast into the lumen and they are replaced by cells which proliferate from the imaginal or ‘replacement’ cells. In the fore- and hindgut the lining of the larval cells is replaced by imaginal cells whose points of origin are probably at the anterior and posterior ends, respectively, of the midgut. While the imaginal lining is being formed, the opening from the midgut into the hindgut is closed by a small portion of tissue. A part of the larval muscles are histolyzed and then re-formed from imaginal myoblasts, other larval muscles disappear entirely. The strictly imaginal muscles (e.g., leg muscles) are formed by myoblasts which congregate at the point of muscle formation. There is no evidence of phagocytosis in the honeybee during metamorphosis.
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    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 341-359 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The growth of chick embryos of heavy and light breeds and the reciprocal crosses between them is described. The embryos of the heavier breed and the hybrids were found to be somewhat heavier than the embryos of the lighter breed from the tenth day of incubation to hatching time. In eggs of the same weight from the two breeds the size difference tends to disappear toward hatching time, probably due to the equivalence of the strictly limited food supply. It is pointed out that the size difference is more probably due to difference in the proportion of cells dividing at a given time than to a difference in duration of mitoses.The mortality of the hybrid embryos was intermediate between that characteristic of the parent breeds, while the percentage of monsters in the hybrids was less than that for either parent breed. There is thus some indication of heterosis.
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    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 475-495 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four species of iceryine coccids have been studied cytologically in connection with certain breeding experiments. These are Icerya littoralis, Icerya montserratensis, Echinicerya anomola, and Crypticerya rosae. For the three first-named species the complete chromosomal history has been established, and the evidence on the fourth, Crypticerya rosae, is sufficient to indicate that it differs in no essential respect from the others. The following résumé may, therefore, be considered to apply to all four species. The females are diploid, with a chromosome number of four, and the males are haploid, with a chromosome number of two. Oogenesis proceeds quite normally; two tetrads are formed and two maturation divisions occur in which the chromosomes are reduced to two in each female pronucleus. All eggs undergo this reduction: if the eggs are then fertilized, the diploid number is thus restored and development into females ensues; if the eggs remain unfertilized, whether in the body of a virgin or of a fertilized female, they develop parthenogenetically, with no restoration of diploidy, into haploid males. The spermatogenesis of the haploid males involves a single meiotic division, demonstrably equational in character; the accompanying cytoplasmic division is suppressed, and from each of the binucleate spermatids thus produced two spermatozoa are formed. These conditions are contrasted with the functional hermaphroditism and haploid parthenogenesis of Icerya purchasi.
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    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 569-611 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study is based upon a close series of ontogenetic stages from cleavage until after metamorphosis.The so-called primordial germ cells, first differentiated in the lateral mesoderm, are traced to a definitive position in the genital anlagen. Careful counts of these demonstrated that they exist in larger numbers in the younger stages and that few of them ever reach the genital anlagen where they may form a small portion of the propagative cells.Evidence is presented that the majority of the germ cells are of somatic origin. From the earliest appearance of the indifferent gonad certain cells in the germinal epithelium have been observed which were increasing markedly in size and undergoing the various changes necessary in the transformation of small cuboidal or spindle-shaped peritoneal cells with oval nuclei into large germ cells with immense polymorphic or lobate nuclei. These cells are abundant in all older individuals. All the successive stages in the evolution of a somatic cell into a reproductive cell, involving as it does an increase in size, changes in shape, and a new distribution of chromatin material, are demonstrated.
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 147-193 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Certain variations of ciliary activity in the lamellibranch gill occur which are an intrinsic part of the gill tissue and which are due to causes other than environmental changes. Experimental and morphological evidence indicates that the central nervous system is not involved in the production of these variations.A comparative study of laterofrontal and lateral ciliated cells leads to the conclusion that the coordination impulse passes through the cytoplasm of the cell and that the velocity of the propagation wave is influenced by the number of cell walls per unit length through which it passes. It is suggested that the ciliary rootlets in the laterfrontal cells, due to their arrangement bring the impulse simultaneously to both rows of cilia within a single cell.
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 243-289 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An investigation of the spermiogenesis of Succinea ovalis Say, a small terrestrial pulmonate, has revealed: 1) The germ cells are differentiated from indifferent germinal epithelial cells. In this form the germinal epithelium is a true epithelium, and not a syncytium. 2) Forty chromosomes are found in the spermatogonial divisions and twenty in the maturation divisions. 3) Early in spermiogenesis the proximal centriole penetrates through the spermatid nucleus and, with the oxychromatin, forms an intranuclear rod similar to that reported for certain prosobranches. The homology and significance of the rod are discussed. 4) Of the cytoplasmic structures, the mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus were followed through all stages of spermatogenesis. 5) At the maturation divisions the mitochondria are grouped into peculiar. thread-like structures. Some of the mitochondria take part in the formation of the sheath around the axial filament of the spermatozoon, while the remainder are sloughed off with the cytoplasmic remnant. 6) The Golgi apparatus consists of a number of banana-shaped rods closely grouped around the idiosome. Three to five Golgi rods are found in the spermatid stages. A portion of the Golgi apparatus and idisome (acroblast) forms the acrosome, and the Golgi remnant is discarded at the end of spermatogenesis. 7) In mature sperm both head and tail have a spiral structure. The origin and nature of the spirals are pointed out.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The blood cells of the African lungfish, Protopterus ethiopicus, are very large and resemble those of urodeles. Leucocytes are especially plentiful and rich in variety, including eosinophils, special eosinophils, [meta-eosinophils] with atypical granules, monocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, and basophils.The chief hemocytopoietic organs are the spleen, intestine, and kidneys. The lungfish spleen, embedded in the wall of the stomach, represents an intermediate phylogenetic stage between the disperse intra-enteral type of the hagfish and the compact extra-enteral type of other vertebrates.Erythrocytes are formed in the spleen pulp, granulocytes in the granulocytopoietic organ of the intestine and in the capsules of kidneys, gonads, and spleen. Thrombocytes and monocytes are differentiated in the spleen and general circulation. Basophils arise in the spleen and intestine. Lymphoid cells of all types arise in the spleen. Evidence is presented bearing upon the hemocytopoietic capacity of the various types. Cells with [Russell bodies] also occur in the spleen.In lungfishes subjected to long periods of dry estivation, erythrocytopoiesis practically ceases. Granulocytes, however, appear to play an important rǒle, possibly in fat metabolism. The large variety of meta-eosinophils, a unique feature of the lungfish, appears to be associated with the habit of estivation.Recovery from estivation may show numerous amitoses of erythrocytes in the general circulation. Other cells which divide in this manner are young thrombocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphoid hemoblasts.
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    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 597-612 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The acrosome in Desmognathus, Spelerpes, Plethodon, salamander, Amphiuma, etc., is attached to the nucleus in connection with an acrosome seat, which forms a shallow cup, traced back to a number of granules in the early spermatid. A postnuclear plate is present in the above-mentioned urodeles, and is derived from a small number of minute granules which assemble in the spermatid and become fixed onto the nuclear membrane. The centrosomes of the spermatid are visible intravitam. The ‘vacuome’ is formed of minute neutral-red-staining globules embedded in the idiozome. No connection appears to exist between mitochondria and Golgi bodies, as is postulated by the vacuome-chondriome hypothesis (Parat).
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    Notes: This paper presents a study of the normal histology of the digestive tract of an herbivorous teleost, the minnow Campostoma anomalum (Raflnesque). The tunics of the buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and intestine are described; particular attention is given to the mucosa because of the specializations occurring in that coat, such as taste buds, goblet cells, callous pad, etc. Because of the very decided anatomical and histological differences existing between the anterior and posterior regions of the pharynx, due to the presence of a callous pad and pharyngeal teeth, it has been deemed advisable to consider the pharynx as divisible into an anterior and a posterior region. Thyroid tissue was found in the submucosa of the anterior pharynx. No gastric epithelium was demonstrated, the ‘intestinal bulb,’ the only enlargement of the coelomic portion of the digestive tube, being lined with epithelium presenting only minor differences from that found in the coiled tubular intestine.
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The various stages in the life history of Cryptocotyle lingua are identified and described. Adults naturally occur in the intestine of fish-eating birds and mammals. They were experimentally obtained in the cat, white rat, and guinea-pig. The development of the miracidium was followed within the egg. Larval stages occur in the marine snail, Littorina littorea. The structure of the redia and cercaria is described in detail, and evidence is submitted to show that the cercaria is identical with Cercaria lophocerca Lebour, described from the same snail on the British coast. Penetration and encystment of the cercaria in the skin of the cunner were experimentally secured. Excystment of the metacercaria was obtained both in experimental animals and in vitro. The metacercariae were maintained in culture media for as long a time as is required for them to attain sexual maturity in the final host. The host relations and specificity of the parasite are discussed on the basis of infection experiments. The cercaria is compared with similar larvae and its taxonomic position determined.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Morphology 50 (1930), S. 497-515 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Our observations confirm the recent findings of Krjukowa ('29) on the specific character of the Golgi material in the salivary glands of the Chironomus larva and are therefore in disagreement with the findings of Parat and Painlévé ('24).The Golgi material in the salivary glands of the Chironomus larva is present as discrete bodies having the form of crescents, rings, and rods. These are evenly deposited throughout the gland and show no makred variation in number at different stages of the physiological activity of the gland.The mitochondria are present in the form of filaments frequently concentrated in the area surrounding the nucleus and at the periphery of the cell.Neutral-red staining was never observed to color the Golgi bodies. It is suggested that the neutral-red bodies may represent the secretory material. However, it is clear that, whatever the significance of the neutral-red bodies, they are not Golgi material. Accordingly, this evidence supports the view that the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and neutral-red bodies are morphologically distinct structures in the cells of the salivary glands of the Chironomus larva.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 54
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: After amputation, the wound is closed by the protrusion and lateral expansion of the alimentary canal over the cut muscles and its final fusion with the epidermis laterally after about twenty-four hours. Associated with the expansion is a divergence of the two adjacent halves of the ventral nerve cord in the last remaining segment. As a result, the whole of the new regenerated lobe behind the ring of the cut epidermis is interneural; i.e., it is an enlargement of the normally small area separating the two nerve cords. Undifferentiated cells, or neuroblasts, are normally located interneurally, and during regeneration these neoblasts proliferate throughout the enlarged interneural zone of the papilla and migrate throughout the lobe. At first the neoblastic mesenchyme filling the lobe is loose and homogeneous, but as the cells settle down against the outer wall they replace the old intestinal cells and assume the characters of new epidermis. Internally, the mass acquires paired cavities, while the cells surrounding the cavities differentiate into muscle, peritoneum, etc. Thus one type of cell gives rise to the whole of the regenerated papilla. These cells are also the mother cells of the gametocytes.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932), S. 97-131 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The chondriosomes of the germinal epithelium are vesicular, whereas the Golgi material takes three forms. The aggregation of chondriosomes about the Golgi cap, located on the nucleus, suggests a chemical interchange between these in the growth period. They become cylindrical as the Golgi cap moves from the nucleus and becomes spherical. It is at this time joined by other Golgi material. The entire aggregation is dispersed previous to the maturation divisions, where the inclusions studied are only approximately equally divided, in contrast to conditions in the true scorpion, Centrurus exilicauda. Golgi granules on chondriosomal surfaces in the spermatid again suggest chemical interchange. The later changes of chondriosome vesicles to discs, and back to spheres, may be means of regulating chemical reaction. A close relation between chondriosomes and Golgi material is indicated by various bodies, of Golgi origin, within the former in the spermatid. A thick thread finally originates from among the chondriosomes of the elongated sperm. Spiral threads surrounding the elongating nucleus arise from reunited Golgi material, a derivative of this substance not previously recorded. The acrosome, also of Golgi origin, undergoes several changes in shape and shows several parts. The elongated nucleus, spiral thread of Golgi origin, acrosome, chondriosomal thread, and unusually long axial filament become coiled and encysted in an oval mature sperm capsule. In the female duct the sperm uncoils.
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  • 56
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    Notes: The ciliary wave length is a constant in the temperature range of 10° to 30°C. and in Modiolus demissus has the average value of 13.1 μ. Comparison of these data for ciliary coordination with those of nerve conduction probably indicates that the two physiological processes possess certain properties in common. The cells which bear the cilia are 12.75 μ long and the variation in ciliary wave length and cell length is about the same, which may indicate a possible cytophysiological relationship between the two.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932), S. 345-365 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During oogenesis granular mitochondria become concentrated in the proximal portion of the oocyte and remain concentrated in the line of cells that gives rise to the germ cells. Two cells of characteristic structure, appearing at gastrulation one on either side in the mesoderm, contain this mitochondrial cloud. All functional germ cells seem to be lineal descendants of these two primordial germ cells. The cloud disappears during gonad formation, but reappears in oocytes of the next generation. Except during meiosis and fertilization the germ-cell cycle is traceable from fertilized egg to sexual maturity. Details of meiosis and chromosome number were not ascertained.Capacity for producing germ cells in Sphaerium is traceable from a definite region in the egg to primordial germ cells through a localized cloud of mitochondria in the mature ovum and certain cells of cleavage stages. Mitochondria, therefore, serve as a Keimbahn determinant in the sense that they mark a region of oocyte cytoplasm destined for cytoplasm of primordial germ cells. They are not considered causal factors in production of germ cells, but are probably storage products persisting unused in the egg and in cleavage cells having lower metabolic rates. Disappearance of these mitochondria during gonad formation is explained by their dispersal among a number of cells and by their utilization in furnishing energy and material for production of new cells.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 59
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    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932), S. 443-471 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A cyst of tetraploid first spermatocyte metaphases is described in the coreid hemipter Archimerus alternatus (Say), all other divisions in the testis being of normal diploid constitution. The striking fact is that in spite of the doubling of their number the chromosomes closely follow the group pattern characteristic of the corresponding normal divisions. In the latter the first metaphase always shows a ring of six autosome bivalents with a single m-chromosome bivalent at its center and a single univalent X-chromosome lying outside the ring (as in coreids generally). In corresponding tetraploids the numbers are respectively 12, 2, and 2. Three additional interesting features of the tetraploids are: 1) the fact that the two m-bivalents are always lined up end to end to form an axial quadrivalent chain; 2) that although two X-chromosomes are present (as in the normal female), they are never united to form a bivalent as in that sex; and, 3) that in the prophases (of which a few are present in the cyst), at least one pycnotic X, or chromosome nucleolus, is present.A critical discussion is offered of the general problem of the mechanism of chromosome movements and groupings, together with a review of recent literature. The conclusion is urged that the chromosomes themselves play an active and important part in these processes, and the possible genetic relations between chromosomes and spindle substance are discussed.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932), S. 473-497 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By statistical analysis and microscopical examination of a series of monthly quantitative collections, an attempt has been made to interpret the life history and reproductive habits of Sphaerium solidulum, one of the numerous species of the genus Sphaerium.Individuals of the species under observation have a distinctly limited life span of approximately one year. The period of maximum reproduction of this species does not occur in the summer months, as previously believed, but in the winter months. Seasonal growth rings are not present on this shell, although concentric lines are characteristic. No individuals of maximum size were present during the months from August to February. Maximum-size adults are apparently sterile. The analysis of distribution curves of each quantitative sample indicates two size groups in each collection as shown by the bimodal character of each graph. Distribution curves of embryos feature the bimodal character of the young and adult. The conclusions are founded on data secured from twelve monthly collections made from the same habitat totaling 7022 individuals.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1932), S. 69-151 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Although the egg of Amphioxus is much more fluid and less stereotyped than that of Ascidians, the poles, axes, and localizations of formative materials are much the same in the two. The spermatozoon enters near the vegetative pole and a peripheral layer of granular cytoplasm flows to this pole and later forms a crescent around the posterior side parallel to the first cleavage amphiaster; this is the mesodermal crescent. On the anterior side a similar area later gives rise to the chorda-neural crescent. Above these crescents is the ectodermal area, below them the endodermal area. The early cleavages divide these crescents and areas just as in Ascidians. The coeloblastula is at first spherical, but later flattens in the region of the mesodermal crescent; this flattening extends forward on the vegetative side to the chorda-neural crescent, where the invagination is sharpest. The blastopore is at first triangular in outline, the dorsal lip being formed by the chorda-neural crescent and the lateral lips by the mesodermal crescent. Later the chorda and the mesodermal crescents are infolded, the lateral lips fuse to form the ventral lip which grows dorsalward, the blastopore becomes wider from right to left than dorsoventrally, the gastrula elongates and in the angles between dorsal and ventral lips the mesodermal crescent forms the mesodermal grooves in the lateral walls of the gastrocoel.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1932), S. 221-231 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: What appears to be a variety of Macrostomum tuba has been described in this paper. There is but a single retinula in each eye. This visual cell displays three regions: rhabdome, ellipsoid, and myoid, as does a vertebrate's retinula. Moreover, the accessory pigment associated with the retinula of M. tuba is applied to the rhabdome and not to the ellipsoid and myoid; this likewise is similar to the distribution of the pigment about the vertebrate's retinula. An analogy, therefore, may be drawn between the visual cell of the rhabdocoele and that of the vertebrate. This is so strong as to suggest homology. Several features peculiar to this variety are: first, the chitinous, distal ring of the penis; second, the fact that shell and yolk droplets seem to be elaborated by each cell destined to become an oocyte.
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  • 63
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    Notes: By means of the ‘intravitam technic’ developed by Baumgartner and Payne (1931), the mature or maturing sperm of Chortophaga viridifasciata have been traced from the follicle of the testes in the male to the locus of fertilization in the female. The sperm aggregated into bundles, and held tight by a hyaline cytoplasmic cap, spiral up the follicle, turn and spiral back to the vas deferens by means of a periodic lashing and writhing of the sperm tails.The genital tract is described briefly. In the vasa deferentia and storage tubules, the sperm bundles are usually in a quiescent state, having been inactivated most probably by secretions from the tubules.Peristalsis and currents in the fluid contents of the tubules move the inactivated sperm from the vesicles of the male to the seminal receptacle of the female, where the cytoplasmic caps gradually disintegrate. This permits individual sperm to pass down the seminal duct and fertilize the ovum just before oviposition.Single photomicrographs and a series of photomicrographs show the sperm in various parts of the genital system and making actual progress up a follicle. A stained preparation was used for only one of the photos. The other nineteen are from living unstained tissue. The intravitam observations are, most probably, more ‘vital’ than any heretofore recorded.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932), S. 189-199 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper describes ultraviolet (λ = 2750 A) photomicrographs of resting and dividing chicken macrophages and fibroblasts and of erythrocytes and lymphocytes. The structures found in these photographs are compared with the ones brought out in fixed material by Feulgen staining and found to be essentially similar in appearance. A preliminary series of ultraviolet pictures is also shown of a single fibroblast passing through several of its stages of division.
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  • 65
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    Notes: A simply constructed apparatus, which includes a cinema camera, is described for the recording of ciliary movements. From data for Modiolus demissus obtained by this method, it is concluded that the coordinating impulse is a propagated impulse which regulates the temporal and spatial relationships of ciliary contractility, that this impulse has to a certain degree a determinant effect upon ciliary inhibitory influences so that the area rendered inactive is a multiple of the ciliary wave length, that the coordinating impulse is transmissible through cells bearing quiescent cilia, and that it may act as a stimulus of sufficient strength actually to cause quiescent cilia to become active.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Morphology 53 (1932), S. 433-441 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Reviews the question of the origin of the midgut of insects with its diverse appearances and interpretations. Without doubt the midgut epithelium in some insects is derived from the lower layer, but in other insects from the tips of the stomodaeal and proctodaeal invaginations. The question of its origin seems to be “a function of the position within the whole,” and best understood from a standpoint of the time of determination of the parts involved. Maps illustrating the prospective significances of the principal types are included and discussed.
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  • 67
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    Notes: More than 3700 individuals of Viviparus contectoides from the Illinois River, near Peoria, Illinois, and from the Erie Canal in central New York, have been the subject of statistical and biological analysis as periodic quantitative samples to secure information on the life cycle. Sexes are easily distinguished through tentacular differences. Shells show marked sex dimorphism of size. Males reach a maximum height of 25 mm.; females may exceed 40 mm. Distribution curves, checked by experimental data on another species of the same genus, give evidence that males live normally about one year, while females may live three years. Differences in sex ratio are attributable to differences in life span and to changes in environmental factors producing aggregations of members of one sex.In central New York, the parturition period seems to begin to March and terminates in June. In central Illinois it extends from February into May. The uterus of a gravid female contains eggs, embryos, and shelled young in a graded series. At birth, the young shell contains one and one-half whorls and has a height of approximately 3.8 mm. Color bands are present on the shell three months before birth. Initial growth rate is extremely rapid. In less than three months the largest of the new generation are as large as the smallest of the parent generation. Graphs given show seasonal changes in the population.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1932), S. 1-67 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper describes the development of the prechordal plate and mesoderm of Amblystoma punctatum from the late yolk-plug stage to the stage of about nineteen somites.In the earliest stage described the prechordal plate is embedded in the roof of the archenteron and flanked on both sides by prechordal mesoderm with which it is fused. The characteristics and limits of the prechordal plate and mesoderm are discussed and the fate of both traced. It is demonstrated that the mesodermal cores of the mandibular arches are probably largely derived from the prechordal mesoderm which flanks the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is later separated out of the roof of the foregut in a caudocephalic direction, giving rise to a median mass of mesoderm which expands laterally independently of the mandibular portions of the prechordal mesoderm to give rise to head mesenchyme lying largely anterior to the level of the hyoid arch. The expansion of this mesoderm is followed in some detail.The boundary between prechordal and notochordal regions is placed at approximately the boundary between the mandibular and hyoid arches.The question of the interpretation of the prechordal region is briefly discussed.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 70
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    Notes: This investigation was undertaken to determine some of the variables involved in the demonstration of the Golgi elements. Gland cells of vertebrates were studied vitally, after impregnation by osmic acid methods, and after autolysis.The duration of the staining period and the concentration of the stain condition the results obtained by vital staining with neutral red. The success of impregnation of Golgi elements with osmic acid varies with,(1) the type of tissue, (2) the time of initial fixation in relation to the time of the death of the animal, (3) the position of the cell in the piece of tissue, and, (4) the temperature of incubation with osmic acid. Stages in the impregnation of Golgi elements can be followed by examining preparations of the same tissue at frequent intervals during the incubation period. An increase in the amount of material which reduces osmic acid and which may form Golgi elements occurs in the cells during autolysis.The results are interpreted as indicating that Golgi elements are visible products of chemical reactions that occur in cells. They represent localized regions containing particular classes of chemical compounds which may be present, as such, in living cells or result from transformations in the cells during incubation. It is suggested that for the cells under consideration these substances may be unsaturated fatty acids.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 399-413 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The m. trapezius, with both brachial and branchial functions, is in seeming series with the mm. interarcuales laterales. The intrinsic muscles of the fin occur as a dorsal extensor sheet and three (or four) ventral flexor components. The spinal nerves, uncomplicated by extensive anastomoses, which supply the fin, clearly show that in the dogfish the fin muscles are derived not from dorsal and ventral elements, but from anterior and posterior, or protractor and retractor elements. The nerves prove that from the original protractor musculature only the anterior portion of the present flexor group is derived, while the original retractor musculature has become all of the extensor and the posterior part of the flexor series. Faradic stimulation of the live animal is satisfactory, although there is much variation in the sensitivity, particularly of different muscles.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 477-491 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mitochondria in the male germ cells of Sciara exhibit peculiarities as regards both morphological characteristics and distribution. In form. they show superficial similarity with those of some of the scorpions, while their distribution may be peculiar to the genus and depend on unusual meiotic divisions.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 459-475 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A description of the urogenital system in both sexes of Lepidosteus platystomus Rafinesque, and new observations on the blood supply to this system as well as to the rest of the viscera is given.The testes resemble the true piscine type. The sperm are carried by numerous vasa efferentia to the kidney tubules, through the mesonephros to the wolffian duct, and to the exterior as in the elasmobranchs and amphibians. The most anterior of the vasa efferentia are non-functional. The ovaries are simple sac-like structures continuous with their ducts. The oviducts transverse the ventro-lateral surface of the mesonephros, and enter into the dilated portions of the wolffian ducts, where they join, directly anterior to the urogenital aperture. There are no ducts in the male homologous with the oviducts of the female. The kidneys fused posteriorly, appear to extend the entire length of the body cavity, but the anterior third is non-urinary.By injection methods, the celiaco-mesenteric artery is shown to be crowded to the posterior end of the body cavity by the complicated swim-bladder, and runs anteriorly to supply the entire viscera. Its anterior portion is incorporated in the liver.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933) 
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 29-51 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This article is an account of the complete musculature of an adult Neuropteran insect, Chrysopa plorabunda. Previous anatomical discussions on this order of insects include only a few of the muscles of the head and thoracic regions, while those of the abdomen are entirely lacking. The muscles here described include those of the head, thorax, and abdomen. The origin, insertion, and function of each muscle is given. The boundaries of several of the sclerites, especially those of the labium, are located by the observations on the musculature of these parts. The meso- and metathoracic wings are of the same size and for that reason the muscles of these regions are very much alike. The prothorax is greatly elonated, causing the muscles of that region to differ to a greater or less degree from the ‘general rule’ in insects. The abdominal muscles may be arranged in the several groups generally found in insects. In several cases, however, both the origin and insertion of the muscle have been shifted to accompany changes which have taken place in the abdominal segmentation. All of the muscles are shown in the four plates containing nineteen figures which accompany the text.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 131-135 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Photomicrographs have been made of grasshopper spermatocytes using ultraviolet light of several wave lengths. For studying chromosomes this wave length should be between ca 2800 A and ca 2500 A. With higher frequencies the entire cell becomes strongly absorbing and relatively little detail is to be seen. All cell structures, including the chromosomes, are as transparent to λ = 3500 A and to longer ultraviolet waves as they are to visible light. The present experiments do not indicate the exact point between λ = 3500 A and λ = 2800 A at which the selective chromatin absorption commences.
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  • 77
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    Notes: This investigation consists of an extensive histological study of a special strain of abnormal x-rayed mice, in an attempt to determine the embryonic origin and development of certain congenital abnormalities that are hereditary.The study shows that development of the x-rayed strain is normal up to the thirteenth day after insemination, after which pathological structures appear in the form of blebs, hematomas, and thrombi. As a result of the formation of the blebs and hematomas a general condition is set up within the embryo which resembles that of thrombosis. The thrombi when formed exert a mechanical effect by crowding out the normal tissue. A chemical effect is also produced by the blood cells and fluid extravasated from the thrombus which penetrate into the forming tissues resulting in their perverted development. Thus the thrombi are the immediate factors causing the various regions of the body to be deformed.
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 207-251 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Goodeidae are a family of cyprinodonts containing about nine genera and twenty-six species. They are confined exclusively to the Mexican Plateau and to streams in the immediate vicinity. All are viviparous. Fertilization is internal. The eggs are extremely small and contain very little yolk. The embryos are retained in the ovarian follicles until the yolk is practically absorbed, in the meantime developing unique absorptive organs in the form of extensive ribbon-shaped proctodaeal processes. The embryos are evacuated into the intra-ovarian cavity where they are retained for several weeks, during which time the proctodaeal processes become extended. The ovary becomes a nutritive organ and produces secretions which are discharged into the intra-ovarian cavity and absorbed by the embryo through their unique processes. The processes differ in form, number, and histological structure, but are specific in their peculiarities for each species. These specific differences, together with marked differences in the ovary, will furnish a basis for a re-classification of the genera and species of the family. A comparison in made between this family and the other ovo-viviparous and viviparous cyprinodonts, on the basis of which it is concluded that the Goodeidae have arisen separately from an ovo-viviparous ancestor, which in turn was derived from an ovo-viviparous type. A comparison is also made between the peculiarities of reproduction in this family and those of other viviparous teleosts.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 349-385 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lead poisoning causes a selective destruction of mature erythrocytes, thereby depleting the spleen and stimulating differentiation and proliferation of erythrocytes in the blood. In conjunction with splenectomy, this intravascular erythropoiesis is markedly accelerated.During the progressive anemia and subsequent regeneration of erythrocytes in simple lead poisoning the major hemopoietic loci, spleen, mesonephros, liver, and epicardium were observed. The spleen is most rapidly affected. The red cell progenitor first present in the circulation is the hemoblast, but later numerous lymphocytes enter the blood stream and are transformed into erythrocytes.Following simple splenectomy the blood shows relatively little change. A mild regenerative activity of both erythrocytes and thrombocytes ensues. In lead poisoning after splenectomy the blood picture resembles that of simple lead poisoning. The anemia is produced more rapidly and the regeneration of erythrocytes is delayed.This study emphasizes the importance of the blood stream of Necturus as a site of red cell differentiation and proliferation, and shows that the lymphocyte may be a possible progenitor of erythrocytes and thrombocytes. Under normal conditions the hemoblast suffices as a source for red cells, but under abnormal or experimental conditions, where the demand for new cells is excessive and prolonged, the lymphocyte plays a major role.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each indifferent genital rudiment in the grasshopper embryo is composed of the following: (1) a terminal filament membrane; (2) an epithelial plate of indifferent cells, the dorsal cell mass; (3) the central cell mass containing germ and indifferent cells; (4) the ventral cell strand, and, (5) a delicate, investing membrane, the outer limiting membrane. It is roughly spindle-shaped in transverse section and extends from the first to the eighth abdominal segments.In the sexual differentiation of the genital rudiment the dorsal cell mass is retained as a definite embryonic rudiment in the female, but becomes an indistinguishable part of the central cell mass in the male.Ovarian development is initiated in the dorsal cell mass area, where cell aggregations are formed. Each aggregation is ultimately surrounded by the ingrowing outer limiting membrane to form distinct cellular columns. A latero-ventrad extension of this ingrowing process into the central cell mass continues the column formation process into the latter and results in the formation of a distally tapering structure composed of indifferent cells distad and germ cells and indifferent cells proximad. This structure constitutes the rudimentary ovariole which finally differentiates to form the terminal filament, germarium, and vitellarium.The ovarian portion of the oviduct and the tubular connection between the ovariole and oviduct are differentiated from the ventral cell strand.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1934), S. 611-631 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper describes the cellular relations between the prechordal mesoderm and the hypophyseal analage in duck embryos from the first to the eighth day of incubation.At nineteen somites the ectoderm destined to form hypophysis is seen as a plate of cells lying under the mesodermal mass anterior to the notochord. It extends anteriorly in intimate contact with the base of the forebrain, and posteriorly for about the same distance to the oral membrane. Following the lateral growth of the prechordal mesoderm and the rapid overgrowth of the forebrain, Rathke's pouch is definitely outlined. The upward expansion of the pouch, concomitant with the lagging of some of the prechordal mesoderm in the midline, effects a very close relation between these cells and those at the tip of the pouch. With the lateral expansion of the premandibular head cavities, some of the mesoderm adheres to walls of Rathke's pouch in the form of rods or knobs. As development proceeds the inherent growth tendencies of ectoderm and mesoderm express themselves differently and the rods or knobs become constricted off from the pouch, forming in its vicinity vesicles which exhibit a definite lumen.The question of an entodermal contribution to the hypophysis in this form is briefly considered.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Morphology 56 (1934), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By treating the clean skeletal tissue of an insect with concentrated KOH at 160° C., the contained chitin is converted to chitosan, and all pigmentation and admixtures are removed. The per cent distribution of chitin, expressed as chitosan, in the exoskeleton of the cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa, ranges from 37.65 in the dorsal abdomen to 18.22 in the hindwings. Other regions contain the following per cents: ventral abdomen, 37.11; metathoracic legs, 35.55; mesothoracic legs, 33.28; prothoracic legs, 32.24; pronotum, 31.55; head, 31.07; genitalia, 29.28; dorsal thorax, 29.07; ventral thorax, 28.33; antennae, 27.77; cerci, 25.65; and forewings, 19.99. Regional variations are constant in different individuals of the same species. The crop and gizzard contain 18.69 per cent; the hindgut, 18.15 per cent. The remainder of the alimentary tract contains no chitin. Traces of chitin are found in the trachea. No chitin is found in the egg-cases of this species. No correlation between chitin content and pigmentation or hardness is shown. Based on results from three trials, using thirty insects, the per cent of chitosan in the clean, dry chitinous material from the entire animal is 29.60; the per cent of chitosan based on the weight of the live animal averages 2.01.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 84
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 233-258 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fundamental structure of the brain stem is uniform throughout the vertebrate series, not essentially because it expresses an architypical pattern, but because of the constancy of peripheral connections and their internal relationships, both of which are parts of an apparatus of adjustment to environment which is common to vertebrates. Other parts of the brain are more variable because, with complication of the behavior pattern in higher forms, more elaborate and diversified mechanisms of correlation and integration are requisite.The brain stem between the olfactory bulb and other primary sensory centers is plastic tissue not dominated by any single sensory-motor system; it is the meeting place of descending and ascending sensory paths. Here the chief apparatus of correlation and integration is elaborated. From it emerge the complex thalamic and cortical adjustors. The pallium is not a primary constituent of the vertebrate brain. The pallial type of organization gradually emerged from the more ancient subpallial type and comes to mature expression in the cerebral cortex. Several instructive stages in the progressive differentiation of cortical structure and connections are seen in the amphibian forebrain, but the process is not consummated. Amphibia have no cerebral cortex, though cortical primordia are evident here and in various fishes. Static concepts of architypes and the dialectic of ‘form-analytic’ argumentation are replaced by a more dynamic treatment of morphogenesis.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 347-363 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From a mating of first-cousins, of whom the female had cataract, there issued in four generations a progeny of 138 individuals, 33 of whom had cataract (23.8 per cent). Discounting the last generation, about which little is known, also discounting other unknown members, there were 29 known unaffected, 30 known affected, i.e., 50.8 per cent had cataract. The pedigree by generations shows that cataract is inherited as an autosomal (Mendelian) dominant. However, the mode of inheritance is atypical in that the defective gene for cataract may be borne, and is so borne because transmitted, without producing in the bearer its characteristic defect. In the second generation there were four of a family of nine with cataract; of the five without cataract two produced cataractous offspring and three did not marry. The literature is replete with pedigrees in which cataract is inherited as a typical autosomal dominant; there are a few pedigrees (four are reproduced) in which the mode of inheritance, while distinctly that of an autosomal dominant, resembles the present pedigree in being atypical. It is concluded that cataract is inherited as an autosomal dominant, but that in some cases it is produced only under certain conditions. These conditions are as yet not definitely known. Clinical writers seem to favor the view that nutritional and endocrine disturbances predispose to the realization of the defect.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 365-388 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A histological study of Hammond's simple recessive ‘furless’ rabbits was made from many series of sections taken from the skin of both the normal and furless rabbits of several pertinent ages.It was found that the external absence of under-hair or fur exists because of a failure of the hairs of these follicles to erupt. This failure is due to a premature keratinization which first affects the sebaceous glands and then the inner epithelial sheath. The resulting abnormal channel allows an erratic escape, especially of the regenerating hair above the incomplete inner sheath into the surrounding connective tissue, where the escaped part of the hair atrophies. The final condition shows an inflammatory reaction in the areolar tissue here. There is no check on the growth from the bulb of the root. Other elements of the skin verify this excessive keratinization.The cause of the abnormal metabolic changes conceivably lies in an inadequate tissue supply of oxygen or nutrition. The regulator may be the sympathetic system directly or indirectly (by hormone action), or it may be an inhibitor resident in the integument itself.
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  • 87
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomical isolation of the auricles from the ventricle in hearts of fresh-water mussels representing nine North American species has been confirmed. The muscle fibers in these hearts without exceptions were found to be of the smooth, unstriated type. Bundles of these fibers loosely interwoven, form the thin, delicate, heart wall, which contains many sinus-like spaces. The outside portion of the heart wall exposed to the pericardial fluid is covered with a definite epicardium composed of a single, dense layer of epithelial and scattering mucous cells. The inside of the heart cavity has no endocardium, the muscle fibers being in direct contact with the blood. No special conduction tissue, nerves or ganglia were found in the heart wall. Correlations of these anatomical and histological findings with the physiological reactions of the living heart in situ are made, and the mechanical and chemical control of the heart discussed.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Morphology 56 (1934), S. 325-337 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to learn something of the nature of the bead-like bodies which occur in the head of the sperm of the fowl since it was found in a previous study that they are apparently affected in a characteristic manner by vitamin E deficiency.Staining tests indicate that these bodies are composed of fats and fatty acids since they respond to osmic acid and Nile blue sulphate. They are also impregnated with silver nitrate and hence may be associated with the so-called Golgi materials of the cell.The beads first appear as a complete single row but subsequently they undergo fragmentation and redistribution. The whole process is probably a final transitory step in sperm transformation.The presence of this fatty material may signify that the sperm of the fowl, in contrast to that of most other animals, carries a store of food material to support its activity after liberation. The sperm may also be the carrier of a definite amount of vitamin E. Furthermore, the presence of this material may offer an explanation of the high resistance of the testis of the fowl to vitamin E deficiency because, since this vitamin is fat soluble, the testis as a whole would probably receive a disproportionately large share of the vitamin E stores of the individual.
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  • 89
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In sections from livers injected through the vascular system with Carter's carminegelatin or Berlin-blue gelatin masses at known, constant pressures, many cells were observed to contain ovoid or spherical bodies of the colored injection masses, similar to those described by Schäfer and his students, Herring and Simpson, as intracellular blood canaliculi.' In these livers practically all the cells were vacuolated. However, with livers injected with Berlin-blue gelatin mass dissolved in Locke's solution instead of distilled water, there were no intracellular masses and the cells appeared normal, though the sinusoids were completely filled with injection mass. The so-called ‘intracellular blood canaliculi’ described by Schäfer are interpreted as artefacts produced by a combination of factors, the most important of which is the difference in osmotic pressure. This is produced by the hypotonicity of the injection masses that are usually used, augmented perhaps by the effect of mechanical pressure used in administering the injection mass.Following impregnation of liver tissue by Golgi's rapid method, the usual network of intercellular bile canaliculi was revealed, but the presence of a permanent system of intracellular canaliculi was not observed. A few short, knobbed intracellular projections from the intercellular bile canaliculi were noticed; these probably represent the passage of secretion material into the intercellular bile canaliculi at the moment of excretion.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The early developmental history of Sciuridae (squirrel family), from the ovarian egg to the establishment of the germ layers, was studied in fixed material comprising ova and embryos from six species of five genera. No significant differences were noted in the major processes of development in the six species. Continuous diminution in the size of the ova occurs from the beginning of follicular vesiculation up to the early blastocyst stages. Corpora haemorrhagica are present in most of the recently ruptured follicles of all the species.Cleavage is regular, though adequal, up to the eight-cell stage, the blastomeres clustering into a compact mass. There is desquamation of cellular material from the periphery of the ovum between morula and blastocyst stages. At the same time cells within the blastocyst degenerate to add to the cavity originally formed by confluence of intercellular spaces. The cavity forms among the inner cells, an inner cell mass being left at one pole and an anti-embryonic mass at the other. The anti-embryonic cells produce much of the yolk-sac entoderm and contribute to the implantation mass. The latter mass forms a temporary attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine mucosa in these species. The definitive entoderm arises by migration and delamination of certain of the inner cell mass cells. A transitory notochordal canal, passing in a vertical plane through Hensen's node, is strongly suggested.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Morphology 56 (1934), S. 533-575 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The arterial system of Ptyas mucosus (Linn.) reveals the following interesting features: (1) A prominent diverticulum given off from the inner antero-dorsal edge of the left auricle. (2) Ridge-like continuation of the median hanging valve of the sinus venosus lining the ventral edge of the opening of the right precaval vein. (3) Guarding of the opening of the pulmonary vein by a portion of the inter-auricular septum abutting against it. (4) Presence of two longitudinal trunks on either side of the hepatic portal vein formed by the hepatic branches of the hepato-oesophageal arteries, which, uniting with one another, form a peculiar arrangement looking almost like a looped chain. (5) A complete arterial circuit in the female formed by the combination of the genital, supra-renal, and the anterior-most renal arteries of either side. (6) Chain-like arrangement formed by the alternate bifurcation and union of the posterior-most part of the longitudinal fat-body artery and also by its lateral branches, which unite with it here and there after giving off twigs to the fat bodies. (7) A pair of small arteries (or in some cases only one) called ‘arteria complexa’ which take their origin from the dorsal aorta opposite the openings of the iliac veins into the afferent renals.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 1-29 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two kinds of spermatozoa are formed in the testis of Goniobasis laqueata, typical (eupyrene) and atypical (apyrene); a similar dimorphism is noted in several other related genera. The development of each type of spermatozoon is described in Goniobasis. The apyrene spermatozoa do not appear in the testis until eupyrene spermatogenesis has progressed to the formation of mature eupyrene spermatozoa. After this time apyrene spermatogenesis becomes predominant. It is suggested that this condition is indicative of a modified protandric hermaphroditism, according to a recent theory of spermic dimorphism. The anatomy of the reproductive system of Goniobasis is described briefly, and the behavior and fate of the two types of spermatozoa are noted. Only the eupyrene spermatozoa are inclosed in a spermatophore formed in a special organ of the male, the apyrenes being somehow excluded. Thus the latter do not reach the female in copulation and can have no necessary functional relationship to the ova at the time of fertilization. The delayed formation of the apyrene spermatozoa, and other facts, indicate that they are probably not concerned with the nutrition or transport of the eupyrene spermatozoa.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 61-89 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three pairs of thymus primordia are found at 6 to 6.5 mm. on the dorsal lateral ends of the second, third and fourth visceral pouches. Those on each side after fusing by growth and migratin come to lie above the third visceral pouch, whence the thymus migrates upward and backward; growing in size, it stretches above the ends of all the gill pouches. It pushes inward into the mesenchyme at 12 to 13 mm. and becomes perforated and surrounded by blood vessels and connective tissue which separate it almost completely from the epithelium. No septa are found; occasionally the third primordium fails to fuse and forms a separate lobe.The early thymus is a syncytium in which are found lymphoblasts, identified by structure of the cytosome and its behavior during mitosis. Evidence is presented that lymphoblasts migrate into the thymus where they increase in number with corresponding increase in length of cytoplasmic bridges and size of intercellular spaces. At 10 mm. begins a rapid increase in size of the thymus and in number of lymphoblasts and decrease in size of the latter, culminating at 12 to 13 mm. in their transformation into thymocytes. A medulla associated with blood vessels is unmistakable at 30 mm.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Morphology 55 (1934), S. 577-609 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An investigation has been conducted to ascertain the relationship of certain structures in the embryo of the grasshopper known as Melanoplus differentialis with reproductive organs in the adult male.The order of development of these structures was traced through the entire life history.It was determined that they are the rudiments of certain reproductive organs and that the knowledge obtained serves as an aid in more accurately classifying insects.
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  • 95
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the development of the sense organs of the larva of Botryllus schlosseri to determine, if possible, any homologies between its sense organs and those of other types of ascidians such as Molgula and Ammaroucium, which have sense organs structurally very different.The statolith appears in the Botryllus embryo as a single club-shaped cell. The lightsensitive organs have their primordia slightly later as five small filaments, each developed from a ganglion cell. A cavity appears in the statolith into which the light-sensitive filaments penetrate. Later development is concerned with pigmentation of the statolith, and a twisting process which orients it into the position in which it is found in the free-swimming larva. The three tactile papillae develop from evaginations of ectoderm at the anterior end of the embryo. The ectodermal cells at the center of a papilla are differentiated into rod-shaped sensory receptors and ganglion-like masses of nerve tissue. Nervous connections are established between these peripheral ganglia and the central nervous system.Results of the investigation indicate that the statoliths of the different ascidian larvae are homologous; the direction eyes probably are not, but have evolved independently from a light-sensitive area in the primitive larva of a common ancestral ascidian. The larvae of Molgula and Ammaroucium possess no structures comparable to the sensory papillae of Botryllus.
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  • 96
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 97
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 335-351 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the brinchial epithelium in representative specimens of Cyclostomata Elasmobranchii and Teleostei fishes has been made, with special reference to the following: 1) the importance of physiological role of osmotic regulation effected by the gills; 2) the presence or absence of specialized secretory tissue; 3) progressive evolution of the fishes and the possible phylogenetic difference between them. In regard to these topics we find: 1) There is no indication of any specialization in the branchial epithelium of fishes indicating a special role in extrarenal excretion. 2) In the respiratory epithelium of fishes widely separated phylogenetically or in fishes in living in fresh or salt water, the only significant differences are that in general the teleosts have a squamous type of epithelium, whereas, the elasmobranchs have in general a thicker polyhedral investment. 3) Mucous cells appear large and numerous on the filament proper, smaller and less numerous in the interlamellar spaces, and on the free surface of the lamellae. These are the only specialized secretory cells which occur in the gills.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 461-471 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The exeretory system of Typhlocoelum cucumerinum consists of three pairs of longitudinal channels communicating by a single ventral vessel with the excretory vesicle. Branches subdivide extensively and anastomose forming a dense network of tubules throughout the body. The vessele possess many of the features characteristic of lymph systems as described in amphistome trematodes. They have cuticular walls, come into intimate association with the intestine and contain a granular coagulum and cellular elements suspended in the lumen. The single system of vessels appears to be functioning as a combined lymph and excretory system. Typhlocoelum americanum Manter and Williams ('28) is regarded as a synonym of Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Rud. 1809).
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  • 99
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    Journal of Morphology 57 (1935), S. 597-615 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the thyroid has been briefly described from an example of each of the four urodele families and comparisons drawn. An attempt has been made toward clarifying previous and conflicting accounts. The thyroid arises as a solid bud from the floor of the pharynx in the region of the first visceral pouches. This bud grows backward until it reaches the pericardium. Division of the primordium into lateral portions is inaugurated and the anterior end of the splitting thyroid loses its connection with the pharynx before the separation of the parts is completed. Some of the undivided anterior portion may persist as an accessory thryroid. After the two lateral thyroid masses are separated the yolk disappears from the cells which then form cell columns and enlarge as a result of the fusion of adjacent vesicles. A thyroid [release] occurs at the time of metamorphosis except in Necturus. After the [release] the follicles refill. Similarities in development and general histological picture are closer between Necturus and Cryptobranchus as a pair than between either of these forms and Amblystoma or Eurycea. Amblystoma and Eurycea also resemble each other in histological picture. It is suggested that Necturus produces the thyroid hormone in sufficient quantity to induce metamorphosis but that some other factor or factors serve to inhibit the response.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Morphology 58 (1935) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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