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  • United States  (828)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,728)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,728)
  • Springer  (54)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Institute of Physics
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (7)
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrating nineteenth-century Canadian and American census data sets (1996)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 30 (1996), S. 381-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: comparative demographic history ; census ; data set integration ; ICAPUMS ; IPUMS ; coding schemes ; Canada ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract The comparative use of census data is a useful way to study social characteristics across national boundaries. However, truly comparative demographic history is not possible without fully integrating separate census data, uniting multiple data files with a common set of comparably coded variables. This paper describes the integration of the 1871 Canadian census public use sample with similar samples of the 1850 and 1880 American censuses to form the Integrated Canadian-American Public Use Microdata Series (ICAPUMS). These data sets lent themselves well to integration because of their strong similarities in sampling design, data collection and data organization. Consistency in the availability and treatment of variables also eased integration of the samples, although the harmonization of occupation variables presented significant challenges. The ICAPUMS features a general household relationship variable which allows us to examine household structure across the two countries and three years. The paper concludes by proposing some general principles of census data set integration. This integrated data set is now available to researchers on the website of the University of Minnesota Historical Census Projects (www.hist.umn.edu/~ipums).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054021
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of symbiotic effectiveness of Rhizobium sp. with positive hydrogen-uptake activity compared with negative mutants in relation to nitrogen fixation in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 270-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mungbean ; Vigna radiata ; Nitrogen fixation ; Hydrogen uptake ; Mutation ; Nitrosoguanidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract H2 uptake activity was well distributed in Rhizobium sp. strains isolated from nodules of mung-bean (Vigna radiata L.). Two effective strains, RMP1 und RMP2, exhibiting significantly higher H2 uptake activity were subjected to mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine. The respective mutation frequencies were 0.18 and 0.19%. Three Hup- mutants each of RMP1 und RMP2 were compared with the wild-type parent strains under pot culture experiments to evaluate the significance of the H2 uptake system in biological N2 fixation. Nodulation capabilities, plant growth characteristics, and the chlorophyll content of the leaves were significantly reduced in the plants treated with Hup- mutants. Nitrogenase activity in Hup- nodules was reduced by 8–41%. Similarly, N accumulation was also reduced singificantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336089
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constraints on mutability in a multiallelic gene family (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 732-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Mutation ; Nearest ; neighbor effects ; DNA structure ; Brassica incompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A highly variable family of related DNA sequences was examined in order to determine the effect of local sequence environment on substitution mutation; 29 sequences from the Brassica self-incompatibility gene family, which possess a high level of nonsynonymous mutations, were aligned and grouped according to their similarity and function. The level and distribution of substitution mutations were calculated. A nonrandom distribution of sequence variation was observed along the sequences. The effect of neighbor biases and structural and thermodynamic measures were then compared in the absence of strong codon conservation. Biases were observed in the rates of substitution of the same base pair in different local sequence environments. The effect of the 5′ neighbor was such that nucleotide A or C was associated with more mutations than G or T. There were significant interactions of certain dinucleotides with the frequency of mutation. Sequence-dependent measures of helical stability, intrinsic curvature, components of curvature, and stacking interactions were calculated for each sequence. Decreased helical stability was found to be associated with increased mutation. The compound measure of curvature, calculated according to the “wedge” model, showed little association with mutation. However, the components of increased wedge angle and decreased twist both showed an association with increased mutation. A small effect of A-type DNA stacking was found to be associated with mutated bases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173153
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What is the Place of Christian Wolff in the History of the Social Sciences? (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of law and economics 4 (1997), S. 147-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9990
    Keywords: Methodology ; history of social science ; economists ; political economy ; history ; historical school ; Germany ; England ; United States ; historicism ; economics ; philosophy ; Wolff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Law , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the place of Christian Wolff in the history of social science in English. The "Introduction" places Wolff in the context of the pre-history of modern social science. Samples are given of the great range of subjects on which he wrote. The importance of the German context is stressed. The second part is devoted to a sample of what the literature contains by and about Wolff. It emphasizes philosophy and science. Part three is a survey of works in the history of the social sciences that mention Wolff. He has a substantial place in political science and psychology, a much smaller place in economics and history, virtually none in anthropology, geography, and sociology. In the applied social sciences, he is found in the history of education. Possible reasons are given. Part four is devoted to the relationships of philosophy and philosophers in the pre-history of the social sciences. They were important in several different ways because they both shaped and reflected how many people thought about science and social problems. The “Summary and Conclusion” describes the present status. His contributions are summarized. He was a pivotal figure in the making of the German conception of social science. This is a preliminary study emphasizing the issues and problems that a more detailed examination would require. Several conventional judgments are challenged and possibilities for further research suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008679326854
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seeing Patterns: Models, Visual Evidence and Pictorial Communication in the Work of Barbara McClintock (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 163-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: cytogenetics ; diagrams ; genetics ; illustrations ; McClintock ; models ; molecular biology ; photographs ; twentieth-century ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize in 1983 for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. Her Nobel work began in 1944, and by 1950 McClintock began presenting her work on “controlling elements.” McClintock performed her studies through the use of controlled breeding experiments with known mutant stocks, and read the action of controlling elements (transposons) in visible patterns of pigment and starch distribution. She taught close colleagues to “read” the patterns in her maize kernels, “seeing” pigment and starch genes turning on and off. McClintock illustrated her talks and papers on controlling elements or transposons with photographs of the spotted and streaked maize kernels which were both her evidence and the key to her explanations. Transposon action could be read in the patterns by the initiated, but those without step by step instruction by McClintock or experience in maize often found her presentations confusing. The photographs she displayed became both McClintock's means of communication, and a barrier to successful presentation of her results. The photographs also had a second and more subtle effect. As images of patterns arrived at through growth and development of the kernel, they highlight what McClintock believed to be the developmental consequences of transposition, which in McClintock's view was her central contribution, over the mechanism of transposition, for which she was eventually recognized by others. Scientific activities are extremely visual, both at the sites of investigation and in communication through drawings, photographs, and movies. Those visual messages deserve greater scrutiny by historians of science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004420726771
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transforming growth factor-β receptors: Role in physiology and disease (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 3 (1996), S. 143-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Transforming growth factor-β ; Tumorigenesis ; Mutation ; Tumor suppressor gene ; Receptor ; Microsatellite instability ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a pivotal role in numerous vital cellular activities, most significantly the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation and synthesis of extracellular matrix components. Its ubiquitous presence in different tissues and strict conservation of nucleotide sequence down through the most primitive vertebrate organisms underscore the essential nature of this family of molecules. The effects of TGF-β are mediated by a family of dedicated receptors, the TGF-β types I, II, and III receptors. It is now known that a wide variety of human pathology can be caused by aberrant expression and function of these receptors or their cognate ligands. The coding sequence of the human type II receptor appears to render it uniquely susceptible to DNA replication errors in the course of normal cell division. There are now substantial data suggesting that TGF-β type II receptor should be considered a tumor suppressor gene. High levels of mutation in the TGF-β type II receptor gene have been observed in a wide variety of primarily epithelial malignancies, including colon, gastric, and hepatic cancer. It appears likely that mutation of the TGF-β type II receptor gene represents a very critical step in the pathway of carcinogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253095
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The linear relation between temperatures based on the silica content of groundwater and regional heat flow: A new heat flow map of the United States (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 227-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Silica geothermometer ; Regional heat flow ; Geothermal energy ; Ground water circulation ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Application of the silica geothermometer to over 70,000 non-thermal groundwaters from the United States has shown that there is a correlation between the average silica geotemperatures for a region (T SiO2 in °C) and the known regional heat flow (q in mW m−2) of the form: 1 $$TSiO_2 = mq + b$$ wherem andb are constants determined to be 0.67°C m2 mW−1 and 13.2°C respectively. The physical significance of ‘b’ is the mean annual air temperature. The slope ‘m’ is related to the minimum average depth to which the groundwaters may circulate. This minimum depth is estimated to be between 1.4 and 2.0 km depending on the rock type. A preliminary heat flow map based on equation (1) is presented using theT SiO2 for new estimates of regional heat flow where conventional data are lacking. Anomalously high localT SiO2 values indicate potential geothermal areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879749
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of mitochondria in human aging (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 4 (1997), S. 319-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Oxidative damage ; Reactive oxygen species ; Mitochondria ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Mutation ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria are the major intracellular source and target sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are continually generated as by-products of aerobic metabolism in animal and human cells. It has been demonstrated that mitochondrial respiratory function declines with age in various human tissues and that a defective respiratory chain results in enhanced production of ROS and free radicals in mitochondria. On the other hand, accumulating evidence now indicates that lipid peroxidation, protein modification and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) muutation are concurrently increased during aging. On the basis of these observations and the fact that the rate of cellular production of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide increases with age, it has recently been postulated that oxidative stress is a major contributory factor in the aging process. A causal relationship between oxidative modification and mutation of mtDNA, mitochondrial dysfunction and aging has emerged, although some details have remained unsolved. In this article, the role of mitochondria in the human aging process is reviewed on the basis of recent findings gathered from our and other laboratories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02258357
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure of the llama heavy chain constant genes reveals a mechanism for heavy-chain antibody formation (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 50 (1999), S. 98-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Llama ; splice ; CH1 ; Antibody ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050694
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genomic organization of the HSET locus and the possible association of HLA-linked genes with immotile cilia syndrome (ICS) (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 644-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words HLA complex ; Immotile cilia syndrome ; Mutation ; Kinesin multigene family ; Human Chromosome 6
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The kinesin-related protein (HSET) gene belongs to the kinesin superfamily, the members of which are involved in cellular transport processes. The HSET gene product was previously characterized by partial cDNA sequencing. The gene is located on the short arm of human Chromosome 6 (6p21.3), at the centromeric end of the major histocompatibility complex. Here, we report the genomic structure of the complete HSET gene together with its flanking loci. Sequence analysis of the 40 kilobase (kb) cosmid clone containing the HSET gene also revealed the presence of several new genes not related to the kinesin superfamily. These include a 60S ribosomal protein L35A-like pseudogene (rPL35A-like) on the telomeric side and a polycomb-like gene (PHF1), a copper tolerance-like gene (CUTA1) and the 5' part of the synaptic ras-GTPase-activating protein (SynGAP) gene centromeric of HSET. In addition, a complete 60S ribosomal protein L12-like (rPL12L) gene in intron 3 of the HSET gene was identified which appears to have an open reading frame. The possible involvement of the HSET gene and a β-tubulin gene (TUBB) in the pathogenesis of immotile cilia syndrome (ICS) was studied by screening two unrelated ICS families with microtubular defects and suspected HLA linkage for mutations within the HSET gene and the TUBB gene. Four single base substitutions were detected in the HSET gene, and none in the TUBB gene. On the basis of these data, a role of the HSET and TUBB products in the pathogenesis of ICS in the two families is unlikely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050660
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A tobacco mutant with a reduced cell number in embryo sacs (1997)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 10 (1997), S. 300-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Embryo sac ; Structural changes ; Mutation ; Nicotiana tabacum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The semisterile tobacco plant BG-141.4 was produced using both irradiation with X-rays and anther culture. The embryological investigation of the progeny of this plant following selfing (R1) revealed disturbances in the structure of the mature embryo sacs (ESs). The major abnormality was a decrease in cell number in the ESs. Other abnormalities included disturbances in the distribution of nuclei and in cell differentiation. The overall frequency of abnormal ESs in individual plants investigated varied from 8% to 83%, while the frequency of ESs with a reduced number of cells varied from 5% to 72%. Since the examination of three subsequent generations - R2, R3 and R4 - showed similar results, it is concluded that a mutation has been induced. Its main phenotypic manifestation is most likely related to its lacking one or two nuclear division(s) during the coenocytic stage of megagametogenesis. The penetrance of the mutation varies widely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050102
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenotypic characterization of a tobacco mutant impaired in auxin polar transport (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 17 (1997), S. 32-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Tobacco ; Nicotiana tobacum ; Mutation ; Auxin transport ; Indole acetic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mutation in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv `Xanthi') called lat (low auxin transport) that changes many morphogenic features throughout the life of the plant has been isolated. Abnormalities were observed in seed development, embryogenesis, cotyledon formation, leaf initiation and development, leaf veination pattern, and flower development. Selfed R2 lat mutant plants set between 60% and 90% fewer seeds than wild-type tobacco, and about 10% of these seeds did not germinate. Non-germinating seeds contained either abnormal embryos or abnormal endosperm tissues. There was no uniformity in the stage at which embryonic development ceased in the aberrant seeds. Seedlings often revealed abnormal and highly varied phenotypes after germination. In some of these cases, cotyledons were heart-shaped, fused, cup-shaped, or cylindrical. Leaf morphology ranged from normal to cup-shaped, and some leaves occasionally produced shoots from the leaf midvein. Flowers ranged from normal to compound with occasional fused floral parts or split petals. Stamens were sometimes petal-like. This unusual assortment of phenotypic changes suggested that the mutation might affect a basic component of plant metabolism. We found that polar transport of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was reduced to about 9–19% of the wild-type level in the inflorescence axis of selfed R2 lat mutants. In addition, supplementation of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to sterile media suppressed some of the abnormalities of the lat mutation so long as the plants grew there. Similarities in the phenotype of embryos, cotyledon and leaf shapes, translocation of labeled IAA, and response to applied NAA indicate that the lat locus of tobacco may be analogous to the pin locus of Arabidopsis, or produce a protein that functions in the same auxin-transport pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050347
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymorphism around cog extends into adjacent structural genes (1999)
    Springer
    Current genetics 35 (1999), S. 631-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Recombinator ; Meiotic recombination ; Polymorphism ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recombination hotspot cog overlaps a highly polymorphic 950-bp region of linkage group I in Neurospora crassa. The sequence of this region in the four strains, Lindegren 25a, Lindegren A, Emerson A and St. Lawrence 74A, each differs from the others by 1.4% or more. Comparison of the sequence of St. Lawrence 74A and Lindegren 25a each side of cog shows a high level of sequence heterology extending in both directions, including the coding sequences for his-3 and a putative gene lpl with homology to yeast lysophospholipase. The St. Lawrence 74A and Lindegren 25a sequences of his-3, centromere-proximal to cog, differ at 14 nucleotides, resulting in six amino-acid variations between the predicted protein sequences. In lpl, distal from cog, the sequences differ at 19 nucleotides leading to five amino-acid differences between the predicted proteins. Sequence heterology between St. Lawrence 74A and Lindegren 25a peaks either side of cog and then declines with distance. At the am locus on linkage group V, heterology is much less but peaks close to a weak recombination hotspot 5′ of the coding sequence. Uneven distribution of polymorphism along chromosomes has been explained by a hitch-hiking hypothesis in which selection for advantageous mutations causes local fixation of unselected variation. We suggest that new mutations arising from errors in recombination also contribute to the uneven distribution of polymorphism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050462
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Health benefits due to reductions of CO levels (1977)
    Springer
    Environmental management 1 (1977), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: CO Reduction ; Health Benefits ; United States ; Air Quality ; COHb ; Automotive CO emissions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A method is presented by which an upper limit of the adverse health effect of existing ambient CO concentrations on the U. S. population can be estimated. The method is based upon estimating the primary human physiological response to CO concentrations (COHb%) for the population in terms of person-hour-COHb〉1.5% resulting from the time exposure of the population to CO concentrations in excess of the federally designated ambient air quality standard. The estimates of person-hour-COHb〉1.5% are for exposures only to ambient CO concentrations and do not take into account the additional CO exposure for people who smoke or have occupational exposures. We estimate that there were up to 30.9×109 person-hour-COHb〉1.5% in 1973 due to ambient concentrations in excess of the ambient 8-hour CO standard, with approximately 5×109 person-hour-COHb〉1.5% occurring West of the Continental Divide and 25.9〉109 person-hour-COHb〉1.5% occuring East of the Continental Divide; of these 21.3×109 personhour-COHb〉1.5% occurred in New York City. It was also estimated that a 60% reduction in 1973 ambient concentrations of CO (corresponding to an automotive emmision standard of less than 15 g/mile) would be needed to reduce to zero the person-hour-COHb〉1.5%. The maximum estimated effects on the U.S. population of increases in ambient CO concentration above 1973 levels are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866103
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some ring-trap mutants of the fungusDactylella brochopaga drechsler (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 117 (1978), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nematophagous fungus ; Giant functional traps ; Mutation ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine yielded two classes of ring trap mutants in the predacious HyphomyceteDactylella brochopaga: strains which could make no traps and those with a proportion of giant, functional traps. A third strain, derived from a trapless strain made abnormally small functional traps. The giant traps are described, together with developmental abnormalities they sometimes display. The characteristics of the chief mutant strains are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00738539
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of gas vacuole-less mutants of the blue-green alga Anabaenopsis raciborskii (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 111 (1976), S. 195-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mutation ; Blue-green alga ; Anabaenopsis raciborskii ; Gas vacuole ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From a bloom forming blue-green alga, Anabaenopsis raciborskii, spontaneous mutants, which had lost the ability to form gas vacuoles have been isolated; the mutant frequency was 4.8×10-3. The filaments of gas vacuole-less mutants settled at the bottom of flasks in liquid culture media unlike the parent alga. The growth and nitrogen fixation were comparatively poor in the mutants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446569
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of a surface charge on the electronic and steric structure of a high potential iron-sulfur protein (1996)
    Springer
    JBIC 1 (1996), S. 257-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Key words High-potential ; Iron-sulfur protein ; Redox ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  The recombinant high-potential iron-sulfur protein (HiPIP) iso-I from Ectothiorhodospira halophila has been mutated at position 68. The αC of Val 68 is within a 0.6-nm sphere from the closest iron ion of the cluster. The valine residue has been replaced by a negatively charged glutamate residue (V68E) and by a positively charged lysine residue (V68K). With respect to the recombinant wild-type protein the reduction potentials of the V68E and V68K variants are –21±2 and +29±2 mV respectively (200 mM NaCl, pH 7, 25  °C). The solution structure of the V68E mutant was solved up to a pairwise RMSD of 66 pm for backbone atoms and 138 pm for all heavy atoms. The structure of the variant is very similar to that of recombinant wild type, indicating that the observed changes in reduction potentials are largely due to the effect of the introduced charges. It is proposed that the valence distribution within the oxidized iron-sulfur cluster is affected only slightly by the change in charge at position 68, but consistently with a simple electrostatic model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007750050051
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The U.S. allowance trading system for sulfur dioxide: An update on market experience (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 5 (1995), S. 115-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Emission trading ; United States ; sulfur dioxide ; air pollution ; costs ; cost-effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed legislation that amended the Clean Air Act to create a new program to mitigate the effects of acid deposition in the U.S. through emission reductions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at electric utility plants across the country. The SO2 reductions, totalling a 40% reduction nationally from 1980 levels or a 10 million ton reduction annually, are achieved largely through an emission trading system, the largest program of its kind designed to date. This trading system has the potential to save up to half of the compliance costs associated with more traditional source-by-source emission limit programs. This paper briefly discusses background on the acid rain issue in the United States, and the principal features of the program, including: a permanent cap on utility emissions of SO2 beginning in 2010, decision to grant up-front allocation of emission credits to reduce individual approvals of trades, the use of continuous emission monitors and automatic penalties to ensure compliance, and integration of the Acid Rain program requirements with other Clean Air Act programs. The paper also discusses the development of the allowance trading market to date, including the types of compliance options chosen and quantity and type of emissions trading being conducted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693019
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics: Case Studies in the Former Soviet Union, the Conterminous United States, Mexico and Brazil (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 363-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: carbon flux ; land use ; former Soviet Union ; United States ; Mexico ; Brazil ; forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This research assessed land-use impacts on C flux at a national level in four countries: former Soviet Union, United States, Mexico and Brazil, including biotic processes in terrestrial ecosystems (closed forests, woodlands, and croplands), harvest of trees for wood and paper products, and direct C emission from fires. The terrestrial ecosystems of the four countries contain approximately 40% of the world's terrestrial biosphere C pool, with the FSU alone having 27% of the global total. Average phytomass C densities decreased from south to north while average soil C densities in all three vegetation types generally increased from south to north. The C flux from land cover conversion was divided into a biotic component and a land-use component. We estimate that the total net biotic flux (Tg/yr) was positive (= uptake) in the FSU (631) and the U.S. (332), but negative in Mexico (−37) and Brazil (−16). In contrast, total flux from land use was negative (= emissions) in all four countries (TgC/yr): FSU −343; U.S. −243; Mexico −35; and Brazil −235. The total net effect of the biotic and land-use factors was a C sink in the FSU and the U.S. and a C source in both Brazil and Mexico.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000027388.65532.60
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    Forward induction, evolutionary processes and behavior evolution (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of evolutionary economics 7 (1997), S. 415-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1386
    Keywords: Key words: Forward induction ; Deviation ; Discrete evolutionary processes ; Mutation ; Limit distribution ; JEL-classification: C70; C72
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The paper deals with the driving forces behind behavior selection in both forward induction refinements and discrete evolutionary processes with mutations. Its main purpose is to analyse an important difference due to the support of the mutations. It shows that similar driving forces can allow to outweigh this difference. To this aim it constructs the limit Markov graph, a tool used to compute the probabilities in the limit distribution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001910050051
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    Bifurcations in haploid and diploid sequence space models (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 35 (1997), S. 321-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Key words: Sequence space ; Selection ; Mutation ; Error threshold ; Hopf bifurcations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract.  Deterministic models of mutation and selection in the space of (binary) nucleotide-type sequences have been investigated for haploid populations during the past 25 years, and, recently, for diploid populations as well. These models, in particular their ‘error thresholds’, have mainly been analyzed by numerical methods and perturbation techniques. We consider them here by means of bifurcation theory, which improves our understanding of both equilibrium and dynamical properties. In a caricature obtained from the original model by neglecting back mutation to the favourable allele, the familiar error threshold of the haploid two-class model turns out to be a simple transcritical bifurcation, whereas its diploid counterpart exhibits an additional saddle node. This corresponds to a second error threshold. Three-class models with neutral spaces of unequal size introduce further features. Such are a global bifurcation in haploid populations, and simple examples of Hopf bifurcations (as predicted by Akin’s theorem) in the diploid case.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002850050054
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    Production and genetic characterization of near-isogenic lines in the bread-wheat cultivar Alpe (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 650-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Near-isogenic lines ; Triticum aestivum Glutenin ; Gliadin ; Mutation ; Biotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two biotypes of the bread-wheat cultivar Alpe were shown to possess contrasting alleles at each of the glutenin (Glu-B1, Glu-D1, Glu-B3 and Glu-D3) and gliadin (Gli-B1 and Gli-D1) loci on chromosomes 1B and 1D. Fourteen near-isogenic lines (NILs) were produced by crossing these biotypes and used to determine the genetic control of both low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin subunits and gliadins by means of one-dimensional or two-dimensional electrophoresis. Genes coding for the B, C and D groups of EMW subunits were found to be inherited in clusters tightly linked with those controlling gliadins. Southern-blot analysis of total genomic DNAs hybridized to a γ-gliadin-specific cDNA clone revealed that seven NILs lack both the Gli-D1 and Glu-D3 loci on chromosome 1D. Segregation data indicated that these “null” alleles are normally inherited. Comparison of the “null” NILs with those possessing allele b at the Glu-D3 locus showed one B subunit, seven C subunits and two D subunits, as fractionated by two-dimensional A-PAGExSDS-PAGE, to be encoded by this allele. Alleles b and k at Glu-B3 were found to code for two C subunits plus eight and six B subunits respectively, whereas alleles b and k at Gli-B1 each controlled the synthesis of two β-gliadins, one γ and two ω-gliadins. The novel Gli-B5 locus coding for two ω-gliadins was shown to recombine with the Gli-B1 locus on chromosome 1B. The two-dimensional map of glutenin subunits showed α-gliadins encoded at the Gli-A2 locus on chromosome 6A. The use of Alpe NILs in the study of the individual and combined effects of glutenin subunits on dough properties is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222129
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    Radiation-induced mutations from accessory buds of sweet cherry, Prunus avium L. cv ‘Bing’ (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 912-916 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Accessory buds ; Mutation ; Growth-reduced ; Mutant sector ; Gamma radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Dormant scions of ‘Bing’ were exposed to 1–2.5 krad of gamma radiation in order to induce useful mutations. The main buds were excised and the scions grafted to allow the growth of accessory buds into primary (V1) shoots. The frequency and types of mutations on secondary (V2) populations are described. In a population of 3324 V2 shoots, the overall mutation frequency was 6.4%: 4.2% partial, 1.6% total and 0.3% growth-reduced mutants were identified. The experiment was repeated using 3 krad- and 4 krad-fractionated doses in water. Differences in mutation frequency at 3 krad and 4 krad were not significant. Of 2562 surviving V2 shoots derived from the irradiation of accessory buds of both standard and V1 shoots, the overall mutation frequency was 3.3%: 1.7% were partial-leaf mutants, 1.0% were total-leaf mutants, and 0.54% were growth-reduced mutants. For maximum mutation rate with adequate survival we suggest acute irradiation of accessory buds in air at dosages approximating LD50 (2.75–3 krad). A larger mutant sector was present in V1 shoots derived from accessory buds than those from main buds as revealed by the higher number of total mutant repeats in the families.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050819
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    panicle phytomer 1 mutations affect the panicle architecture of rice (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 1050-1056 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Rice ; panicle phytomer 1 ; Mutation ; Panicle ; Phytomer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have characterized three panicle phytomer 1 (pap1) mutations from the phytomer viewpoint. In pap1 mutants, rachis phytomers were strongly affected involving a severe reduction of rachis internode length and an increase in the number of rachis internodes (number of phytomers), resulting in a large number of primary branches. In addition, bracts were frequently over-developed. By contrast, pap1 differently affected primary branch phytomers resulting in a reduction in both the number and length of internodes. Spikelets were also modified. Rudimentary and empty glumes were frequently elongated. Floral organs were mostly normal. However, a double mutation between pap1 and fon1 markedly increased the number of floral organs compared with the single fon1 mutation, suggesting that PAP1 has a distinct role in the differentiation of floral organs. The functions of PAP1 on panicle architecture are: (1) the negative regulation of the number of phytomers on the rachis but a positive regulation of the number on primary branches, (2) an elongation of internodes, and (3) the negative regulation of bract development.
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    Characterisation of resistance to turnip mosaic virus in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and genetic mapping of TuRB01 (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 1149-1154 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Brassica ; TuMV Resistance ; Genetic mapping ; Mutation ; Plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is the major virus infecting Brassica crops. A dominant gene, TuRB01, that confers extreme resistance to some isolates of TuMV on Brassica napus (oilseed rape), has been mapped genetically. The mapping employed a set of doubled-haploid lines extracted from a population used previously to develop a reference RFLP map of the B. napus genome. The positioning of TuRB01 on linkage group N6 of the B. napus A–genome indicated that the gene probably originated from Brassica rapa. Resistance phenotypes were confirmed by indirect plate-trapped antigen ELISA using a monoclonal antibody raised against TuMV. The specificity of TuRB01 was determined using a wide range of TuMV isolates, including representatives of the European and American/Taiwanese pathotyping systems. Some isolates of TuMV that did not normally infect B. napus plants possessing TuRB01 produced mutant viruses able to overcome the action of the resistance gene. TuRB01 is the first gene for host resistance to TuMV to be mapped in a Brassica crop. A second locus, TuRB02, that appeared to control the degree of susceptibility to the TuMV isolate CHN 1 in a quantitative manner, was identified on the C-genome linkage group N14. The mapping of other complementary genes and the selective combining of such genes, using marker-assisted breeding, will make durable resistance to TuMV a realisable breeding objective.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051319
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    Investigations of the seed protein content of several pea genotypes grown in two different years (1978)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 53 (1978), S. 181-190 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pisum sativum ; Seed protein content ; Mutation ; Genotype-year-interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Seventeen X-ray and neutron induced mutants of the commercial variety ‘Dippes gelbe Victoria’ were analyzed with regard to their seed protein percentage. The interaction of genotypic and year effects in 1975 (normal weather conditions) and 1976 (extremely hot and dry) was also taken into consideration. To avoid undiscoverable environmental bias, the plants were grown in a nonstandard three-dimensional layout. Biometric analysis was done by using the theory of the general linear model with a formula-processing computer program. In the first year, significant genetically caused differences were found in the material. The bifurcated mutant 157A was especially of considerable interest because an improved protein content was combined with relative good yield. In the second year, no significant differences between the mutants were revealed, but all genotypes showed a similar good protein value of about 27%.
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    Alteration of β-tubulin in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia confers resistance to amiprophos-methyl (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 464-472 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Amiprophos-methyl ; Resistance ; Mutation ; β-Tubulin ; Microtubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A Nicotiana plumbaginifolia plant (apm5r) resistant to amiprophos-methyl (APM), a phosphoro-amide herbicide, was isolated from protoplasts prepared from leaves of haploid plants. Genetic analysis revealed that the resistance is coded for by a dominant nuclear mutation and is associated with the increased stability of cortical microtubules. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, combined with immunoblotting using anti-tubulin monoclonal antibodies, showed that part of the β-tubulin in the resistant plant possessed lower isoelectric points than the β-tubulin of susceptible wild-type plants. These results provide evidence that the resistance to APM is associated with a mutation in a β-tubulin gene. The APM-resistant line showed cross-resistance to trifluralin, a dinitroaniline herbicide, suggesting a common mechanism of resistance between these two classes of herbicides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050918
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    Alteration of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and its effect on chromosome stability in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 258 (1998), S. 279-287 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words RNA polymerase II largest subunit ; Mutation ; Temperature sensitivity ; Chromosome stability ; Cell cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mutation in the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RpII LS) that is related to abnormal induction of sister chromatid exchange has previously been described the CHO-K1 cell mutant tsTM4. To elucidate the molecular basis of this effect we introduced the mutation into the homologous site in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe rpb1 gene, which encodes RpII LS. Since the tsTM4 mutant exhibited a decrease in the rate of DNA synthesis in cells arrested in S phase at the nonpermissive temperature, we focussed on the study of growth, the cell cycle, and chromosome stability at various temperatures. First, we examined the effects of the mutation on haploid yeast cells. The mutant showed slower growth than the wild type, but cell growth was not arrested at the nonpermissive temperature. When growing cells were shifted to the nonpermissive temperature, an accumulation of cells in G1 and/or G0 was observed. Tetrad analysis suggested that these phenotypes were associated with the mutation. In diploid cells, chromosome instability was detected by loss of intragenic complementation between two alleles of the ade6 gene. An abnormal fraction of cells containing an intermediate DNA content was also observed by FACS analysis. The accumulation of this fraction may reflect the fact that a large number of cells are in S phase or have an abnormal DNA content as a result of chromosome instability. These observations demonstrate that the S. pomberpb1 mutant exhibits a phenotype very similar to that of the CHO-K1 cell mutant tsTM4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050732
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    Evolvability of machines and tapes (1999)
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    Artificial life and robotics 3 (1999), S. 242-245 
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    ISSN: 1614-7456
    Keywords: Mutation ; Self-reproduction ; Evolvability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A self-reproduction process is described and discussed via a network model of machines and description tapes. The emergence of a core network which dynamically sustains the rewriting processes of machines on tapes is reported. The structures of the core networks are generic, and include Eigen's hypercycle as a special case. In the cell assembly model, where each cell contains machines and tapes, we show that the instability of the core network in some cells is sustained by those cells with stable core networks. The instability of the core network is transfered to its offspring when the cells divide. What is inherited here is not the patterns of tapes, but the way machines read tapes in a core network.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02481188
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    Isolation and partial characterization of conditional cell division cycle mutants inChlamydomonas (1995)
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    Protoplasma 186 (1995), S. 149-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Algae ; Cytoskeleton ; Microtubules ; Microtubule organizing centres ; Mutation ; Temperature-sensitive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated a number of temperature conditional cell division cycle mutants of the unicellular plantChlamydomonas reinhardtii that are defective in single nuclear genes. Cells grow and divide normally at the permissive temperature (21 °C), but arrest in division at the restrictive temperature (33 °C). We have characterized these mutants using DNA probes and immunofluorescence techniques to localize cytoskeletal and microtubule organizing centre proteins. We describe here 3 broad classes of cell cycle mutation which result in cell cycle arrest with: unreplicated DNA (G1 arrest), duplicated DNA (G2 arrest) and multiple nuclei due to defective cytokinesis (cytokinesis arrest). The continuation of nuclear division in mutants blocked in cytokinesis provides support of an earlier hypothesis that stage specific events in theChlamydomonas cell cycle are arranged in separate dependent sequences. The mutants isolated in the present study provide insights into the role of cytoskeletal proteins in the coordination of plant cell division and the means to investigate the molecular mechanisms whereby division by multiple fission is controlled in the unicellular plantChlamydomonas.
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    Alien plant species composition and associations with anthropogenic disturbance in North American forests (1998)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 139 (1998), S. 49-62 
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    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Alien species ; Anthropogenic disturbance ; Biological invasions ; Forests ; Ground vegetation ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A probability-based sampling scheme was used to survey plant species composition in forests of 16 states in seven geopolitical regions of the United States (California, Colorado, Minnesota, and parts of the Pacific Northwest, Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast) in 1994. The proportion of alien species relative to the total species number and to canopy cover in the ground stratum (0–0.6 m height) was evaluated in 279 plots. Visually evident anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., artificial regeneration, logging, prescribed burning, and grazing by livestock), if any, were recorded on each plot. In each of the seven regions we quantified (1) the percentage of the number of species and total cover comprised of alien species, (2) the difference in these percentages for disturbed and undisturbed plots, and (3) the origin or native range for the alien species. The percentage of alien species ranged from approximately 4.5% (Colorado) to approximately 13.2% (California). The percentage of alien species cover ranged from approximately 1.5% in Colorado to 25% in California. In five regions, species introduced from temperate Eurasia comprised the largest proportion of alien species and cover. In the Southeast, species introduced from far eastern and subtropical Asia dominated the alien flora. In the Mid-Atlantic, the majority of alien species was Eurasian and the majority of alien species cover consisted of far eastern and subtropical Asian species. The proportion of plots in which at least one alien species was recorded was significantly higher in disturbed than undisturbed plots in the Southeast and marginally significantly higher ($p=0.053$) in the Northeast. These results are consistent with other published studies that indicate that anthropogenic disturbance affects the structure and composition of both the ground stratum and upper canopy of forest habitats. In other regions, however, no significant differences were found.
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    The impact of elevated UV-B (280–320 nm) radiation levels on the reproduction biology of a highland and a lowland population of Silene vulgaris (1997)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 128 (1997), S. 173-179 
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    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Fertilisation ; Flowers ; Germination ; Mutation ; Seed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A highland (altitude 1600 m) and a lowland (altitude –2 m) population of the perennial herb Silene vulgaris were tested on the effects of elevated levels of UV-B radiation on their reproductivity. Highland populations receive higher natural UV-B doses than lowland populations. Therefore adaptation to high UV-B levels of the highland population is to be expected. The lowland population showed a decrease in the number of seed producing flowers and the number of seeds produced per plant under elevated UV-B levels. The highland population increased the number of seeds per plant under elevated UV-B levels. In both populations individual seed mass as well as seed germination percentages were unaffected by the UV-B flux received by the parental plant. Possible effects of UV-B induced alterations in reproductivity on the geographical distribution of the different populations are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009710907336
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    US Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: A review (1995)
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    Plant ecology 118 (1995), S. 139-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Classification ; Definition ; United States ; Wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1979 the US Fish and Wildlife Service published and adopted a classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. The system was designed for use in a national inventory of wetlands. It was intended to be ecologically based, to furnish the mapping units needed for the inventory, and to provide national consistency in terminology and definition. We review the performance of the classification after 13 years of use. The definition of wetland is based on national lists of hydric soils and plants that occur in wetlands. Our experience suggests that wetland classifications must facilitate mapping and inventory because these data gathering functions are essential to management and preservation of the wetland resource, but the definitions and taxa must have ecological basis. The most serious problem faced in construction of the classification was lack of data for many of the diverse wetland types. Review of the performance of the classification suggests that, for the most part, it was successful in accomplishing its objectives, but that problem areas should be corrected and modification could strengthen its utility. The classification, at least in concept, could be applied outside the United States. Experience gained in use of the classification can furnish guidance as to pitfalls to be avoided in the wetland classification process.
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    Significance of each of three missense mutations, G484A, G667A, and G808A, present in an inactive allele of the human Lewis gene (FUT3) for α(1,3/1,4)fucosyltransferase inactivation (1998)
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 15 (1998), S. 961-967 
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    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: α(1,3/1,4)fucosyltransferase ; Fuc-TIII ; Lewis-negative allele ; Chimera ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recently, we found three novel missense mutations, G484A (Asp162Asn), G667A (Gly223Arg), and G808A (Val270Met), present in a Lewis-negative allele (le484,667,808) from an African (Xhosa) population. To define the relative contribution of each of the three mutations in the le484,667,808 allele for inactivation of the FUT3-encoded enzyme, we made chimeric FUT3 containing each of the three mutations. A transient expression study indicated that COS7 cells transfected with the FUT3 construct containing the G484A mutation expressed the Lewis antigen and had about 20% enzyme activity as compared with COS7 cells transfected with the wild type FUT3 allele, whereas COS7 cells transfected with the FUT3 construct containing either the G667A mutation or the G808A mutation did not express the Lewis antigen and showed no detectable α(1,3/1,4)fucosyltransferase activity. These results suggest that the G667A and/or the G808A missense mutations of FUT3 alleles are responsible for the inactivation of the FUT3-encoded enzyme.
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    The best of times, the worst of times (1995)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 17 (1995), S. 149-151 
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    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Antibiotics ; Communicable diseases ; Drug resistance, microbial ; Mutation ; Transduction, genetic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The development of resistance to antimicrobial agents by many bacterial pathogens has compromised traditional therapeutic regimens, making treatment of infections more difficult and frequently more expensive. Three factors have contributed to the development and spread of resistance: mutations in common genes that extend their spectrum of resistance, transfer of resistance genes among diverse microorganisms and increases in selective pressures in and outside of the hospital environment that enhance the development of resistant organisms. Some new resistance mechanisms are difficult to detect in the laboratory. Thus, resistant microorganisms may go unnoticed until they are widely disseminated in a hospital. The challenge for pharmacists, microbiologists and physicians is not only to contain the spread of existing resistant organisms, but also to prevent the emergence of new resistant pathogens by encouraging the rational and prudent use of antimicrobial agents.
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    Molecular characterization of waxy mutations in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 261 (1999), S. 463-471 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Granule-bound starch synthase ; Starch ; Waxy ; Wheat ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To date, few mutations in wheat have been characterized at the molecular level. In this study, the mutations in the three waxy alleles in waxy wheat (Wx-A1b,Wx-B1b and Wx-D1b) were characterized, and waxy gene expression was compared in several wheat lines, including hexaploid and tetraploid waxy lines of wheat. Southern analysis showed that the Wx-B1b allele had sustained a deletion which included the entire coding region of the Wx-B1 gene. DNA homologous to waxy gene sequences was still present in the Wx-A1b and Wx-D1b alleles of the hexaploid waxy mutant. Transcripts of waxy alleles were also detected in both hexaploid and tetraploid mutants at 10 days post-anthesis, but the transcript level was dramatically reduced compared to that found in non-waxy lines. Isolation of cDNAs showed that transcripts were produced by both the Wx-A1b and Wx-D1b alleles. A 23-bp deletion sustained by the Wx-A1b allele at an exon-intron junction results in the use of a cryptic splice site during mRNA processing. The deduced translation product encoded by the Wx-A1b cDNA lacks 39 amino acids, including the putative ADP-glucose binding site and a portion of the transit peptide. The C-terminal region of the deduced protein encoded by the Wx-D1b cDNA lacks the last 30 amino acids. Comparison of the genomic sequences of the null and wild-type Wx-D1 alleles indicated that 588 bp were deleted in the Wx-D1b mutation, and that the last 261 bp of the Wx-D1b cDNA originated from the normally non-transcribed 3′ flanking region. Like several deletion mutations characterized in other plant species, both Wx-A1b and Wx-D1b alleles contain small DNA insertions, or filler DNA, between the deletion end-points.
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    Transcription of mutS and mutL-homologous genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the cell cycle (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 252 (1996), S. 275-283 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words DNA mismatch repair ; MluI cell cycle box ; Mutation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Transcription of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA mismatch repair genes PMS1, MSH2, and MSH6, a recently discovered homolog of the Escherichia coli mutS gene, was shown to be cell cycle regulated. In contrast, transcription of the MSH1, MSH3 and MLH1 genes was not regulated during the cell cycle. The MSH1 gene, which is thought to be involved in DNA mismatch repair in mitochondria, was also not induced under aerobic growth conditions. Regulation of the PMS1 gene was dependent on intact MluI cell cycle boxes, as demonstrated by analysis of a promoter mutant. Both reduced and increased expression of PMS1 resulted in a mitotic mutator phenotype. Analysis of mRNA levels was performed with a newly developed reverse transcription-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) approach using fluorescently labeled primers and an automated DNA sequencer for detection of PCR products.
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    Transcription ofmutS andmutL-homologous genes inSaccharomyces cerevisiae during the cell cycle (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 252 (1996), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: DNA mismatch repair ; MluI cell cycle box ; Mutation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transcription of theSaccharomyces cerevisiae DNA mismatch repair genesPMS1, MSH2, andMSH6, a recently discovered homolog of theEscherichia coli mutS gene, was shown to be cell cycle regulated. In contrast, transcription of theMSH1, MSH3 andMLH1 genes was not regulated during the cell cycle. TheMSH1 gene, which is thought to be involved in DNA mismatch repair in mitochondria, was also not induced under aerobic growth conditions. Regulation of thePMS1 gene was dependent on intactMluI cell cycle boxes, as demonstrated by analysis of a promoter mutant. Both reduced and increased expression ofPMS1 resulted in a mitotic mutator phenotype. Analysis of mRNA levels was performed with a newly developed reverse transcription-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) approach using fluorescently labeled primers and an automated DNA sequencer for detection of PCR products.
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  • 39
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    Antimerger policy in the United States: History and lessons (1996)
    Springer
    Empirica 23 (1996), S. 229-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6911
    Keywords: Antimerger policy ; United States ; Europe ; efficiency ; L41 ; G34 ; L21
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the history of US antimerger policy. This history is divided into three periods: a period in which there was almost no effective antimerger policy at all from 1890 up to 1959, a period of vigorous antimerger policy from 1950 up through 1973, and a period of lax enforcement from 1974 to the present. The paper accounts for these shifts in antimerger policy and discusses their effects. After reviewing the logic and consequences of US antimerger policy, a critique of its permises is offered, particularly as these premises apply to the recent era of lax enforcement. The paper closes with suggestions for an alternative approach to antimerger policy that is consistent with the empirical evidence on why mergers occur and their effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00924972
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  • 40
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    Terrestrial carbon dynamics: Case studies in the former Soviet Union, the conterminous United States, Mexico and Brazil (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 363-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: carbon flux ; land use ; former Soviet Union ; United States ; Mexico ; Brazil ; forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This research assessed land-use impacts on C flux at a national level in four countries: former Soviet Union, United States, Mexico and Brazil, including biotic processes in terrestrial ecosystems (closed forests, woodlands, and croplands), harvest of trees for wood and paper products, and direct C emission from fires. The terrestrial ecosystems of the four countries contain approximately 40% of the world's terrestrial biosphere C pool, with the FSU alone having 27% of the global total. Average phytomass C densities decreased from south to north while average soil C densities in all three vegetation types generally increased from south to north. The C flux from land cover conversion was divided into a biotic component and a land-use component. We estimate that the total net biotic flux (Tg/yr) was positive (=uptake) in the FSU (631) and the U.S. (332), but negative in Mexico (-37) and Brazil (-16). In contrast, total flux from land use was negative (=emissions) in all four countries (TgC/yr): FSU -342; U.S. -243; Mexico -35; and Brazil -235. The total net effect of the biotic and land-use factors was a C sink in the FSU and the U.S. and a C source in both Brazil and Mexico.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00464888
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  • 41
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    Acidification Trends in Surface Waters in the International Program on Acidification of Rivers and Lakes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 27-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; trends ; sulfate ; nitrate ; United States ; Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We applied trend analyses to data from the International Cooperative Programme forAcidification of Rivers and Lakes in an attempt to discover regional patterns of long-term changesin surface water chemistry both in Europe and North America, and to relate these changes totrends in deposition. Decreases in surface water SO 3 - concentrations predominated at European sites in theFederal Republic of Germany, The Netherlands, and in Norway, and at the North American sitesin Ontario, Canada, the Adirondacks and Catskill Mountains of New York, U.S.A. Otherpredominating trends in the European sites were decreasing Ca2+ concentrations at many of thesites in The Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Increases in NO 3 - were observed at several sites in southern Norway, and in theAdirondack and Catskill regions of eastern New York. This, combined with an increasedoccurrence of declining base cation concentrations may well be responsible for the lack ofdocumented surface water recovery from acidification. Despite region-wide trends in severalvariables of importance in acidification, no correlations between surface water trends and changesin deposition were found using these data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022126704750
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  • 42
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    Acidification trends in surface waters in the international program on acidification of rivers and lakes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 27-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; trends ; sulfate ; nitrate ; United States ; Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We applied trend analyses to data from the International Cooperative Programme for Acidification of Rivers and Lakes in an attempt to discover regional patterns of long-term changes in surface water chemistry both in Europe and North America, and to relate these changes to trends in deposition. Decreases in surface water SO4 2− concentrations predominated at European sites in the Federal Republic of Germany, The Netherlands, and in Norway, and at the North American sites in Ontario, Canada, the Adirondacks and Catskill Mountains of New York, U.S.A. Other predominating trends in the European sites were decreasing Ca2+ concentrations at many of the sites in The Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Increases in NO3 − were observed at several sites in southern Norway, and in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of eastern New York. This, combined with an increased occurrence of declining base cation concentrations may well be responsible for the lack of documented surface water recovery from acidification. Despite region-wide trends in several variables of importance in acidification, no correlations between surface water trends and changes in deposition were found using these data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404746
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  • 43
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    Germline mutations of E-cadherin gene in Korean familial gastric cancer patients (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of human genetics 44 (1999), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-232X
    Keywords: Key words Familial gastric cancer ; E-cadherin ; Germline ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gastric cancer is the most common cancer in Korea. Germline mutations of the E-cadherin gene have recently been identified in familial gastric cancer patients. We screened five Korean familial gastric cancer patients to investigate germline mutations of the E-cadherin gene. These patients fulfilled the following criteria: presence of at least two gastric cancer patients within first-degree relatives and one patient diagnosed before the age of 50 years. Abnormal band patterns were found in exons 6 and 10 in two familial gastric cancer patients by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism analysis (probands from the SNU-G2 and SNU-G1001 families, respectively). DNA sequencing analysis of the E-cadherin gene of these two patients revealed missense mutations in each exon. The SNU-G2 proband harbored a missense mutation from aspartic acid (GAT) to glycine (GGT) at codon 244 in exon 6 of the E-cadherin gene, and the SNU-G1001 proband had a missense mutation from valine (GTG) to alanine (GCG) at codon 487 in exon 10. The SNU-G2 proband was diagnosed with gastric cancer at the age of 38; three brothers and two sisters had died of gastric cancer under the age of 50, and their mother had died of gastric cancer at the age of 63. The SNU-G1001 proband was diagnosed with gastric cancer at the age of 42 and one brother had died of gastric cancer at the age of 49. In summary, we found germline mutations of the E-cadherin gene in two of five Korean familial gastric cancer patients screened.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100380050137
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  • 44
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    Molecular characterization of galactokinase deficiency in Japanese patients (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of human genetics 44 (1999), S. 377-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-232X
    Keywords: Key words Galactosemia ; Galactokinase (GALK) ; Mutation ; Genotype ; Phenotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Galactokinase (GALK) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder, which causes cataract formation in children not maintained on a lactose-free diet. We characterized the human GALK gene by screening a Japanese genomic DNA phage library, and found that several nucleotides in the 5′-untranslated region and introns 1, 2, and 5 in our GALK genomic analysis differed from published data. A 20-bp tandem repeat was found in three places in intron 5, which were considered insertion sequences. We identified five novel mutations in seven unrelated Japanese patients with GALK deficiency. There were three missense mutations and two deletions. All three missense mutations (R256W, T344M, and G349S) occurred at CpG dinucleotides, and the T344M and G349S mutations occurred in the conserved region. The three missense mutations led to a drastic reduction in GALK activity when individual mutant cDNAs were expressed in a mammalian cell system. These findings indicated that these missense mutations caused GALK deficiency. The two deletions, of 410delG and 509–510delGT, occurred at the nucleotide repeats GGGGGG and GTGTGT, respectively, and resulted in in-frame nonsense codons at amino acids 163 and 201. These mutations arose by slipped strand mispairing. All five mutations occurred at hot spots in the CpG dinucleotide for missense mutations and in short direct repeats for deletions. These five mutations in Japanese have not yet been identified in Caucasians. We speculate that the origin of GALK mutations in Japanese is different from that in Caucasians.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100380050182
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  • 45
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    Molecular characterization of 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency in Japanese patients (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of human genetics 44 (1999), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-232X
    Keywords: Key words 6-Pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency ; Tetrahydrobiopterin ; Mutation ; Missense ; Splicing ; Phenotype and genotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We identified three mutations in four Japanese patients with central type 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency. One missense mutation was a C-to-T transition, resulting in the substitution of Pro by Ser at codon 87 (P87S) in exon 5. Another missense mutation was a G-to-A transition, resulting in the substitution of Asp by Asn at codon 96 (D96N) in exon 5. A splicing mutation was found by skipping of exon 4 on PTPS mRNA analysis, and a G-to-A transition at the third base of codon 81 (E81E) and at the terminal base in exon 4 were detected on genomic PTPS DNA analysis. The E81E mutation affected the splice donor site of exon 4 and caused the splicing error. In COS cell expression analysis, the P87S and D96N mutant constructs revealed, respectively, 52% and 10% of wild-type activity. Patients with P87S/P87S (52%/52% in-vitro PTPS activity) exhibited 0.11 and 0 μU/g hemoglobin [Hb] in erythrocyte PTPS activity (wild-type control: 11-29 μU/gHb) erythrocyte PTPS activity, and the patient with P87S/D96N mutations (52%/10%) had 0.97 μU/gHb in PTPS erythrocyte activity. The PTPS erythrocyte activity did not coincide with the in-vitro PTPS activity based on patient genotype.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100380050134
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  • 46
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    Mutational analysis of TSC1 and TSC2 genes in Japanese patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of human genetics 44 (1999), S. 391-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-232X
    Keywords: Key words Tuberous sclerosis complex ; TSC1 gene ; TSC2 gene ; Hamartin ; Tuberin ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have surveyed the mutations of TSC1 and TSC2 from 38 (25 sporadic, 11 familial, and 2 unknown) Japanese patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. In 23 of 38 subjects, we detected 18 new mutations in addition to 4 mutations that had been previously reported. We also found 3 new polymorphisms. The mutations were not clustered on a particular exon in either of the genes. Seven TSC1 mutations found in 3 familial and 4 sporadic cases were on the exons (3 missense, 2 nonsense point mutations, a 1-base insertion, and a 2-bp deletion). Fifteen TSC2 mutations were found in 5 familial cases, 10 sporadic cases, and 1 unknown case. The 12 mutations were on the exons (8 missense, 1 nonsense point mutations, a 1-bp insertion, a 5-bp deletion, and a 4-bp replacement) and 3 point mutations were on the exon–intron junctions. Although the patients with TSC2 mutations tend to exhibit relatively severe mental retardation in comparison to those with TSC1 mutations, a genotype–phenotype correlation could not yet be established. The widespread distribution of TSC1/TSC2 mutations hinders the development of a simple diagnostic test, and the identification of individual mutations does not provide the prediction of prognosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100380050185
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  • 47
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    Analysis of bilirubin uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase gene mutations in seven patients with Crigler-Najjar syndrome type II (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of human genetics 43 (1998), S. 111-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-232X
    Keywords: Key words Crigler-Najjar syndrome type II ; Mutation ; Inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Crigler-Najjar syndrome (CN) type II is caused by a reduction in hepatic bilirubin uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase activity. Recently, there has been progress in mutation analysis of patients with CN type II. Here, we analyzed both the coding and the promoter regions of the gene in seven Japanese patients with CN type II from five unrelated families. The mutations found in this study were classified into three types. The first type was composed of double homozygous missense mutations (Gly71Arg and Tyr486Asp) in exons 1 and 5. These mutations, which were detected in five patients from three unrelated families, were the commonest. The second type, which was detected in one patient, consisted of a single homozygous missense mutation (Arg209Trp) in exon 1. The third type, which was detected in one patient and was a new type of mutation combination, was composed of a homozygous insertion mutation of the TATAA element and a heterozygous missense mutation (Pro229Gln) in exon 1. Although the first and the second type of mutations are recessive, the third type appears to be dominant with incomplete penetrance, since the allele frequency of the insertion mutation of the TATAA element is very high (40%).
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  • 48
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    Molecular analysis of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency: identification of three missense mutations in mut 0 patients (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of human genetics 44 (1999), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-232X
    Keywords: Key words Methylmalonic acidemia ; Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase ; Adenosylcobalamin ; Organic aciduria ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic defects in the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) gene cause methylmalonic acidemia (MMA). Only three mutations have been reported among Oriental patients to date. We studied fibroblast cell lines established from three Japanese patients with MCM deficiency. Enzymatic study showed that these patients had the mut 0 type of MMA. Nucleotide sequencing of MCM cDNAs identified three missense mutations: a T to A change at nucleotide position 2082, which results in an amino acid substitution of Glu669 for valine (V669E); a T to A change at position 1179 with the corresponding amino acid substitution of Asp368 for valine (V368D); and a G to A change at position 1182 with the corresponding amino acid substitution of His369 for arginine (R369H). Each of the three missense mutations abolished MCM activity according to a transient expression study. Alignment of these mutations with a recently reported homology model of human MCM allowed us to speculate on the effect of these nonconservative amino acid substitutions on MCM activity: V368D and R369H affected residues in the β/α-(TIM-) barrel domain, on one of the two α-helices that form the dimer interface, while V669E altered a residue in the adenosylcobalamin-binding domain in the C terminus.
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  • 49
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    Novel MEN1 gene mutations in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of human genetics 43 (1998), S. 199-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-232X
    Keywords: Key words Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 ; Menin ; Endocrine tumor ; Mutation ; Founder effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The recent isolation of the gene responsible for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) has enabled direct genetic diagnosis for people with endocrine tumors and family members of affected patients. Although MEN 1 is rarely recognized in the Japanese population compared to its prevalence in Caucasians, we have previously reported a high prevalence of this disease in a limited area (Nagano Prefecture; population, 2.15 million). In this communication, we report mutations of the MEN1 gene in kindreds living in Nagano Prefecture. The absence of a common mutation among these kindreds indicates that the high prevalence of MEN 1 in this area is not due to a regional accumulation of patients descended from a common ancestor. This result implies that the prevalence of MEN 1 in other areas of Japan could also be higher than had been thought.
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  • 50
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    EYA1 nonsense mutation in a Japanese branchio-oto-renal syndrome family (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of human genetics 44 (1999), S. 261-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-232X
    Keywords: Key words Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome ; EYA1 ; Mutation ; Japanese ; Hearing impairment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Advances in molecular genetics have recently revealed that mutations in the EYA1 gene are responsible for branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome in European and other populations. This is the first report confirming that an EYA1 gene mutation is also disease-causing in an Asian population. We have described one Japanese BOR syndrome family showing a novel mutation in exon 7 of the EYA1 gene. There was extensive variation of clinical phenotypes within this family. When the physician is confronted with a BOR family showing a wide variation in clinical expression, molecular genetic testing helps to achieve accurate diagnosis.
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    A new single-nucleotide polymorphism in the seventh component of complement (C7) gene (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of human genetics 44 (1999), S. 272-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-232X
    Keywords: Key words Complement ; C7 ; Mutation ; Polymorphism ; Population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A new single-nucleotide polymorphism has been found in the 3′ untranslated region of the complement component C7 gene. It is present with similar frequencies in the Japanese and Germans. This polymorphism would be a useful marker in the genetic study of C6 and C7 deficiencies.
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    Four novel mutations of the Fanconi anemia group A gene (FAA) in Japanese patients (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of human genetics 44 (1999), S. 48-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-232X
    Keywords: Key words Fanconi anemia ; FAA gene ; Mutation ; Polymorphism ; SSCP ; Direct sequencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by pancytopenia, predisposition to cancers, and a diverse variety of congenital malformations. At least eight complementation groups, A through H, have been described. Recently, the FA-A gene (FAA) has been isolated, and a large number of distinct mutations reported in ethnically diverse FA-A patients. Here, we report on the mutation analysis of five FA patients by single-strand conformation polymorphism. Out of five patients, at least three were found to have mutations in the FAA gene. The first patient was a compound heterozygote with a 1-bp deletion and a single-base substitution. The second patient had a heterozygous 2-bp deletion, which introduces a premature termination codon, and the third patient had a heterozygous splice donor site mutation in intron 27.
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  • 53
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    Gln54Leu of the conserved polar residue inthe interfacial coiled coil position (d) results in significant stabilization of the original structure of the COMP pentamerization domain (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of peptide research and therapeutics 4 (1997), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3904
    Keywords: Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein ; Coiled coils ; Mutation ; Pentamer ; Thrombospondin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The assembly domain of cartilage oligomeric matrixprotein (COMP) forms an α-helical coiled coilhomopentamer with a conserved polar glutamine in theinterior (d) position. We substituted Gln54 forapolar Leu in the recombinant fragment of the rat COMPdomain. Biochemical studies and circular dichroism(CD) spectroscopy showed that the mutant, similarly tothe wild-type (w.t.) peptide, forms spontaneously anα-helical pentamer. Thermal transitions of thew.t. and mutant pentamers were analyzed by CDspectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.The Gln54Leu mutation increased the thermal stabilityof the pentamer with reduced disulfide bonds from73 °C to 104 °C. The denaturation of thedisulfide bonded w.t. pentamer was observed at108 °C while the mutant pentamer cannot bedenatured up to 120 °C (the apparatus limit).Thus, by Gln54Leu mutation we found a way tosignificantly stabilize the coiled coil pentamer,making this peptide even more attractive as an oligomerization tool for various biotechnological applications.
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  • 54
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    Mutation Gln54Leu of the conserved polar residue in the interfacial coiled coil position (d) results in significant stabilization of the original structure of the COMP pentamerization domain (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of peptide research and therapeutics 4 (1997), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3904
    Keywords: Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein ; Coiled coils ; Mutation ; Pentamer ; Thrombospondin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The assembly domain of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) forms an α-helical coiled coil homopentamer with a conserved polar glutamine in the interior (d) position. We substituted Gln54 for apolar Leu in the recombinant fragment of the rat COMP domain. Biochemical studies and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy showed that the mutant, similarly to the wild-type (w.t.) peptide, forms spontaneously an α-helical pentamer. Thermal transitions of the w.t. and mutant pentamers were analyzed by CD spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The Gln54Leu mutation increased the thermal stability of the pentamer with reduced disulfide bonds from 73°C to 104°C. The denaturation of the disulfide bonded w.t. pentamer was observed at 108°C while the mutant pentamer cannot be denatured up to 120°C (the apparatus limit). Thus, by Gln54Leu mutation we found a way to significantly stabilize the coiled coil pentamer, making this peptide even more attractive as an oligomerization tool for various biotechnological applications.
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  • 55
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    Unknown
    Structural basis for a Ca2+-sensing function of the metabotropic glutamate receptors (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-28
    Description: The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are widely distributed in the brain and play important roles in synaptic plasticity. Here it is shown that some types of mGluRs are activated not only by glutamate but also by extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o). A single amino acid residue was found to determine the sensitivity of mGluRs to Ca2+o. One of the receptors, mGluR1alpha, but not its point mutant with reduced sensitivity to Ca2+o, caused morphological changes when transfected into mammalian cells. Thus, the sensing of Ca2+o by mGluRs may be important in cells under physiological condition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kubo, Y -- Miyashita, T -- Murata, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 13;279(5357):1722-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurophysiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Musashidai 2-6, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan. ykubo@tmin.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9497291" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/ultrastructure ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Brain/metabolism ; CHO Cells ; Calcium/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Cell Size ; Cricetinae ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oocytes ; Point Mutation ; Potassium Channels/metabolism ; *Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying ; Rats ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Second Messenger Systems ; Transfection ; Xenopus laevis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Spatial organization of transcription elongation complex in Escherichia coli (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-07-17
    Description: During RNA synthesis in the ternary elongation complex, RNA polymerase enzyme holds nucleic acids in three contiguous sites: the double-stranded DNA-binding site (DBS) ahead of the transcription bubble, the RNA-DNA heteroduplex-binding site (HBS), and the RNA-binding site (RBS) upstream of HBS. Photochemical cross-linking allowed mapping of the DNA and RNA contacts to specific positions on the amino acid sequence. Unexpectedly, the same protein regions were found to participate in both DBS and RBS. Thus, DNA entry and RNA exit occur close together in the RNA polymerase molecule, suggesting that the three sites constitute a single unit. The results explain how RNA in the integrated unit RBS-HBS-DBS may stabilize the ternary complex, whereas a hairpin in RNA result in its dissociation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nudler, E -- Gusarov, I -- Avetissova, E -- Kozlov, M -- Goldfarb, A -- GM49242/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 17;281(5375):424-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA. evgeny.nudler@med.nyu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9665887" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/metabolism ; Idoxuridine/metabolism ; Models, Genetic ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/*metabolism ; Templates, Genetic ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Ultraviolet Rays
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Structural basis of plasticity in T cell receptor recognition of a self peptide-MHC antigen (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: The T cell receptor (TCR) inherently has dual specificity. T cells must recognize self-antigens in the thymus during maturation and then discriminate between foreign pathogens in the periphery. A molecular basis for this cross-reactivity is elucidated by the crystal structure of the alloreactive 2C TCR bound to self peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) antigen H-2Kb-dEV8 refined against anisotropic 3.0 angstrom resolution x-ray data. The interface between peptide and TCR exhibits extremely poor shape complementarity, and the TCR beta chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) has minimal interaction with the dEV8 peptide. Large conformational changes in three of the TCR CDR loops are induced upon binding, providing a mechanism of structural plasticity to accommodate a variety of different peptide antigens. Extensive TCR interaction with the pMHC alpha helices suggests a generalized orientation that is mediated by the Valpha domain of the TCR and rationalizes how TCRs can effectively "scan" different peptides bound within a large, low-affinity MHC structural framework for those that provide the slight additional kinetic stabilization required for signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garcia, K C -- Degano, M -- Pease, L R -- Huang, M -- Peterson, P A -- Teyton, L -- Wilson, I A -- AI42266/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI42267/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA58896/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 20;279(5354):1166-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9469799" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; H-2 Antigens/*chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Ligands ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Oligopeptides/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/*chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins
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    Identification of alpha-dystroglycan as a receptor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Lassa fever virus (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-16
    Description: A peripheral membrane protein that is interactive with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was purified from cells permissive to infection. Tryptic peptides from this protein were determined to be alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG). Several strains of LCMV and other arenaviruses, including Lassa fever virus (LFV), Oliveros, and Mobala, bound to purified alpha-DG protein. Soluble alpha-DG blocked both LCMV and LFV infection. Cells bearing a null mutation of the gene encoding DG were resistant to LCMV infection, and reconstitution of DG expression in null mutant cells restored susceptibility to LCMV infection. Thus, alpha-DG is a cellular receptor for both LCMV and LFV.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cao, W -- Henry, M D -- Borrow, P -- Yamada, H -- Elder, J H -- Ravkov, E V -- Nichol, S T -- Compans, R W -- Campbell, K P -- Oldstone, M B -- AG 00080/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AI 09484/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK09712/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):2079-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Virology, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arenavirus/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Dystroglycans ; Lassa virus/*metabolism/physiology ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/*metabolism/physiology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Receptors, Virus/chemistry/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Virus Replication
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    Which of our genes makes us human? (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 4;281(5382):1432-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9750111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Chromosomes, Human ; Gene Expression ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Hominidae/*genetics ; *Human Characteristics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sialic Acids/chemistry/physiology ; Species Specificity
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    Role of IQGAP1, a target of the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1, in regulation of E-cadherin- mediated cell-cell adhesion (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-08-07
    Description: The small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) Cdc42 and Rac1 regulate E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. IQGAP1, a target of Cdc42 and Rac1, was localized with E-cadherin and beta-catenin at sites of cell-cell contact in mouse L fibroblasts expressing E-cadherin (EL cells), and interacted with E-cadherin and beta-catenin both in vivo and in vitro. IQGAP1 induced the dissociation of alpha-catenin from a cadherin-catenin complex in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of IQGAP1 in EL cells, but not in L cells expressing an E-cadherin-alpha-catenin chimeric protein, resulted in a decrease in E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesive activity. Thus, IQGAP1, acting downstream of Cdc42 and Rac1, appears to regulate cell-cell adhesion through the cadherin-catenin pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kuroda, S -- Fukata, M -- Nakagawa, M -- Fujii, K -- Nakamura, T -- Ookubo, T -- Izawa, I -- Nagase, T -- Nomura, N -- Tani, H -- Shoji, I -- Matsuura, Y -- Yonehara, S -- Kaibuchi, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 7;281(5378):832-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Signal Transduction, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cadherins/*metabolism ; *Cell Adhesion ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; GTPase-Activating Proteins ; L Cells (Cell Line) ; Mice ; Mutation ; Proteins/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; *Trans-Activators ; alpha Catenin ; beta Catenin ; cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein ; rac GTP-Binding Proteins
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    Essential role of CED-4 oligomerization in CED-3 activation and apoptosis (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-08-28
    Description: Control of the activation of apoptosis is important both in development and in protection against cancer. In the classic genetic model Caenorhabditis elegans, the pro-apoptotic protein CED-4 activates the CED-3 caspase and is inhibited by the Bcl-2-like protein CED-9. Both processes are mediated by protein-protein interaction. Facilitating the proximity of CED-3 zymogen molecules was found to induce caspase activation and cell death. CED-4 protein oligomerized in cells and in vitro. This oligomerization induced CED-3 proximity and competed with CED-4:CED-9 interaction. Mutations that abolished CED-4 oligomerization inactivated its ability to activate CED-3. Thus, the mechanism of control is that CED-3 in CED-3:CED-4 complexes is activated by CED-4 oligomerization, which is inhibited by binding of CED-9 to CED-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, X -- Chang, H Y -- Baltimore, D -- CA51462/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 28;281(5381):1355-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Apoptosis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Biopolymers ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Caspases ; Cell Line ; Chemistry, Physical ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Precursors/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Helminth Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mutation ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Tacrolimus/pharmacology ; Transfection ; bcl-X Protein
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    Role of phosphorylation in regulation of the assembly of endocytic coat complexes (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-08-07
    Description: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis involves cycles of assembly and disassembly of clathrin coat components and their accessory proteins. Dephosphorylation of rat brain extract was shown to promote the assembly of dynamin 1, synaptojanin 1, and amphiphysin into complexes that also included clathrin and AP-2. Phosphorylation of dynamin 1 and synaptojanin 1 inhibited their binding to amphiphysin, whereas phosphorylation of amphiphysin inhibited its binding to AP-2 and clathrin. Thus, phosphorylation regulates the association and dissociation cycle of the clathrin-based endocytic machinery, and calcium-dependent dephosphorylation of endocytic proteins could prepare nerve terminals for a burst of endocytosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Slepnev, V I -- Ochoa, G C -- Butler, M H -- Grabs, D -- De Camilli, P -- CA46128/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- NS36251/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 7;281(5378):821-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694653" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits ; Adaptor Protein Complex beta Subunits ; Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Carbazoles/pharmacology ; Chromatography, Affinity ; Clathrin/*metabolism ; Cyclosporine/pharmacology ; Dimerization ; Dynamin I ; Dynamins ; *Endocytosis ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; Indole Alkaloids ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/*metabolism ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; src Homology Domains
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    Fluorescent, sequence-selective peptide detection by synthetic small molecules (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-28
    Description: Small organic sensor molecules were prepared that bind and signal the presence of unlabeled tripeptides in a sequence-selective manner. Sequence-selective peptide binding is a difficult problem because small peptides are highly flexible and there are no clear rules for designing peptide-binding molecules as there are for the nucleic acids. The signaling system involved the application of fluorescence energy transfer and provided large, real-time fluorescence increases (300 to 500 percent) upon peptide binding. With it, these sensors were sensitive enough to detect unlabeled cognate peptides both in organic solution and in the solid state at low micromolar concentrations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, C T -- Wagner, H -- Still, W C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 6;279(5352):851-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9452382" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Energy Transfer ; Fluorescence ; Microspheres ; Oligopeptides/*analysis/metabolism ; Peptide Library ; Peptides, Cyclic/*chemical synthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; Polystyrenes ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
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    New potential for human embryonic stem cells (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gearhart, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1061-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. gearhart@jhmi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841453" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/*cytology ; *Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Line ; Cell Lineage ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Federal Government ; Germ Cells/*cytology ; Government Regulation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Mice ; Research Support as Topic ; Risk Assessment ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/*cytology ; Transplantation Immunology ; United States
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    A preorganized active site in the crystal structure of the Tetrahymena ribozyme (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: Group I introns possess a single active site that catalyzes the two sequential reactions of self-splicing. An RNA comprising the two domains of the Tetrahymena thermophila group I intron catalytic core retains activity, and the 5.0 angstrom crystal structure of this 247-nucleotide ribozyme is now described. Close packing of the two domains forms a shallow cleft capable of binding the short helix that contains the 5' splice site. The helix that provides the binding site for the guanosine substrate deviates significantly from A-form geometry, providing a tight binding pocket. The binding pockets for both the 5' splice site helix and guanosine are formed and oriented in the absence of these substrates. Thus, this large ribozyme is largely preorganized for catalysis, much like a globular protein enzyme.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Golden, B L -- Gooding, A R -- Podell, E R -- Cech, T R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 9;282(5387):259-64.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA. bgolden@petunia.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Pairing ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Guanosine/metabolism ; Introns ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Manganese/metabolism ; *Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Phosphates/metabolism ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Catalytic/*chemistry/metabolism ; Tetrahymena thermophila/*genetics
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    Lead regulation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldman, L R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1825-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects ; Government Agencies ; Humans ; Lead/adverse effects ; Lead Poisoning/*prevention & control ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Methylmercury risks (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldman, L R -- Farland, W H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 30;279(5351):640-1; author reply 641.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9471723" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Fishes ; *Food Contamination ; Humans ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Methylmercury Compounds/*adverse effects ; *Nutrition Policy ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Freedom of information requests (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gough, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1823.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874631" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/adverse effects ; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/adverse effects ; Confidentiality/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Defoliants, Chemical ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; *Public Policy ; Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Research Support as Topic ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/adverse effects ; United States
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    Differential use of CREB binding protein-coactivator complexes (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-02-21
    Description: CREB binding protein (CBP) functions as an essential coactivator of transcription factors that are inhibited by the adenovirus early gene product E1A. Transcriptional activation by the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) protein requires the C/H3 domain in CBP, which is the primary target of E1A inhibition. Here it was found that the C/H3 domain is not required for retinoic acid receptor (RAR) function, nor is it involved in E1A inhibition. Instead, E1A inhibits RAR function by preventing the assembly of CBP-nuclear receptor coactivator complexes, revealing differences in required CBP domains for transcriptional activation by RAR and STAT1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kurokawa, R -- Kalafus, D -- Ogliastro, M H -- Kioussi, C -- Xu, L -- Torchia, J -- Rosenfeld, M G -- Glass, C K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 30;279(5351):700-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9445474" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenovirus E1A Proteins/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; CREB-Binding Protein ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Humans ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3 ; Protein Binding ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; STAT1 Transcription Factor ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation ; Tretinoin/pharmacology
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    Nucleation of COPII vesicular coat complex by endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle SNAREs (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-07-31
    Description: Protein trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus involves specific uptake into coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles of secretory and of vesicle targeting (v-SNARE) proteins. Here, two ER to Golgi v-SNAREs, Bet1p and Bos1p, were shown to interact specifically with Sar1p, Sec23p, and Sec24p, components of the COPII coat, in a guanine nucleotide-dependent fashion. Other v-SNAREs, Sec22p and Ykt6p, might interact more weakly with the COPII coat or interact indirectly by binding to Bet1p or Bos1p. The data suggest that transmembrane proteins can be taken up into COPII vesicles by direct interactions with the coat proteins and may play a structural role in the assembly of the COPII coat complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Springer, S -- Schekman, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 31;281(5377):698-700.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9685263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; COP-Coated Vesicles ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/*metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Golgi Apparatus/*metabolism ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate/metabolism/pharmacology ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; *Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins ; Qb-SNARE Proteins ; Qc-SNARE Proteins ; R-SNARE Proteins ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; SNARE Proteins ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; *Vesicular Transport Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    FADD: essential for embryo development and signaling from some, but not all, inducers of apoptosis (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: FADD (also known as Mort-1) is a signal transducer downstream of cell death receptor CD95 (also called Fas). CD95, tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (TNFR-1), and death receptor 3 (DR3) did not induce apoptosis in FADD-deficient embryonic fibroblasts, whereas DR4, oncogenes E1A and c-myc, and chemotherapeutic agent adriamycin did. Mice with a deletion in the FADD gene did not survive beyond day 11.5 of embryogenesis; these mice showed signs of cardiac failure and abdominal hemorrhage. Chimeric embryos showing a high contribution of FADD null mutant cells to the heart reproduce the phenotype of FADD-deficient mutants. Thus, not only death receptors, but also receptors that couple to developmental programs, may use FADD for signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yeh, W C -- de la Pompa, J L -- McCurrach, M E -- Shu, H B -- Elia, A J -- Shahinian, A -- Ng, M -- Wakeham, A -- Khoo, W -- Mitchell, K -- El-Deiry, W S -- Lowe, S W -- Goeddel, D V -- Mak, T W -- CA13106/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 20;279(5358):1954-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Amgen Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9506948" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Antigens, CD95/genetics/physiology ; *Apoptosis ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cells, Cultured ; Doxorubicin/pharmacology ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Endothelium, Vascular/embryology ; Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Gene Targeting ; Heart/*embryology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Oncogenes ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    RNA-mediated trans-activation of transcription from a viral RNA (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-07
    Description: The red clover necrotic mosaic virus genome is composed of two single-stranded RNA components, RNA-1 and RNA-2. The viral capsid protein is translated from a subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) that is transcribed from genomic RNA-1. Here, a 34-nucleotide sequence in RNA-2 is shown to be required for transcription of sgRNA. Mutations that prevent base-pairing between the RNA-1 subgenomic promoter and the 34-nucleotide trans-activator prevent expression of a reporter gene. A model is proposed in which direct binding of RNA-2 to RNA-1 trans-activates sgRNA synthesis. This RNA-mediated regulation of transcription is unusual among RNA viruses, which typically rely on protein regulators.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sit, T L -- Vaewhongs, A A -- Lommel, S A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 7;281(5378):829-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Complementary ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Reporter ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mosaic Viruses/*genetics ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA, Viral/biosynthesis/chemistry/*genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; *Transcriptional Activation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Outcomes research: measuring the end results of health care (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clancy, C M -- Eisenberg, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 9;282(5387):245-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Outcomes and Effectiveness Research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841388" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Activities of Daily Living ; Health Status ; Humans ; *Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/trends ; Patient Satisfaction ; Quality of Life ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ribozyme-mediated repair of sickle beta-globin mRNAs in erythrocyte precursors (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-11
    Description: Sickle cell anemia is the most common heritable hematological disease, yet no curative treatment exists for this disorder. Moreover, the intricacies of globin gene expression have made the development of treatments for hemoglobinopathies based on gene therapy difficult. An alternative genetic approach to sickle cell therapy is based on RNA repair. A trans-splicing group I ribozyme was used to alter mutant beta-globin transcripts in erythrocyte precursors derived from peripheral blood from individuals with sickle cell disease. Sickle beta-globin transcripts were converted into messenger RNAs encoding the anti-sickling protein gamma-globin. These results suggest that RNA repair may become a useful approach in the treatment of genetic disorders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lan, N -- Howrey, R P -- Lee, S W -- Smith, C A -- Sullenger, B A -- HL57606/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 5;280(5369):1593-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Genetic and Cellular Therapies, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9616120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anemia, Sickle Cell/*blood/therapy ; Cloning, Molecular ; Erythroid Precursor Cells/*metabolism ; Exons ; Fetal Blood ; Genetic Therapy ; Globins/*genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Catalytic/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Transfection ; Uridine/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Inner workings of a transcription factor partnership (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Graves, B J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 13;279(5353):1000-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. graves@bioscience.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9490475" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ankyrins/chemistry ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; DNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; GA-Binding Protein Transcription Factor ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Leucine Zippers ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Transcription Factors/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    AIDS office head picked (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1181.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634393" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history ; History, 20th Century ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/history/*organization & administration ; Research/history/*organization & administration ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ames tackles the riddle of life (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 20;279(5358):1840-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9537898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; *Exobiology/economics/organization & administration ; *Origin of Life ; Research Support as Topic ; United States ; *United States National Aeronautics and Space ; Administration/economics/organization & administration
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Dorsal-ventral signaling in the Drosophila eye (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-25
    Description: The development of the Drosophila eye has served as a model system for investigations of tissue patterning and cell-cell communication; however, early eye development has not been well understood. The results presented here indicate that specialized cells are established along the dorsal-ventral midline of the developing eye by Notch-mediated signaling between dorsal and ventral cells, and that Notch activation at the midline plays an essential role both in promoting the growth of the eye primordia and in regulating eye patterning. These observations imply that the developmental homology between Drosophila wings and vertebrate limbs extends to Drosophila eyes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Papayannopoulos, V -- Tomlinson, A -- Panin, V M -- Rauskolb, C -- Irvine, K D -- GM-R01-54594/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 25;281(5385):2031-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9748163" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Body Patterning ; Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Drosophila/genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Eye Proteins/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Insect ; Homeodomain Proteins ; Insect Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Larva/growth & development ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; *N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/cytology/*growth & development ; Receptors, Notch ; Signal Transduction ; *Transcription Factors
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    BSE and prions: uncertainties about the agent (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chesebro, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 2;279(5347):42-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Persistent Virus Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA. bchesebro@nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9441410" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyloid/chemistry ; Amyloidosis/metabolism ; Animals ; Cattle ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome/epidemiology/*etiology/transmission ; Disease Susceptibility ; Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform/epidemiology/*etiology/transmission ; Gene Expression ; Great Britain/epidemiology ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Prion Diseases/*etiology/transmission ; Prions/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/*pathogenicity ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Viruses/pathogenicity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Science catches Clinton's eye (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 6;279(5352):794-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9480546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; Financing, Government ; Government Agencies/*economics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; Tobacco Industry ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 81
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    Direct phosphorylation of IkappaB by IKKalpha and IKKbeta: discrimination between free and NF-kappaB-bound substrate (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-28
    Description: A large protein complex mediates the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB), which results in the activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). Two subunits of this complex, IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha) and IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta), are required for NF-kappaB activation. Purified recombinant IKKalpha and IKKbeta expressed in insect cells were used to demonstrate that each protein can directly phosphorylate IkappaB proteins. IKKalpha and IKKbeta were found to form both homodimers and heterodimers. Both IKKalpha and IKKbeta phosphorylated IkappaB bound to NF-kappaB more efficiently than they phosphorylated free IkappaB. This result explains how free IkappaB can accumulate in cells in which IKK is still active and thus can contribute to the termination of NF-kappaB activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zandi, E -- Chen, Y -- Karin, M -- AI 43477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 28;281(5381):1360-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Dimerization ; Enzyme Activation ; HeLa Cells ; Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs ; Humans ; I-kappa B Kinase ; Leucine Zippers ; Mutation ; NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Spodoptera ; Transcription Factor RelB ; *Transcription Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Biological hydrogen production: not so elementary (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adams, M W -- Stiefel, E I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1842-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. adams@bmb.uga.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874636" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Carbon Monoxide/chemistry ; Clostridium/*enzymology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyanides/chemistry ; Humans ; Hydrogen/*metabolism ; Hydrogenase/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Iron/chemistry ; Ligands ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pyruvic Acid/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Tobacco: who pays whom? (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gori, G B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1805-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Conflict of Interest ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/etiology ; *Tobacco Industry ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution/*adverse effects ; United States ; *United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Worming secrets from the C. elegans genome (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1972-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/cytology/*genetics/physiology ; Cell Lineage ; Chromosome Mapping ; DNA, Helminth/chemistry/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genes, Helminth ; Genetic Techniques ; *Genome ; Humans ; Mutation ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Taiwan trolls for U.S. firms to help it create an industry (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agnew, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1190.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634398" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/*economics ; *Commerce ; International Cooperation ; *Investments ; Taiwan ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    FDA scientists resist cuts in in-house research positions (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agnew, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 13;279(5353):976-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9490483" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Products ; Biotechnology ; Drug Approval ; Drug Industry ; *Research ; *Research Personnel ; Research Support as Topic ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/*organization & administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Yeast Ku as a regulator of chromosomal DNA end structure (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: During telomere replication in yeast, chromosome ends acquire an S-phase-specific overhang of the guanosine-rich strand. Here it is shown that in cells lacking Ku, a heterodimeric protein involved in nonhomologous DNA end joining, these overhangs are present throughout the cell cycle. In vivo cross-linking experiments demonstrated that Ku is bound to telomeric DNA. These results show that Ku plays a direct role in establishing a normal DNA end structure on yeast chromosomes, conceivably by functioning as a terminus-binding factor. Because Ku-mediated DNA end joining involving telomeres would result in chromosome instability, our data also suggest that Ku has a distinct function when bound to telomeres.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gravel, S -- Larrivee, M -- Labrecque, P -- Wellinger, R J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 1;280(5364):741-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departement de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Faculte de Medecine, Universite de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec QC J1H 5N4, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Antigens, Nuclear ; Binding Sites ; Chromosomes, Fungal/chemistry/*metabolism ; *DNA Helicases ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/*metabolism ; G2 Phase ; Genes, Fungal ; Mitosis ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; S Phase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology/genetics/*metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Telomerase/genetics/metabolism ; Telomere/*metabolism ; Temperature ; Transformation, Genetic
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    AIDS vaccine development (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agosto, M -- Allan, J -- Benson, C -- Berger, E A -- Blumenthal, R -- Burton, D -- Clements, J -- Coffin, J -- Connor, R -- Cullen, B -- Desrosiers, R -- Dimitrov, D -- Doms, R -- Emerman, M -- Feinberg, M -- Fultz, P -- Gerard, C -- Gonsalves, G -- Haase, A -- Haigwood, N -- Hirsch, V -- Ho, D -- Hoxie, J A -- Hu, S L -- Zingale, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 8;280(5365):803, 804-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9599148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines/immunology ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology ; HIV-1/immunology ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; United States
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    Arabidopsis NPH1: a flavoprotein with the properties of a photoreceptor for phototropism (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-11-30
    Description: The NPH1 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a 120-kilodalton serine-threonine protein kinase hypothesized to function as a photoreceptor for phototropism. When expressed in insect cells, the NPH1 protein is phosphorylated in response to blue light irradiation. The biochemical and photochemical properties of the photosensitive protein reflect those of the native protein in microsomal membranes. Recombinant NPH1 noncovalently binds flavin mononucleotide, a likely chromophore for light-dependent autophosphorylation. The fluorescence excitation spectrum of the recombinant protein is similar to the action spectrum for phototropism, consistent with the conclusion that NPH1 is an autophosphorylating flavoprotein photoreceptor mediating phototropic responses in higher plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Christie, J M -- Reymond, P -- Powell, G K -- Bernasconi, P -- Raibekas, A A -- Liscum, E -- Briggs, W R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 27;282(5394):1698-701.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9831559" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arabidopsis/genetics/*physiology ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cryptochromes ; *Drosophila Proteins ; *Eye Proteins ; Flavin Mononucleotide/metabolism ; Flavoproteins/physiology ; Genes, Plant ; Light ; Mutation ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; *Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate ; *Phototropism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Spodoptera ; Transfection
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    More deafness genes (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steel, K P -- Brown, S D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 29;280(5368):1403.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council, Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. karen@ihr.mrc.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634418" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/physiology ; Animals ; Cilia/physiology ; Deafness/*genetics ; Dyneins ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; GPI-Linked Proteins ; Hair Cells, Auditory/physiology/ultrastructure ; Hearing ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*genetics/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Mutation ; Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics/physiology ; Myosins/*genetics/physiology ; Tectorial Membrane/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    A bonanza for plant genomics (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 23;282(5389):652-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics ; Budgets ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Financing, Government ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genome, Plant ; International Cooperation ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Oryza/genetics ; *Physical Chromosome Mapping/economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA/economics ; United States ; Zea mays/*genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ribosome-catalyzed peptide-bond formation with an A-site substrate covalently linked to 23S ribosomal RNA (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-02
    Description: In the ribosome, the aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) analog 4-thio-dT-p-C-p-puromycin crosslinks photochemically with G2553 of 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). This covalently linked substrate reacts with a peptidyl-tRNA analog to form a peptide bond in a peptidyl transferase-catalyzed reaction. This result places the conserved 2555 loop of 23S rRNA at the peptidyl transferase A site and suggests that peptide bond formation can occur uncoupled from movement of the A-site tRNA. Crosslink formation depends on occupancy of the P site by a tRNA carrying an intact CCA acceptor end, indicating that peptidyl-tRNA, directly or indirectly, helps to create the peptidyl transferase A site.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Green, R -- Switzer, C -- Noller, H F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 10;280(5361):286-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Molecular Biology of RNA, Sinsheimer Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9535658" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Escherichia coli ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Peptidyl Transferases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Puromycin/analogs & derivatives/chemical synthesis/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Phe/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Ribosomes/*metabolism
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    How the genome readies itself for evolution (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 21;281(5380):1131,1133-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9735027" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA Repair ; DNA Transposable Elements ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Exons ; Gene Rearrangement ; *Genome ; Humans ; Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective/genetics ; Multigene Family ; Mutation ; Plants/genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
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    Zinc fingers in Caenorhabditis elegans: finding families and probing pathways (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-16
    Description: More than 3 percent of the protein sequences inferred from the Caenorhabditis elegans genome contain sequence motifs characteristic of zinc-binding structural domains, and of these more than half are believed to be sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. The distribution of these zinc-binding domains among the genomes of various organisms offers insights into the role of zinc-binding proteins in evolution. In addition, the complete genome sequence of C. elegans provides an opportunity to analyze, and perhaps predict, pathways of transcriptional regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clarke, N D -- Berg, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):2018-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; GATA Transcription Factors ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Helminth Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/genetics ; Trans-Activators/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Zinc Fingers
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    Mercury in fish (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clarkson, T -- Cox, C -- Davidson, P W -- Myers, G J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):459, 461.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9454336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Child ; *Fishes ; *Food Contamination ; Humans ; Iraq ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Methylmercury Compounds/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/analysis ; *Nutrition Policy ; Seychelles ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; World Health Organization
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    A model for the mechanism of human topoisomerase I (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: The three-dimensional structure of a 70-kilodalton amino terminally truncated form of human topoisomerase I in complex with a 22-base pair duplex oligonucleotide, determined to a resolution of 2.8 angstroms, reveals all of the structural elements of the enzyme that contact DNA. The linker region that connects the central core of the enzyme to the carboxyl-terminal domain assumes a coiled-coil configuration and protrudes away from the remainder of the enzyme. The positively charged DNA-proximal surface of the linker makes only a few contacts with the DNA downstream of the cleavage site. In combination with the crystal structures of the reconstituted human topoisomerase I before and after DNA cleavage, this information suggests which amino acid residues are involved in catalyzing phosphodiester bond breakage and religation. The structures also lead to the proposal that the topoisomerization step occurs by a mechanism termed "controlled rotation."〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stewart, L -- Redinbo, M R -- Qiu, X -- Hol, W G -- Champoux, J J -- CA65656/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM16713/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM49156/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 6;279(5356):1534-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biomolecular Structure Center and Department of Biological Structure, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7742, USA. emerald_biostructures@rocketmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9488652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arginine/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; *Models, Chemical ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Tyrosine/chemistry/metabolism
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    Bailout for drug research institute (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 17;280(5362):372.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9575079" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes/economics/organization & administration ; *Drug Industry/economics ; Hungary ; *Pharmaceutical Preparations ; United States
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    Lawsuit targets Yellowstone bug deal (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 13;279(5357):1624.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9518372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Northwestern United States ; Public Policy ; Technology Transfer ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Postdoctoral patterns, career advancement, and problems (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-09-08
    Description: Postdoctoral appointments can have different functions and meanings, depending on the field and whether the postdoc is a man or a woman. The Ph.D.'s-Ten Years Later study confirmed that in biochemistry, the postdoc, not the Ph.D., has become the general proving ground for excellence both in academia and industry. Because they spent a longer time in these "mandatory" postdocs, biochemists had the largest proportion of untenured faculty 10 to 13 years after the Ph. D. In mathematics, where substantially fewer postdoctoral positions are available, Ph.D.'s taking postdocs are more likely to obtain faculty positions, but this is true only for men. University administrators should be accountable for monitoring the total time spent in these positions and should provide administrative assistance for skills training, career growth, and the job search. In addition, creative solutions concerning the dual-career couple phenomenon are necessary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nerad, M -- Cerny, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1533-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Division, University of California, Berkeley, 424 Sproul Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-5900, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biochemistry/education ; *Career Mobility ; *Education, Graduate ; Employment ; Faculty ; *Fellowships and Scholarships ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Societies, Scientific ; Time Factors ; United States ; Universities
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    A call for more science in EPA regulations (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Madia, W J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 2;282(5386):45.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9786793" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chlorine ; *Environmental Pollutants ; Government Agencies ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Water Supply
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