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  • oxidation  (216)
  • Springer  (216)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • American Physical Society
  • 1995-1999  (216)
  • 1965-1969
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Keywords
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  • Springer  (216)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • American Physical Society
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (38)
Years
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attenuation of sugar cataract by ethyl pyruvate (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 200 (1999), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: sugar cataract ; dulcitol ; glycation ; oxidation ; pyruvate ; ethyl pyruvate ; attenuation effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Studies describe an attenuation of sugar cataract formation by topical administration of ethyl pyruvate. Cataract formation was induced by feeding young rats a 30% galactose diet. Mature cataracts appeared in about thirty days. Instillation of the eye drops containing 5% ethyl pyruvate decelerated the process significantly. Biochemically, the effect was reflected by lowering in the contents of dulcitol and glycated proteins. The ATP levels were also higher in comparison to the placebo treated group. The effects are hence attributable to the effect of pyruvate in inhibiting dulcitol synthesis and protein glycation, in addition to its antioxidant properties and metabolic support. The use of esterified pyruvate instead of the unesterified pyruvate was preferred because of its greater penetration through the cornea and consequently a higher concentration attained in the aqueous humor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007055503748
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Polyaminocarboxylate Metal Chelators on Iron-thiolate Induced Oxidation of Methionine- and Histidine-Containing Peptides (1996)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 13 (1996), S. 931-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: iron ; chelator ; oxidation ; methionine/histidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. Site-specific protein oxidation induced by prooxidant/metal/ oxygen has been recognized as one of the major degradation pathways of protein pharmaceuticals. Polyaminocarboxylate (PAC) metal chelators are commonly employed to prevent metal-catalyzed oxidation, for they sequester metals. However, studies have indicated that iron chelates may still be catalytically active due to their specific coordination geometry. The purpose of this study was to investigate how PAC chelators affect prooxidant/metal/oxygen-catalyzed oxidation of peptides containing histidine (His) and methionine (Met). Methods. PACs were applied to a model oxidizing system, dithiothreitol/iron/oxygen, which was shown to promote the oxidation of Met to Met sulfoxide in the two model peptides, GGGMGGG and GHGMGGG. Results. PAC chelators did not suppress the peptide oxidation but significantly changed the product pattern. In particular, the yield of Met sulfoxide dropped significantly, while a number of other products emerged, including oxidation products from the N-terminus and His (if present). Overall, the oxidation became rather non-selective in the presence of PACs. The oxidation kinetics were significantly accelerated by nitrilotriacetate (NTA), ethylenediaminediacetate (HDDA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), but they were slowed down by ethyl-enebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetate (EGTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA). Meanwhile the PAC chelators were also observed to undergo degradation. Scavengers of hydrogen peroxide or hydroxyl radicals exerted only partial inhibition on the peptide oxidation. Conclusions. The results of this study are rationalized by the abilities of PAC chelators (i) to extract iron from potential binding sites of the peptides to impair site-specific oxidation, and (ii) to promote the formation of ROS different from the species formed at the peptide metal-binding sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016021716274
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability of a molybdena-silica catalyst enhanced by water in formaldehyde oxidation (1996)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 58 (1996), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Formaldehyde ; oxidation ; molybdena ; methanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A molybdena-silica catalyst showed rapid deactivation in the oxidation of formaldehyde to carbon oxides. The deactivation was greatly retarded by adding water in the feed. Thus, water coproduced in the partial oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde contributes to the relatively stable activity of the molybdena-silica catalyst in the partial oxidation reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02067040
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-phase catalytic oxidation ofm-xylene (1997)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 62 (1997), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: m-xylene ; oxidation ; gas-phase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The gas-phase oxidation ofm-xylene on catalysts for partial hydrocarbon oxidation (Bi−Fe−Co−Ni−Mo−P−O, V−Sb−O and V−Ti−O) has been studied at 325–400°C. 3-Methylbenzaldehyde (for the first two catalysts), or both 3-methylbenzaldehyde and 3-methylbenzoic acid (for the last one) were shown to be the main partial oxidation products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475721
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic study of methane oxidation over perovskite oxides La1−xSrxCoO3 (1997)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 62 (1997), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Methane ; oxidation ; La1−xSrxCoO3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Methane oxidation over perovskite oxide (La1−xSrxCoO3) were investigated under rich oxygen circumstance. The large x in oxide or the higher temperature will promote the lattice oxygen to participate in the reaction. The relative adsorption properties of catalyst and reaction kinetic were also studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475731
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volume stages in the process of the ethylene glycol catalytic oxidation to glyoxal on silver (1998)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 65 (1998), S. 337-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Ethylene glycol ; glyoxal ; oxidation ; heterogeneous ; homogeneous reactions ; oscillations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The volume stages of ethylene glycol oxidation to glyoxal on silver have been studied by varying the catalyst grain size. Temperature oscillations have been detected in the catalyst layer. The nature of the oscillations and the range of their generation were investigated by varying the oxygen, ethylene glycol and water vapor contents in the reaction mixture. Glyoxal formation was shown to occur on the silver catalyst surface. The generation of oscillations is responsible for the CO to CO2 oxidation in the volume between the catalyst grains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475273
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of alcohols using clay-supported potassium peroxodiphosphate (1999)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 66 (1999), S. 245-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Montmorillonite clay ; peroxodiphosphate ; oxidation ; benzylic alcohols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Clay-supported potassium peroxodiphosphate efficiently oxidizes benzylic alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes without overoxidation to acids. H3P2Og − as the active species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475797
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (1996)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 57 (1996), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Dehydrogenation ; oxidation ; propane ; propylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract At temperatures near 650°C and residence times ofca. 3 s, the homogeneous oxidative dehydrogenation (OXD) of propane to propylene and ethylene approached oxygen limiting conditions, even when the reactor was filled with quartz chips. The addition of catalysts that are known to be effective in the OXD of ethane slightly increased the reaction rate, but the selectivities at a given conversion level were the same as those that were achieved in the homogeneous reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02076113
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    P−Mo−V heteropoly acids as catalysts for oxidation of 2,6-dialkylphenols to the corresponding 2,6-dialkyl-1,4-benzoquinones by molecular oxygen (1999)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 68 (1999), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Heteropoly acids ; dialkylquinones ; preparation ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new method is proposed for synthesis of 2,6-dialkyl-1,4-benzoquinones by oxidation of 2,6-dimethyl and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenols with oxygen in a two-phase “water-organic” system in the presence of P−Mo−V heteropoly acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475522
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zirconium(IV) catalysis in perborate oxidation of iodide (1997)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 60 (1997), S. 387-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Perborate ; iodide ; zirconium(IV) ; catalysis ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Zirconium(IV) catalyzes perborate oxidation of iodide ion. In acidic solution the oxidation is zero order with respect to perborate, first order with respect to Zr(IV), independent of [H+] and exhibits Michaelis-Menten dependence on [I−]. Mechanistic pathway of the catalysis is discussed and a rate equation is derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475703
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of structural disorder on the catalytic activity of mixed La−Sr−Co−Fr−O perovskites (1997)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 62 (1997), S. 129-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Perovskite ; defect structure ; carbon monoxide ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract For a perovskite system La0.7Sr0.3Co1-xFexO3, the effect of partial substitution of Co by Fe on the particle microstructure and chemical composition of the surface layer has been studied. Iron incorporation was found to cause a structure rearrangement from the hexagonal (at x〈0.05) to the cubic (atx〉0.05) type, which was not accompanied by any appreciable variation of the surface layer composition. A transient sample with x=0.05 was characterized by a high degree of misorientation of microblocks and had the highest activity in the CO catalytic oxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475723
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coking during ethylene glycol oxidation to glyoxal on a silver catalyst (1998)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 63 (1998), S. 355-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: ethylene glycol ; coking ; oxidation ; glyoxal ; silver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of major parameters of ethylene glycol oxidation to glyoxal on a silver catalyst on catalyst coking has been studied. On the basis of experimental data obtained, methods decreasing the coking have been suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475411
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of protons in methyl phenyl sulfide oxidation with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by Ti(IV)-monosubstituted heteropolytungstates (1999)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 66 (1999), S. 311-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Mechanism ; oxidation ; methyl phenyl sulfide ; hydrogen peroxide ; titanium-substituted heteropolytungstates ; peroxo complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Acid tetrabutylammonium salts of Ti(IV)-monosubstituted heteropolytungstate, PW11TiO40 5−, show high catalytic acitivity in the oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide with hydrogen peroxide, while the corresponding tetrabutylammonium salts containing no protons are poor catalysts for this reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475806
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Nox on soot combustion with supported molten salt catalysts (1999)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 67 (1999), S. 3-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Catalyst ; ceramic foam ; molten salt ; Nox ; oxidation ; soot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diesel soot is combusted simultaneously by two reactions: combustion with NO2 and combustion with O2 with the aid of a molten salt catalyst. Both reaction pathways should always be considered to avoid misinterpretation of experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475819
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalytic oxyfunctionalization of alkanes by manganese and ruthenium clusters (1999)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 67 (1999), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Manganese/ruthenium catalysts ; oxidation ; alkanes ; tert-butyl hydroperoxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Di- and trinuclear clusters of manganese and ruthenium were used as catalysts in the oxidation of alkanes in the presence oftert-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant. The investigations reveal marked differences in the reactivity of the manganese and ruthenium catalysts though structurally they have similar coordination environment. The probable mechanism of hydroxylation in these systems is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475831
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    13C and1H NMR spectroscopic characterization of titanium(IV) alkylperoxo complexes Ti(OOtBu)n(OiPr)4−n with n=1, 2, 3, 4 (1999)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 67 (1999), S. 359-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Mechanism ; oxidation ; alkylperoxo complexes of titanium(IV) ; 13C NMR spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using13C and1H NMR spectroscopy, titanium(IV) alkylperoxo complexes Ti(OOtBu)n(OiPr)4−n with n=1, 2, 3 and 4 were characterized in the reaction of Ti(OiPr)4 withtBuOOH in CH2Cl2 and CDCl3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475784
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enthalpies of elementary chain propagation steps in the oxidation of organic compounds (1999)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 68 (1999), S. 285-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Enthalpy ; chain propagation ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A calculation of the enthalpies of elementary steps of the intra- and intermolecular chain propagation for model oxidation reactions of ethers, esters, ketones and hydrocarbons has been carried out. The heats of the intermolecular and intramolecular transfer of free valence with participation of peroxy radicals and C−H bond of the oxygen-containing compounds are shown to be comparable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475514
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of vitrification method on the formation of deep traps for gas molecules inn-butanol glass (1999)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 68 (1999), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: vitrification ; glass structure ; oxidation ; solid phase kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The capture of oxygen molecules by deep traps during oxygen diffusion in butanol glasses has been studied at 77 K as the kinetics of thetert-butyl radical oxidation. Slow glass formation in the samples increases the concentration of deep traps in the matrix. The total value of nonrelaxed free volume has no effect on the concentration of deep traps. It is assumed that trap formation is due to the formation of certain molecular structures below room temperature, most probably, with dissolved gas molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475520
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of oxidation of diols by ozone in aqueous solution (1999)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 68 (1999), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Diols ; oxidation ; ozone ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the oxidation of diols by ozone was investigated by a spectrophotometric method in the temperature interval of 277–304 K. The activation parameters of the reaction were determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475507
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  • 120
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    Electronic Resource
    Fundamental studies on the development of lignin-based adhesives, I. Catalytic demethylation of anisole with molecular oxygen (1996)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 58 (1996), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Iron porphyrin catalyst ; oxidation ; lignin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the presence of a catalyst consisting of metal-porphyrin complex and a reductant, anisole was converted into phenol by molecular oxygen at room temperature with a total turnover of the catalyst of about 70 times in 24 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02067028
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  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of deep traps for gas molecules in methanol/water glasses at 77 K (1998)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 64 (1998), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Diffusion ; oxidation ; solid phase kinetics ; free radicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Capture of oxygen molecules by deep traps upon their diffusion in methanol/water glasses has been studied at 77 K. Deep traps may exist in matrices in which the oxidation of alkyl radicals is described by a time-dependent rate constant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475352
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  • 122
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    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of catalytic oxidation of aqueous sodium sulfite (1998)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 64 (1998), S. 343-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Chemical absorption ; oxidation ; sodium sulfite ; cobalt sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A gas-lift bubble column was used to investigate the kinetics of the reaction between oxygen and aqueous solutions of sodium sulfite in the presence of cobalt sulfate catalyst. Reaction orders have been determined for the sulfite, catalyst, and oxygen under high and low oxygen partial-pressure conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475355
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  • 123
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    Oxidation of 1,3-pentadiene on vanadium containing HZSM-5 (1999)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 66 (1999), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: 1,3-pentadiene ; oxidation ; vanadyl ion ; HZMS-5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Different methods and vanadium compounds have been used to carry out proton exchange of zeolite HZSM-5 by vanadium cations. The catalysts are characterized by specific surface area, XRD, IR spectroscopy and TPD of ammonia. The catalysts’ activity in the oxidation of 1,3-pentadiene and the selectivity to carbonyl compounds are compared.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475757
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  • 124
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    Surface interaction of ethylene glycol with silver (1998)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 64 (1998), S. 103-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Ethylene glycol ; glyoxal ; silver ; oxidation ; dehydrogenation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Interaction of ethylene glycol with clean and oxidized surfaces of an Ag catalyst has been studied under pre-catalysis conditions. On a clean surface, ethylene glycol was reversibly adsorbed with the formation of a multilayer coverage. Adsorbed ethylene glycol weakly bonded to the oxidized silver surface leads to the selective formation of glyoxalvia two parallel routes: dehydrogenation and oxidation. Dissociative interaction of ethylene glycol with Ag led to the appearance of formaldehyde and carbon dioxide by-products.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475376
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  • 125
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    Investigation of H2S oxidation by oxygen on oxide catalysts in sulfur condensation conditions (1998)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 64 (1998), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: H2S ; oxidation ; oxygen ; oxide catalysts ; catalytic activity ; oscillations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract H2S oxidation with oxygen has been studied on three industrial oxide catalysts (Fe−Cr−Zn, Cu−Cr−Al, V−Ti−Al). Thermodynamically possible changes in the composition of the catalysts have been evaluated. Regularities determining deep or partial oxidation of H2S have been found. Deep oxidation is connected to the presence of active oxygen on the catalyst surface; its removal results in a decrease of activity and increase of the sulfur selectivity. Oscillations caused by periodic adsorption-desorption of sulfur on the catalyst surface have been observed on the most active V−Ti−Al catalysts in oxygen excess.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475380
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  • 126
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    Temperature hysteresis in CO oxidation on catalysts of various nature (1999)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 66 (1999), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Heterogeneous catalysis ; oxidation ; temperature hysteresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The temperature hysteresis observed in the oxidation of CO on both supported and unsupported catalysts can be explained by the local overheating of active centers rather than by transitions from one steady state to another.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475747
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  • 127
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    Non-stationary kinetic model for deep oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons on oxide catalysts (1999)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 66 (1999), S. 63-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Non-stationary kinetics ; alkylbenzene ; oxidation ; oxide catalysts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A non-stationary kinetic model for deep oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons based on the fragmentation theory approach is proposed. The model is simple and provides qualitative adequacy and good quantitative description of experimental results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475742
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  • 128
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    Study of the selectivity of a V2O5−ZrO2 catalyst for partial oxidation ofo-xylene at high temperatures (1999)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 66 (1999), S. 237-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: V2O5−ZrO2 catalyst ; oxidation ; o-xylene ; temperature stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It has been established that at high temperatures (above 450°C) the V2O5−ZrO2 catalyst exhibits a higher selectivity in the oxidation ofo-xylene to phthalic anhydride than does the conventional V2O5−TiO2(a) catalyst. The catalyst selectivity is found to increase with respect to partial oxidation ofo-xylene, the valuable by-product maleic anhydride being obtained. Studies by different physicochemical methods have shown that V2O5−ZrO2 undergoes no significant phase and structural changes under high-temperature conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02475796
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  • 129
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    Kinetics of oxidation of aliphatic alcohols by ozone in aqueous solutions (1999)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 68 (1999), S. 257-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Alphatic alcohols ; oxidation ; ozone ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of oxidation of aliphatic alcohols by ozone in aqueous solutions was investigated in the temperature interval of 292–317 K. The activation parameters of the reaction were determined. The dissociation energies of CH-bonds of the studied substrates were calculated with the use of the AM1 semiempirical method.
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    Kinetic analysis of DSC and thermogravimetric data on combustion of lignite (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 46 (1996), S. 1657-1669 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: activation energy ; combustion ; differential scanning calorimetry ; kinetics ; lignite ; oxidation ; thermogravimetric analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal analysis increasingly being used to obtain kinetic data relating to sample decomposition. This work involves a comparative study of several methods used to analyse DSC and TG/DTG data obtained on the oxidation of Beypazari lignite. A general computer program was developed and the methods are compared with regard to their accuracy and the ease of interpretation of the kinetics of thermal decomposition. For this study, the ratio method was regarded as the preferred method, because it permits the estimation of reaction order, activation energy and Arrhenius constant simultaneously from a single experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01980771
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    Thermal properties and reactivity determination of micro- and submicrometer nickel powders (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 657-664 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: nickel powders ; oxidation ; thermal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Monodispersed fine metal nickel powders of uniform shape and high purity are increasingly required for specific uses in many technological areas, especially in the preparation of electronic materials such as the manufacture of conductive inks and pastes and the formation of catalysts. Metallic nickel powders were prepared in ethylene glycol by the reduction of a nickel solution. Hydrazine was used as a reducing agent. Metal powders were characterized by chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Particle size distributions were determined using laser light scattering. The reactivity and purity of these fine nickel powders were tested by repeated oxidation and reduction of nickel powders in oxidative and reductive atmospheres.
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    Etude de L'oxydation de Polyethylenes Par Analyse Thermique Identification des produits de dégradation par infra-rouge (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 923-930 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; infrared spectrometry ; oxidation ; polyethylenes ; thermal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of pure and recycled polyethylene samples was studied by thermal analysis (DTA-TG-DSC): presence of two exothermic peaks and mass loss. The thermo-oxidation products, containing C-O and C=O links, were identified by IR spectrometry and GC-MS spectrometry. The oxidation is easier from low to high density polyethylene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010102820701
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    The Detailed Mechanism of Oxidation of Ni-P Alloys (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 981-987 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: nickel phosphates ; nickel phosphides ; Ni-P alloys ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract DTA in conjuction with X-ray diffraction analysis with a high-temperature camera and infrared spectroscopy was employed to determine the mechanism of oxidation of Ni-P alloys. Amorphous Ni-P powders were obtained from a nickel(II) sulphate bath as a nickel source and sodium dihydrophosphate(I) as a reducing agent. The crystallization product is composed of two phases: (f.c.c.) Ni and (b.c.t.) Ni3P. The amorphous to crystalline transformation takes place in the temperature range 280–330°C. Ni3P samples were heated from room temperature to 1050°C in air atmosphere at 5°C min−1. It was found that the first stage of oxidation of Ni3P goes through the intermediate phase of Ni12P5 formation to Ni2P. Some exothermic reactions were observed. Heating runs were interrupted after each reaction for crystal structure determination by IR spectrometry. Infrared spectra are reported and it is shown that the structure units present in the amorphous products at about 700°C were the oxoanions PO3 − and P2O7 −. The final products of the oxidation process are NiO and Ni3(PO4)2.
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    Charge Transfer Between Oxygen and Zirconia (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 875-881 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: charge transfer ; Kelvin probe ; oxidation ; work function ; zirconia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The extent of the surface charge, that develops during oxidation of zirconia, is determined using work function measurements for both bulk specimen and thin films. The bulk specimen of yttria-doped zirconia (10 mol%) exhibits maxima of the surface electrical effect at 373 and 973 K (130 and 280 mV, respectively) that can be considered in terms of oxygen chemisorption and oxygen non-stoichiometry. Thin film of undoped zirconia exhibits a maximum at 473 K (260 eV). Addition of yttria (10 mol%) to the thin film results in a substantial reduction of the maximum, to about 140 eV, that is shifted up to 600 K.
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    Tetrachlorosilane Consumption in Radio Frequency Glow Discharge (1998)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 18 (1998), S. 509-533 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: RF SiCl4 discharge ; mass spectrometry ; kinetics ; decomposition ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Time-resolved mass spectrometry was used for analysis of the plasma reactions in radio frequency (RF) SiCl 4 and SiCl 4 −O 2 discharges as functions of starting partial pressure and electrical power. Molecular concentrations of the reactants and products from SiCl 4 alone and with O 2 were obtained from the mass spectra and used for plotting the kinetic curves. The SiCl 4 and O 2 consumption rates were calculated from the kinetic curves and compared with results of theoretical simulation of the reaction. Direct electron impact decomposition was found to be the main pathway for pure SiCl 4 conversion. On the contrary, the consumption of SiCl 4 in the SiCl 4 +O 2 mixtures was largely chemical. The experimental macrokinetics are in agreement with a model in which oxidation is caused by the atomic oxygen.
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    Oxidation of Styrene in a Silent Discharge Plasma (1999)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 19 (1999), S. 131-151 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Styrene ; oxidation ; silent discharge ; plasma ; dielectric barrier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A silent discharge plasma reactor has been developed to study the oxidation of styrene vapor in argon/oxygen mixtures. A number of analytical techniques were employed to determine the destruction efficiency and to characterize the intermediate products. The destruction efficiency was measured as a function of initial styrene concentration, temperature, and energy density of the plasma. The formation of solid products was observed in most experiments. At low temperature (100°C), the solid deposit was polymeric in nature, while at high temperature (300°C) the solid appeared to be amorphous carbon. A combination of high temperature and high energy density resulted in high destruction efficiency and minimal production of solid films. The destruction efficiency vs. energy density is shown to be more complex than a simple model predicting exponential behavior. Several reasons for the discrepancy are suggested. The “e-folding” energy density for the destruction of styrene is compared to literature values for other organic compounds, measured using similar types of plasma reactors.
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    Oxidation of Dilute Benzene in an Alumina Hybrid Plasma Reactor at Atmospheric Pressure (1999)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 19 (1999), S. 383-394 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Nonthermal plasma ; benzene ; Al2O3 ; BaTiO3 ; oxidation ; absorption ; atmospheric pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The combination of plasma discharge and adsorption was examined for oxidation of dilute benzene in air in a plasma reactor packed with a mixture of BaTiO 3 pellets and porous Al 2 O 3 pellets (i.e., an alumina hybrid reactor). The oxidative decomposition of benzene was enhanced by the benzene concentrating on the Al 2 O 3 pellets. Furthermore, there was a higher selectivity to CO 2 in the products from the hybrid than from a plasma reactor packed with BaTiO 3 pellets alone. The presence of the Al 2 O 3 pellets suppressed the formation of N 2 O.
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    Oxidation and Reduction Processes During NO x Removal with Corona-Induced Nonthermal Plasma (1999)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 19 (1999), S. 421-443 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Streamer corona ; NO x removal ; nonthermal plasma ; oxidation ; reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the NO-to-NO 2 conversion in various gaseous mixtures is experimentally investigated. Streamer coronas are produced with a dc-superimposed high-frequency ac power supply (10–60 kHz). According to NO x removal experiments in N 2 +NO x and N 2 +O 2 +NO x gaseous mixtures, it is supposed that the reverse reaction NO 2 +O→NO+O 2 may not only limit NO 2 production in N 2 +NO x mixtures, but also increase the energy cost for NO removal. Oxygen could significantly suppress reduction reactions and enhance oxidation processes. The reduction reactions, such as N+NO→N 2 +O, induce negligible NO removal provided the O 2 concentration is larger than 3.6%. With adding H 2 O into the reactor, the produced NO 2 per unit removed NO can be significantly reduced due to NO 2 oxidation. NH 3 injection could also significantly decrease the produced NO 2 via NH and NH 2 - related reduction reactions. Almost 100% of NO 2 can be removed in gaseous mixtures of N 2 +O 2 +H 2 O+NO 2 with negligible NO production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021824504271
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    Transformation of diphenyl ethers by Trametes versicolor and characterization of ring cleavage products (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 279-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Diphenyl ether ; ligninolytic enzymes ; metabolites ; oxidation ; Trametes versicolor ; white-rot fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor SBUG 1050, DSM 11269 and DSM 11309 are able to oxidize diphenyl ether and its halogenated derivatives 4-bromo- and 4-chlorodiphenyl ether. The products formed from diphenyl ether were 2- and 4-hydroxydiphenyl ether. Both 4-bromo- and 4-chlorodiphenyl ether were transformed to the corresponding products hydroxylated at the non-halogenated ring. Additionally, ring-cleavage products were detected by high perfomance liquid chromatography and characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Unhalogenated diphenyl ether was degraded to 2-hydroxy-4-phenoxymuconic acid and 6-carboxy-4-phenoxy-2-pyrone. Brominated derivatives of both these compounds were formed from 4-bromodiphenyl ether, and 4-chlorodiphenyl ether was transformed in the same way to the analogous chlorinated ring cleavage products. Additionally, 4-bromo- and 4-chlorophenol were detected as intermediates from 4-bromo- and 4-chlorodiphenyl ether, respectively. In the presence of the cytochrome-P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole, no metabolites were formed by cells of Trametes versicolor from the diphenyl ethers investigated. Cell-free supernatants of whole cultures with high laccase and manganese peroxidase activities were not able to transform the unhydroxylated diphenyl ethers used.
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    Reassessment of the roles of the peritrophic envelope and hydrolysis in protecting polyphagous grasshoppers from ingested hydrolyzable tannins (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 1901-1919 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; grasshopper ; Melanoplus sanguinipes ; Phoetaliotes nebrascensis ; peritrophic envelope ; peritrophic membrane ; hydrolyzable tannin ; tannic acid ; oxidation ; hydrolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We examined several of the mechanisms that have been reported to enable polyphagous grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to tolerate ingested hydrolyzable tannins: hydrolysis, adsorption on the peritrophic envelope, and peritrophic envelope impermeability. None of these mechanisms explain the tolerance ofMelanoplus sanguinipes to ingested tannic acid. In this species, tannin hydrolysis was 12–47% complete, adsorption accounted for less than 1% of the tannic acid contained in the midgut, and the peritrophic envelope was permeated by several gallotannins. The foregut is the main site for the chemical transformation of tannic acid in this species. InPhoetaliotes nebrascensis, hydrolysis was more extensive (82% complete), but the peritrophic envelope was readily permeated by two gallotannins. Oxidizing redox conditions were found in the guts of both species, and ingested tannins were oxidized inM. sanguinipes. We hypothesize that the tolerance of some polyphagous grasshoppers to ingested hydrolyzable tannins may be the consequence of their ability to tolerate the reactive oxygen species generated by polyphenol oxidation, whereas others may rely on rapid and extensive hydrolysis.
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    The Fate and Effects of Ingested Hydrolyzable Tannins in Porcellio scaber (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 611-628 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Terrestrial isopods ; Oniscidea ; Porcellio scaber ; phenolics ; hydrolysis ; oxidation ; detoxification ; hindgut cuticle ; gut microbiota ; hepatopancreatic bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When adults of Porcellio scaber fed on litter prior to an artificial diet containing 5% of commercially available tannic acid, 55% of the ingested galloylglucose esters was excreted unchanged, about 25% was hydrolyzed, and 20% was oxidized during the gut passage. After reducing the counts of microorganisms in the gut of P. scaber, the data obtained indicated an important role of ingested platable microorganisms in hydrolyzing gallotannins. Oxidation of phenolics appeared to be mainly due to the endosymbiotic bacteria of the hepatopancreas. Microbial counts in the hindgut were strongly reduced by ingested galloylglucose esters, while gallic acid in the diet (2%) reduced the number of palatable fungi and bacteria less strikingly, and increased the total number of the gut microbiota. Hepatopancreatic bacteria were only slightly affected by ingested tannic acid, since the hepatopancreas contained only few galloylglucose esters. This may be due to the permeability of the hindgut cuticle: the cuticle of the anterior hindgut was freely permeable to gallic acid, while it was nearly impermeable to larger polyphenols. The cuticle of the posterior hindgut was permeable to only about 4% of the gallic acid present in the hindgut lumen. The results are discussed with respect to potentially harmful effects of ingested hydrolyzable tannins and their digestion in Porcellio scaber.
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    Carbon monoxide electrooxidation on porous Pt–Ru electrodes in sulphuric acid (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1275-1282 
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    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: Carbon monoxide ; Pt-Ru/C catalyst ; Tafel slopes ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract CO electrooxidation on a Pt–Ru/C catalyst was investigated in sulphuric acid electrolyte. The physico-chemical properties of the Pt–Ru/C catalyst were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The influence of temperature, CO partial pressure and proton concentration on the electrochemical oxidation rate was investigated by steady-state galvanostatic polarization measurements. The apparent activation energy decreased from 70 to 30kJmol−1 as the overpotential increased from 0.5 to 0.9V vs NHE. The reaction order with respect to carbon monoxide increased, passing from 0.4 to 1, with the increase of the overpotential from 0.5 to 0.7V vs NHE; a reaction order close to −1 with respect to the protonic concentration was observed, irrespective of the potential. Tafel slopes of about 136mVdec−1 were determined for oxidation of CO and CO/N2 mixtures.
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    Determination of kerogen type by using DSC and TG analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 745-753 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; kerogen ; oxidation ; pyrolysis ; type determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The rate of pyrolysis and oxidation of 8 different samples of oil shale kerogen concentrate (KC) were investigated using DSC analysis. Recently performed thermogravimetric studies (TG and DTG) with the same samples of KC indicated that the activation energy of the pyrolysis of specific KCs increases with increasing paraffinic structure in the KC. An opposite effect, i.e. a decrease of the activation energy with an increase of paraffinic structure was determined in the case of KC oxidation. In this study, using the standard ASTM E-698 method based on the determined temperature at which the maximum heat effect could be observed (exo in the case of oxidation and endo in the case of pyrolysis), an activation energy for the pyrolysis, as well as for the oxidation process was determined and also successfully correlated with the content of paraffinic structure of KC. Thus, the higher content of paraffinic structure in KCs indicates that higher values of the activation energy could be determined either in the case of pyrolysis or oxidation followed by DSC analysis.
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    Using isothermal microcalorimetry for the prediction and testing of long-term properties of materials and products (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1017-1023 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: degradation ; microcalorimetry ; moisture ; oxidation ; permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The use of isothermal microcalorimetry (MC) as a sensitive monitor for slow reactions is demonstrated in a number of examples. In Example 1 the spontaneous decomposition of a nitrate ester propellant is studied and the absolute degradation rate estimated. Example 2 illustrates how MC can be used for comparing the rate of oxidative ageing at different O2 concentrations. Synergetic effects between oxygen and moisture in accelerated ageing of nitrile rubber are evaluated from a so-called 4-point test in Example 3. The last example shows a simple MC technique for rapid determination of moisture permeability through a polymeric sealant.
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    Low/high temperature relationships in dinitramide salts by DEA/DSC and study of oxidation of aluminum powders by DSC/TG (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1161-1170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: basicity ; dinitramides ; kinetics ; oxidation ; tanδ ; transition temperatures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The dinitramide salts of ammonia (ADN), hexamethylenetetramine (HDN), potassium (KDN), and sodium (NaDN) showed a linear relationship between the DSC rate of decomposition at the peak maximum and the DEA tanδ value at the low temperature transition peak. As the cation basicity increased in the series ADN〈HDN〈KDN〈NaDN, there was an increase in the low temperature transition peak, the energy barrier for relaxation, and the decomposition peak temperature, and a decrease in the tanδ value at the low temperature transition peak, specific heat capacity, and the rate and enthalpy of decomposition. The more basic salts were more thermally stable (i.e., higher decomposition temperature) and less energetic (i.e., lower enthalpy of decomposition). The more internal free volume (disorder) present in these salts, the higher the rates of relaxation and decomposition. Five aluminum powders of different surface areas were analyzed by DSC in platinum sample pans, and it was found that the enthalpy and rate of oxidation increased as the particle size of Al decreased while the enthalpy of the Al melt decreased. TG showed a two-step weight gain in the oxidation of Al with plateaus in the 650 and 1130°C regions and the percent weight gain increased as the particle size of Al decreased. Variable DSC and TG heating rate studies showed that the activation energies for the first step in the oxidation process increased as the particle size of Al increased.
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    Thermogravimetric studies of the synthesis of cas from gypsum, CaSo4·2H2O and phosphogypsum (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1501-1507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: calcium sulphide ; gypsum ; oxidation ; phosphogypsum ; reduction ; stability ; thermogravimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using a heating rate of 2°C min−1, CaS reacts with oxygen in air from 700°C to form CaSO4, with a complete conversion at 1100°C. Synthesis of CaS from the reaction between CaSO4 containing compounds and carbon compounds in air would not be possible, as the carbon reacts from 600°C with oxygen in the air to give CO2. Heating stoichiometric amounts of carbon and pure CaSO4, synthetic gypsum or phosphogypsum in a nitrogen atmosphere, results in the formation of CaS from 850°C. Using a heating rate of 10°C min−1, the formation of CaS is completed at 1080°C. Addition of 5% Fe2O3 as a catalyst lowers the starting temperature of the reaction to 750°C. Activation energy values at different fraction reaction values (α) differ between 340 and 400 kJ mol−1. The relationship between the activation energy values and conversion (α) indicates that the reaction proceeds via multiple steps.
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    Oxidation of Saturated Fatty Acids Esters DSC investigations (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 211-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; fatty acids esters ; kinetics ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation of saturated fatty acids ethyl esters: laurate, myristate, palmitate and stearate was investigated by means of DSC techniques under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The activation energies of isothermal oxidation were similar to each other (112–123 kJ mol−1) and no influence of carbon length on the rate of oxidative decomposition was observed. Results obtained from non-isothermal experiments were similar only for the first stage of oxidation.
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    Another Approach to the Modified Zhuravlev Equation on the Basis of the Oxidation of V2O4 and V6O13 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 25-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: activation energy ; kinetic equation ; oxidation ; vanadium oxides ; Zhuravlev equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It has been found that the modified Zhuravlev equation, [(1−α)−1/3−1]2=ktn, which describes the kinetics of oxidation of V2O4 and V6O13 in the temperature range 820–900 K and in the oxygen pressure range 1.0–20 kPa, can be derived via the assumption that the changes in the observed activation energy result from the changing contributions of the two diffusion processes controlling the reaction rate. The values of the observed activation energy are in the range 160–175 kJ mol−1 for V2O4 and 188–201 kJ mol−1 for V6O13 in the scope of the experimental oxygen pressures and temperatures and conversion degrees of 0.1–0.9.
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    Characterization and stability of doped SnO2 anodes (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 607-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: SnO2 anodes ; doping ; high overvoltage anodes ; surface analysis ; oxidation ; water treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Doped tin dioxide electrodes have been prepared by a standard spray pyrolysis technique. The electrochemical behaviour of these electrodes has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry in sulphuric acid using the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple system as test reaction. Oxygen evolution has been used to study the stability of doped SnO2 electrodes. The SnO2 electrodes doped with antimony and platinum exhibit the highest stability. XPS analysis shows that the oxidation state of Sn, Sb and Pt are +4, +3 and +2, respectively, the probable species being SnO2, Sb2O3 and PtO.
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    Synthesis and crystal structure of 1-acetyl-3-bromo-3-phenylazetidine and 1-phenyl-2-(N-acetyl-N-formyl)-aminoethanone (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Azetidine ; azetine ; ring opening ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 1-Acetyl-3-bromo-3-phenylazetidine (1), C11H12BrNO, has been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods and single crystal X-ray analysis. It crystallizes in the space group P2 1/c with a = 8.633(1), b = 7.461(1), c = 17.204(1) Å, β = 98.403(7)°, V = 1096.2(2) Å3, Z = 4, D calc = 1.540 g cm−3. The azetidine ring is nearly planar since the four atoms are within ±0.039(5) Å of the mean square plane calculated for the heterocycle. The attempt to obtain a highly strained 2-azetine derivative from the above compound gave, surprisingly, 1-phenyl-2-(N-acetyl-N-formyl)-aminoethanone (2), C11H11NO3. This compound has been also characterized by spectroscopic methods and single crystal X-ray analysis. It crystallizes in the space group P212121, with a = 5.4719(3), b = 8.3205(6), c = 23.298(3) Å, V = 1060.7(2) Å3, Z = 4, D calc = 1.286 g cm−3. The aminoethanone residue is in a near planar conformation where the torsion angles are 7(2)° for N–C–C–=O and −173(2)° for N–C–C–C(Ph).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022489729966
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    Comportement Thermique du Polypropylene au Cours du Vieillissement (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 327-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: aging ; DTA-TG ; oxidation ; polypropylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several samples of polypropylene were studied by thermal analysis. The photo-oxidation and the aging of polypropylene films showed a mass loss more than 7% in heating from 20 to 220°C (5°C min-1), cooling to 20°C and reheating to 220°C. The authors observed also a decrease of the melting and crystallization temperatures. The non aged samples or these ones with preservatives are thermo-oxidised and presented an exothermic peak at about 200°C in DTA heating. The DTA-TG simultaneous apparatus is very useful in the study of polypropylene oxidation by making comparative trials according to a well definite procedure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010149607364
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    The oxidation of S(IV) during riming by cloud droplets (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 21 (1995), S. 97-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Sulphur dioxide ; oxidation ; clouds ; riming ; freezing potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Experiments have been performed to investigate whether the process of freezing during riming in clouds may induce oxidation of dissolved SO2 to SO 4 2− . The experiments were conducted in a cold room at varying temperatures between −6 and −15 °C. Solutions containing dissolved SO2 and NH4OH in various proportions, in the range of concentrations between 3×10−5 and 10−3 M, were sprayed. Rime was collected on a rotating cylinder and analyzed. Absorption of oxygen from laboratory air was prevented, except in the spray, to avoid spurious oxidation. Blank experiments were made at +3 to +6 °C. The results indicate clearly that, as the dominant cation becomes NH 4 + rather than H+, substantial oxidation of S(IV) occurs during riming. This is consistent with redox reactions taking place as a result of charge separation at the ice-water interface during freezing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696576
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    Temperature effects on soil organic sulphur mineralization and elemental sulphur oxidation in subtropical soils of varying pH (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: elemental sulphur ; oxidation ; organic S ; mineralization ; immobilization ; S fertilizers ; semiarid soils ; subtropical region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The increasing sulphur (S) deficiency in soils of several parts of world has led to the use of fertilizer S, an important factor in enhancing the production and quality of crops. Very limited information is available on the use of elemental sulphur (S0) as a fertilizer, its oxidation into SO42- and transformation into organic S in semiarid subtropical soils. We studied the impact of three temperature regimes on the mineralization of soil organic S, and the oxidation and immobilization of S0 in acidic (pH 4.9), neutral (pH 7.1) and alkaline (pH 10.2) subtropical soils of north-western India. Repacked soil cores were incubated under aerobic conditions (60% water-filled pore space) for 0, 14, 28 and 42 d with and without incorporated S0 (500 μg g-1 soil). Temperature had profound effects on all three soils processes, the rates of mineralization of native soil organic S, oxidation of applied S0 and transformation of S0 into soil organic S being greatest at 36 °C, irrespective of soil pH. Mineralization of native soil organic S (without added S0) resulted in the accumulation of 39, 66 and 47 μg SO42-–S g-1 soil in acidic, neutral and alkaline soil in 42 d period at 36 °C. Of the total mineralization, the majority (62 – 74%) occurred during the first 14 d period. Oxidation rate of added S0 during initial 14 d period at 36 °C was highest in alkaline soil (292 μg S cm-2 d-1), followed by neutral soil ((180 μg S cm-2 d-1) and lowest in acidic soil (125 μg S cm-2 d-1). Of the applied 500 μg S0 g-1 soil, 3.2 – 10.0%, 6.8 – 15.4% and 10.0 – 23.0% oxidized to SO42-, and 13.4 – 28.6%, 16.0 – 29.0% and 14.6 – 29.0% were transformed into organic S in 42 d period in acidic, neutral and alkaline soil, respectively. The results of our study suggest that in order to synchronize the availability of S with plant need, elemental S may be applied well before the seeding of crops, especially in acidic soil and in regions where temperature remains low. Substantial mineralization of native soil organic S in the absence of applied S0 and immobilization of applied S0 into organic S suggest that the role of soil biomass as source and sink could be exploited in long term S management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009770919296
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    Cyclodextrin-accelerated oxidation of iodide by oxygen in aqueous solutions containing HClO4 (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 23 (1995), S. 245-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: α-Cyclodextrin ; iodide ; oxidation ; oxygen ; HClO4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of iodide to I 3 − by oxygen dissolved in water containing HClO4 has been found to be accelerated by α-cyclodextrin (α-CD). Among α-, β-, and γ-CDs, α-CD is the most effective mediator for the oxidation reaction of iodide by oxygen. The oxidation rate of iodide is first order in the concentrations of α-CD and HClO4, whereas it is second order in the KI concentration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709582
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    Methane oxidation in soils with different textures and land use (1997)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 49 (1997), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: greenhouse effect ; land use ; methane ; oxidation ; soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Intact core samples from soils with different textures and land use were tested for their capacity to oxidise methane. The soil cores were taken from arable land, grassland and forest. It was found that coarse textured soils (6.74–16.38 µg CH4 m-2 h-1) showed a higher methane uptake rate than fine textured soils (4.66–5.34 µg CH4 m-2 h-1). Increasing soil tortuosity was thought to reduce the methane oxidation rate in fine textured soils. The oxidation rate of forest soils (16.32–16.38 µg CH4 m-2 h-1), even with a pH below 4.5, was very pronounced and higher than arable land (11.40–14.47 µg CH4 m-2 h-1) and grassland (6.74–9.30 µg CH4 m-2 h-1). Within the same textural class arable land showed a faster methane uptake rate than grassland. In grassland with a fine texture, even methane production was observed. Nitrogen availability and turnover in these land use systems were thought to cause the different oxidation rates. Decreasing the moisture content slowed down the oxidation rate in all soils. This could be caused by an increased N turnover and a starvation of the methanotrophic bacteria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009706324386
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    The effect of agriculture on methane oxidation in soil (1997)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 49 (1997), S. 59-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: land use ; methane ; nitrogen fertilizer ; oxidation ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aerobic soils are an important sink for methane (CH4) contributing up to 15% of annual global CH4 destruction. However, the sink strength is significantly affected by land management, nitrogen (N) fertilizers and acidity. We tested these effects on samples taken from the Broadbalk Continuous Wheat, Park Grass permanent grassland and Broadbalk and Geescroft Wilderness experiments at Rothamsted. The rates of uptake from the atmosphere of both enhanced (10 ppmv) and ambient (2 ppmv) concentrations of CH4 were measured in laboratory incubations of soil cores under controlled conditions. The most rapid rates of uptake were measured in soil from deciduous woodland at pH 7 (measured in water); acidic (pH 4) woodland soil showed no net CH4 oxidation. While disturbance of the cores used in the experiments did not affect the rate of CH4 uptake, extended (150 years) cultivation of land for arable crops reduced uptake rate by 85% compared to that in the soil under calcareous woodland. The long-term application of ammonium- (NH4) based fertilizer, but not nitrate- (NO3) based fertilizer, completely inhibited CH4 uptake, but the application for the same period of farmyard manure that contained more N than the fertilizer had no inhibitory effect. Although the effects of agricultural practice on the oxidation of CH4 in soil are significant, the differences in oxidation rates between land use types are even greater. The likely effects of forest clearance, agricultural intensification and anthropogenic emissions of CH4 over the last 2500 years have been estimated for the United Kingdom. The calculations indicate that 54% of the current CH4 uptake by UK soils is the result of increased CH4 mixing ratio. They also indicate that land use change has decreased the potential sink strength by 62% or 37 kt CH4 g-1. In countries with much larger land areas than the UK, such as China, aerobic soil is likely to be a more significant factor in calculating net fluxes of CH4. It is important that the impacts of different agricultural managements and land use systems are understood and quantified so that the best possible estimate of CH4 sinks is calculated for comparison with sources.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009704226554
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    Interactions of calcium sulfite with soils and plants (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 329-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcium sulfite ; flue gas desulfurization residue ; oxidation ; sulfur dioxide ; toxicity ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract CaSO3 is a by-product formed by several of the processes used for scrubbing SO2 from flue gas produced by coal-burning power generators. Using CaSO3 to improve the calcium status of acid soils would be a beneficial alternative to disposal in landfills. CaSO3 has biocidal properties and is used as a disinfectant and food and drink preservative. It is important to evaluate under what conditions application to soils would not harm plant growth. Laboratory experiments confirmed that two transformations of CaSO3 occurred in soil systems: (1) decomposition to produce SO2 gas, and (2) oxidation to calcium sulfate. Conversion to SO2 occurred in solution and soil at low pH, and acid soils treated with CaSO3 were initially toxic to seedling root growth. The degree of toxicity was time-dependent, with reduction in toxicity occurring as CaSO3 oxidized to calcium sulfate. Soil reaction also influenced toxicity, and at soil pH levels above 6, little seedling toxicity was evident.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011471
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    High-temperature corrosion in mixed gas environments (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 239-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; carburization ; sulfidation ; scaling ; internal precipitation ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Scaling reactions between pure metals and multiple oxidant gases are reviewed briefly. It is recognized that elemental oxidant activities are usually so low that the actual reactant species are heteronuclear molecules such as SO2, CO2, etc. The formation of duplex, sulfide-oxide scales on iron and manganese, even when sulfide is unstable with respect to oxide, is attributed to direct reaction with SO2. The persistence of the metastable sulfide is due to its preservation by the rapidly growing scale. The reaction of pure chromium with a number of mixed gases is also discussed. The continued formation of carbides and nitrides beneath an external Cr2O3 scale layer indicates that the latter material is permeable to gas species. Interaction among different gas species is observed, and is attributed to selective adsorption on internal surfaces within the chromium oxide. New work on the reaction of alloys with mixed gases is reported. Several austenitic heat-resistant alloys were exposed at 1000°C to gases containing one, two or all of the oxidants carbon, sulfur and oxygen. Gases containing two or more oxidants produced multiple zones of internal precipitation. The precipitates were chromium-rich oxides, sulfides and carbides arranged in order of thermodynamic stability: oxides beneath the external scale, carbides deepest within the alloys and sulfides in an intermediate zone overlapping the oxide zone. Each precipitate zone widened according to parabolic kinetics. This finding confirms the as yet untested prediction made by J. L. Meijering in 1971. However, the rate at which a particular zone grows changes according to presence of other oxidants. Interactions between the oxidants can be large and reaction rates are currently not predictable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046729
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    Numerical modeling of high-temperature corrosion processes (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 309-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: modeling ; numerical modeling ; numerical techniques ; finite-difference techniques ; oxidation ; corrosion ; carburization ; nitridation ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Numerical modeling of the diffusional transport associated with high-temperature corrosion processes is reviewed. These corrosion processes include external scale formation and internal subscale formation during oxidation, coating degradation by oxidation and substrate interdiffusion, carburization, sulfidation and nitridation. The studies that are reviewed cover such complexities as concentration-dependent diffusivities, cross-term effects in ternary alloys, and internal precipitation where several compounds of the same element may form (e.g., carbides of Cr) or several compounds exist simultaneously (e.g., carbides containing varying amounts of Ni, Cr, Fe or Mo). In addition, the studies involve a variety of boundary conditions that vary with time and temperature. Finite-difference (F-D) techniques have been applied almost exclusively to model either the solute or corrodant transport in each of these studies. Hence, the paper first reviews the use of F-D techniques to develop solutions to the diffusion equations with various boundary conditions appropriate to high-temperature corrosion processes. The bulk of the paper then reviews various F-D modeling studies of diffusional transport associated with high-temperature corrosion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046731
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    The corrosion of pure niobium in oxidizing, sulfidizing, and oxidizing-sulfidizing gas mixtures at 600–800°C (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 46 (1996), S. 287-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: pure niobium ; oxidation ; sulfidation ; oxidation-sulfidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion of pure niobium has been studied at 600–800°C in various environments as part of a study of the corrosion resistance of its alloys with iron, cobalt, and nickel to atmospheres of low-oxygen and/or high-sulfur activities. The results have shown that not only the sulfidation but also the corrosion in mixed atmospheres and particularly the oxidation under low oxygen pressures of pure niobium are quite slow, with kinetics rather similar in the three types of gas mixtures used. The good corrosion resistance of niobium to attack by oxygen under low pressures is quite interesting because this element is corroded very rapidly by oxygen under high oxygen pressures, due to the formation of the nonprotective highest oxide Nb2O5 as a main corrosion product.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050800
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    The oxidation behavior of Fe-20Cr alloy foils in a synthetic exhaust-gas atmosphere (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 46 (1996), S. 335-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe−Cr ; oxidation ; exhaust gas ; oxide adherence ; titanium ; rare earths
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation tests of rare-earth-modified and Ti-modified Fe−20Cr alloy foils, which are under consideration for catalytic converter supports, were performed in a synthetic exhaust-gas atmosphere (N2+H2O+CO2) between 900°C and 650°C. Between 900°C and 750°C, the rare earths had no effect on oxide growth rates while Ti increased growth rates. Oxide growth rates for the rareearth alloys at 800°C and 750°C are much lower than those found in the literature for oxidation of Fe−Cr alloys or pure Cr in O2-rich atmospheres. The slow growth rates for the rare-earth alloys agree with literature data for oxidation of stainless steels containing 〉20% Cr in wet atmospheres and are caused by growth of an oxide scale only one grain thick. At temperatures ≤700°C, Fe−20Cr alloys grow massive Fe oxides; however, this can be suppressed by adding rare earths or Ti. To ensure good oxide adherence, free sulfur must be eliminated in the alloy by tying it up with a reactive-element addition. Both Ti and the rare earths can be used to tie up S, but the rare earths are more effective. For converter applications, the optimum alloy composition may contain rare earths for good oxide adherence and a small amount of Ti to suppress growth of Fe-rich oxides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048635
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    Transient oxidation in Fe-Cr-Ni alloys: A Raman-scattering study (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 46 (1996), S. 365-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; steel ; Raman ; scale ; transient oxides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Using Raman scattering we have investigated the oxidation, in air, of the Fe-Cr-Ni stainless steels Fe-25Cr-20Ni, Fe-25Cr-20Ni-3Zr, and Fe-24Cr-3Zr (wt.%) as a function of temperature in the range 300 to 1000°C. The Raman technique is very sensitive to, and provides a clear identification of, the oxides Fe2O3 and Cr2O3. However, the technique is insensitive to NiO, FeO, and does not give a clear identification of spinels. The Fe−Cr−Ni alloys form chromia scales at temperatures greater than ∼800°C. At lower oxidation temperatures, transient phases are observed. With a 1-h heat treatment at 300°C, we observe the formation of an unidentified scale; we speculate that it is either amorphous or consists of disordered spinel(s). Near 400°C we begin to observe hematite (Fe2O3). The intensity of the Fe2O3 signal increases with temperature to ∼600°C and then decreases, being largely replaced by the signal from Cr2O3. The thickness of the Cr2O3 scale increases with temperature up to ∼1000°C above which spallation becomes apparent. Spinel phases also apparently persist in the scale to 1000°C.
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    The steady-State corrosion kinetics of two-phase binary alloys forming the most-stable oxide (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 46 (1996), S. 383-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: high temperatures ; binary alloys ; two-phase alloys ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The steady-state kinetics in the high-temperature oxidation of binary A-B alloys containing a mixture of the conjugated solid solutions of B in A (alpha phase) and A in B (beta phase) with exclusive formation of the most-stable oxide BOv have been examined, assuming that the external scale grows on top of a subsurface layer of alpha phase. The results obtained are compared with the corresponding behavior of alloys which are single phase in the whole range of composition. Under identical values of all the parameters involved the concentration of B at the alloy-scale interface is smaller for two-phase than for single-phase alloys under the same concentration of B in the alloy as a result of the restricted flux of B through the alpha-phase layer. As a consequence of this, the two-phase alloys corrode more slowly than single-phase alloys and this difference increases as the solubility of B in the alpha phase decreases. Finally, the simultaneous formation of BOv both externally and as internal oxide is more likely for two-phase than for single-phase materials.
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    An analysis of the internal oxidation of binary M-Nb alloys under low oxygen pressures at 600–800°C (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 46 (1996), S. 441-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: niobium alloys ; oxidation ; high temperatures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion of M−Nb alloys based on iron, cobalt, and nickel and containing 15 and 30 wt% Nb has been studied at 600–800°C under low oxygen pressures (10−24 atm at 600°C and 10−20 atm at 700–800°C). Except for the Co−Nb and Ni−Nb alloys corroded at 800°C, which formed external scales of niobium oxides, corrosion under low O2 pressures produced an internal oxidation of niobium. This attack was much faster than expected on the basis of the classical theory. Furthermore, the distribution of the internal oxide in the alloys containing two metal phases was very close to that of the Nb-rich phase in the original alloys. These kinetic, microstructural, and thermodynamic aspects are examined by taking into account the effects of the limited solubility of niobium in the various base metals and of the two-phase nature of the alloys.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048640
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    The effect of oxygen concentration on the oxidation of low-carbon steel in the temperature range 1000 to 1250°C (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 46 (1996), S. 423-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; scaling ; surface temperature ; heat of reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the oxidation behavior of low-carbon steel samples in binary gas mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen, at oxygen concentrations ranging between 1% and 15% and temperatures ranging between 1000 and 1250°C. Sample weight gains versus time were analyzed, along with measurements and calculations of sample heating rates due to exothermic heat of reaction at the sample surface. It was found that initial rates of oxidation depended on oxygen content in the gasmixture and that these reaction rates were linear up to oxide thicknesses of 0.4 to 0.5 mm. Calculations of linear oxidation rate constants based on equations for mass transport of oxygen in the gas mixture to the sample surface showed good agreement with those measured experimentally, indicating that the initial period of oxidation is controlled by the mass transport of oxygen to the reaction interface. The linear rate constants showed little dependency on temperature, an activation energy of approximately 17kJ/mole being obtained. Measurements of sample surface temperatures have shown that within this linear-oxidation regime, interfacial temperatures of the samples increase with increasing oxygen contents in the gas mixture, owing to exothermic heats of oxidation. Subsequent oxidation kinetics were found to be parabolic. Measured parabolic rates constants were in good agreement with previous investigations, with activation energy values of approximately 127kJ/mole.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048639
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    Effect ofθ-alumina formation on the growth kinetics of alumina-forming superalloys (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 46 (1996), S. 465-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: ODS Alloy ; oxidation ; SIMS ; microstructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Alumina-forming ODS superalloys are excellent oxidation-resistant materials. Their resistance relies upon the establishment of a stable, slow-growing, and adherent α-alumina. In the present investigation, these alloys exhibited unstable and relatively less adherent θ-alumina phase, which increased the oxidation rate in the transient stage and converted into α-alumina in the later part of the exposure. The oxide-growth process was found to depend upon various parameters such as temperature, time, and presence of an active elecment in the superalloy. Characterization carried out by XRD, SEM/EDAX, and AES on oxidized ODS and non-ODS alloys demonstrated a significant influence of the active element, Y, on the transformation of θ- to α-alumina. SIMS analysis of two-stage oxidation at 900°C for two different durations evidently showed that the change in the transport process is due to θ-to-α-alumina transformation. On the basis of these results, a new and consistent mechanism is proposed to explain the influence of θ-alumina and its transformation on growth kinetics and the effect of yttrium on the transformation leading to good scale adherence and oxidation resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048641
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    The air oxidation of two-phase Cu-Ag alloys at 650–750°C (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 21-52 
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    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: copper ; silver ; high temperature ; oxidation ; two-phase alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion of three two phase Cu-Ag alloys containing 25, 50, and 75 wt% Ag has been studied at 650 and 750°C. In all cases the alloys formed external scales of copper oxides. At the same time, an internal precipitation of Cu2O within a silver matrix was also produced, with an oxide volume fraction larger for the alloys richer in Cu. Beneath this mixed layer a region of single-phase solid solution of Cu in silver formed for Cu-50Ag and especially for Cu-75Ag. Silver metal remained in the metal-consumption zone, acting essentially as an inert marker, except for a few particles with were incorporated into the growing scales. Both pure Cu and the alloys corroded parabolically, but the rate constants for the alloys decreased with increased Ag content under constant temperature. The various aspects of the corrosion of these alloys are examined by taking into account the possible effects associated with the presence of two metal phases.
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    An Uncoupling of the Processes of Oxidation and Phosphorylation in Glycolysis (1997)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 17 (1997), S. 521-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; glycolysis ; oxidation ; uncoupling ; thiols ; hydrogen peroxide ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Data on alterations of the properties of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase upon oxidation of its functional groups are reviewed; a mechanism of uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation in glycolysis is considered. Possible ways of regulating uncoupling, and the physiological importance of this process, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1027356106330
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    Sol-gel coatings on metals (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 443-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: coatings ; protection of metals ; oxidation ; corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sol-gel derived films can be deposited on metals to improve their resistance to oxidation and corrosion or to modify their surface properties. However, practical applications are limited by problems intrinsic to sol-gel processing or specific of coating/metal systems. Coatings aimed to improve oxidation and wet corrosion resistance have been the most studied. The results published in the literature show that sol-gel coatings may offer good protection against oxidation. More difficult is to achieve a protection against wet corrosion. An important aspect of the application of the sol-gel method for coating metallic objects is also the deposition technique.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02436880
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    Oxidation of Calcium Boride at High Temperature (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials synthesis and processing 6 (1998), S. 407-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4870
    Keywords: CaB6 ; oxidation ; weight gain ; calcium borate ; oxidation resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of CaB6 powders at high temperatures was investigated. The sample oxidized at 873 to 973 K for 25 hours exhibited weight gain with increasing oxidation temperature; the oxidation proceeded in accordance with the parabolic law during the initial oxidation stage. On the other hand, the weight gain of the sample oxidized at and above 1073 K for 4 h was approximately 80%; however even if the oxidation time was prolonged, an additional weight change did not occur. Based on the results of the X-ray diffraction analysis, calcium borate (CaB4O7) was present on the surface of the sample oxidized at 1073 K. The sample showed a good oxidation resistance at 1273 to 1373 K, because the surface film of calcium borate (CaB2O4) formed by oxidation acted as an oxidation resistant layer.
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    A study on the oxidation characteristics of cast irons containing aluminum (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 45 (1996), S. 109-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe−Al−C ; Fe−Al−Si−C ; inoculation ; scale ; characterization ; oxidation ; high temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Isothermal-oxidation characteristics of cast irons containing aluminum (5–15% Al) from 700 to 1000°C in air have been studied. In addition to massgain measurements, the morphology and composition of the oxide scales have been examined by SEM-EDX system and XRD analysis. A normal Fe−5Al−C alloy does not develop protective, adherent scales. Even the addition of misch metal and calcium silicide to such an alloy does not improve its oxidation resistance. But aluminum cast iron develops considerable oxidation resistance only when a sufficient quantity of silicon is also present in the alloy. Treatment of the alloy with misch, metal and calcium silicide together assists in protective scale formation. Among the alloys investigated Fe−15Al−Si−C treated with misch metal and calcium silicide shows minimum oxidation at 1000°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046822
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    Corrosion of iron in sulfur dioxide at 0.1 MPa (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 45 (1996), S. 469-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: iron ; sulfur dioxide ; oxidation ; tracer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of iron with sulfur dioxide at 0.1 MPa and 1073 K was studied. The composition and morphology of the scales, transport phenomena occurring in the growing scales, and kinetics of the process were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and various techniques of X-ray analysis were used. The transport phenomena were studied by marker and by radiotracer techniques. The scales were composed of sulfide and oxides and grew by the outward diffusion of metal. It was concluded that the process initially took place through the reaction of iron with sulfur dioxide molecules. During the next stage of the process the reaction with sulfur dioxide molecules as well as with oxygen molecules is possible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046847
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    Contribution to the understanding of the parabolic oxidation mechanism of dilute alloys. Part I: Oxides with metal excess or oxygen deficit (1996)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 46 (1996), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: dilute alloys ; oxidation ; Wagner-Hauffe rule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Concerning the parabolic oxidation of alloys with a low content of a different valence element, we show that the Wagner-Hauffe valence approach contains some inaccuracies. This paper is devoted to the growth of an oxide MO with metal excess or oxygen deficit. The analytical processing consists in solving the differential equation connecting the point defect flux to the oxygen pressure. This equation has been solved analytically in the case where the foreign-element concentration is very high compared to that of the point defects in the pure oxide. On this assumption with a lower-valence dopant, as long as the oxide conductivity remains essentially electronic, the oxidation is limited only by the transport of ionic defects across the scale under the electric-potential gradient. Moreover, an increase of the dopant concentration may lead to an oxide exhibiting partial ionic conductivity. Consequently, the parabolic constant variations as a function of the dopant concentration is not monotonic, contrary to results published before. With a higher-valence dopant, the conductivity always remains electronic, and this result agrees with predictions based on the Wagner Hauffe approach, though the demonstrations are fundamentally different.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046881
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    Oxidation of the intermetallics MoSi2 and TiSi2—A comparison (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 139-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; MoSi2 ; TiSi2 ; air ; oxygen ; O and Si transport in SiO2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of two MoSi2 variants, one Mo-rich and one Si-rich, and TiSi2 was investigated between 1000 and 1400°C in air, oxygen and an 80/20-Ar/O2 mixture. A protective SiO2 scale develops on MoSi2 in all atmospheres in the temperature range investigated. The SiO2 modification changes around 1300°C from tridymite to cristobalite. This change in SiO2 modification seems to cause an enhanced formation of SiO2 and evaporation of MoO3. The SiO2 grows at the MoSi2-scale interface. In air a two-layer scale grows on TiSi2 between about 1000 and 1200°C with an inner inwards growing fine-grain mixture of SiO2 + TiO2 and an outer outward-growing TiO2 partial layer. TiN formation in the transient oxidation is responsible for the formation of the inner mixed partial layer because in N -free atmospheres a scale of a SiO2 matrix with some Ti oxide precipitates inside is formed. A one-layer scale structure similar as that in N-free atmosphere is found on TiSi2 in air at T 〉 1200°C. In oxygen the TiO2 precipitates grow as needles mostly oriented perpendicular to the surface. Due to the faster oxygen transport in TiO2 compared with SiO2, these TiO2 needles act as “oxygen pipes,” causing an enhanced oxidation of TiSi2 in front of these needles. The SiO2 scale dissolves about 1–2% TiO2. This doping causes a mixed oxygenand Si transport with the consequence that the SiO2 scale on TiSi2 grows partly by oxygen transport inwards and Si transport outwards. The SiO2 modification is cristobalite over the entire temperature range investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01682375
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    The steady-state corrosion kinetics of single-phase binary alloys with a solubility gap forming the most-stable oxide (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 47 (1997), S. 215-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: high temperature ; oxidation ; binary alloys ; steady-state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The steady-state, high-temperature oxidation kinetics of single phase alloys rich in a most-reactive componentB in binaryA-B systems presenting a limited solubility of the two components (beta phase alloys) have been examined assuming the exclusive formation of the most-stable oxideBO v. Alloys sufficiently rich inB can form externalBO v scales directly in contact with the beta phase, while below a criticalB content the growth ofBO v involves also the appearance of an intermediate layer ofB-depleted solid solution ofB inA (alpha phase). The parabolic rate constants for the oxidation of single-phase beta alloys are lower than those of alloys of identicalB content which are single-phase over the whole range of composition (solid-solution alloys) but higher than for two-phase alpha + beta alloys under the same values of all the relevant parameters. Moreover, the tendency of single-phase beta alloys to form the most-stable oxide simultaneously as an external scale and internally to the alloy is greater than for solid-solution alloys but smaller than for two-phase alloys.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01668511
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    Prevention of lens protein glycation by taurine (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 177 (1997), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: cataract ; crystalline ; glycation ; oxidation ; taurine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Modifications in lens protein structure and function due to nonenzymic glycosylation and oxidation have been suggested to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of sugar and senile cataracts. The glycation reaction involves an initial Schiff base formation between the protein NH2 groups and the carbonyl group of a reducing sugar. The Schiff base then undergoes several structural modifications, via some oxidative reactions involving oxygen free radicals. Hence certain endogenous tissue components that may inhibit the formation of protein-sugar adduct formation may have a sparing effect against the cataractogenic effects of sugars and reactive oxygen. The eye lens is endowed with significant concentration of taurine, a sulfonated amino acid, and its precursor hypotaurine. It is hypothesized that taurine and hypotaurine may have this purported function of protecting the lens proteins against glycation and subsequent denaturation, in addition to their other functions. The results presented herein suggest that these compounds are indeed capable of protecting glycation competitively by forming Schiff bases with sugar carbonyls, and thereby preventing the glycation of lens proteins per se. In addition, they appear to prevent oxidative damage by scavenging hydroxyl radicals. This was apparent by their preventive effect against the formation of the thiobarbituric acid reactive material generated from deoxy-ribose, when the later was exposed to hydroxyl radicals generated by the action of xanthine oxidase on hypoxanthine in presence of iron.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006863322454
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    Air oxidation of S(IV) in cloud-water samples (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1985-1990 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cloud-water ; sulphur dioxide ; oxidation ; catalysis ; trace metals ; iron ; acidity ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Aerobic oxidation of S(IV) was investigated in cloud-water samples collected at Great Dun Fell,U.K., as part of a wider project into cloud-water chemistry. The rate was found to be first-order in S(IV) concentration, and the reaction rate constant. kS(IV), was found to vary from 10−5 to 10−3 s−1. The rate constant was highly correlated with H+ concentration (pH 3.5 to 6.5) and Fe concentration (〈0.02 to 3×10−6 mol dm−3). The aerobic oxidation of S(IV) does not contribute significantly to SO2 oxidation in clouds at Great Dun Fell, however, the reaction may be of consequence in clouds and fogs at polluted or urban sites with elevated trace metal concentrations. Also, this reaction may be responsible for the oxidation of S(IV) in cloud-water samples during storage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186125
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    Geochemistry and acidity of sulphide-bearing postglacial sediments of western Finland (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 19 (1997), S. 155-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: geochemistry ; metals ; sulphide sediment ; oxidation ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The geochemistry, mineralogy, acidity and electric conductivity of sulphide-bearing postglacial sediments located on the coastal plains of western Finland were studied. Grain size and mineralogical analysis (eight samples studied) indicated that the sediments are silts dominated by primary minerals (quartz, feldspars), and that the clay fraction (〈2µm), which made up less than one-third of the bulk samples, is enriched in phyllosilicates but depleted in quartz and feldspars, relative to bulk samples. As compared to the metal contents of the fine-fraction of glacial till (data of the Geological Survey of Finland), the fine sediments appear to be enriched in sulphur (median = 0.54%) and trace metals such as Ni (31 µg g−1), Zn (90 µg g−1), Co (13 µg g−1), Cr (48 µg g−1) and V (50 µg g−1). Statistical analysis indicated that aluminosilicates are the principal carrier phases of trace metals, and that sulphides and organic matter only partially control the distribution of elements other than S and C. A 3-g portion of 232 samples was oxidised in the laboratory by atmospheric oxygen for a period of 1 year. After this period of oxidation, 15 ml of water was added, after which pH and electric conductivity of the suspensions (sediment:water, 1:5) were measured. The quantities of elements mobilised by the oxidation was calculated from the dissolved concentrations found in 3 g of oxidised sediment suspended in 30 ml of deionised water (eight samples studied). The results of the experiment showed that the impact of sulphide oxidation on the pH and conductivity of the sediments is large, and that a high proportion (〉13%) of the aqua-regia extractable contents of several elements (Co, Mn, Ca, Ni, Zn, Sr, Na and B) are mobilised at oxidation. Because of the high quantities of acidity and metals liberated at oxidation, it is argued that stream-water quality, which is poor in the study area, will not improve unless artificial draining is restricted in areas of sulphide sediments.
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    Early stages of silicon oxidation (1995)
    Springer
    Interface science 3 (1995), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: silicon ; Si/oxide interface ; oxidation ; Monte-Carlo ; thin-films
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experiments have shown that the early stages of silicon oxidation proceed layer by layer, so that one layer is essentially complete before another develops. Other experiments show that the mechanism does not involve step growth, the most obvious mechanism. We use a new approach to modelling the growth to show that these two observations can be understood when there is a rate-determining step which depends strongly on the local oxide thickness. The rate in question might be the sticking probability, or the rate of incorporation of adsorbed oxygen species into the oxide network. Such mechanisms are possible when transport by an ionic species dominates, contrary to the situation for thicker films. Our modelling suggests the mechanisms are driven by the image interaction, as in earlier suggestions by Stoneham and Tasker, rather than an effect of the electric field central to the Mott-Cabrera mechanism.
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    Structure/function studies of S100A8/A9 (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of peptide research and therapeutics 6 (1999), S. 359-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3904
    Keywords: chemotaxis ; inflammation ; oxidation ; post-translational ; S100
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The functional importance of members of the S100 Ca2+-binding protein family is recently emerging. A variety of activities, several of which are apparently opposing, are attributed to S100A8, a protein implicated in embryogenesis, growth, differentiation, and immune and inflammatory processes. Murine (m) S100A8 was initially described as a chemoattractant (CP-10) for myeloid cells. It is coordinately expressed with mS100A9 (MRP14) in neutrophils and the non-covalent heterodimer is presumed to be the functional intracellular species. The extracellular chemotactic activity of mS100A8, however, is not dependent on mS100A9 and occurs at concentrations (10-13–10-11 M) at which the non-covalent heterodimer would probably dissociate. This review focuses on the structure and post-translational modifications of mS100A8/A9 and their effects on function, particularly chemotaxis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008971021016
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    Soil Covers for Controlling Acid Generation in Mine Tailings: a Laboratory Evaluation of the Physics and Geochemistry (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 347-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: diffusion coefficient ; gaseous oxygen ; mine tailings ; oxidation ; water content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the effectiveness of soil covers, column experiments were conducted on tailings protected by a three-layer soil cover and tailings directly exposed in the open laboratory for a period of 760 days. Periodic rain application was performed to simulate field conditions, and at four times during the experiments the pore water was completely flushed out of each column for analysis. Profiles of oxygen, temperature, and volumetric water content were measured throughout the experiment, and the post-testing pore water quality was also characterized. A one-dimensional semi-analytic diffusion model was used to simulate oxygen profiles in the uncovered tailings. Modelling performed using the geochemical code MINTEQ showed that in the laboratory, aluminium concentrations in the tailings pore water were controlled by Al(OH)SO4, sulphate by gypsum and Al(OH)SO4and iron by lepidocrocite in the upper half and by ferrihydrite in the lower half. In the field, however, the iron oxyhydroxide minerals formed in the oxidized zone appear to be dissolving. It was found that the cover was effective in preventing significant desaturation of the clay, even over a 150-day drying period. The covered tailings did not oxidize much during the experiments. In the uncovered tailings, oxygen modelling and examination of the geochemistry show that the rate of gross oxidation and the advancement of the oxidation front decreases with time. However, pore water quality is controlled by geochemical processes other than oxidation, as reported in the field.
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    CEMS of nitride coatings in agressive environments (1998)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 111 (1998), S. 93-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: reactive sputtering ; iron ; chromium ; titanium ; TiN ; CrN ; nitrides ; oxidation ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; CEMS ; XPS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion properties of single layered TiN and CrN films have been compared to bi-layered and multi-layered Ti/TiN films. XPS has showed that in humid SO2 atmosphere the best corrosion properties have been achieved by a multi-layered Ti/TiN coating. Cyclic voltammetry in acetate buffer has been applied to measure the porousity and corrosion resistance of coatings. The best results have been achieved by multi-layered Ti/TiN and CrN films. Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy has been used to study the changes in the interface Fe/TiN during thermal treatment in UHV. It has been shown that the amount of iron nitrides in the interface increases with increasing temperature.
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    Characterization and Oxidation of Magnetron Sputtered Fe-Al Intermetallic Alloys (1998)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 112 (1998), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: Magnetron Sputtering ; Iron ; Aluminum ; Intermetallic phases ; oxidation ; Mössbauer Spectroscopy ; CEMS ; RBS ; HRSEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fe-Al intermetallic alloys have been considered as protective materials against corrosion. We have studied the properties of such intermetallic coatings Fe x Al1−x (x ≤ 0.5) on the aluminum-rich side and their oxidation behaviour. The samples were prepared using rf-magnetron sputtering. The composition and layer thickness were determined by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). Conversion Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy (CEMS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were applied for phase analysis. We report here on the oxidation of such coatings.
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    Universal Correlation of Nitrogen 1s and Oxygen 1s Photoelectron Binding Energies with Chemical Composition in Nitrogen-Containing Plasma Polymers (1999)
    Springer
    Plasmas and polymers 4 (1999), S. 283-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8978
    Keywords: Plasma polymers ; oxidation ; XPS ; photoelectron binding energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The incorporation of oxygen into nitrogen-containing plasma deposited polymers was studied by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). As the oxygen content of the plasma polymer increased, the binding energy of the N 1s photoelectrons increased. Conversely, the binding energy of the O 1s photoelectrons was inversely proportional to the nitrogen content of the plasma polymer. The data from a large number of samples all obeyed the same “universal” correlations of photoelectron binding energy versus chemical composition. The data were described by the same curve regardless of whether the oxygen was incorporated rapidly into the thin film during plasma deposition or whether the oxygen was added slowly during spontaneous oxidation of the film in air. This implies that the same thermodynamic principles of radical reactions governed the addition of oxygen to the plasma polymer. The shift in the O 1s and N 1s photoelectron binding energies as a function of chemical composition was used to monitor the proximity of nitrogen and oxygen. By contrasting the experimental data with a simple binomial model which described the random addition of oxygen to a lattice containing carbon and nitrogen, we were able to show that oxygen was preferentially added near nitrogen-containing groups in plasma polymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021831527895
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    A new approach to the synthesis of cilastatin, an inhibitor of renal dipeptidase (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 167-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: cilastatin ; (R)-cysteine ; 7-chloroheptanoic acid ; 2-amino-7-chloro-2-heptenoic acid ; 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarbonyl chloride ; oxidation ; bromination ; amination ; cyclopropanation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A convenient preparative synthesis of cilastatin, an inhibitor of renal dipeptidase used in drugs with the antibiotic imipenem, has been elaborated. The key intermediate in this synthesis is 2-amino-7-chloroheptanoic acid prepared by oxidative cleavage of cycloheptanone followed by bromination of 7-chloroheptanoyl chloride with subsequent amination of the 2-bromo-7-chloroheptanoic acid thus formed. All of the stages of the new synthesis are easily performed, as is the isolation of the intermediate products, and they do not require any organometallic reagents.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696982
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    Photochemical transformations of 1-arylcyanomethyl-9,10-anthraquinones (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 1907-1913 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: photochemical transformations ; 1-arylcyanomethyl-9 ; 10-anthraquinones ; nucleophilic addition ; oxidation ; kinetics ; quantum-chemical calculations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Photochemical transformations of 1-arylcyanomethyl-9,10-anthraquinones were studied. It was established that under irradiation, the hydrogen atom of the substituted methyl group is transferred to aperi-quinoid oxygen atom to form the corresponding 9-hydroxy1, 10-anthraquinone-1-arylcyanomethides. Dark transformations of photoinduced quinonemethides result from three competing parallel processes: intramolecular transfer of the hydrogen atom, a reaction with a solvent (alcohol), and oxidation by dissolved oxygen. The kinetics of these reactions were studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707225
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    Synthesis of phosphorus (silicon, tin)-containing derivatives of mercaptoketenes and some of their properties (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 345-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: α-mercaptoketones ; phosphorylation ; silylation ; stannylation ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Some newS-phosphorylated,S-silylated, andS-stannylated derivatives of α-mercaptoketones were obtained. The reactions of some of these compounds induced by the temperature and by molecular oxygen as well as the phosphorylation of the Si- and Sn-containing derivatives were studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00702149
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    Oxidation of isomeric η6- and η5-fluorenylchromiumtricarbonyl anions (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 1306-1310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: transition metal complexes ; free radicals ; oxidation ; dimerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of the carbon-centered [(η6-C13H9)Cr(CO)3]− anion (1 −) results in formation of (μ-η6:η6-9,9′-bifluorenyl)bis-chromiumtricarbonyl (3) due to coupling of the intermediate carbon-centered radical (1.). The oxidation of the metal-centered anion [(η5-C13H9)Cr(CO)3]− (2 −), which is isomeric to the 1− anion, gives an equilibrium mixture of the chromium-centered radical {(η5-C13H9)Cr(CO)3}. (2 .) and its dimer [(η5-C13H9)Cr(CO)3]2 (6). Radical2 . readily reacts with MeI and the solvent (THF); the resulting derivatives, (η5-C13H9)Cr(CO)3R (R=Me (10); R=H (7)), undergo fast ricochet inter-ring η5→η6 rearrangements into (η6-9R-C13H9)Cr(CO)3 (R=CH3 (9); R=H (4)).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00700909
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    Formation of isomeric iodohydrins from terminal alkenes upon oxidation by a RuCl3-NaIO4 system (1996)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 45 (1996), S. 2813-2815 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: alkenes ; catalysis ; oxidation ; iodohydrins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract RuCl3-catalyzed periodate oxidation of alkenes affords isomeric iodohydrins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01430649
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    Interaction of diphenyl sulfide with sulfuryl chloride (1996)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 45 (1996), S. 2668-2669 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: diphenyl sulfide ; sulfuryl chloride ; oxidation ; chlorination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of diphenyl sulfide with sulfuryl chloride was studied. Depending on the reaction conditions, it occurs either as chlorination of the aromatic ring or as oxidation to give sulfoxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01431143
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    Polyfluorinated hydrazones in organic synthesis (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 2361-2363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: oxidation ; X-ray structural analysis ; bromine ; sulfuryl chloride ; 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-trifluoromethylpentane-2,3-dione bishydrazone, 1-amino-5-trifluoromethyl-4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl)-1,2,3-triazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation ofN,N′-unsubstituted 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-trifIuoromethylpentane-2,3-dione bishydrazone with sulfuryl chloride or bromine in CCl4 gives 1-amino-5-trifluoromethyl-4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl)-1,2,3-triazole in high yield. Its structure has been confirmed by X-ray structural analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713608
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    An unusual pathway of the oxidation of diethyl ether by bismuth(v) derivatives (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 764-765 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: diethyl ether ; ethoxyacetic aldehyde ; triphenylbismuth ; tert-butyl hydroperoxide ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Di(tert-butylperoxy)triphenylbismuth and the triphenylbismuth-tert-butyl hydroperoxide system transform diethyl ether into ethoxyacetic aldehyde. The latter undergoes further conversions under these reaction conditions to give the corresponding hydroxyperoxide, ethoxyacetic acid, and bismuth(III) acylates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00698520
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    Acid-catalyzed formation of free radicals in the reaction of hydroperoxides with ketones (1996)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 45 (1996), S. 340-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: oxidation ; acid catalysis ; free radicals ; acetonitrile ; p-toluenesulfonic acid ; tert-butyl hydroperoxide ; cyclohexanone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of formation of free radicals in the cyclohexanone (CH)-tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP)-para-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) system in acetonitrile was studied. The stoichiometry of the reaction corresponds to the consumption of two TBHP molecules per ketone molecule, whereas the yield of free radicals is -20 % based on the TBHP reacted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01433968
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    New heterocyclic system based on vinylsulfonylfluorobenzene and X-ray structural study of this compound (1996)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 45 (1996), S. 414-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6-bis(vinylthio)benzerne ; 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6bis(vinylsulfonyl)benzene ; 5,6-difluorobenzo-[a,d]-bis(3,3′-dihydro-1,1′-sulfonylallyl-4,4′-perhydroazine) ; oxidation ; allylamine ; X-ray structural study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation of 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6-bus (vinylthio)benzene (1) affords 1,2,4,5-tetra fluoro3,6-bis(vinylsulfonyl)benzene (2) in 65 % yield. The reaction of compound 2 with allylamine gives a new heterocyclic compound, 5,6-difluorobenzo-[a,d]-bis(3,3′-dihydro-l,l′-sulfonylallyl-4,4′-perhydroazine) (3). This compound is the product of nucleophilic addition at the vinylsulfonyl group and intramolecular replacement of fluorine atoms of the benzene ring. The structure of compound 3 has been established by X-ray structural study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01433984
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    The influence of low-temperature oxidation of active carbons by nitric acid on their physicochemical properties (1996)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 45 (1996), S. 1071-1077 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: active carbons ; oxidation ; surface chemistry ; n-hexane ; water ; methanol ; adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of oxidation by nitric acid on the character of oxygen-containing functional surface groups and porous structure of active carbons is considered. Adsorption properties of the initial and oxidized carbons are studied using adsorption isotherms of vapor of n-hexane and polar substances (water and methanol).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01431592
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    Heat release kinetics in the reaction of decane with nitric acid (1996)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 45 (1996), S. 1883-1888 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: decane ; nitric acid ; nitrogen dioxide ; oxidation ; kinetics ; mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the reaction of decane with nitric acid (25.07–75.53 %) at 57.8 to 119 °C in an acid-decane-gas triphasic system was studied. The main contribution to the rate of heat release is made by the oxidation of decane with nitrogen dioxide in the organic phase proceedingvia the mechanism of a degenerate branched-chain reaction. Nitration plays the role of a chain termination reaction. The acid phase is the source of NO2, whose content increases with oxidation. The equilibrium of the nitrogen dioxide distribution in the triphasic system was analyzed. The kinetic law of the reaction, the dependences of the reaction constants of the initial and catalytic stages on temperature and the acid phase composition were determined. The results allow one to calculate the rate of heat release in the decane-HNO3 system under any conditions of the process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01457769
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    Phenazinee di-N-oxide radical cation and its reactions with hydrocarbons (1996)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 45 (1996), S. 1889-1895 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: phenazine di-N-oxide ; radical cation ; hydrocarbons ; oxidation ; mechanism ; O2 effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The absorption spectra of phenazine di-N-oxide radical cation (OPO+·) in dichloromethane were recorded by the spectroelectrochemical method in the range from 300 to 700 nm. The reactions of the electrochemically generated OPO+· withpara-substituted toluenes, ethylbenzene, and cumene were studied. Using differential cyclic voltammetry, relative rate constants of reactions of OPO+· with substrates were determined; their correlations with σ+ para constants of substituents gives p = -2.7, which attests to the nonradical character of the reaction of OPO+· with RH. This conclusion is confirmed by the study of the effect of O2 on oxidation of ethylbenzene and cumene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01457770
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    Metabolism of Anxiolytics and Hypnotics: Benzodiazepines, Buspirone, Zoplicone, and Zolpidem (1999)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 19 (1999), S. 533-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: benzodiazepines ; cytochromes P450 ; oxidation ; reduction ; conjugation ; drug interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. The benzodiazepines are among the most frequently prescribed of all drugs and have been used for their anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and sedative/hypnotic properties. Since absorption rates, volumes of distribution, and elimination rates differ greatly among the benzodiazepine derivatives, each benzodiazepine has a unique plasma concentration curve. Although the time to peak plasma levels provides a rough guide, it is not equivalent to the time to clinical onset of effect. The importance of α and β half-lives in the actions of benzodiazepines is discussed. 2. The role of cytochrome P450 isozymes in the metabolism of benzodiazepines and in potential pharmacokinetic interactions between the benzodiazepines and other coadministered drugs is discussed. 3. Buspirone, an anxiolytic with minimal sedative effects, undergoes extensive metabolism, with hydroxylation and dealkylation being the major pathways. Pharmacokinetic interactions of buspirone with other coadministered drugs seem to be minimal. 4. Zopiclone and zolpidem are used primarily as hypnotics. Both are extensively metabolized; N-demethylation, N-oxidation, and decarboxylation of zopiclone occur, and zolpidem undergoes oxidation of methyl groups and hydroxylation of a position on the imidazolepyridine ring system. Zopiclone has a chiral centre, and demonstrates stereoselective pharmacokinetics. Metabolic drug–drug interactions have been reported with zopiclone and erythromycin, trimipramine, and carbamazepine. Reports to date indicate minimal interactions of zolpidem with coadministered drugs; however, it has been reported to affect the C max and clearance of chlorpromazepine and to decrease metabolism of the antiviral agent ritonavin. Since CYP3A4 has been reported to play an important role in metabolism of zolpidem, possible interactions with drugs which are substrates and/or inhibitors of that CYP isozyme should be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006943009192
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    Oxidative Resistance of Na/K-ATPase (1999)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 19 (1999), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: Na/K-ATPase ; SH groups ; oxidation ; hydrogen peroxide ; hypochlorite ; antioxidants ; carnosine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Oxidative modification of Na/K-ATPase from brain and kidney has been studied. Brain enzyme has been found to be more sensitive than kidney enzyme to inhibition by both H2O2 and NaOCl. 2. The inhibition of Na/K-ATPase correlates well with the decrease in a number of SH groups, suggesting that the latter belong mainly to ATPase protein and are essential for the enzyme activity. We suggest that the differences in the number, location, and accessibility of SH groups in Na/K-ATPase isozymes predict their oxidative stability. 3. The hydrophilic natural antioxidant carnosine, the hydrophobic natural antioxidant α-tocopherol, and the synthetic antioxidant ionol as well as the ferrous ion chelating agent deferoxamine were found to protect Na/K-ATPase from oxidation by different concentrations of H2O2. The data suggest that these antioxidants are effective due to their ability to neutralize or to prevent formation of hydroxyl radicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006976810642
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    Tailoring Silicon Oxycarbide Glasses for Oxidative Stability (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 14 (1999), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: silicon oxycarbide ; BlackglasTM ; ceramic matrix composites ; 29Si NMR ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract BlackglasTM polysiloxane systems produce silicon oxycarbide glasses by pyrolysis in inert atmosphere. The silicon oxycarbides evidence oxidative degradation that limits their lifetime as composite matrices. The present study characterizes bonding rearrangements in the oxycarbide network accompanying increases in pyrolysis temperature. It also addresses the changes in susceptibility to oxidation due to variations in the distribution of Si bonded species obtained under different processing conditions. The study is carried out using 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and a design of experiments approach to model the oxidation behavior. The NMR results are compared with those obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Samples pyrolyzed under inert conditions are compared to those pyrolyzed in reactive ammonia environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008727914900
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