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  • Articles  (446)
  • taxonomy  (226)
  • crystal structure  (220)
  • Springer  (446)
  • 1995-1999  (446)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1945-1949
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of a new dibenzo-14-crown-4 lariat ether and structure of its sodium perrhenate complex (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1255-1259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crown ether ; crystal structure ; lariat ; sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A dibenzo-14-crown-4 ether with a novel monooxyacetone sidearm is prepared and its structure with sodium perrhenate is determined. The structure crystallizes in P21/c with cell dimensions: a = 8.107(2) Å, b = 28.138(3) Å, c = 10.293(2) Å, and β = 104.173(9)°; giving a volume of 2276.6(7) Å3. This structure is compared to other sodium complexes of dibenzo-14-crown-4 lariat ethers and is found to be the only one with intramolecular bonding between the sidearm and the cation. Possible reasons for this observation are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009552806586
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  • 102
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    Structure of de-oxy corticosterone (4-pregnen-21-ol-3,20-dione) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1271-1275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; pregnen ; progestin ; 4-pregnen-21-ol-3,20-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic steroid de-oxy corticosterone (4-pregnen-21-ol-3,20-dione) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21, with a = 11.706(2); b = 11.171(3), c = 13.966(3) Å, and β = 100.94(2)°, Z = 4. Ring A tends to acquire the conformation of a half-boat, rings B and C are in the chair configuration, and ring D is a 13β, 14α-half-chair. The ring junctions B/C and C/D are both trans, whereas the ring junction A/B is quasi-trans. The molecule as a whole is slightly convex toward the β-side, with an angle of 16.01(0.36)° between the C10--C19 and C13--C18 vectors. Molecular packing and stacking interactions play the major role in structural association. Cohesion of the crystal is due to van der Waals interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009556907495
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  • 103
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    Polymeric copper(II)-orotato complexes, [(C5H2N2O4)Cu(H2O)2]n (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 565-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: orotic acid complex ; crystal structure ; copper(II) complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compound [(C5H2N2O4)Cu(H2O)2]n has been synthesized and its structure determined at room temperature. The primary coordination sphere at the Cu ion is square planar with the orotate dianion coordinating at the metal through heterocyclic nitrogen atom and adjacent oxygen of the carboxylate group, the remaining coordination sites are occupied by two water molecules. The orotate dianion is tricoordinated to one copper via N1 and one oxygen of the carboxylato group and to another copper atom via the other oxygen of the carboxylato group. The coordination at copper is extended to five by the other oxygen of the carboxylate group of another orotate molecule. Thus, the molecules are associated to form chains, the carboxylato group acting as a bridge between the metal ions, the orotato-group being tridentate. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group. P21/n1 with a = 9.515(5), b = 6.925(2), c = 11.861(6) Å, β = 95.285(9)°, D calc = 2.17 g cm−3, and z = 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009596719033
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  • 104
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    X-ray crystal structure and spectroscopy of a pseudo-square pyramidal Cu(II) complex, trans-dinitratotetrakis (trans-4-styrylpyridine)copper(II) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 413-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: pseudo-square pyramidal Cu(II) complex ; trans-4-styrylpyridine ; crystal structure ; IR, electronic, and EPR spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single crystals of the title Cu(II) complex, [Cu(stpy)4(ONO2)(ONO2)′] [stpy = trans-4-styryl-pyridine] have been prepared and characterized by elemental and thermal analyses, IR, electronic and EPR spectral measurements, and X-ray crystal structure determination. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with unit-cell parameters, a = 12.985(2), b = 22.865(8), c = 17.024(10) Å, β = 112.29(3)°, and Z = 4. The structure consists of discrete monomeric units of [Cu(stpy)4(ONO2)(ONO2)′]. The equatorial positions of the Cu(II) polyhedron are occupied by nitrogen atoms of the four stpy ligands and the axial positions by the oxygens of two unidentate nitrate anions. One of these oxygens is at rather longer distance [2.609(3) Å] and may be considered to be semicoordinated. If this semibond is ignored, the coordination geometry lies closer to an idealized square pyramid than to the trigonal bipyramid geometry. IR spectra reveal nitrogen coordination from stpy and asymmetry in the monodentate oxygen binding of the two nitrate ligands. The optical reflectance band at 600 nm suggests pseudo-square-based pyramidal geometry around Cu(II). Well-resolved Cu(II) hyperfine features in the EPR spectra reveal the absence of exchange interactions between adjacent copper centers. Optical and EPR spectra of a methanolic solution of the complex indicate solvent interactions. Thermogravimetric analysis shows the complex to be stable up to 175°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009510910121
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  • 105
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    Molecular structure of 1-phenyl-1-dimethylamino-4,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2-aza-3λ3-phosphabutadiene-1,3 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 475-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; ab initio calculations ; conjugation ; phosphabutadienes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of 1-phenyl-1-dimethylamino-4,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2-aza-3λ3-phosphabutadiene-1,3, Me2N(Ph)C=N—P=C(SiMe3)2 (1), has been determined. Crystal data: triclinic, P1¯, a = 8.975(4), b = 10.001(5), c = 12.440(6) Å, α = 79.04(4), β = 77.98(4), γ = 73.07(4)°, V = 1034.7 Å3, Z = 2, and D c = 1.08 g cm−3. The main geometrical parameters of 1 as well as ab initio (HF/6-31+G**) calculations of the model systems show no clear evidence of high efficiency of the π(C=N)—π (P=C) conjugation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009527413755
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  • 106
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of 1-(4-bromobenzyl)-4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 493-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: contrast agents ; crystal structure ; ortho ester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 1-(4-Bromobenzyl)-4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, C13H15BrO3, has been synthesized from 4-bromophenylacetic acid chloride via the oxetan ester (3-methyl-3-oxetanyl)methyl-2-(4-bromophenyl)acetate. The crystal structure of the title compound has been determined at low temperature (120 K), by X-ray diffraction methods. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n (No. 14), Z = 4, with lattice parametersa = 6.019(5), b = 20.990(5), c = 9.915(2) Å, and β = 101.29(1)°.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009531514664
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  • 107
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    Structure refinement and Raman spectrum of silver azide (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 561-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; Raman spectrum ; silver azide ; azide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Silver nitrate reacts with sodium azide to give white powdery silver azide, which can be crystallized in aqueous ammonia. The compound belongs to orthorhombic space group Ibam with a = 5.600(1), b = 5.980(6), c = 5.998(1) Å, and Z = 4. The layer-type structure is constructed from edge-sharing regular rectangles, each composed of silver atoms at its vertices with an enclosed azide anion in a tilted orientation. The linear and asymmetrical structure of the azide anion in crystalline silver azide has been confirmed by its Raman spectrum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009544702195
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  • 108
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    Structure of adamantan-1-ammonium 1-adamantanecarboxylate (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 845-848 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; centrosymmetric ; aminoadamantane derivative ; antiviral ; dispiro compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Adamantan-1-ammonium 1-adamantanecarboxylate, C21H33NO2 (I) is a novel dispiro-type compound. Aminoadamantane derivatives, in which the spiro carbon atoms are part of heterocyclic rings, are of potential interest as biological active substances and antiviral agents. Complex (I) crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group C2/c (No. 15) with eight molecules in the unit cell with a = 25.227(4), b = 6.527(1), c = 22.489(4) Å, and β = 90.75(1)°. The two spiro units are a 1-adamantylammonium cation and a 1-adamantane carbonyloxy anion. The complex units are stabilized by a network of intermolecular carbonyloxy-to-amine hydrogen bonding and van der Waals cohesive forces. Germane bond lengths are: C—N = 1.479(9) and C—O (mean) = 1.25(2) Å.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009564307821
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  • 109
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    Structural characterization of a series of cyclohexaphosphates: M0.5((C6H5CH2)2NH2)5P6O18·H2O (M = Co, Cu, Cd) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 891-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: cyclohexaphosphates ; organometallic compound ; crystal growth ; X-ray diffraction ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three new cyclohexaphosphates with general formula M0.5((C6H5CH2)2NH2)5P6O18·H2O (M=Co, Cu, Cd) are reported. They crystallize with monoclinic unit-cells and are isotropic. We have determined their structure from the salt M=Co. This later exhibits the following unit-cell parameters: a = 22.739(5), b = 17.682(3), c = 18.342(3) Å, β = 91.22(1)°, Z = 4,P21/n, V = 7373 Å3, and Dx = 1.373 g cm−3. The atomic arrangement can be described as layers containing P6O18 ring anions and CoO6 octahedra spreading in the (101) planes and intercalated by the dibenzylammonium groups and the water molecules. Synthesis and characterization by X-ray diffraction, IR absorption, and TA are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009521911166
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  • 110
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    Nucleophilic additions of primary and secondary amines to pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 633-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Amines ; crystal structure ; pentacycloundecane-8,11-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of three compounds formedvia nucleophilic attack of a heterocyclic secondary amine on PCU-8,11-dione, with the concomitant intramolecular attack of one keto oxygen on the carbon of the other ketone, are presented. In all three compounds, the bridging oxygen contains substantial p-character, and the bonds to the “attacking” nitrogen are significantly shorter than would be expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665969
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  • 111
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    X-ray structure of sesterterpene, 16β-acetoxy-24-methyl-12,24-dioxoscalaran-25-al (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 765-768 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Sesterterpene ; scalaran ; crystal structure ; marine compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The molecular geometry of a tetracyclic sesterterpene has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The conformation of the aldehyde group as observed in the crystal structure supports the rationalization for the absence of aldehyde proton coupling in the nmr spectra of the compound. Crystal data: C28H42O5, M.W.=458.6; orthorhombic, P212121;a=10.797(2),b=29.270(9),c=8.033(1)Å,V=2538.7Å3,Dx=1.199 g cm−3;R=0.045 for 2287 observed reflections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01670333
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  • 112
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    Synthesis of a chiral calixarene: 5,11,17,23-tetra (tert-butyl)-25,27-bis[((+)-camphor-10-sulfonyl)-oxy]-calix[4]arene-26,28-diol: crystal and molecular structure of its (1∶2) complex with toluene (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 401-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Calixarene ; complex ; crystal structure ; chirality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound was obtained by treatment ofp-tert-butylcalix[4]arene with (+) camphorsulfonyl chloride in triethylamine and toluene. A (1∶2) complex with toluene has been found. Its structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystals are triclinic with space group P1,a=16.426(3),b=18.553(3),c=13.661(2) Å, α=94.78(2), β=110.76(2), γ=72.83(2)°,V=3720(2) Å3,d c =1.127 g/cm3 Z=2. Refinement based on 10495 observed reflections led to a finalR value of 0.100. The two independent molecules of calixarene in the asymmetric unit are in the cone conformation and the calixarene cavities are empty. The guest molecule occupies the interhost space. The norborane skelton of (+) camphorsulfonyl group is the same as ones found in literature. Only van der Waals interactions exist between the host and the guest molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665277
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  • 113
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    Crystal structure of the hemitoluene solvate of racemiccis-bis(bipyridyl)chloro(tri-n-propylphosphine)ruthenium(II) perchlorate, a species with disordered PPr3 and toluene moieties (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 667-675 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Ruthenium(II) complex ; tri-n-propylphosphine ; bipyridyl ; crystal structure ; disorder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complexcis-[Ru(bpy)2(PPr3)Cl+][ClO 4 − ] · 0.5 (toluene) crystallizes as a racemate in the monoclinic space group P21/n. Both the PPr3 ligand and the toluene of crystallization are subject to disorder. Ruthenium—ligand distances are: Ru−PPr3=2.348(2) Å, Ru−Cl=2.426(2) Å and Ru−N(bpy)=2.035(6)–2.112(5) Å.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01991962
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  • 114
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    Crystal structure ofmer,trans-[Ru(NO2)(trpy) (PPh3) 2 + ][PF 6 − ]: a “problem structure” (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 853-859 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Ruthenium(II) complex ; terpyridine ; triphenylphosphine ; ruthenium-nitro complex ; crystal structure ; pseudo-lattice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complexmer,trans-[Ru(NO2)(trpy)(PPh3) 2 + ][PF 6 − ] crystallizes in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space groupP21/n withZ=4; the ruthenium atom lies close toy=1/4 and all data withh+l=2n+1 are systematically weak. The trpy ligand is not strictly planar, but has a “dish-like” geometry. The nitro ligand is rotated from the plane of the Ru(trpy) moiety, the N3Ru/NO2 interplanar angle being 32.5o. Ruthenium-ligand distances are: Ru−PPh3=2.418(4) Å and 2.429(4) Å, Ru−NO2=2.063(12) Å, Ru−N(trpy, outer)=2.100(12) Å and 2.116(12) Å and Ru−N(trpy, central)=2.004(11) Å.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01670319
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  • 115
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    The structure of N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)butanediamide (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 661-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)butanediamide ; crystal structure ; hydrolysis product
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)butanediamide has been determined. The molecule consists of two 2-hydroxyphenyl moieties which are attached (at the 2 position) to the two nitrogens of the butanediamide. The compound C16H16N2O4 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c witha=5.576(1),b=4.8853(6),c=25.397(6) Å and β=90.58(1)°.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01991961
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  • 116
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    The 1∶1-adduct of chlorotriphenyltin with 2′,6′-dimethoxyflavone: a potential fungicide (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 691-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Organotin ; crystal structure ; flavone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The 1∶1 adduct of chlorotriphenyltin with 2′,6′-dimethoxyflavone, (C35H29O4ClSn)Mr=667.78, crystallizes in the triclinic space groupP1 with the following data:a-9.094(2),b=12.369(3),c=14.674(3) Å, α=74.78(2), β=77.00(2), γ=73.06(3)°,V=1503.8(4) Å3,Z=2, Mo-Kα, μ=9, 8 cm−1,Dc=1.475 g cm−3, F(000)=676,T=293K. The structure was solved by direct-methods and has been refined to a finalR value (l〉3σ(I)) of 0.0301. The flavone coordinates to the tin atom through the carbonyl oxygen atom. The metal center exhibits a trigonal bipyramidal configuration with the three phenyl groups in equatorial positions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01991965
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  • 117
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    Molecular structure and hydrogen bonding of 4-dimethylaminopyridinioacetate in its crystalline dihydrate and hydrochloride trihydrate, L·2H2O and [L2H]Cl·3H2O (L=p-Me2NC5H4N+CH2CO2 −) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 133-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Betaine ; 4-dimethylaminopyridinioacetate ; hydrogen bonding ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystalline dihydrate and hydrochloride trihydrate of a new betaine, namely, L·2H2O (1) and [L2H]Cl·3H2O(2) (L=p-Me2NC5H4N+CH2CO2), have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Molecule L in compound1 [space groupPbcn, witha=15.732(3),b=7.894(2),c=18.304(4) Å, andZ=8] possesses approximateC s symmetry. The formation of hydrogen bonds by water molecules bridging neighboring carboxy oxygen atoms leads to an infinite two-dimensional network composed of a packing of two different kinds of 12-membered rings. In compound2 [space group PT witha=7.341(2),b=9.543(2),c=17.010(4) Å, α=82.43(2)°, δ=80.34(2)°, λ=74.05(2)°, andZ=2], the carboxylate groups of a pair of betaine molecules are bridged by a proton to form a dimeric cation L2H+ with a very strong asymmetric hydrogen bond of length 2.464(7) Å. The crystal structure features a hydrogen-bonded corrugated ribbon comprising an alternate arrangement of edge-sharing centrosymmetric (H2O)4(Cl−)2 and (H2O)4 rings running parallel to thea axis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01669730
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  • 118
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    Crystal and molecular structure of the bidentate ligand 2,2-di(1-pyrazolyl)propane, CH3C(C3N2H3)2CH3 (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 179-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Bidentate ligand ; crystal structure ; pyrazolyl group ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound lies on a site of C2 symmetry, with the two planar pyrazolyl moieties oriented at 86.1° to one another. The hydrogen atoms were located and refined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01673667
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  • 119
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    Synthesis and structure determination of 3α-triphenylstannyl-cholest-5-ene (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 219-222 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Steroid ; organometallic ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 3α-Triphenylstannylcholest-5-ene (1) has been synthesised and its molecular structure has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Refinement in the triclinic space groupP1 witha=7.805(6),b=7.862(5),c=32.351(10)Å, α=90.87(8), β=94.77(8) and γ=101.15(4)o converged atR=0.063. One of the two crystallographically independent molecules in the unit cell has a patially disordered side chain. The bond lengths and valency angles about tin indicate some steric hindrance due to the proximity of one of the phenyl rings with the B ring of the steroid nucleus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01673674
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  • 120
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    Crystal and molecular structure of β-resorcylidene aminoguanidine copper(II) complex (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 841-846 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Cu(II) resorcylidene aminoguanidine ; synthesis ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The tridentate Schiff base, β-resorcylidene aminoguanidine (RAG)1 was synthesized from 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and aminoguanidine and complexed with copper(II) to form a copper(II)-β-resorcylidene aminoguanidine (Cu-RAG)2 complex. X-ray diffraction analysis of compound2 (orthorhombic, Pnma,a=11.674(1);b=6.7198(7);c=17.836(2) Å) revealed a square-planar copper(II) cation with a tridentate·ligand bound through two nitrogen atoms (N1 and N3) of the aminoguanidine moiety and an oxygen (O1) of the monodeprotonated dihydroxybenzaldehyde function. The remaining coordination site was occupied by chloride and the structure was rigidly planar as demanded by the restrictions of the crystallographic space group. The unit cell contents exhibited an extended sheet-like structure constructed via hydrogen bonds both intermolecularly and involving two water molecules (O3 and O4) also restricted by the same mirror symmetry. The remaining water (O5) provided for interlayer hydrogen bonding.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of di(1-pyrazolyl)methane, CH2(C3N2H3)2 (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Pyrazolyl group ; crystal structure ; bidentate ligand ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound consists of two planar pyrazolyl fragments oriented at 73.0° to each other and linked to a common carbon atom. All hydrogen atoms were located unambiguously and their positions were refined.
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    Crystal structure ofcis-[Ru(bpy)2{PPh2(o-tol)}Cl][ClO4]·1.5(CH2Cl2), a structure containing both ordered and disordered dichloromethane molecules of crystallization (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Ruthenium(II) complex ; bipyridyl ; diphenyl(o-tolyl)phosphine ; dichloromethane solvate ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complexcis-[Ru(bpy)2 {PPh2(o-tol)}Cl][ClO4] crystallizes from dichloromethane as the sesqui-dichloromethane solvate. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with Z=4. The structure was refined toR=5.50% for those 2552 independent reflections with |F 0|〉6σ(|F 0|) The octahedral Ru(II) cation is associated with the following bond lengths: Ru-PPh2(o-tol)=2.360(3)Å. Ru−Cl=2.433(2)Å and Ru−N(bpy)=2.041(8)–2.095(8)Å. Both the perchlorate anion and the dichloromethane molecules of solvation exhibit large amplitudes of vibration. One dichloromethane molecule lies in a general position, the other lies about an inversion center and suffers from disorder.
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    Trifluoromethyl group disorder in crystalline 2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-hydroxymethylquinoline (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 26 (1996), S. 615-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Disordered trifluoromethyl group ; quinoline ; crystal structure ; AM1 calculation ; mefloquine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallized in space groupPna21 with lattice constantsa=13.406(1),b=18.799 (4), andc=4.785(1). The molecule is essentially flat with only fluorine atoms, methylene hydrogen atoms, and the hydroxyl hydrogen atom out of the plane of the quinoline ring. Only one of the trifluoromethyl groups of the title compound is disordered following a pattern observed in other crystal structures. Quantum chemical calculations at the AM1 level are consistent with this phenomenon. Although the carbon atom of the fixed trifluoromethyl group is further from the quinoline nitrogen atom than the carbon atom of the disordered trifluoromethyl group, the fluorine atoms of the fixed trifluoromethyl group more closely approach the quinoline nitrogen atom by 0.3 Å if the C(8)−C(10) bond in the crystal structure is freely rotated.
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of N 12-(7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)-N 1,N 1-diethy1-1,12-diaminododecane (AQ-40) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 925-929 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Quinoline ; chloroquine ; antimalarial ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The preparation of N12-(7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)-N 1,N 1-diethyl-1,12-diaminododecane, AQ-40, was accomplished by a five-step process in 80% overall yield from 12-aminododecanoic acid and 4,7-dichloroquinoline. AQ-40 crystallizes as a monohydrate from reagent grade chloroform/ diethyl ether mixtures in the triclinc space group P-1 with a = 8.667(2), b = 8.9425(10), c = 17.217(3) Å, α = 99.34(1), β = 99.89(2), γ = 91.56(1)°, V = 1295.0 Å3 and Z = 2. The l2-(N 1,N 1-diethylamino)dodecyl side chain is in the fully extended conformation and the water molecule forms hydrogen bonds to the two tertiary nitrogen atoms as well as with the secondary amino group. The nitrogen of the secondary amino group bound to the four-position of the quinoline moiety is virtually planar. This together with the rather short C–N distance of 1.347(3) Å to the quinoline moiety suggests involvement of the lone pair on this nitrogen with the π system of the ring.
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    Molecular structure of trans-[Co(NH3)4(NH2CH3)Cl](ClO4)2 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 69-72 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Co(III) complex ; crystal structure ; kinetics ; steric effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, with a = 7.9209(5), b = 9.818(1), c = 16.867(2) Å, and Z = 4. The structure was solved employing 1864 independent x-ray reflections with I〉2σ(I) by Patterson and difference Fourier techniques and refined by full-matrix least-squares to R = 0.036. The trans-[CO(NH3)4(NH2CH3)Cl](ClO4)2 molecule is on a crystallographic mirror plane. The cobalt ion is in an elongated octahedral coordination with four equatorial ammonia ligands [average Co–N distance equal to 1.966(2) Å], an axial methylamine [Co–N=1.965(3)Å], and an axial chlorine ion [Co–Cl=2.2771(9)Å]. Kinetic steric effects of the complex are interpreted in terms of structural results.
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    Crystal structure of NH3(CH2)2NH3BiCl5·2H2O (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Bismuth ; crystal structure ; inorganic polymer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The ethylenediammonium pentachlorobismuthate(III) dihydrate salt is monoclinic with the following unit cell dimensions: a = 10.902(8)Å, b = 7.926(6)Å, c = 15.199(6)Å, β = 96.40(1)°, space group P21/n with Z = 4. The structure shows a layer arrangement parallel to the $$\vec a$$ axis: planes of the [Bi2Cl10]4− bioctahedra alternate with planes of [NH3(CH2)2NH3]2+ dications. The [Bi2Cl10]4− bioctahedra are connected through O(W)–H··· Cl hydrogen bonds, so that infinite unidimensional chains of composition [Bi2Cl10(H2O)2] n 4n− are formed in the structure parallel to the $$\vec a$$ axis. These chains are themselves interconnected by means of the N–H···Cl bonds originating from the [NH3(CH2)2NH3]2+ entities, forming a three-dimensional network.
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    The synthesis and X-ray structure of [Sr2(OSiPh3)4(NH3)5]·0.5C7H8 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Strontium ; triphenylsiloxy ; crystal structure ; ammonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title complex [Sr2(OSiPh3)4(NH3)5]·0.5C7H8 was prepared by the reaction of strontium metal granules with triphenylsilanol in an ammoniacal-toluene solution at −40°C. It crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 14.465(3), b = 20.715 (6), c = 25.199(6) Å, β = 95.98(2)°, and Z = 4. The complex has a dimeric structure with one terminal and three bridging triphenylsiloxy ligands, the remaining coordination sites being occupied by five ammonia molecules. The central Sr2O4N5 moiety adopts a distorted M2X9 face-sharing bioctahedral arrangement.
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    Crystal structure of mixed rubidium–ammonium hydrogen sulfate Rb0.7(NH4)0.3HSO4 at room temperature (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 335-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Mixed rubidium–ammonium acid sulfate ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of Rb0.7(NH4)0.3HSO4 has been determined by X-ray analysis. The mixed compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with unit cell parameters a = 14.374(6) Å, b = 4.618(6) Å, c = 14.412(2) Å, β = 118.03(2)°, V = 844.4(4) Å3, and D cal = 1.536 g cm−3 for Z = 8. The mixed compound Rb0.7(NH4)0.3HSO4 is a chain-based structure. The Rb+ and NH4 + cations are intercalated between chains, formed of HSO4 - groups linked with OH⋯O hydrogen-bonding. Rb0.7(NH4)0.3HSO4 presents a new type of structural arrangement different from those of pure RbHSO4 and NH4HSO4.
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    The crystal and molecular structures of isoperezone, aminoperezone, and isoaminoperezone: a comparative study of their crystal packing (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 529-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 2-[1,5-Dimethyl-4-hexenyl]-6-hydroxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone ; 2-[1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl]-6-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone ; 2-[1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl]-3-amino-6-hydroxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of isoperezone (1), aminoperezone (2), and isoaminoperezone (3) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound (1) yields orange crystals, orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit cell dimensions a = 6.271(6), b = 30.373(7), c = 7.257(1) Å, and Z = 4; compound (2) yields purple crystals, orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit cell dimensions a = 6.498(3), b = 7.500(1) c = 29.200(6) Å, and Z = 4; compound (3) yields purple crystals, monoclinic space group P21 with unit cell dimensions a = 7.354(1), b = 7.511(1), c = 13.283(1) Å, β = 102,07(1)°, and Z = 2. The side chains in (1)–(3) are oriented out of the plane of the quinone ring at an angle of 124, 144, and 97°, respectively. The molecules in the crystal are held together by hydrogen-bonding networks and van der Waals interactions.
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    Crystal structure of [WI2(CO)3{P(OMe)3}2] (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 639-643 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Tungsten(II) ; diiodo ; carbonyl ; trimethylphosphite ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [WI2(CO)3{P(OMe)3}2]crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pca21, with a = 26.924(5), b = 10.726(2), c = 14.136(3) Å, and Z = 8. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit, the metal atoms in each case being seven-coordinate with a capped fac-(CO)3 octahedral geometry. The molecular dimensions in the two molecules are nearly identical. The W–P distance to the capping atom 2.397 Å (average) is significantly shorter than the other W–P distance, 2.525 Å (average).
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    Asymmetric hetero-Diels-Alder reactions: X-ray structures of three novel chiral dihydropyrimidines (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 663-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Pyrimidine ; carboxamide ; sulfonyl ; chiral ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three novel dihydropyrimidine compounds N8,6-di(4-nitrophenyl)-(3R)-ethyl-(7R)-methyl-5-oxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrooxazolo[3,2,c] pyrimidine-8-carboxamide (2), N8,6-di((4-methylphenyl)-sulfonyl)-(3R)-ethyl-5-oxo-(7R)-phenyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrooxazolo [3,2,c]pyrimidine-8-carboxamide (3) and N8,6-di ((4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl)-(3R)-ethyl-(7R)-methyl-5-oxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrooxazolo[3,2,c] pyrimidine-8-carboxamide (4) have been prepared (from 2-amino-1-butanol of 64.4% e.e.) and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. All three compounds contain stereogenic centers, but the crystal of (2) chosen was found to be racemic whilst those of (3) and (4) were found to be homochiral. Compound (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with a = 17.958(4), b = 12.431(2), c = 9.653(2) Å, β = 96.20(3)°, U = 2142.3(7) Å3, Z = 4, and D c = 1.449 g cm−3. Compounds (3) and (4) both crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21, with a = 9.349(2), b = 5.824(5), c = 26.513(8) Å, β = 99.43(2)°, U = 1424.1(13) Å3, Z = 2 and D c = 1.389 g cm−3 for (3), and a = 5.9526(9), b = 16.3521(10), c = 13.2263(11) Å, β = 92.81(12)°, U = 1285.9(2) Å3, Z = 2 and D c = 1.378 g cm−3 for (4).
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    The synthesis and crystallographic characterization of the heterotrimetallic linear complex [Et4N][(Ph3P)2{CuS2MoS2Fe}Br2] (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 713-716 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Heterotrimetallic sulfido cluster ; linear ; synthesis ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complex Cu(PPh3)3I reacts with [Et4N]2MoS4 and FeBr2 to give the heterotrimetallic complexes [Et4N][(Ph3P)2{CuS2MoS2Fe}Br2] (1). [Et4N][(Ph3P)2{CuS2MoS2Fe}Br2] (1) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1, a = 13.537(4), b = 15.316(4), c = 12.381(4) Å, α = 105.16(2), β = 93.27(3), γ = 101.18(2)°, and V = 2415.0(12) Å3 for Z = 2. The three metal atoms of the structure [Et4N][(Ph3P)2{CuS2MoS2Fe}Br2] (1) are nearly distributed along a line, where three metal atoms (Mo, Cu, Fe) are each in an approximate tetrahedral coordination, the lengths Mo-Fe and Mo-Cu distances are 2.772(2) and 2.798(2) Å, respectively.
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    The structural characterization of YbI2(DME)3 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1107-1110 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; ytterbium ; lanthanide ; coordination complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The preparation and structural characterization of [YbI2(DME)2] are reported. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1¯: a = 13.0094 (10), b=14.504(3), c = 14.668 (3) Å, α = 115.281(10) β = 106.74(2), γ = 105.97(2)°. The metal center of the complex exhibits a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry which involves a rare example of a monodentate DME ligand.
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    [CaSb2(EDTA)2(H2O)8]n: synthesis, crystal structure, and thermal behavior (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 447-452 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Bimetallic EDTA complex ; crystal structure ; antimony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis and crystal structure of a new EDTA complex, [CaSb2(EDTA)2(H2O)8]n, are reported. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with a = 7.132(1) Å, b = 21.893(3) Å, c = 10.891(2) Å, β = 91.15(2)°. Sb(EDTA) entities are connected through carboxylate bridges to the calcium atoms resulting in layers parallel to the (101) plane. These layers are linked through a weak Sb···O bond (3.171 Å). Pyrolysis of this complex under sulfur vapor, between 400 and 800°C, leads to a mixture of the monometallic sulfides. Pyrolysis in air above 700°C allows the easy preparation of the mixed oxide CaSb2O6.
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    Crystal structure of phenyl-substituted cyclopentenes (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1127-1132 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; phenyl-substituted cyclopentenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of two stereoisomers of tetraphenyl- and pentaphenyl-substituted cyclopentenes 1 and 2 have been determined by X-ray analysis. An envelope conformation 1E has been ascertained for the cis isomer 1a, whereas the cis, cis isomer 2a, which crystallizes in two different space groups, P1¯ and P21/n, displays a twisted 2T1 conformation. The phenyl substituents are all tilted with respect to the cyclopentene ring in both structures. Compound 1a crystallizes in the space group P21/a with a = 18.553(3), b = 6.006(2), c = 19.355(5), β = 102.67(4)°, and V = 2104.2(g) Å3 for Z = 4; compound 2a I crystallizes in P21/n with a = 10.064(2), b = 20.756(5), c = 12.245(3) Å, β = 95.21(2)°, and V = 2547(1) Å3 for Z = 4; compound 2aII crystallizes in P1¯ with a = 10.117(3), b = 11.750(2), c = 12.359(2) Å, α = 111.25(2), β = 94.84(2), γ = 108.78(2)°, and V = 1262.3(6) Å3 for Z = 2.
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    Self-assembly in transition metal complexes: structural characterization of a copper histamine nitrate [Cu(II)(him)2(NO3)2] (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1153-1155 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: copper (II) ; histamine ; self-assembly ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new monomeric copper (II) complex with histamine (him), [Cu(II)(him)2(No3)2], has been prepared by the reaction of Cu(NO3)2 with histaminium dichloride and its structure was determined by x-ray crystallography. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group $$P\bar 1$$ with a = 5.7238(4), b = 8.7094(7), c = 9.2481(11) Å, α = 69.693(8), β = 73.242(7), γ = 71.050(7)°, V = 400.84(6) Å3, and Z = 1. The structure consists of discrete [Cu(II)(him)2(NO3)2] molecules in which the metal atom is centrosymmetrically coordinated by two histamine ligands forming an equatorial plane with Cu–N(imidazole ring) being 2.032(2) and Cu–N(NH2 group) being 2.023(2) Å. Two O atoms from nitrate anions coordinate on the elongated axial positions with Cu–O being 2.549(2) Å. In the crystal structure, the molecules are organized by hydrogen bonds forming a two-dimensional network.
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    14-Hydroxy-14-phenyldibenzo[a,j]xanthene as a lattice host: crystal and molecular structure of its (1:1) complex with diethyl ether (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1179-1186 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: xanthenol ; complex ; crystal structure ; H-bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound 14-hydroxy-14-phenyldibenzo[a,j]xanthene 1 formed a (1:1) complex with diethyl ether. 1,4-Dioxane was also enclathrated, but with a variable stoichiometric ratio. Single crystal X-ray crystallography was used to elucidate the crystal structure of the 1·diethyl ether complex. Crystals are orthorhombic with space group P212121, a = 8.532(3), b = 15.040(4), c = 18.491(5) Å, V = 2373(1) Å3, d c = 1.256 g/cm3, and Z = 4. Host and guest molecules were found to associate via hydrogen bonds, with the guest molecules residing in undulating channels lined by host molecules.
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    Crystal structure of (3,3′,4,4′-tetramethyl-1,1′-diphosphaferrocen-2-yl) carboxylic acid and its bis-[W(CO)5] complex·0.5C5H12: Conformation of 1,1′-diphosphaferrocenes (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 621-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 1-1′-Diphosphaferrocene conformation ; P···P secondary bonding ; bis-[W(CO)5](l,l′-diphosphaferrocene system) ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structures of (3,3′,4,4′-tetramethyl-1,1′-diphosphaferrocen-2-yl)carboxylic acid (1) and its bis-[W(CO)5] pentane solvate complex (2) have been determined by X-ray analysis. The compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic P21 /n space group with Z = 4; a = 7.8404(9), b = 14.9441(16), c = 11.7730(14) Å, β = 92.773(10)°, V = 1377.8(3) Å3, and Dcalc = 1.553 g cm−3. The compound 2 crystallizes in the triclinic $$P\bar 1$$ space group with two complex molecules and one pentane molecule in the unit cell. Cell parameters: a = 10.7070(2), b = 12.577(2), c = 13.239(3) Å, α = 84.00(2), β = 77.58(1), γ = 66.06(1)°, V = 1591.0(5) Å3, and Dcalc = 2.100 g cm−3 .The fully eclipsed conformation of the phospholyl rings with P···P secondary bonding of 3.353(1) Å is observed in 1 and a partially eclipsed conformation is found in 2. The 10 possible conformations of 1,1′-diphosphaferrocenes were described as the function of conformational parameter θ and observed geometry of the phospholyl rings.7 We suppose that the earlier conclusions concerning the destabilizing nature of 1,1′-diphosphaferrocene conformations with θ 〈 100° cannot be considered as general. The mode of W – P coordination, the structural changes of 1 by W(CO)5 coordination, the structural effect of phospholyl rings substitution by the –COOH group, and hydrogen bonds are analyzed.
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  • 139
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    Crystal structure of [Co(o-SC6H4NH2){P(OMe)3}3]PF6 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 635-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Cobalt(II) ; 2-aminobenzenethiol ; trimethylphosphite ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A cobalt-thiolato-phosphite complex [Co(o-SC6H4NH2){P(OMe)3}3]PF6 has been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P\bar 1$$ with a = 10.590(4), b = 11.122(3), c = 13.577(5) Å, α = 101.85(1), β = 108.50(1), γ = 101.75(1)°, V = 1420.6(8) Å3, and Z = 2. The structure comprises discrete [Co(o-SC6H4NH2){P(OMe)3}3]+ cations and PF 6 − anions where the metal atom is coordinated in a highly distorted square-pyramidal environment by one chelate o-SC6H4NH 2 − (abt) and two P(OMe)3 ligands in the basal positions, and a third P(OMe)3 in the axial site with Co–N,, 1.847(5), Co–S, 2.166(2), Co–P, 2.157(2), 2.147(2), and 2.125(2) Å.
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  • 140
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    Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of square-planar acetato{[(4-methylimidazol-5-yl)methylene]histamine} copper(II) perchlorate (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 409-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: copper(II) ; Schiff base ; polymidazole ; crystal structure ; properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The square-planar complex [Cu(MIMH)(CH3CO2)](ClO4) (1) (MIMH = [(4-methylimidazol-5-yl)methylene]histamine) was prepared and structurally characterized. Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 10.5331(10), b = 12.6177(10), c = 12.9773(10) Å, β = 107.710(10)°, V = 1643.0(2) Å3, and Z = 4. Single-crystal X-ray analysis reveals that the copper(II) atom in 1 has a distorted square-planar environment defined by three nitrogen atoms from the Schiff base ligand and one oxygen atom from the acetate group. The Cu—N bond lengths range from 1.950(3) to 2.015(3) Å and the Cu—O(1) bond length is 1.952(2) Å. The electronic spectra of 1 in aqueous solutions indicates that 1 forms adducts of square-pyramidal geometry with H2O. Cyclic voltammetry of 1 in DMF solution shows that there is some degradation of 1 upon reduction.
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  • 141
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    Crystal and molecular structure of the symmetrical bidentate ligand 3,3-di(1-pyrazolyl)pentane, CH3CH2C(C3H3N2)2CH2CH3 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 463-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: pyrazolyl derivative ; substituted pentane ; crystal structure ; bidentate ligand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group C2/c with a = 14.4005(23), b = 7.0494(12), c = 11.2462(20) Å, β = 101.572(13)° and Z = 4; the molecule lies on a crystallographic C 2 axis. Hydrogen atoms were both located and refined.
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  • 142
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    Crystal structure and conformation of frentizole, [1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenylurea, an antiviral agent and an immunosuppressive drug (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 1187-1192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: crystal structure ; Frentizole ; immunomodulator ; structure-function relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystals of Frentizole (from ethanol/water) are monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 11.187(4), b = 7.392(2), c = 32.727(6) Å, β = 92.77(2)°, Z = 8, D o = 1.47 g/cm3, and D c = 1.472 g/cm3. There are two independent molecules in the crystallographic asymmetric unit with very different conformations. In molecule A the urea group is in the plane of the benzothiazole ring (0.9°) whereas in molecule B the dihedral angle between them is 4.4°. The dihedral angle between the planes of the phenyl group and the benzothiazole ring are ±157° and ±12°, respectively, in the two molecules. The molecules are linked by a pair of N–H···N hydrogen bonds involving the urea nitrogen and two other N–H···N bonds involving the urea nitrogen and the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group.
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    Crystal structure of quinestrol hemiethanolate (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 29 (1999), S. 355-358 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Quinestrol ; sex steroid ; alkyne ; crystal structure ; solvent inclusion ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The X-ray crystal structure of the synthetic sex steroid quinestrol (3-O-cyclopentyl-17α-ethynylestradiol) as crystallized from ethanolic solution is determined. The asymmetric unit contains two steroid and one ethanol molecules. The conformation of the two steroid molecules differs in the orientation of the cyclopentane ring. The cocrystallized ethanol molecule facilitates formation of cooperative O—H···O hydrogen bonding. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21, with a = 13.950(6), b = 6.5945(8), c = 25.403(8) Å, β = 104.78(4)°, and D calc = 1.136 g cm−1 for Z = 4.
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    Integrity and Structural Characteristics of the M6E8 (E=S, Se, Te) Cluster Core: Syntheses and Structures of [Co6S8(PR3)6] n+ (R=Me2Ph, n=1; R=OMe, n=0) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 10 (1999), S. 429-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Cluster core M6E8 ; structural characteristics ; crystal structure ; hexacobalt cluster complex ; phosphine ; sulfide bridging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two new members of the hexanuclear series [Co6S8(PR3)6] n+, complexes [Co6S8(PMe2Ph)6](ClO4) (1) and [Co6S8P(OMe)3 6] (2), have been synthesizes and characterized by X-ray diffraction analyses. Their formation process was postulated to go through trinuclear μ3--S bridged moieties. The structural characteristics of the M6E8P6 skeleton of a whole series of [M6E8(PR3)6] n+ (M=Co, Cr, Fe, Mo; E=S, Se, Te) complexes are presented in terms of atomic distances and core volumes.
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    Synthesis and Characterization of the Isocyanide Ligated Centered Zirconium Halide Cluster [(Zr6Be)Cl12(CNXyl)6] (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 8 (1997), S. 521-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Zirconium clusters ; isocyanide ; synthesis ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The first isocyanide ligated hexanuclear zirconium halide cluster is reported. The unoxidized [(Zr6Be)Cl12(CNXyl)6] (CNXyl = 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide) was obtained from the solid state precursor K3Zr6Cl15Be by dissolution in CH3CN in the presence of CNXyl. The CNXyl ligands occupy all the axial positions on the cluster. The compound was recrystallized from CH2Cl2 and Et2O. [(Zr6Be)Cl12(CNXyl)6].2CH2Cl2 crystallizes in the space group $${\text{P}}\overline {\text{1}} $$ (#2) with a = 12.092(5) Å, b=12.728(5) Å, c = 14.102(8) Å, α = 104.98(4)°, β =107.11°, γ = 100.94°, V = 1919(2) Å3, Z = l, R = 11.3% and R W = 27.0%. For the bound isocyanide ligands, v CN increases to 2140 cm−1.
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    A Taxonomy of Evolutionary Algorithms in Combinatorial Optimization (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of heuristics 5 (1999), S. 145-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9397
    Keywords: evolutionary algorithms ; genetic algorithms ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows how evolutionary algorithms can be described in a concise, yet comprehensive and accurate way. A classification scheme is introduced and presented in a tabular form called TEA (Table of Evolutionary Algorithms). It distinguishes between different classes of evolutionary algorithms (e.g., genetic algorithms, ant systems) by enumerating the fundamental ingredients of each of these algorithms. At the end, possible uses of the TEA are illustrated on classical evolutionary algorithms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009625526657
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  • 147
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    Synthesis and structure of a seven electron triangular cluster complex [Mo3S4Cl3(dppe)2(PEt3] (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 523-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Molybdenum ; reduction ; seven-electron triangular cluster ; bridging sulfide ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The triangular six-electron cluster complex [Mo3S4Cl4(PEt3) x (thf)5] produced by the excision reaction of Mo3S7Cl4 with triethypholsphine is reduced by magnesium at − 20°C. Subsequent addition of dppe (=1,2-his(diphenylphosphino)ethane) to the reduced species affords a seven-electron triangular cluster complex [Mo3S4Cl3(dppe)2(PEt3)]. The complex crystallizes in the space groupCm witha=17.170(6),b-19.878(6),c = 13.289(5)β = 121.73(2)°,V = 3858(2) A3, andZ = 2. The structure shows an almost equilateral triangle of three molybdenum atoms capped by a Sulfur atom and bridged by three sulfur atoms. The Mo Mo distances, ranging from 2.804(1) to 2.809(1) A are elongated ca. 0.04 A as compared with lose of a six-electron cluster complex with drape ligands. Two molybdenum atoms have a chlorine and a dppe ligands, and the other molybdenum atom bas a chlorine and a triethylphosphine ligands. The UV-Vis spectrum has a characteristic broad hand centered at 1410 n m, which is not observed for six-electron clusters. The ESR spectrum indicates the presence of an unpaired electron consistent with the formulation of the compound as a seven-electron cluster.
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    A double-bonded niobium(III) compound with a formamidinate core: Nb2(μ-SMe)2(μ-DTolF)2 (η2-DTolF)2.2 toluene, DToIF= di-p-tolylformamidinate (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 7 (1996), S. 655-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Niobium(III) ; edge-sharing bioctahedra ; di-p-tolylformamidinato ; thiomethoxide ; double-bond ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of NaEt3BH with Nb2(μ-SMe2)3Cl6 results in the transfer of a hydride ion to dimethylthioether with concomitant production of methane. Further reaction with potassium di-p-tolylformamidinate, KDTolF, yields Nb2(μ-SMe)2(μ-DTolF)2η2-DTolF:)2.2 toluene, 1. In the latter, two thiomethoxide ions and two DTolF groups bridge the trivalent niobium atoms. Each of the other two DTolF groups chelate a metal atom to give the molecule an edge-sharing bioctahedral structure, The niobium-niobium distance of 2.655(2) A is consistent with the presence of a double bond between the metal atoms.
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    Reactions of the Dirhenium(II) Complexes Re2 X 4(μ-dppm)2 (X=Cl, Br; dppm=Ph2PCH2PPh2) with Isocyanides. Part XV: A Fifth Structural Isomer of the [Re2Cl3(μ-dppm)2(CO)(CNXyl)2]+ Cation (Xyl = 2, 6-Dimethylphenyl) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 8 (1997), S. 547-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Rhenium ; dirhenium complexes ; rhenium–rhenium multiple bonds ; isocyanide ligands ; carbonyl ligand ; structural isomers ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of the unsymmetrical, coordinatively unsaturated dirhenium(II) complex [(XylNC)(OC)CIRe(μ-dppm)2ReCl2]O3SCF3 (dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2) with one equivalent of XylNC in CH2Cl2 affords a fifth structural isomer of the [Re2Cl3(μ-dppm)2(CO)(CNXyl)2] + cation; this is believed to have a CO-bridged structure of the type [(XylNC)ClRe(μ-Cl)(μ-CO)(μ-dppm)2ReCl(CNXyl)]+. The latter complex reacts with a further equivalent of XylNC in the presence of Tl+ to form the [Re2Cl2(μ-dppm)2(CO)(CNXyl)3]2+ cation, which has been shown by IR spectroscopy, and by the X-ray crystallographic characterization of its neutral congener Re2Cl2(μ-dppm)2(CO)(CNXyl)3, to contain a very weak and unsymmetrical CO bridge.
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    Crystal Structure of the Sought-After Tetrameric [(PDBP)AgCl]4 Cluster (PDBP=5-Phenyldibenzophosphole) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 9 (1998), S. 547-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Silver cluster ; crystal structure ; tetrameric cluster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The sought-after member of the [(PDBP) n AgX] m (n, m=1,4; 2,2; 3,1; PDBP=5-Phenyldibenzophosphole, X=halides) series, the tetrameric [(PDBP)AgCl]4 cluster has been prepared and structurally characterized. The [P4Ag4Cl4] cluster core of [(PDBP)AgCl]4 bears striking similarity to that of [(Ph3P)AgCl]4.
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    Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties Of Racemic (±)2-(α-Methylbenzylamino)-5-Nitropyridine Single Crystals (1995)
    Springer
    Optical review 2 (1995), S. 128-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: organic crystal ; racemic form ; second-harmonic generation ; refractive index ; nonlinear optical coefficient ; crystal structure ; oriented-gas model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Linear and nonlinear optical properties of racemic (±)2-(α-methylbenzylamino)-5-nitropyridine ((±)MBANP) single crystals have been comprehensively investigated and compared with those of the enantiomorph (–)2-(α-methylbenzylamino)-5-nitropyridine ((–)MBANP) crystals. (±)MBANP crystal exhibits very high chemical and physical stability, but relatively small nonlinear optical coefficients (d31 = 6.8 pm/V, d32 = 4.7 pm/V, d33 = 0.84 pm/V). A comparison between the nonlinear optical coefficients of (±)MBANP and (–)MBANP demonstrates the validity of the oriented-gas model in molecular crystals that neglects all the contributions from intermolecular interaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-995-0128-5
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    Identity of Fusarium nygamai isolates with long and short microconidial chains from millet, sorghum and soil in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 140 (1997), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Africa ; Fusarium ; F. moniliforme ; grain ; Lesotho ; mating population ; Nigeria ; taxonomy ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several Fusarium species have been found associated with millet and sorghum in Nigeria, Lesotho and Zimbabwe. Amongst these, some isolates were originally identified as short- and long-chained types of F. nygamai. However, there was some question as to the correct identification of the long chained types. This study reclassified some of the isolates with long microconidial chains as F. moniliforme. Morphologically, these strains do not produce chlamydospores like F. nygamai, but produce swollen hyphal cells or resistant hyphae. The isolates in this study were crossed with the mating-type tester strains of Gibberella fujikuroi (F. moniliforme and G. nygamai (F. nygamai). Of the isolates with long chains of microconidia and other characteristics of F. moniliforme, 36% crossed with mating population ''A'' of G. fujikuroi. Of the isolates with characteristics of F. nygamai, 65% crossed with the testers used to produce the teleomorph of F. nygamai. Mating tests support the separation of the sample population into F. moniliforme and F. nygamai. The results of this study show that genetics can be an aid in resolving some problems in fungal taxonomy.
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    Candida novakii, sp. nov. a new anamorphic yeast species of ascomycetous affinity (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 (1997), S. 375-378 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Candida novakii ; taxonomy ; yeasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of an undescribed species of the genus Candida were isolated from decaying wood of Quercus sp. A description of the new species Candida novakii is given.
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    Verrucomicrobia div. nov., a new division of the Bacteria containing three new species of Prosthecobacter (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72 (1997), S. 29-38 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: phylogeny ; prosthecobacter ; taxonomy ; Verrucomicrobia ; Verrucomicrobiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four strains of nonmotile, prosthecate bacteria were isolated in the 1970s and assigned to the genus Prosthecobacter. These strains were compared genotypically by DNA/DNA reassociation and 16S rDNA based phylogenetic analyses. Genotypic comparisons were complemented with phenotypic characterizations. Together, these studies clearly indicate each Prosthecobacter strain represents a novel species of bacteria. We propose three new species of Prosthecobacter, P. dejongeii strain FC1, P. vanneervenii strain FC2, and P. debontii strain FC3; P. fusiformis is reserved for the type strain of the genus, strain FC4. Additionally, we propose the genera Prosthecobacter and Verrucomicrobium, currently members of the order Verrucomicrobiales, to comprise a novel higher order taxonomic group, the division Verrucomicrobia div. nov. and the class Verrumicrobiae class nov. Many novel members of the Verrucomicrobia, as revealed by molecular ecology studies, await isolation and description.
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    Studies on keratinophilic fungi. Ix: Neoarachnotheca gen. nov. and a new species of Nannizziopsis (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72 (1997), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: keratinophilic fungi ; Neoarachnotheca ; Neoarachnotheca keratinophila ; Nannizziopsis tropicalis ; Onygenales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Neoarachnotheca is proposed as a new genus of Onygenales. The outstanding generic characteristics are white, spherical ascomata with a wall formed by a network of hyphae and spherical, subhyaline ascospores with an irregular sheath. Nt. keratinophila, the type species, characterized by wavy peridial hyphae has been isolated from marine and river sediments and Myriodontium keratinophilum is its anamorph. Nannizziopsis tropicalis is proposed as a new species based on a strain isolated from soil in Burundi. RFLPs analysis of ITS and 5.8S rDNA support these proposals. The differences with related genera are discussed.
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    Dipodascus capitatus, Dipodascus spicifer and Geotrichum clavatum: Genomic characterization (1998)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 74 (1998), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Dipodascus capitatus ; D.spicifer ; Geotrichum clavatum ; yeast ; taxonomy ; DNA heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The G+C contents of 25 strains of Dipodascus capitatus, Dipodascus spicifer and Geotrichum clavatum were found to be heterogeneous on basis of derivative graphs of the melting profiles. Strains showing similar derivative graphs of the melting curve exhibited high levels of DNA homology (80-100%); strains showing dissimilar derivative graphs exhibited low levels of DNA homology (5 to 45%). Being considered separate taxa on basis of these parameters, D. capitatus, D. spicifer and G. clavatum could be identified by a combination of the key characteristics growth on xylose, cellobiose, salicin and arbutin.
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    Identification of Taxa in the Genus shape Beta using ITS1 Sequence Information (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: allele-specific PCR ; Beta ; ITS1 ; plant identification ; rDNA ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sequence variation in the ITS1 locus of the nuclear ribosomal DNA in beets has previously been used to reconstruct phylogeny of the species in the genus Beta. We have developed protocols that allow the identification of Beta taxa by use of taxon-specific primers. Beta sections, species and subspecies can be identified. Differences within the ITS1 region of a single base can be exploited for species identification. The results from this study not only provide effective methods for wild beet identification, but also indicate the potential use of the techniques in other crops.
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    The taxonomic impediment in orthopteran research and conservation (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; biodiversity ; taxonomy ; conservation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract It is estimated that only 10–15% of the world's insect fauna has been described and named. Efforts to inventory insect biodiversity are hampered by this taxonomic impediment, which is compounded by the logistical problems of an insufficient taxonomic workforce and their remote location in museums thousands of miles from the areas of highest biodiversity. Compared to most other invertebrate groups however, the taxonomic impediment is relatively benign in the order Orthoptera. This is a small to medium-sized order (approximately 20 000 described species) which is well known taxonomically, owing to the group's agricultural importance worldwide. Furthermore, orthopteran taxonomists are now fortunate to have a published up-to-date catalogue of all known species, which has just become accessible as a regularly updated database on the World Wide Web. Whilst new information technology, in the form of e-mail networks, World Wide Web sites and CD-ROM information archives, is already enhancing communication between specialists and helping to reduce the logistical problems of documenting orthopteran biodiversity, a major reinvestment in basic taxonomic research is needed if we are to reduce the existing taxonomic impediment significantly. There is general agreement that an internationally coordinated approach will be necessary and priorities must be set to tackle the biodiversity/systematics crisis. In the future, the Orthoptera can make an important contribution to invertebrate faunal surveys and have potential as an indicator taxon. Furthermore, the Orthoptera Species File establishes a taxonomic framework which could be readily enlarged to include geographic data and phenology of species from existing museum specimens.
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    Biological control of pigweeds (Amaranthus retroflexus, L. A. Powellii, S. Watson and A. bouchonii Thell.) with phytophagous insects, fungal pathogens and crop management (1997)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 2 (1997), S. 51-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Biological control ; insects ; pathogens ; germination ; taxonomy ; genetic variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.) are of economic importance worldwide. In Europe, Amaranthus retroflexus is one of the ten weed species of greatest economic importance. It is a serious problem weed in several field crops (e.g. maize), as well as in vegetables, orchards and grape vines. It is an annual spreading by seeds which have a long viabilityand are dispersed principally by wind and water, but also by machinery. There is great variability in seed germination which renders control with post-emergence herbicides difficult. In addition, triazine herbicide-resistant populations occur in ten European countries. The aim of this subproject of COST action 816 is to investigate the possibilities of classical and inundative biological control of Amaranthus spp., to characterize potentialbiological control agents and to develop methods for their integration with current phytosanitary measures in the target crops. The project was initiated with an extended literaturesurvey followed by field surveys for insects and pathogens associated with Amaranthus spp. in several European countries. Promising isolates of fungal pathogens have been tested ondetached leaves and whole plants, and initial studies on the application of pathogens causing damping off in seedlings have been made. Further, the variability of different provenances ofAmaranthus spp. in response to fungal attack has been investigated
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    Taxonomy and the Personal Equation: The Historical Fates of Charles Girard and Louis Agassiz (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 509-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: Louis Agassiz ; Spencer Baird ; Charles Girard ; reputation ; taxonomy ; ichthyology ; Museum of Comparative Zoology ; Smithsonian Institution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract The reputations of scientists among their contemporaries depend not only on accomplishment, but also on interactions affected by influence and personality. The historical lore of most fields of scientific endeavor preserve these reputations, often through the identification of founders, innovators, and prolific workers whose contributions are considered fundamental to progress in the field. Historians frequently rely on the historical lore of scientists to guide their studies of the development of ideas, exhibiting justifiable caution in reassessing reputations in the light of current knowledge. However, the transmission of historical lore can obscure the relative importance of accomplishment, influence and personality in shaping contemporary reputations, leaving the historian to either accept reputations at face value or attempt to reconstruct the context in which they were created. The science of taxonomy, because of its rules of priority, leaves a relatively accurate record of historical accomplishment through the persistence of taxa in catalogues and faunal guides. These records allow the modern historian an unbiased means to assess the relative accomplishments of historical figures and therefore a means to critically reassess reputations independent of personality and influence. In the historical lore of North American ichthyology, Louis Agassiz at Harvard and Spencer Baird at the Smithsonian emerge as central figures in the early development of the field during the mid-1800s, contributing not only through the quality and quantity of their science, but also through their roles as institutional leaders and mentors to workers who followed. Charles Girard, originally a student of Agassiz's and later a coworker with Baird, receives little notice in the history of ichthyology, and his reputation is that of a minor player in the initial description of the North American fish fauna, and one whose work appears to have been flawed or even careless when compared to his contemporaries. However, a review of both contemporary and modern taxonomic works reveals that Girard's productivity far exceeded that of either Agassiz or Baird. Furthermore, an examination of the tendency of Girard and his contemporaries to introduce synonymous names into the literature, which might reflect careless or uncritical work, suggests that Girard was among the more accomplished workers of hisera, including Agassiz and Baird. Girard's low ranking in the folklore of North American ichthyology, therefore, can not be attributed to discernible shortcomings in his scientific work, but rather to a public and private campaign of criticism waged by Agassiz after Girard's departure from Harvard. While Agassiz's dispute with Girard stemmed from their personal interactions, he expressed them as criticisms of Girard's work, and thus helped shape Girard's scientific reputation as it has been transmitted through the lore of ichthyology. This case study reveals how scientific reputation may not always rest on accomplishment, but can be influenced by personal interactions obscured by time but nonetheless important to history.
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    Biodiversity of freshwater fungi (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1996), S. 328-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: hyphomycetes ; ascomycetes ; taxonomy ; ecology ; stream biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract There are more than 600 species of freshwater fungi with more known from temperate, as compared to tropical regions. These includeca 340 ascomycetes, 300 deuteromycetes, and a number of lower fungi which are not discussed here.Aniptodera, Annulatascus, Massarina, Ophioceras andPseudohalonectria are common freshwater ascomycetes, which appear to be well adapted for this lifestyle either in their ascospore types or their competitive-degradative characters. The most common genera of wood-inhabiting deuteromycetes includeCancellidium, Dactylaria, Dictyosporium andHelicomyces. They are categorized into four groups depending on their form and life style: the ingoldian hyphomycetes; the aero-aquatic hyphomycetes; the terrestrial-aquatic hyphomycetes; and the submerged-aquatic hyphomycetes. The adaptations of aquatic fungi for their dispersal and subsequent attachment to new substrates are discussed.
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    Thermal latent coordination compounds (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 50 (1997), S. 569-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: crystal structure ; metal(II) picolinate and quinaldinate ; thermal degradation of imidazole and pyrazole complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Complexes of the type M(Pa)2(HAz)2 and M(QA)2(HAz)2 (M=cobalt(II) and nickel(II); HPa=picolinic acid, HQa=quinaldic acid; HAz=azoles like imidazole (Him), pyrazole (HPz), benzimidazole (HBzIm) etc.) show a similar thermal behaviour. In the first step of decomposition the corresponding azolinium picolinates or quinaldinates (H2AzPa, H2AzQa) are split off with formation of polymeric mixed ligand complexes M(Pa)(Az) or M(Qa)(Az). X-ray analysis of Co(Qa)2(HBzIm)2 XIIIa illustrates a proton transfer and a subsequent thermal removal of benzimidazolinium quinaldinate (H2BzImQa): Hydrogen bridges from pyrrole nitrogen of the benzimidazole to the non-coordinated oxygen of the quinaldinate predetermine the thermal initiated proton transfer. The high volatility of the heterocyclic acids and the nitrogen coordination are responsible for the formation of the mixed ligand complex Co(Qa)(BzIm) XIVa. Exceptions are the complexes M(Pa)2(HPz)2 XIa-b and M(Qa)2(HIm)2 XVIIa-b. Pyrazole is eliminated from the complexes XIa-b with formation of the solvent-free inner complex M(Pa)2 XIIa-b. From compounds XVIIIa-b quinaldic acid or their decomposition products are split off and a high temperature modification of M(Im)2 XVIIIa-b is formed at elevated temperature. XVIIIa-b are decomposed to the cyanides M(CN)2 similarly to the thermal behaviour of Cu(Im). In the first step the thermal degradation of imidazole and pyrazole adducts of copper(II) picolinates and quinaldinates is characterized by the elimination of azoles. The reason for this thermal behaviour is the weaker coordination of the azole heterocycles in copper chelate compounds.
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    Thermal Decomposition Mechanism and Thermodynamic Properties of [Cd(NTO)4Cd(H2O)6]·4H2O (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 797-806 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: cadmium coordination ; crystal structure ; enthalpy of solution ; lattice energy ; lattice enthalpy ; NTO salt ; preparation ; standard enthalpy of dehydration ; standard enthalpy of formation ; thermal decomposition mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract [Cd(NTO)4Cd(H2O)6]·4H2O was prepared by mixing the aqueous solution of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one and cadmium carbonate in excess. The single crystal structure was determined by a four-circle X-ray diffractometer. The crystal is monoclinic, space group C2/c with crystal parameters of a=2.1229(3) nm, b=0.6261(8) nm, c=2.1165(3) nm, β=90.602(7)°, V=2.977(6) nm3, Z=4, Dc=2.055 g·cm−3, μ=15.45 cm−1, F(000)=1824, λ(MoKα)=0.071073 nm. The final R is 0.0282. Based on the results of thermal analysis, the thermal decomposition mechanism of [Cd(NTO)4Cd(H2O)6]·4H2O was derived. From measurements of the enthalpy of solution of [Cd(NTO)4Cd(H2O)6]·4H2O in water at 298.15 K, the standard enthalpy of formation, lattice energy, lattice enthalpy and standard enthalpy of dehydration have been determined as -(1747.8±4.8), -2394, -2414 and 313.6 kJ mol−1 respectively.
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    Crystal Structures of trans-Tetrahydrotetrols of Benzo[a]pyrene and Chrysene: A Possible Structure-Activity Relationship in Quasi-Planar Bay-Region Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (1999)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 10 (1999), S. 135-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Tetrahydrotetrol ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivative ; carcinogen ; crystal structure ; structure-activity relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The molecular structures of two racemic trans-tetrahydrotetrols formed by hydrolysis of the (±)anti-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro derivatives of the strong carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene and the weak carcinogen chrysene have been determined by X-ray crystallographic methods.3 Focusing on the (+)isomers, the stereochemical features of the two tetrols are discussed in detail to determine structural differences, which can be related to the different biological activity of their parent hydrocarbons, since they provide a model for the hydrocarbon moiety in the major PAH-DNA adduct. As a result of this study, a tentative correlation can be stated between biological activity of quasi-planar bay-region PAHs and the presence of structural features, which can decrease the steric hindrance of the aromatic skeleton and the other hydroxy groups on the pseudo-axial O4, which mimics the position of the covalent bond to DNA. The significant structural features seem to be an out-of-plane distortion with a negative torsion angle at the bay region and a half chair conformation of the saturated ring distorted toward the envelope with C8 at the tip as in BPT, in addition to the axial and pseudo-axial conformations of the hydroxy groups at C9 and C10 due to the near bay region. They may be considered generated by trans-opening of the oxirane ring in an anti-diol epoxide biologically active because it is highly strained. The strains, derived from the activation of bay-region PAHs with a negative torsion angle, seem greater in an anti-diol epoxide relative to the syn-isomer. Thus, when the strains are released, the derived trans-tetrol occurs with structural features, which seem to better fit the target. As a consequence, the presence of a methyl group at a bay region should increase the biological activity of a PAH, imposing greater strains to the structure of the anti-diol epoxide.
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    Ligand displacement reactions from the coordination sphere of cobalt complexes. Part II: The displacement of ligands of [cis-Co(en)2Cl2]Cl by potassium squarate. The crystal and molecular structure of a compound with idealized formula of [cis-Co(en)2(H2O)Br]2[trans-(C2O4 2−(C2O4H−)Co-trans-(H2O)2(OH)2]Br2 (I) (1996)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 7 (1996), S. 233-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Cobalt complexes ; potassium squarate ; crystal structure ; molecular structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Compound (I), idealized as Br4Co3O14N8C16H41 (see text), crystallizes in the triclinic space groupP¯ 1 (No. 2) with cell constants ofa=7.4470(7),b=7.9648(4),c=15.2223(8),α=96.338(4)ℴΒ=93.504(6)ℴ,γ=112.894(6)ℴ,V=821.328 å3, and d(calc; MW=1065.97,z=1)=2.155 gm-cm−3. Data (3880 total reflections) were collected over the range 2ℴ ≤ 2θ ≤ 55ℴ and corrected for absorption (Μ=63.69 cm−1) using data from Psi scans. The unexpectedly isolated compound contains a [cis-Co(en)2Br(OH)]+ cation, while the anion contains a central Co(III) surrounded by two mondentate,trans-squarato ligands, twotrans-hydroxo, and two waters. The waters and hydroxy ligands were identified by determining, experimentally, the presence and positions of their respective hydrogens. Given the need for overall electroneutrality, one squarato ligand must be a dianion (Sq2−) and the other a monoanion (SqH−); however, since the ion bearing the squarato ligands sits at an inversion center, the hydrogen of the latter must be disordered. Refinement of the heavy atoms with anisotropic thermal parameters and fixed hydrogen positions (B's fixed at) led to the finalR(F) andR W(F) factors of 0.036 and 0.042, respectively. (I) was obtained during efforts to prepare [Co(en)2(squarate)]Br by the displacement of two chloro ligands from the coordination sphere of [cis-Co(en)2Cl2]Cl by K2 (squarate) followed by addition of NaBr. Compound (I) appears to be the first example of a coordination compound in which squarate2− and squarate H− anions are present as ligands to a transition metal ion. A search of the Cambridge file (to 1992) produced no known examples of Co(III) squarates. Thus, (I) appears to also be the first example of its kind.
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    The synthesis and X-Ray crystallographic analysis of a stable norbornadienone: 17-Oxo-7,16-methano-7,16-diphenylcyclopenta[d,e]tribenzo[a,h,j]anthracene (1995)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 6 (1995), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: MM3 ; PM3 ; MMX ; crystal structure ; norbonadienone ; distorted compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of 4,5-didehydroacenaphthene with phencyclone yields the title compound, a stable dibenzo-fused norbornadienone (8). The X-ray structure of8 is presented and compared with the structure predicted from a MM3, PM3, and a MMX calculation. Thermal decomposition of 8 produces, 7,16-diphenylcyclopenta[d,e]tribenzo[a,h,j]anthracene (9), a hydrocarbon that is computed to have a significantly twisted polycyclic aromatic skeleton with 19 kcal/mole of strain energy.
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    Tryptophan-derived peptides. 1: Crystal structure and solution conformation of Boc-Gly-Trp-Ala-OtBu (1996)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 7 (1996), S. 103-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Protected tripeptide ; solution structure ; crystal structure ; X-ray analysis ; NMR analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The solid-state structure of Boc-Gly-Trp-Ala-OBut was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The tripeptide gave crystals belonging to the orthorhombic systemP212121 and at 122.0(5) K:a=11.0663(12),b=14.107(2),c=17.275(2) Å,V=2697.0(5) Å3Z=4,R(F)=0.0259, andR w(F)=0.0695. The peptide adopts a type-Iβ-turn in the solid state with a single, rather weak, intramolecular hydrogen bond between the Boc-CO and Ala-NH groups (N⋯O 3.082(1) Å, 〈NH⋯O 167(1)°). The conformation of the Boc-Gly-Trp-Ala-OBut peptide has also been studied by1H NMR spectroscopy. The solvent and temperature dependencies of NH chemical shifts suggests that this hydrogen bond is broken and that all amide protons are solvent exposed in CDCl3 and (CD3)2SO.
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    Crystal, Molecular, and Electronic Structure of 1-Acetyl-indoline and Derivatives (1998)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 9 (1998), S. 365-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: 1-Acetyl-indoline ; crystal structure ; electronic structure ; AM1 calculation ; CI calculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of the following molecules have been determined: 1-acetyl-indoline, 1-acetyl-5-nitro-indoline, l-acetyl-5-nitro-7-bromo-indoline, 1-acetyl-5-bromo-7-nitroindoline, and l-acetyl-5-bromo-7-nitro-indol. Molecular orbital calculations are performed for these compounds and two related species.
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    The crystal structures and thermal shrinkage properties of aromatic polyimide fibers (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 46 (1996), S. 719-731 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: aromatic polyimide fiber ; as-spun fiber ; crystallization ; crystal structure ; crystal unit cell ; draw ratio ; dry-jet wet spinning ; isotropic solution ; modulus ; self-elongation ; tensile strength ; thermal shrinkage stress ; thermal shrinkage strain ; thermomechnical analysis ; triclinic ; wide angle X-ray diffraction ; zone drawing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three aromatic polyimides based on 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyl-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and three different diamines 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl (PFMB), 2,2′-dimethyl-4, 4′-diaminophenyl (DMB) or 3,3′-dimethylbenzidine (OTOL) have been synthesized. These polyimides are soluble in hotp-chlorophenol,m-cresol or other phenolic solvents. Fibers have been spun from isotropic solutions using a dry-jet wet spinning method. The as-spun fibers generally exhibit low tensile properties, and can be drawn at elevated temperatures (〉380° C) up to a draw ratio of 10 times. Remarkable increases in tensile strength and modulus are achieved after drawing and annealing. The crystal structures of highly drawn fibers were determinedvia wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The crystal unit cell lattices have been determined to be monoclinic for BPDA-PFMB and triclinic for both BPDA-DMB and BPDA-OTOL. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) was used to measure thermal shrinkage stress and strain. A selfelongation has been found in the temperature region around 450°C. This phenomenon can be explained as resulting from the structural development in the fibers as evidencedvia WAXD observations.
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    Survey of Chalcogenide Superconductors (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 807-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: bibliography ; critical temperature ; crystal structure ; CuRh2S4 ; CuRh2Se4 ; survey of chalcogenide superconductors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thread that runs through all research in the field of superconductivity is new physics through discovery of new materials. The knowledge of superconducting materials has become voluminous and complex. The comprehensive review of the superconducting materials is of particular importance. The main purpose of this report is to present the results of classification for chalcogenide superconductors. Superconducting critical temperature Tc, crystal-structure type and the references proper to these compounds are summarized. Brief survey of the superconductivity in chalcogen elements is also given. Furthermore, as representative sulfide and selenide, superconducting characteristics of CuRh2S4 and CuRh2Se4 will be shown.
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    Thermal Decomposition Mechanism, Thermodynamical and Quantum Chemical of Properties [Pb(NTO)2⋅(H2O)] (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 58 (1999), S. 257-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: crystal structure ; lattice energy ; lattice enthalpy ; lead salt of NTO ; preparation ; quantum chemical calculation ; thermal decomposition mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The single crystal of lead salt of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), [Pb(NTO)2(H2O)] was prepared and its structure was determined by a four-circle X-ray diffractometer. The crystal is monoclinic, its space group is P21/n with crystal parameters of a=0.7262(1) nm, b=1.2129(2) nm, c=1.2268(3) nm, β=90.38(2)°, V=1.0806(2) nm3, Z=4, Dc=2.97 g cm−3, µ=157.83cm−1, F(000)=888. The final R is 0.027. By using SCF-PM3-MO method we obtained optimized geometry for [Pb(NTO)2⋅H2O] and particularly positions for hydrogen atoms. Through the analyses of MO levels and bond orders it is found that Pb atom bond to ligands mainly with its 6pz and 6py AOs. The thermal decomposition experiments are elucidated when [Pb(NTO)2⋅H2O] is heated, ligand water is dissociated first and NO2 group has priority of leaving. Based on the thermal analysis, the thermal decomposition mechanism of [Pb(NTO)2⋅H2O] has been derived. The lattice enthalpy and its lattice energy were also estimated.
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    Supramolecular Structure Formed from H-Bonding of Ferrocenyl Carbonyl Propanoic Acid and 4,4'-Bipyridine (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular engineering 8 (1998), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8951
    Keywords: hydrogen bond ; ferrocenyl carbonyl proanoic ; supermolecule ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Selective recognition in the title compound, (C14H14FeO3)2 ċ (C10H8N2), between ferrocenyl carbonyl propanoic acid and 4,4'-bipyridine through strong O–-HċN intermolecular hydrogen bonds results in a novel supramolecular architecture. Its crystal structure has been solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods while its characterization has been studied by IR and DSC.
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    Synthesis of a Novel Nickel(II) Complex with Dithiocarbimate from Sulfonamide (1999)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 10 (1999), S. 41-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Nickel complex ; dithiocarbimate ; sulfonamide ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Potassium N-4-methylphenylsulfonyldithiocarbimate, K2(4-CH3C6H4SO2N=CS2), reacted with nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate and tetrabutylammonium bromide to form the bis(N-4-methylphenylsulfonyldithiocarbimate)nickelate(II) tetrabutylammonium salt (Bu4N)2[Ni(4-CH3C6H4S2C=NSO2)2]. The elemental analyses, IR and UV-Vis data obtained were consistent with the formation of a $${\text{nickel}}{\kern 1pt} - {\kern 1pt} {\text{sulfur}}$$ diamagnetic planar complex. The 1H NMR and the 13C NMR spectra showed the expected signals for the dithiocarbimate moiety and the tetrabutylammonium cation. The single-crystal structure analysis showed that this substance crystallizes in the triclinic $${P\bar 1}$$ space group with a = 10.474(3) Å, b = 10.767(3) Å, c = 13.657(3) Å and α = 81.54(2)°, β = 80.44(2)°, γ = 67.63(2)°, V = 1398.5(8) Å3, and Z = 2. The nickel atom is coordinated to four sulfur atoms.
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    4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, a Nicotine-derived Carcinogenic Nitrosaminoketone (NNK): Three-dimensional Structure (1999)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 10 (1999), S. 439-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Nicotine-derived nitrosaminoketone ; nitrosamine ; crystal structure ; molecular dimensions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The three-dimensional structure of the carcinogenic nicotine-derived nitrosaminoketone, 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l-butanone, has been determined by X-ray crystallographic techniques. The molecule is essentially planar except for the methylnitrosamine group which is oriented at a dihedral angle of 68.7° to the pyridine ring. Molecules pack by way of —H⋯O interactions that involve the —NNO group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022431223064
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    Molecular Structure of 5-Methylchrysene-7,8-dihydro-7,8-trans-(e, e)-diol (1995)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 6 (1995), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Hydrogen bonding ; carcinogen ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivative ; dihydrodiol ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of the weak carcinogen 5-methylchrysene-7,8-dihydro-7,8-trans-(e,e)-diol is reported. This molecule contains a distorted bay region as a result of the presence of the 5-methyl group as found in 5-methylchrysene and 5,6- and 5, 12-dimethylchrysene. One torsion angle in this bay region is 20
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    Formation of various polymeric frameworks by dicarboxylate-like ligands: Synthesis and crystal structures of polymeric complexes of sodium perchlorate with flexible double betaines (1996)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 7 (1996), S. 91-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Betaine ; sodium perchlorate ; crystal structure ; polymeric framework
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three crystalline complexes of sodium perchlorate with different flexible double betaines [Na 2(L1)(ClO4)(H2O) n ](ClO4) n (1), [Na 3(L2)(ClO4)3(H2O)2 n ] (2), and [Na(L 3)(CH3OH)n]-(ClO4) n ·xnH2O (x=0.25) (3) [−O2CCH2N+Me2−(CH2) n -N+Me2CH2CO2 −,n=2 L1;n=3 L2;n=4 L3] have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. Complex (1) comprises tetranuclear sodium units consolidated by betaine and aqua ligands, which are bridged by half of the ClO4 − anions to form layers matching the (200) planes, the remaining uncoordinated ClO4 − anions being accommodated between adjacent layers. Complex (2) possesses a double-layer polymeric structure with the sodium atoms bridged by ligand oxygen atoms to form columns running parallel to thea axis, which are interconnected by double-betaine ligands lying parallel to theac plane. All of the ClO4 − groups and water molecules are coordinated to the metal atoms. In complex (3) the chains composed of alternating eight-membered and four-membered metallocycles are cross-linked by the betaine ligands, which lie in the (020) and (01/1) families of planes, to yield a three-dimensional network. All of the ClO4 − groups and water molcules fill the resulting infinite channels running parallel to thea axis. Two unusual carboxylate coordination modes are identified, namelyμ 3-O andhapto-3-O plushapto-2-O′ in (1) and (2), respectively.
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    Structures and tautomeric interconversions of anthraquinone imine derivatives (1997)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 8 (1997), S. 197-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Tautomerism ; anthraquinone ; crystal structure ; semiempirical computations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Substituted 1-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-9-imines have been found to exhibit tautomeric interconversions between the 9,10- and 1,10-quinonoid forms in the solid state as well as in solution. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography was used to study the structures of 4-(N-acetyl-p-tolylamino)-9-amino-1,10-anthracenedione and 4-hydroxy-1-phenylamino-10-mesitylimino-9(10H)-anthracenone at ambient and low temperatures. The former compound gave crystals belonging to the monoclinic space group P2l/c and, at 295 K,a=9.684(2),b=16.371(3),c=12.097(2) å,Β=110.41(1)
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    Synthesis and structure of 5-methoxy-4-methylbenzopsoralen (1997)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 8 (1997), S. 453-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Benzopsoralen ; photochemotherapeutic agent ; crystal structure ; molecular mechanics ; AM1 theoretical calculations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 5-Methoxy-4-methyl-2H-benzofuro[3,2-g]benzo-1-pyran-2-one was synthesized and its crystal structure was determined and compared with the optimal conformation arrived at by MM and AM1 theoretical calculations. The latter indicated that the tetracyclic skeleton is planar with total length (C2–C8) 9.23 å, and that the line joining the conters of the terminal-benzene and furan rings makes an angle of 30.5
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    Molecular Structure of a Chromatographic Chiral Selector Based on a Terguride Derivative (1998)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 9 (1998), S. 39-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Enantioselective chromatographic technique ; chiral selector ; ergot alkaloid derivative ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The structure of (+)1-(3-allylpropyl)-(5R,8S,10R)-N,N-diethyl-N′-[6-methylergolin-8-yl]urea, C22H33N4O (allyl-terguride), has been determined as part of a study on the chiral recognition mechanism of ergot alkaloids when they are used as the chiral stationary phase for the separation of racemic mixtures in liquid chromatographic methods. At the pH of the solution used for the crystallization, the molecules of allyl-terguride are protonated at N(6). All bond distances and angles are in the expected ranges. In the asymmetric unit one hydroxide ion is present. Hydrogen bonds join molecules of allyl-terguride in pairs along the b axis, connecting O(2) of the hydroxide ion to O(1) of one molecule and to N(2) and N(6) of another.
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    Influence of Taxonomy, Ecology, and Seasonality in River Stage on Fish Contamination Risks in Floodplain Swamps of the Lower Mississippi River (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 325-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: contamination risks ; fish ; Mississippi River ; ecological factors ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We compared contamination levels in fish from contaminated and uncontaminated floodplain swamps of the lower Mississippi River to assess differences in contamination risks between swamps, across different taxonomic and ecological groupings of fishes within and between swamps, and with seasonality in river stage. Fish tissue levels of inorganic contaminants were substantially lower than environmental levels in both swamps, suggesting either that fish were not uptaking these contaminants, or they were effectively eliminating the contaminants from their bodies. Tissue levels of organic contaminants were high relative to environmental levels, suggesting that these contaminants were bioaccumulating. Organic contaminants were significantly higher in fish from the contaminated swamp (Devil's Swamp) than in fish from a reference swamp up river (Tunica Swamp). Because the organic contaminants were largely confined to sediments, we expected bottom-oriented fishes to have higher concentrations than pelagic fishes. Assuming that uptake was primarily through the food chain, we expected top predators to exhibit higher concentrations than low-level consumers. We also expected year- round swamp residents to exhibit higher accumulations than more transitory users of backswamp habitat. However, organic contaminant levels did not differ in the directions expected for any of these groupings. We did observe differences in organic contaminant levels within and between swamps for different taxonomic groupings of fishes (species and genera). Some taxa occupying low to middle positions in the food web (e.g., gizzard shad, Lepomis spp.) exhibited higher concentrations than taxa near the top of the food web. Within Devil's Swamp, organic contaminant levels were significantly higher at low river stage, when fish were confined to the swamp, than at high river stage, when fish were free to move between the river and the swamp. We caught more species and more fish per unit effort in Devil's Swamp than in Tunica Swamp, contrary to expectations if contaminants in the former were negatively impacting population and community structure. Species richness differences between swamps were a consequence of catch differences, with higher catch corresponding to inclusion of more rare species. The lower catch in Tunica Swamp may have resulted from physical modifications of its waterways to support agriculture and hunting. The results of this study underscore the importance in factoring information on the taxonomy and ecology of organisms, and seasonal changes in environmental conditions, into assessments of contamination risks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008811713427
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    Role of MnO on the Mullitization Behavior of Al2 O3-SiO2 Gels (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 987-990 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: mullite ; MnO ; crystal structure ; electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) ; sol-gel chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gels were synthesized from solutions of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and aluminium nitrate (with and without manganese nitrate). The structural evolution of the gels as a function of manganese content and heat-treatment temperature was studied by visible spectrophotometry (VIS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the presence of manganese can induce mullitization at lower temperatures. However, the effect of manganese depends on its content and how it enters into the mullite structure.
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    Accuracy of Secondary Structure and Solvent Accessibility Predictions for a Clostridial Neurotoxin C-Fragment (1998)
    Springer
    The protein journal 17 (1998), S. 311-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Artificial neural network ; crystal structure ; statistics ; tetanus toxin ; botulinum neurotoxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Earlier studies used Rost and Sander's artificial neural network [(1993a), J. Mol. Biol. 232, 584–599] to predict the secondary structures [Lebeda and Olson (1994), Proteins 20, 293–300] and residue solvent accessibilities [Lebeda and Olson (1997), J. Protein Chem. 16, 607–618] of the clostridial neurotoxins. Because the X-ray crystal structure of the 50-kDa C-terminal half of the heavy chain of tetanus toxin was recently determined, this report evaluates the accuracy of these network-derived predictions. For this predominantly β-strand-containing fragment, predictions, on a per-residue basis, for both secondary structure and solvent accessibility were about 70% accurate. A more flexible and realistic analysis based on overlapping segments yielded accuracies of over 80% for the three-state secondary structure and for the two-state accessibility predictions. Because the accuracies of these predictions are comparable to those made by Rost and Sander using a dataset of 126 nonhomologous globular proteins, our predictions provide a quantitative foundation for gauging the results when building by homology the structures of related proteins.
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    Wild potato (Solanum sect.Petota) germplasm collecting expedition to Mexico in 1993, with special reference toSolanum bulbocastanum Dunal andS. cardiophyllum Lindley (1995)
    Springer
    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: subspecies ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A joint Mexico/United States expedition collected wild potato (Solanum sect.Petota) germplasm in Mexico between August 1–31, 1993. The purpose of the expedition was to expand germplasm and herbarium collections ofS. bulbocastanum andS. cardiophyllum. Collections were made from west-central to southern Mexico, and comprised 19 true seed and 37 tuber collections (45 collections in total) of 9 species and two putative natural hybrids.
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    Crystal and molecular structure of organic semiconductor (ET)8[Hg4Cl12] · 2C6H6 (1996)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 45 (1996), S. 370-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: organic conductors ; bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafuIvalene ; mercury halides ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new organic semiconductor, (ET)8[Hg4C112] · 2C6H6, obtained in the ET+-HgCl 3 − -PhF system has been studied by X-ray structural analysis. Radical cations of bis(ethylenedithio)tctrathiafulvalene (ET) in the organic layer of the structure are packed in stacks ofa-type. The average angle between the planes of ET cations from adjacent stacks is 50.1°. The anionic layer is formed by four-charge centrosymmetric [Hg4Cl12]4− complexes and benzene solvate molecules. A comparative crystal-chemical study of the salts obtained by the reaction in the ET+-HgX 3 − -PhY system (where X = Cl, Br, and I; Y = F, Cl, and Br) made it possible to reveal a substantial effect of the sizes of the X and Y atoms on the composition of the salts and on the structural characteristics of the layers, which are responsible for the various conductivities of these salts.
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    Tetramethyl(2-methylthioethyl)cyclopentadienyl complexes of zirconium(iv): synthesis, crystal structure, and dynamic behavior in solutions (1996)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 45 (1996), S. 940-949 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: substituted sulfur-containing cyclopentadienes ; cyclopentadienyl zirconium complexes ; dynamic behavior ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chelating sulfur-containing cyclopentadienyl ligand tetramethyl(2-methylthioethyl)cyclopentadiene (1), was synthesized for the first time. Its sodium (2a) and lithium (2b) derivatives were isolated in the crystalline state. Starting from compound1 some novel ZrIV complexes were prepared: [tetramethyl(2-methylthioethyl)cyclopentadienylltriclllorozirconium (3), bis[tetramethyl(2-methylthioethyl)cyclopentadienylldichlorozirconium (4), and [pentamethylcyclopentadienyll [tetramethyl(2-methylthioethyl)cyclopentadienylldichlorozirconium (5). The crystal structures of3 and5 were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The dynamic behavior of complex3 in various solvents was investigated by1H and13C N MR spectroscopy. The S→Zr coordination bond was shown to exist in complex3 both in the crystalline state and in solution. No coordination of this type was found in compounds4 and5.
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    Tetramethyl(2-methoxyethyl)cyclopentadienyl complexes of zirconium(iv). Crystal structure of [η5:η1−C5(CH3)4(CH2CH2OCH3)]ZrCl3 (1996)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 45 (1996), S. 1740-1744 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: cyclopentadienes with oxygen-containing substituents ; cyclopentadienyl zirconium complexes ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several novel zirconium(iv) complexes with the chelating oxygen-containing cyclopentadienyl ligand, tetramethyl(2-methoxyethyl)cyclopentadiene, have been synthesized. [η5:η1-Tetra-methyl(2-methyl)cyclopentadienyl]trichlorozirconium (2), bis[η5-tetramethyl(2-methoxyethyl)cyclopentadienyl]dichlorozirconium (3), [η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl][η5-tetra-methyl(2-methoxyethyl)cyclopentadienyl]dichlorozirconium (4), and [η5-tetra-methyl(2-methylthioethyl)cyclopentadienyl][η5-tetramethyl(2-methoxyethyl)-cyclopentadienyl]dichlorozirconium (5) have been prepared from the corresponding lithium cyclopentadienide (l). The crystal structure of cyclopentadienyl complex2 has been established by X-ray analysis. The coordination O→Zr bond in compound2 exists both in the crystalline state and in solutions. No coordination of this type was observed in complexes3–5. Synthesized complexes2–5 are discussed in comparison with their sulfur-containing analogs.
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    Synthesis and structure of 13- and 26-membered crown ethers, derivatives of resorcinol (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 2353-2360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: resorcinol-based crown ethers ; crystal structure ; intramolecular nonbonded C-H...O contacts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 13- and 26-Membered crown ethers have been synthesized based on resorcinol and 1,8-dichloro-3,6-dioxaoctane. The products with substituents in the benzene ring have been prepared by alkylation of 13-membered crown ether. Complexing properties of the macrocycles have been studied with the use of ion-selective membrane electrodes. The structures of 13- and 26-membered crown ethers have been established by X-ray structural analysis.
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    Oxidation of 1-hydrazino-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline. X-ray, spectroscopic, and quantum-chemical study of the structure of 3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisocarbostyryl azine (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 2364-2370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: dihydroisoquinoline derivatives ; crystal structure ; electronic, IR, and1H NMR spectra ; quantum-chemical calculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 3,3-Dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisocarbostyryl azine (2) has been synthesized by oxidation of l-hydrazino-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (1). The crystal and molecular structures of compound 2 were determined. It has been established that in the solid state, compound2 exists as an azine tautomer. The IR, electronic, and NMR spectral data indicate that in solution the tautomeric form of2 does not change. A possible mechanism of the oxidation of1 to2 is suggested.
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    Lanceispora amphibia gen. et sp. nov., a new amphisphaeriaceous ascomycete inhabiting senescent and fallen leaves of mangrove (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 207-213 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza ; ecology ; Lanceispora amphibia ; mangrove ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lanceispora amphibia gen. et sp. nov. in the Amphisphaeriaceae is described from senescent and fallen leaves ofBruguiera gymnorrhiza in mangrove forests in the Southwest Islands, Japan. The fungus produces immersed ascomata in leaf tissue, cylindrical asci with an apical ring staining blue with iodine, and oblanceolate ascospores with a septum above the middle. Studies on the fungal succession on the mangrove leaves revealed thatL. amphibia infects senescent leaves on the tree and inhabits intertidal fallen leaves, showing the highest frequency of occurrence at the late stage of decomposition. In culture the optimal conditions for hyphal growth were 20 ppt salinity and 30°C, and those for sexual reproduction were 10 ppt salinity and 25°C. Growth at 0 ppt (fresh water) was depressed. The fungus has amphibious habits, growing on the tree and in intertidal water; and it is adapted to the high osmotic conditions in leaf tissues of the mangrove tree and to the subtropical, brackish water environment of mangrove forests.
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    Taxonomical studies on ovariicolous ustomycetes on caryophyllaceae I.Ustilago jehudana andUstilago moenchiae-manticae (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Bauhinus ; Microbotryum ; taxonomy ; Ustilago ; ustomycetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study of the type specimen ofUstilago jehudana resulted in the correction of the diagnosis. The sori are localized in the host gynoecium but not in the anthers. Morphological characters of the sori and ustospores of the later describedU. moenchiae-manticae are identical with these ofU. jehudana. Ustilago moenchiae-manticae is reduced here to a synonym ofU. jehudana. The smut is reported as new to Bulgaria on a new host, viz.,Moenchia erecta. A new combination,Bauhinus jehudanus, is proposed.
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    Morphology and molecular phylogeny ofTretopileus sphaerophorus, a synnematous hyphomycete with basidiomycetous affinities (1998)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Aphyllophorales ; ribosomalDNA ; synnematous hyphomycete ; taxonomy ; Tretopileus sphaerophorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tretopileus sphaerophorus, a synnematous hyphomycete with basidiomycetous affinities was newly isolated from the decaying petiole and peduncle ofCocos nucifera collected in Depok, Indonesia. The species produced first a bulbil as a propagule on the top of a synnema. After the bulbil had fallen, the synnema proliferated about seven times to produce new bulbils, each time making conspicuous nodes at the upper part. By careful morphological observation, clamp connections were confirmed on the hyphae in the specimens and culture. In culture, each hyphal cell with or without a clamp was found to be dikaryotic by DAPI nuclear staining. Germination of the bulbils occurred first from projecting hyphal tips on their upper surface, which have been treated as germ pores. The inner structure of the bulbils, the hyaline mucus of the bulbils, and conidium-like hyphal fragments were also examined. Phylogenetically,T. sphaerophorus was inferred to be related to the Aphyllophorales based on the nuclear encoded small subunit (18S) rDNA using the homology search system (FASTA) and the neighbour-joining method.
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    The order phyllachorales: Taxonomic review (1998)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Loculoascomycetes ; phyllachoraceae ; phyllachorales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The order Phyllachorales contains ascomycetous fungi of considerable economic importance. The group is represented mostly by foliar parasites which produce perithecia under a clypeus, inside a stroma, or do not produce any stromatic tissue. A major taxonomic problem with this order is the lack of reliable morphological characters that clearly delimit the entire group. The main purpose of this review is to provide a clear picture of the taxonomic relationships of the order Phyllachorales, along with a key to the most important genera in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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    Mycena auricoma, a new species ofMycena sectionRadiatae from Japan, andMycena spinosissima, a new record in Japan (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Mycena auricoma ; Mycena sect.Radiatae ; Mycena spinosissima ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two lignicolous species ofMycena (Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) are described and illustrated from eastern, Japan:Mycena auricoma sp. nov., forming ephemeral coprinoid basidiomata and belonging to sectionRadiatae, was found on a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata. It appears to close to a Malaysian species,“Trogia” crinipelliformis. Mycena spinosissima in sectionSacchariferae, new to Japan, was collected from dead bark ofAphananthe aspera, a dead fallen inflorescence ofCryptomeria japonica, and a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02465677
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    Macrocyst formation in three dictyostelid species,Dictyostelium monochasioides, Polysphondylium candidum, andP. pseudo-candidum (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 359-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: cellular slime molds ; dictyostelids ; macrocyst ; mating system ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Macrocyst formation in the sexual cycle was found in three dictyostelid species:Dictyostelium monochasioides, Polysphondylium candidum, andP. pseudo-candidum. Mating tests suggested thatD. monochasioides andP. pseudocandidum were heterothallic andP. candidum was homothallic. The primary walls of macrocysts had partially or fully degenerated, while the inner walls, believed to be tertiary walls, showed an undulate structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463881
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    Atkinsiella dubia and its related species (1995)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 36 (1995), S. 431-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Atkinsiella dubia ; Halocrusticida ; Japan ; marine fungus ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Atkinsiella dubia, isolated from the mantle of abalone (Haliotis sieboldii), is described and illustrated as a new record from Japan. The fungus was also obtained from the gills of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Six other species of the genusAtkinsiella have hitherto been reported from various aquatic animals. The fungus is distinguished from the other six species by the morphology of its mycelia and the process of zoospore production. The most distinctive feature is that zoospores in the first motile stage ofA. dubia encyst in zoosporangia, unlike the other species. We therefore proposeHalocrusticida gen. nov. (Lagenidiales, Haliphthoraceae) for the other six species ofAtkinsiella. A key to species of the genusHalocrusticida is provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268628
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    Mycosyrinx and other pair-spored Ustilaginales (1996)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 173-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Geminago ; Geminago nonveilleri ; Mycosyrinx ; taxonomy ; Ustilaginales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The revision of the genusMycosyrinx resulted in the recognition of three species, all on Vitaceae:M. cissi (type onCissus sicyoides), M. arabica (type onCissus quadrangularis), andM. microspora (type onCissus afzelii), and in the description of a new genus. After a short historical review, the genusMycosyrinx is characterized and descriptions, synonyms, ilustrations, and a key are given for the three recognizedMycosyrinx species.Mycosyrinx globosa (nomen nudum, onCissus sp.) is considered to be immatureM. microspora. Lectotype is selected forSchizonella colemani (=M. arabica). A short characterization is given for the generaSchizonella andUstacystis and they are compared withMycosyrinx andSchroeteria. ForM. nonveilleri (type onTriplochiton scleroxylon, Sterculiaceae) a new genus,Geminago, is proposed. A key to the pair-spored genera of Ustilaginales is given.Mycosyrinx osmundae (type onOsmunda regalis, Pteridophyta, Osmundaceae) and its var.cinnamomae are excluded fromMycosyrinx.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02461343
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    A new species ofLasiobolidium from Californian soil (1996)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 255-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: cleistothecial ascomycete ; Lasiobolidium gracile ; soil fungus ; taxonomy ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lasiobolidium gracile isolated from a soil sample collected from California, USA is described as a new species. This species is characterized by yellowish brown to reddish brown, nonostiolate ascomata with numerous, long straight appendages and a translucent peridium, subglobose to broadly clavate asci, hyaline to pale yellowish brown, ellipsoidal ascospores. It differs from the other species ofLasiobolidium in the straight and narrow appendages and the large ascospores. A key is presented separating the seven known species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02461295
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    Chaetomidium heterotrichum from Venezuela, with a key to species and cladistic analysis of the genusChaetomidium (1996)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Chaetomidium ; Chaetomidium heterotrichum ; cladistic analysis ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A species of the genusChaetomidium was isolated from fallen leaves of an unknown tree during a mycofloral survey of materials from the ‘Gran Sabana’ region in Southeastern Venezuela. The species was identified asC. heterotrichum. Identification was based on the perithecium lacking a neck and ostiole, the peridium being composed of textura angularis cells, the perithecium being covered with hairs and setae at the apex, and by 4-spored asci containing uniporate ascospores. The anamorph was intermediate betweenChalara andAcremonium sect.Chaetomioides. This is the first report of this species in Venezuela and only the second timeC. heterotrichum has been found. An illustrated description ofC. heterotrichum and a key to eight recognized species ofChaetomidium, based on morphological characters in the literature, are provided. The results of a cladistic analysis of 12 available morphological characters of the genus revealed two main groups, each based on the two characters ‘ascospore shape’ and ‘peridial wall type’. The ascomatal hairs had little influence on the species grouping. With the exception ofC. heterotrichum, the remaining species ofChaetomidium were monophyletically supported in 73% of the bootstrap replicates.Chaetomidium heterotrichum was the basal ingroup taxon and formed a sister group to the other species in the genus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02461296
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    A synopsis of the genusScleromitrula (=Verpatinia) (Ascomycotina: Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 55-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: discomycetes ; ITS rDNA phylogeny ; morphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The systematics ofScleromitrula andVerpatinia of the family Sclerotiniaceae is reevaluated on the basis of morphological, cultural and molecular criteria.Scleromitrula shiraiana, Verpatinia species andCiborinia candolleana share gross morphological, microanatomical and cultural features which clearly distinguish them from the closely relatedCiborinia andRutstroemia species. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, ITS2, and the 5.8S gene) of nuclear ribosomal DNA demonstrate that the stipitate-capitate specimens ofScleromitrula andVerpatinia species plus the stipitate-cupulateCiborinia candolleana constitute a monophyletic clade separate from a clade including the type species ofCiborinia. Scleromitrula is emended to includeS. shiraiana, the new speciesS. rubicola, C. candolleana, and specimens formerly assigned toVerpatinia. A key to the accepted species ofScleromitrula is provided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464969
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    Ypsilonidium bananisporum sp. nov. (Ceratobasidiales) from Iriomote Island, Japan (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 71-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Ceratobasidiaceae ; Japan ; taxonomy ; Ypsilonidium bananisporum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ypsilonidium bananisporum sp. nov. belonging to Ceratobasidiales is described and illustrated. This fungus has all the characteristics of the genusYpsilonidium including reticulate-hypochnoid basidiomes, broad hyphae branching at right angles, broadly clavate basidia with two sterigmata, and basidiospores germinating by repetition. It differs from all hitherto known species in the genus by producing suballantoid to banana-shaped basidiospores, measuring 19.5–22×5.5–6 μm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464970
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