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  • Articles  (28,905)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (28,905)
  • 1995-1999  (13,213)
  • 1990-1994  (15,692)
  • Biology  (22,047)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (3,826)
  • Geography  (2,595)
  • Computer Science  (541)
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  • Articles  (28,905)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trypanosoma rangeli—In vitro Metacyclogenesis and Fate of Metacyclic Trypomastigotes after Infection to Mice and Fibroblast Cultures (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 46 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: High metacyclogenesis was induced when freshly-isolated Trypanosoma rangeli from humans were grown in a modified liver-infusion-tryptose medium and transferred into the medium overlaid on mouse fibroblasts at 27° C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Such in yitro-generated metacyclic trypomastigotes could induce a significantly high and constant parasitemia in both ICR and SCID mice for a period of about a week but thereafter the parasitemia gradually decreased. Histological examination could not detect any tissue-forms of T. rangeli in various organs of SCID mice. On the other hand, two long-maintained stocks of T. rangeli produced lower metacyclogenesis and only latent parasitemia in both strains of mice. When these populations were incubated in fibroblast cultures at 37° C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere, only trypomastigotes survived for two to three weeks without proliferation, while other forms, mainly epimastigotes, soon began to swell and degenerate. Electron microscopy showed that most surviving trypomastigotes had the basket-like conformation of the kinetoplasts. This is characteristic of the non-dividing trypomastigote stage of T. cruzi, and suggests that T. rangeli trypomastigotes may survive long periods in the blood without proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04582.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Sequence of Henneguya exilis (Class Myxosporea) Identifies the Actinosporean Stage from an Oligochaete Host (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 46 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Several transmission studies, as well as recent molecular data, have indicated that the two classes Myxosporea and Actinosporea represent different life cycle stages of Myxozoa. To evaluate the life cycles of myxozoa in catfish aquaculture systems, the small subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA gene sequences of Henneguya exilis, a myxosporean from channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and an actinosporean (previously designated as Aurantiactinomyxon janiszewskai) from the aquatic oligochaete Dero digitata were determined. The sequences were identical, indicating that H. exilis and the actinosporean are alternate life stages of a single species. This is the first report identifying the actinosporean stage of the genus Henneguya.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04585.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for Early Signaling Events in Stomatin-Induced Differentiation of Tetrahymena vorax (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 46 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The mechanism of stomatin-induced differentiation of Tetrahymena vorax was investigated by in vivo protease degradation of cell surface proteins, the direct measurement of products formed from the activation of phospholipase C, and the use of an array of signal transduction inhibitors/activators. The data indicate that a surface-exposed protein is required for stomatin to signal the cells to differentiate and that the cells are committed to the differentiation pathway within two hours after exposure to stomatin. Analysis of radiolabeled polyphosphoinositols and inositol lipids from control and stomatin-treated populations in the presence of 10 mM LiCl were consistent with a rapid activation of phospholipase C. Within five min following addition of stomatin, this resulted in an increase in polyphosphoinositols and a concomitant decrease in the relative amounts of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04587.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Goldstein, B. J. 1998. Tyrosine Phosphoprotein Phosphatases (second edition). Oxford University Press. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP. ISBN 0–19–850247–8. 272 pp. US £45.00 paper. 8 halftons and linecuts. (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 46 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04589.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trade, Wage Inequalities and Disparities between Countries: The Technology Connection (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper takes seriously the idea that international trade has played an important role in explaining both some convergence between developed economies as well as rising inequalities at the personal level. Previous studies used traditional trade theory as a reference framework. The empirical consensus is now that differences in factor endowment explain at best a small fraction of rising wage inequalities. This argument, by contrast, builds on labor specialization and increasing returns. Deeper economic integration allows trade in differentiated intermediate goods and primary tasks, thus transforming local increasing returns into global increasing returns. This pushes towards geographical equalization. At the same time, deeper integration also increases the size of the pool of available skilled workers. This may lead them to a‘technological secession’as it makes more skill-demanding technologies more profitable. Technological secession in turn fosters wage inequalities at the personal level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00041.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    State Infrastructure and the Geography of Employment (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The effects of state public capital investment on economic growth is an important question that has been the focus of a recent substantial research effort. But the majority of this research has ignored these investments’influence on the intra-state pattern of economic activity. Yet if external agglomeration economies are important determinants of growth, then investments may indirectly affect growth by fostering or discouraging agglomeration. This paper discusses the effect of state infrastructure investments on the distribution of employment within states and the implications of these spatial effects for aggregate state employment growth. Preliminary empirical results suggest that state infrastructure investments tend to redistribute growth from areas of dense employment to other parts of the state. This redistribution may diminish agglomeration benefits offered by cities, which has the potential to reduce state growth. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications of the work for research and policy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00045.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Labor Shock and the Diversity of Transnational Corporate Strategy in Export Processing Zones (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This article examines diverse transnational corporations’(TNC) strategies in response to labor shock and specific conditions that enhance TNCs’local embedding in export processing zones (EPZs). The goal of this paper is to understand the rationale behind TNCs’choice between spatial differentiation (mobility) and spatial fmity (immobility). Based on field research and data analysis from the Masan Free Export Zone (MAFEZ) in South Korea, it is argued that TNCs do not always withdraw from EPZs in reaction to wage costs and growing labor militancy. Higher labor costs can be overridden by other advantages: existing physicalkocial inhstructure, tax benefits, fured assets, localized labor skills and technology, cultural proximity, and advantages from geographical proximity to market, raw materials, and TNCs’headquarters. This paper criticizes the overly simplistic view of capital mobility. However, TNCs that choose to remain in the EPZs use both upgrading and cheapening strategies, and their remaining does not necessarily result in upgrading labor skills or improving labor conditions. This article raises a critical question of the firm-centered view of the global enterprise literature and the local embeddedness literature of TNCs on workers’welfare. It emphasizes the important role of firms and of unions in training workers for purposes of technology and skill upgrading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00034.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and Temporal Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Trends in Income Inequality (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Overall total inequality for state per capita personal income as well as total inequality for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas are examined for the period 1969 to 1995. In each case, the total inequality was partitioned into between-and within-region variations. Statistical testing shows no perceptible differences between the major categories, nonmetropolitan and metropolitan. Further, this study uses a model to test for narrowing of income gaps within these categories. It was found that for both nonmetropolitan and metropolitan, a general trend toward equality was evidenced during the early 1970s decade. In that decade, the nonmetropolitan areas’incomes approached the metropolitan areas’incomes but showed significant divergences in the 1980s, followed again by a narrowing of the gaps in the 1990s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00037.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foreign Industrial Exports and State Manufacturing Performance (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Foreign exports are claiming growing shares of US. state economic production. While growth of foreign exports is often cited as a driving force for state economic growth, little attention has been paid in prior research to the issue of Granger causality between foreign exports and economic performance at the state level. This study examines Granger causality between foreign manufacturing export growth and state manufacturing performance during the period from 1980 to 1991. Results indicate that, at the aggregate level, there is a bi-directional Granger causal relationship between foreign exports and state manufacturing activity. Among the individual industrial sectors, results are more mixed, however, with sectors displaying either export-led growth, reverse Granger causality, or in some instances, negative Granger causality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00042.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Extending Carlino-Mills Models to Examine Urban Size and Growth Impacts on Proximate Rural Areas (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A modification of the Boamet model of local economic change is developed that links the growth of urban nodes in functional economic regions to employment and population change in the rural hinterlands of these regions. The two-equation model uses labor market and residential zone observations that are consistent with commuter fields around each rural community in the regions studied. The model parameters are estimated for 204 Danish rural municipalities, for 3515 rural communes in six regions of Eastern France, and for 268 rural census tracts in South Carolina. Results indicate that urban nodal spread effects are often significant and tend to dominate urban backwash impacts on rural communities. Accordingly, rural communities need to be concerned with the economic fortunes of their urban nodes and with policies that affect the pattern of urban growth between urban center and the urban fringe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00044.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Thanks to Manuscript Reviewers (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00048.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Value of Ranch Open Space to Tourists: Combining Observed and Contingent Behavior Data (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Several empirical studies have estimated the value of agricultural land as open space to local residents. An important goup of individuals that may be affected by the loss of agricultural land are visitors to a region. The value of ranchland to tourists visiting a resort town in the Rocky Mountains is estimated through a travel cost model that combines information on observed behavior data from actual trips with contingent behavior data on intended current visitation if the resource were converted to urban and resort uses. The value of ranch open space to tourists is the gain or loss in consumer surplus derived from a visit to the study area attributable to the resource. A random effects Poisson regression model is estimated because of the panel nature of the data, accounting for the correlation of the multiple responses from heterogeneous individuals. Twenty-five percent of the sample would reduce visitation and 23 percent of the sample would increase visitation if ranch open space were converted to urban and resort uses. The overall effect of converting ranch open space to resort and urban uses is no net change in average consumer surplus per trip for summer tourists in general.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00035.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Public vs. Private Garbage Disposal: The Economics of Solid Waste Flow Controls (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The welfare effects of public versus private waste disposal with and without flow controls are analyzed. The pricing of private waste disposal services is modeled as being bounded above by the public entity's average disposal cost, but constrained by potential entry of private competitors. It is found that once a publicly owned disposal facility has been built, waste generators are almost always better off if their local government has flow control authority. This results from the necessity of covering the fixed costs of the public facility once it has been built, in conjunction with the expected pricing behavior of private firms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00038.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrating Economic Base Theory with Regional Adjustment Models: The Nonmetropolitan Rocky Mountain West (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Interest in the use of adjustment models has recently increased as analysts have come to see the value of these models in the study of regional growth processes. Adjustment models are especially useful in clarifying the nature and direction of population-employment interactions. However, other models of regional growth suggest that employment should not be treated as a single homogeneous variable, as is the usual assumption in regional adjustment models. This paper looks at the issue of employment disaggregation, and suggests that adjustment models can be alternatively specified by making use of economic base theory to separate employment into at least two broad sectors. Alternative economic base specifications are tested using data for the nonmetropolitan counties (n=254) of the US. Rocky Mountain West during a recent time period. The results show that an economic base version of the adjustment model provides insights to regional change that are not available from the traditional version of the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00043.x
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  • 15
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    Book Reviews (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book review in this article:East Asian Development: Will the East Asian Growth Miracle Survive? Edited by F. Gerald Adams and Shinichi Ichimura.Regional Change in Industrializing Asia. Edited by Leo van Grunsven.Black Powe/White Power in Public Education, by Ralph Edwards and Charles V. Willie.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00047.x
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  • 16
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    Interregional Fiscal Accounting (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Fiscal devolution fiom federal to state jurisdictions gives states more authority but also more responsibility for redistributing and stabilizing income. Both the revenue and expenditure sides of a state's budget are affected. This paper describes a social accounting matrix approach to documenting multi-regional, multi-jurisdiction fiscal accounts, called a fiscal SAM. Two of the many potential uses of a fiscal SAM are demonstrated. First, a fiscal SAM of rural, urban, and metro areas of Iowa is used directly to describe and compare the benchmark net fiscal situations of interdependent regions. Second, it is used to analyze the impacts of an economic downturn under a block-grant welfare system.Substate regions are relatively more specialized than state or national economies. Thus, for example, shocks to agriculture will directly affect agriculture-dependent counties more than other types of counties. Substate regions are also more interdependent than states, as well as more open than the nation as a whole. This means that indirect and spatial spillover effects of fiscal and other exogenous changes can be surprisingly large between counties. Here, analysis of fhe multipliers highlights the relative intensities of within and across-region effects of changes in the form of intergovernmental transfers. The multiplier simulation estimates the relative impacts and spillover effects of economic shocks under the new regime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00046.x
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  • 17
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    Spatial Patterns in the Economic Development of the Mountain West (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Many counties in the mountainous areas of the western U.S. are experiencing rapid growth in population and income, even though extractive industries that served historically as their primary economic base are in decline. The purpose of this paper is to establish statistically the spatial determinants of population, employment, and income densities in 86 rural mountain counties and any changes in those determinants between 1985 and 1994. The results of this analysis indicate that densities are oriented to regional metropolitan centers and critical amenities such as ski areas, national parks, and universities or colleges. Negatively sloped density gradients with respect to distance from regional metropolitan centers suggest that the densities of settlement patterns beyond metropolitan boundaries are analogous to those within metropolitan areas relative to urban centers. In short, a tension apparently exists in locational choice; residents of the Mountain West desire to live near the beauties and amenities of the mountain landscape but do not want to entirely sever their urban ties. Because amenities are the primary attraction of mountain counties rather than employment in locationally dependent industries, at least some migrants must have relatively footloose forms of income.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00036.x
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  • 18
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    Book Reviews (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book review in this article:The California Cauldron: Immigration and the Changing Fortunes of Local. Communities. By William A.V. Clark.Structural Economics, by Faye Dunchin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00039.x
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  • 19
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    Competitive Characteristics of Small and Medium-sized Manufacturing Firms in the US. and Canada (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the competitive characteristics of small and medium-sized manufacturing firms (SMFs) in a Canada-U.S. crossborder region (the Niagara Frontier). Particular attention is given to the innovation and business performance of comparably-sized firms on both sides of the border. The results of two firm-level surveys are presented. A comparative analysis of the two groups suggests that Canadian Sh4Fs exhibit significantly stronger export and innovation performance than their US. counterparts. The results also suggest that U.S. firms face tougher competitive difficulties arising fiom specific national and regional circumstances, including shortages of skilled labor, higher corporate tax rates, rising import competition, and a more complex regulatory environment. The implications of the empirical results are discussed in the context of policy options for regional economic development in crossborder zones such as the Niagara Frontier
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00033.x
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  • 20
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    Analytical Economic Geography (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1999.tb00040.x
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  • 21
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    INCIDENCE AND GERMICIDE SENSITIVITY OF SALMONELLA TYPHI AND VIBRIO CHOLERAE O1 IN ALFALFA SPROUTS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The prevalence of some enteric bacteria in alfalfa sprouts obtained from public markets and supermarkets in Queretaro City was determined. In addition, the antimicrobial effect of several commercial germicides was tested on alfalfa sprouts for reduction of native coliforms and inoculated Vibrio cholerae Ol or Salmonella typhi. Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. were detected in 74% and 1.1% of 90 of samples, respectively, and no sample tested positive to V. cholerae Ol. Coliforms ranged from 7.3 to 8.5 log10 CFU/g. Treatment of alfalfa sprouts with 200 mg/L of hypochlorite, of a commercial iodophor, or of chlorine dioxide, or with 100 mg/L of Citricidal® for 5 min, reduced native coliforms only by 1–2 log10 CFU/g. Reductions of S. typhi and V. cholerae O1 with 200 mg/L of sodium hypochlorite and 100 mg/L Citricidal® were also no more than J.5 log10 CFU/g. Sprouts from seeds contaminated with V. cholerae O1 that were irrigated daily with water containing 100 mg/L chlorine dioxide, showed significantly lower V. cholerae Ol counts than seeds irrigated with tap water (p〈0.05). However, V. cholerae O1 persisted after 8 days of sprouting, when the sprouts are ready for marketing. Treatment of seeds and sprouts with antimicrobials does not appear to be effective for reducing pathogens to safe levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1999.tb00240.x
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  • 22
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    PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR THE COMBINED EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, pH, SODIUM CHLORIDE, AND SODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE ON THE HEAT RESISTANCE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects and interactions of heating temperature (5–62.5C), pH (4 – 8), NaCl (0 – 6%, w/v), and sodium pyrophosphate (0 – 0.3%, w/v) on the heat resistance of a four strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef gravy were examined. Thermal death times were determined using a submerged coil heating apparatus. The recovery medium was plate count agar supplemented with 1% sodium pyruvate. Decimal reduction times (D-values) were calculated by fitting a survival model to the data with a curve fitting program. The D-values were analyzed by second order response surface regression for temperature, pH, NaCl and sodium pyrophosphate levels. The four variables interacted to affect the inactivation of the pathogen. Thermal resistance of E. coli O157:H7 can be lowered by combining these intrinsic factors. A mathematical model describing the combined effect of temperature, pH, NaCl and sodium pyrophosphate levels on the thermal inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 was developed. The model can predict D-values for any combinations of temperature, pH, NaCl and sodium pyrophosphate that are within the range of those tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1999.tb00241.x
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  • 23
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    MICROBIOLOGICAL HAZARDS DURING PROCESSING OF CROQUETTES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Croquette is a prepared food made with meat or fish as its basic ingredients. Since it is a perishable, heavily handled product, microbiological hazards are associated with the process. Microbiological analyses were performed throughout the commercial processing of chicken croquettes to evaluate the microbial hazards. Moderately high levels of microorganisms were observed in raw materials, but the highest plate counts were noted following extrusion of the croquettes. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium perfringens, were detected during the process. The increase in the levels of microorganisms observed after extrusion and the presence of C. perfringens were associated with the semi-solid paste called bechamel. Rapid cooling of the bechamel was critical to avoid microbial proliferation and represented an effective critical control point for the implementation of a HACCP program in the processing of croquettes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1999.tb00230.x
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    USE OF OZONE TO INACTIVATE MICROORGANISMS ON LETTUCE (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When ozone (1.3 mM) was bubbled for 3 min in a mixture of shredded lettuce and water, counts ofmesophilic andpsychrotrophic bacteria decreased 1.4 and 1.8 log10 cfu/g, respectively. Counts of these microorganisms on lettuce, from a different batch, decreased 3.9 and 4.6 log, respectively, during 5 min of ozone treatment. Shredded lettuce was treated with gaseous ozone, or mixed with aqueous solution of ozone (1:20 w/w) with or without bubbles. For effective delivery of ozone, stirring (low and high speed), sonication or stomaching was applied during the ozonation. Washing the lettuce with water only decreased total count on shredded lettuce by 0.74–1.0 log cfu/g. When lettuce in a treatment chamber was flushed with gaseous ozone, the total count decreased 0.85 log cfu/g, but when vacuum was applied before the ozone flush, the total count decreased 0.96 log cfu/g. Bubbling ozone in water-lettuce mixture while sonicating, high-speed stirring, or before stomaching inactivated 1.4, 1.9 and 1.9 log cfu/g, respectively. In conclusion, bubbling gaseous ozone in water is the most effective ozonation method. Efficient ozone delivery to microorganisms on lettuce requires a combination of ozone bubbling and high-speed stir.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1999.tb00231.x
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    SPOILAGE AND HISTAMINE IN WHOLE PACIFIC HERRING (CLUPEA HARENGUS PALLASI) AND PINK SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA) FILLETS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fresh pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) fillets and whole Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) were stored for two weeks at 10C to determine if significant amounts of histamine were produced before the fish spoiled. Spoilage odors in salmon were moderate by day 4 and intense by day 7, while herring had detectable spoilage by day 4 and became potent by day 6. Aerobic bacterial counts increased from 4.0 × 102/g initially to 3.6 × 108/g in salmon fillets by day 14 and from 2.3 × 103/g initially to 2.7 × 107/g in whole herring by day 14. Total volatile nitrogen increased from 1.8 to 78.5 mg N/100 g in salmon and 2.2 to 23.6 mg N/100 g in herring. Histamine was not detected in salmon, while concentrations reached 54.9 ppm in herring at day 14. However, herring were considered spoiled by day 6.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1999.tb00233.x
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    RECOVERY AND GROWTH OF SOME FOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS IN IRRADIATED LOW AND HIGH FAT FISH DURING STORAGE AT 2-4C (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This report presents results of the investigations carried out to understand the role of fat levels in fish on postirradiation recovery/survival and growth of four pathogens generally encountered in seafoods. Fish of low [golden anchoy, (Coillia dussumierij, 0.39%] as well as high fat [Indian sardine, (Sardinella longiceps), 7.1 %] content (with endogenous biota were inoculated separately with cells of Listeria monocytogenes 036, Yersinia enterocolitica 5692, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhimurium; and irradiated at doses of 1 and 3 kGy. The number of viable organisms for each was monitored for two weeks at 2-4C on appropriate selective media. The four pathogens studied exhibited variation in their ability to recover from radiation damage as evidenced in terms of lag period; but their recovery and subsequent growth was not influenced by the fat levels offish. No increased growth of any of the pathogens tested was evidenced in irradiated fish, when compared with nonirradiated one.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1999.tb00232.x
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    SPORULATION TEMPERATURE AND HEAT RESISTANCE OF BACILLUS SPORES: A REVIEW (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sporulation temperature is one of the most important factors that determine the heat resistance of spores. Bacterial spores are usually more heat resistant when they are formed at higher temperatures. Sporulation temperature also influences the effect of pH of heating menstruum and the effect of different acids on spore heat resistance. Heat resistance is maximum at neutral pH and decreases with acidification, but when spores are sporulated at high temperatures the effect of acidic pH on heat resistance is lower at high heat treatment temperatures. Lactic and acetic acid decrease spore heat resistance more than other acidulants, but only when spores had been sporulated at high temperatures. These effects should be considered by canning factories of acid/acidified foods, especially in hot climate areas, where these high temperatures can be easily reached. The level of mineralization of spores obtained at different Sporulation temperatures seems to be the most important mechanism responsible for their heat resistance.
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    CONSUMER FOOD SAFETY KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food safety 19 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-4565
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Consumer knowledge of safe handling guidelines and their reported practices assessed by a mail survey indicated consumers considered themselves informed about food safety, and most reported taking action to minimize risk from potential hazards. However, most responses were related to nutritional changes, and 20% indicated they did not know how to reduce risks from microbiological hazards. Consumers were knowledgeable about appropriate safeguards in selection and cooking specific foods, however mistakes were reported in temperature control and handling leftovers. Consumer Reports, university scientists, health professionals and science magazines were considered ihe most reliable source of food safety information. Industry advertisement appears to raise consumer concern in some areas. Educational intervention should emphasize the importance of temperature control and sanitation rather than taste to determine safety. Consumers should receive information about protective technologies like heat and irradiation pasteurization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1999.tb00235.x
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    A HIERARCHICAL APPROACH TO OPTIMIZING DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS MULTIRESPONSE EXPERIMENTS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 14 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design and improvement of products and processes often calls for experiments where several response variables are analyzed simultaneously. Frequently, some of these variables are sensory attributes that can only be measured subjectively, through sensory evaluation panels or using expert opinion. In this paper we apply a multiresponse optimization procedure presented in Fogliatto and Albin 1997, to optimize a military food product where 24 sensory attributes are evaluated through descriptive analysis techniques. Our objective is to select the best design and operating control factors considering all attributes simultaneously.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1999.tb00127.x
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    PATIENT PREFERENCE AND SENSORY COMPARISONS OF NASAL SPRAY ALLERGY MEDICATIONS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 14 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a double-blind crossover study, 94 symptomatic adult patients with allergic rhinitis rated sensory preferences for single exposures (2 sprays in each nostril) to three intranasal corticosteroids: triamcinolone acetonide AQ, beclomethasone dipropionate AQ, and fluticasone propionate. Each patient was given the medication and then immediately asked to use a 100-point scale to rate 13 attributes: comfort to take the medicine, medicine run-off, irritation, strength of urge to sneeze, strength of odor, liking odor, strength of taste, strength of bitter taste, liking taste, and moistness of nose and throat, and then (at least 2 min after administration) irritation, medicine run-off, and overall liking. The order of drug presentation was randomized across patients and a 30-min rest interval occurred between drug administrations. Triamcinolone was lower in odor strength than both beclomethasone and fluticasone (mean scores of 8 vs 57 and 52, respectively; P〈0.001) and the odor of triamcinolone was preferred to the odor of the two other sprays (mean score of 72 vs 55 and 55, respectively; P〈0.001). While the taste intensity ratings of the three sprays were not significantly different, the triamcinolone taste was liked more than that of fluticasone (mean scores of 55 vs 41, P〈0.04). Overall, triamcinolone was liked more than fluticasone (P〈0.05). In summary, patient preference testing has shown that triamcinolone is preferred over beclomethasone and/or fluticasone in terms of odor and taste. Such preferences may be important in treatment compliance and outcomes.
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    SENSORY PROFILING AND POSITIONING OF COMMERCIAL SAMPLES OF MILK POWDER (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 14 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Milk powders available commercially are of different qualities. The quality deviations may be due to inherent quality of the milk which in turn is dependent on various conditions like the fat content, the processing parameters, the storage time and the packaging materials used. The various brands of milk powders have been profiled sensorily for odor and flavor and also positioned using Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA). The study throws light on the relative qualities of the different brands, their positive and negative points and their relative position with respect to each other. The results indicate that the various types like whole milk powder, partially skimmed milk powder, skimmed milk powder and infant milk formula cluster together into the same group but the groups are separate from each other. The dominant quality attributes for the groups are different and are discussed in relation to the directional vectors.
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    THE DIRICHLET-MULTINOMIAL MODEL: ACCOUNTING FOR INTER-TRIAL VARIATION IN REPLICATED RATINGS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 14 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Differences in sensory acuity and hedonic reactions to products lead to latent groups in pooled ratings data. Manufacturing locations and time differences also are sources of rating heterogeneity. Intensity and hedonic ratings are ordered categorical data. Categorical responses follow a multinomial distribution and this distribution can be applied to pooled data over trials if the multinomial probabilities are constant from trial to trial. The common test statistic used for comparing vectors of proportions or frequencies is the Pearson chi-square statistic. When ratings data are obtained from repeated ratings experiments or from a cluster sampling procedure, the covariance matrix for the vector of category proportions can differ dramatically from the one assumed for the multinomial model because of inter-trial. This effect is referred to as overdispersion. The standard multinomial model does not fit overdispersed multinomial data. The practical implication of this is that an inflated Type I error can result in a seriously erroneous conclusion. Another implication is that overdispersion is a measurable quantity that may be of interest because it can be used to signal the presence of latent segments. The Dirichlet-Multinomial (DM) model is introduced in this paper to fit overdispersed intensity and hedonic ratings data. Methods for estimating the parameters of the DM model and the test statistics based on them to test against a specified vector or compare vectors of proportions are given. A novel theoretical contribution of this paper is a method for calculating the power of the tests. This method is useful both in evaluating the tests and determining sample size and the number of trials. A test for goodness of fit of the multinomial model against the DM model is also given. The DM model can be extended further to the Generalized Dirichlet-Multinomial (GDM) model, in which multiple sources of variation are considered. The GDM model and its applications are discussed in this paper. Applications of the DM and GDM models in sensory and consumer research are illustrated using numerical examples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.1999.tb00120.x
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    DEVELOPMENT OF A SENSORY VOCABULARY FOR WARMED-OVER FLAVOR: PART II. IN CHICKEN MEAT (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 14 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A sensory panel utilized chicken patties from Pectoralis major muscle to develop a descriptive vocabulary for warmed-over flavor. Patties were subjected to 4 different cooking temperatures and stored at 4C for up to 4 days. A list of 33 descriptive terms, developed from the literature and a preliminary sample evaluation was modified over 5 daily sessions to 18 terms with corresponding references. In the term selection process the criteria used were, that terms should; have relevance to the product, discriminate clearly between samples, be nonredundant, and have cognitive clarity to the assessors. A comprehensive vocabulary was developed that described the sensory dimensions present in the samples. Over sessions the panel was found to display dynamic changes in their use of the sensory vocabulary. Overall, panel discriminative abilities were enhanced and a process of sensory learning was observed.
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    Extracellular Ice Nucleators from Pantoea Ananas: Effects on Freezing of Model Foods (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Parameters of freezing of sucrose solutions and emulsions were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at cooling rates of 1 to 20°C/min. The differential and cumulative nucleation spectra of extracellular ice nucleators (ECINs) were established using a w/o emulsion technique. Freezing curves were obtained in a cabinet at −7 and −12°C. The ECINs increased the ice nucleation temperature and reduced the time of the supercooling stage. Although the time of phase transition increased in the presence of ECINs, the total time of freezing decreased. The ECINs caused lower onset temperatures of freezing as compared to the original cells.
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    Heat Transfer Model Performance in Simulation of Process Deviations (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Performance of thermal process simulation software was tested for predicting internal product temperature and lethality. Responses were tested for process deviations on canned products with a wide range of heating characteristics for computer-based on-line control of retorts. Static and agitated processes were tested with products exhibiting heating rate factors (fh) ranging from 2 to 70 min. Cans were fitted with thermocouples and subjected to deviations of various types. Center temperature profiles and lethalities predicted by the model in response to dynamic retort temperatures were compared with those measured by thermocouples. Profiles agreed, and process lethalities calculated from predicted and measured profiles agreed ±10% with the model slightly underpredicting measured lethality.
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    Chlorophyll Fluorescence as an Indicator of Physiological Changes in Cold-Stored Broccoli After Transfer to Room Temperature (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Our objective was to determine if chlorophyll fluorescence could be used as an indicator of physiological changes in cold-stored broccoli after transfer to room temperature. Mass loss, respiration, and ammonia content increased when the broccoli were held at 18°C for 72h, whereas the chlorophyll fluorescence measurements (Fv/Fm, T½ and Fmd) decreased. Broccoli color began to change after 24h, as hue decreased rapidly and chroma increased. Fv/Fm decreased markedly only after the first 24h when the color changes began, whereas T½ and Fmd decreased continuously as the broccoli aged. Both T½ and Fmd correlated negatively with mass loss and respiration.
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    Extrusion Texturization of Air-Classified Pea Protein (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Air-classified pea protein was texturized using a twin-screw extruder. The effects of moisture, screw speed and barrel temperature on the physical, functional and nutritional characteristics of texturized pea protein were investigated. Increased dough moisture increased product bulk density (BD) and available lysine (LYS) of texturized pea products, but decreased water-holding capacity (WHC) and in vitro protein digestibility (DIG). Raising the screw speed reduced BD and LYS of texturized pea protein, but increased WHC and DIG. Bulk density and LYS decreased as barrel temperature was increased, whereas WHC and DIG increased. Texturized pea protein resembled commercial texturized soy products with respect to most physical and functional properties.
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    Microbiological, Chemical and Sensory Properties of Pre-cooked Roast Beef Preserved with Horseradish Essential Oil (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pre-cooked roast beef slices were stored 28 days at 4±2°C in air or 100% N2 with and without vaporized horseradish essential oil (HEO). Addition of 20 μL HEO/L restricted growth of most spoilage bacteria. Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacte-riaceae were strongly inhibited by HEO. Lactic acid bacteria were more resistant to the antimicrobial effect and dominated spoilage flora. Sensory evaluation and headspace analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that development of off-flavors and odors derived from fat oxidation products was delayed by HEO. Cooked meat color was also preserved in samples stored under HEO.
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    Electrolyzed Water as a Disinfectant for Fresh-cut Vegetables (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of electrolyzed water on total microbial count was evaluated on several fresh-cut vegetables. When fresh-cut carrots, bell peppers, spinach, Japanese radish, and potatoes were treated with electrolyzed water (pH 6.8, 20 ppm available chlorine) by dipping, rinsing, or dipping/blowing, microbes on all cuts were reduced by 0.6 to 2.6 logs CFU/g. Rinsing or dipping/blowing were more effective than dipping. Electrolyzed water containing 50 ppm available chlorine had a stronger bactericidal effect than that containing 15 or 30 ppm chlorine for fresh-cut carrots, spinach, or cucumber. Electrolyzed water did not affect tissue pH, surface color, or general appearance of fresh-cut vegetables.
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    Moisture Distribution and Microbial Quality of Part Baked Breads as Related to Storage and Rebaking Conditions (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Storage conditions of part-baked brown soda bread were studied as related to changes of crust and crumb moisture during rebaking at in-oven temperatures of 180 and 200°C for 10–40 min. Baking loss during rebaking originated solely from the crust area, whereas the moisture content of the crumb remained constant. Packaging in an atmosphere of 40% CO2 and 60% N2 and storage at 4°C inhibited microbial contamination for 13 wk. The relationship of moisture content and water activity of part-baked breads followed the characteristic of a sorption isotherm and was mathematically described by either a quadratic or exponential function.
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    Sensory Characteristics of Heat-processed and Fresh Tomato Salsa Containing Honey (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat-processed and fresh salsa formulations were developed with different levels of honey (up to 10%), acid, and capsaicin. Descriptive sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of the salsas were studied. Increasing levels of honey increased sweetness and crispness of both salsas. Higher levels of honey decreased oral heat intensity more than did lower levels. Consumers liked heat-processed salsa better than fresh and acceptability generally decreased with increasing honey content. However, about one-third of consumers liked salsas with honey more than samples without honey.
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    Protein Denaturation and Emulsifying Properties of Plasma and Granules of Egg Yolk as Related to Heat Treatment (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solubility, electrophoresis, viscosity and emulsifying properties of heated solutions of yolk, plasma and granules were determined. Plasma and yolk were not affected when heated under 69°C. Above 69°C, protein solubility dropped sharply and apparent viscosity rose sharply because of aggregation of proteins. For granules, protein solubility and apparent viscosity were not modified up to 76°C. The constituents of granules were not denatured. Emulsifying activity of yolk and plasma decreased after heating at 72°C but remained steady for granules. Emulsion stabilization properties of yolk, plasma and granules were not influenced up to 76°C. Results suggested that intact granules withstood more severe heat treatments than egg yolk without lessening their emulsifying properties.
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    Proteolysis and Functional Properties of Mozzarella Cheese as Affected by Refrigerated Storage (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Each of three cheese batches was randomly divided into two parts, one was subjected to slow freezing for 15 days and the other maintained under refrigeration. Thereafter the cheeses were tempered under refrigeration for 1 mo and evaluated weekly. In general, cheeses presented low melting capacity as a result of low levels of proteolysis. This low intensity of proteolysis was probably a function of the destruction of the lactic starter and partial inactivation of the coagulant during stretching of the cheese. Free oil content increased during storage for both treatments, but more in the tempered samples.
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    Formation of Heterocyclic Amines in a Meat Juice Model System (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bovine meat juice was used as a model system to examine the kinetics of the formation of heterocyclic amines. The formation was examined at temperatures between 100 and 225°C for 0.5-180 min. Heated samples were subjected to solid-phase extraction and HPLC analysis. IQx, MeIQx, 7,8-DiMeIQx, 4,8-DiMeIQx, PhIP, harman and norharman were identified. The formation of the IQx derivatives and PhIP followed a first-order model Ct=B(1–ek1(t1-t0), and the temperature dependence followed the Eyring equation k=kbT/heΔS/Re-ΔH/RT. The parameters in the first-order model and the Eyring equation could be estimated from our data. The degradation of heterocyclic amines at high temperatures was analyzed and the products were found to be less mutagenic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15868.x
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    Volatiles Production and Lipid Oxidation in Irradiated Cooked Sausage as Related to Packaging and Storage (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Irradiation dose affected production of volatiles in vacuum-and aerobic-packaged cooked pork sausage, but its effect on TBARS was minor. Storage increased production of volatiles and changed their composition only in aerobic-packaged sausage. Among volatile components, 1-heptene and 1-nonene were influenced most by irradiation dose, and aldehydes by packaging type. TBARS and volatiles of vacuum-packaged irradiated cooked sausage did not correlate well. However, TBARS had very high correlation with amount of aldehydes, total volatiles, ketones and alcohols with long retention times in aerobic-packaged pork sausage. Heptene and 1-nonene could be indicators for irradiation; and propanal, pentanal, and hexanal for oxygen-dependent changes of cooked meat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15870.x
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  • 46
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    Rutin, The Main Component of Surface Deposits on Pickled Green Asparagus (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Highly visible white and greyish deposits appeared on commercially pickled green asparagus spears after 6 mo storage. Microscopic examination revealed that the deposits consisted mainly of needle shaped crystals. Rutin (querce-tin-3-0-rhamnoglucoside), present in asparagus in appreciable quantities (0.02 to 0.1%) was suspected of being responsible for the deposits. The deposits were chromatographed with authentic rutin using HPLC. Retention and spectral data confirmed that the major component of the deposits was rutin.
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  • 47
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    Pecan Texture as Affected by Freezing Rates, Storage Temperature, and Thawing Rates (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pecan texture was measured by texture profile analysis (TPA) at 80% compression before and after being frozen at 6 controlled rates, to 3 minimum temperatures and thawed at 2 rates. Freezing and thawing rates had more influence than storage temperature on pecan texture. Certain TPA parameters (i.e., hardness, area 1, fracturability and slope of linear segment of force vs. deformation curve) were more affected than others by freezing and thawing rates. Freezing and thawing at high rates had the least effect on pecan texture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15894.x
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  • 48
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    Shelf-Life Extension of American Fresh Ginseng by Controlled Atmosphere Storage and Modified Atmosphere Packaging (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: American ginseng roots were treated with an antimicrobial agent, and stored under various CA (2,5, and 8% CO2) or MA conditions to extend the shelf-life. Changes in respiration rates during CA storage, gas composition in packages, saponin and free sugar content, and other quality factors were monitored during storage. The respiration rate of ginseng increased rapidly during the first month of high CO2 CA storage and then slowly decreased to stable levels after 3 mo storage. In MA studies, the equilibrium CO2 concentration was attained after 20 days. There were no noticeable changes in appearance, saponin content and free sugars after 3 mo CA (5% CO2) storage and MA packages.
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  • 49
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    Production of Polysaccharide by Rahnella aquatilis with Whey Feedstock (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates were monitored on biomass increase, polysaccharide production and viscosity development of whey broth and a control synthetic broth during fermentation by Rahnella aquatilis and organic acids, lactose, peptides and free amino acids were measured. Growth curves were similar and characterized by maximum specific growth rates of 0.61 h−1 for whey and 0.63 h−1 for synthetic medium. The yields of polysaccharide were 0.59 g/glactose for the synthetic medium and 0.56 for whey. Small peptides (〈4,000 Da) and most free amino acids in both fermentation media were consumed within 24h.
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  • 50
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    Carbon Dioxide Inhibition of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on a pH-adjusted Surface in a Model System (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureuson the surface of Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) packaged with various CO2 partial pressures (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100%, balance N2) was compared to the control (N2 100%) on TSA in which the pH was adjusted to equal that in CO2 atmospheres at 15°C and 30°C. At 15°C, the biostatic effect was noted with all CO2 partial pressures for both species. At 30°C, the biostatic effect of CO2 was almost completely nullified for E. coli, but that for S. aureus was still effective. S. aureus was more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of CO2 than E. coli at both the temperatures.
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  • 51
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    Internal Hollows in Cooked Rice Grains (Oryza sativa cv. Koshihikari) Observed by NMR Micro Imaging (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nondestructive analysis of water distribution and structural changes in cooked rice grains, Oryza sativa cv Koshihikari, was performed with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Micro imaging of protons (1H). Using a specially designed holder, high quality images of cooked rice grains were obtained, even when up to 10 grains were studied simultaneously. Internal hollows were observed in all examined cooked rice grains, and we propose a mechanism to explain their formation. The origin of these hollows was hypothesized to be cracks or fissures, and hollows resulted from sealing of such lacerations by gelatinized starch in the peripheral layer in combination with expansion of the grain during cooking.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb09849.x
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  • 52
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    Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients in Drying of Starch Based Food Systems (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments were conducted to measure the temperature and moisture content of starch and starch-fructose samples during drying. A two-dimensional finite element model was developed. An exhaustive parameter estimation technique was applied in conjunction with the model and drying data to estimate the moisture filtration coefficient kp and the surface heat and mass transfer coefficients, hq and hm. Minimization of the deviation between experimental and simulation data resulted in a kp value of 0.51*10−7 kg.m/N.h and 0.52*10−7 kg.m/N.h for the starch and starch-fructose samples. Corresponding values of hq were 15.8 W/m2K and 21.2 W/m2K and that of hm were 1.12*10−6 m/s and 0.94*10−6 m/s respectively.
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  • 53
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    Microbial and Sensory Quality of Fresh Camel Meat Treated with Organic Acid Salts and/or Bifidobacteria (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fresh camel meat samples were treated by dipping in solutions of sodium acetate (10% w/w), potassium sorbate (1.5% w/w), sodium lactate (5% v/v of 60% solution), or trisodium citrate (1.5%w/w) alone or combined with Bifidobacterium breve cell suspension (5%) and stored at 4°C. The pH, psychrotrophs, and sensory attributes were evaluated. Sodium acetate alone or combined with bifidobacteria maintained pH level, extended microbial shelf life (〉12 days) and minimized surface discoloration. Bifidobacteria cell suspension when applied alone had negligible effects on microbial and sensory attributes. However, when combined with sodium acetate or potassium sorbate, bifidobacteria exhibited an additive effect on suppressing spoilage microorganisms.
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    Diffusion of Aqueous Sugar Solutions as Affected by Locust Bean Gum Studied by NMR (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Time domain proton NMR was used to study translational diffusion and molecular mobility of sugar and water molecules in simple aqueous solutions to determine how the addition of hydrocolloid stabilizers affect their mobility. Results showed that addition of Locust Bean Gum (LBG) did not affect the diffusion or mobility of either the sugar or water molecules over distances up to 10μm in unfrozen solutions. The diffusion properties of the sugar and water molecules were not affected by either biopolymer cryogelation or the presence of ice. We hypothesized that retardation of the ice crystal growth rates in aqueous sugar solutions caused by the presence of LBG was not a bulk property of the solution. The most likely cause is a modification of the local interfacial region between the ice crystal surface and the surrounding unfrozen solution.
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  • 55
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    Sanitizing Effects of Fruit Waxes at High pH and Temperature on Orange Surfaces Inoculated with Escherichia coli (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We determined the bactericidal activity of surface applied waxes on oranges. Effective bactericidal activity of combined alkali and heat treatments was observed on both glass slides and orange fruit surfaces. A five log reduction of Escherichia coli was attained by dipping inoculated glass slides in heated (≥50°C) alkaline (pH 10) wax solution for 4 min. A pH 11, dipping at ≥50°C for ≥2 min achieved similar bactericidal effects. On the fruit surface, wax treatments were effective at the non-stem scar area. Thus, applied fruit waxes may be useful on raw agricultural commodities to reduce surface microbial contaminants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15900.x
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    Storage Stability of Ground Pork Containing Meat from an Advanced Meat Recovery System (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pork trim-finely textured (PTFT), generated by advanced meat recovery which mechanically removes meat from bones under pressure, has properties that may cause shelf-life instability. Lipid oxidation, microbial growth and pH of retail displayed fresh ground pork patties were not affected (P〉0.05) by addition of up to 15% PTFT. Ground pork with 15% PTFT and 3.3% sodium lactate (NaL) stored in chubs at–2.2°C for 14 days was ground and modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) or overwrapped (OW) and retail displayed for 4 days. Lipid oxidation increased (P〈0.05) due to PTFT incorporation but was reduced by NaL. MAP and/or NaL reduced microbial counts and lipid oxidation. MAP maintained redness (a*) and prevented metmyoglobin formation.
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  • 57
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    Rheological Properties of Chymosin-Induced Skim Milk Gels as Affected by Milk Storage Time and Temperature (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fundamental dynamic rheological tests were used to measure the rigidity (|G*|) and viscoelasticity (tan δ) of gels made from skim milk samples that were (1) never cooled, (2) stored at 4°C, or 3) stored at 4°C and then rewarmed to 25°C. Milk cooled and held at 4°C prior to gel formation produced gels with lower |G*| and higher tan(δ) than fresh milk gels. Chilled milk samples that were rewarmed to 25°C for 16h prior to gel formation produced gels with rheological properties similar to fresh milk gels. The solubilization of β-casein during cold storage was hypothesized to be the cause of observed differences in gel rheology.
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    Tofu Production from Soybeans or Full-Fat Soyflakes Using Direct and Indirect Heating Processes (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We compared processing yield, composition, and quality of tofu from soybeans and from full-fat soyflakes. Tofu was made using a steam-jacketed kettle and a commercial steam-injected cooker. Hydration time was 10 min for flakes and 12h for whole beans. Regardless of cultivar, a higher tofu yield was obtained from the steam-injected cooker system than from the steam-jacketed kettle system. Utilization of flakes required 62--65% less water during soymilk production. Independent of cultivar, tofu produced from full-fat soyflakes was lower in fat (26% d.b.) than whole soybean tofu (40% d.b.).
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    Rapid Liquid Chromatographic Assay of Vitamin E and Retinyl Palmitate in Extruded Weaning Foods (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extruded weaning foods were produced using cowpea + corn + soybean + soybean oil (35:50:10:5, w/w) and cowpea + corn + peanut (42:43:15, w/w) by twin screw extrusion and fortified with vitamin premix. A direct solvent extraction method was used to assay fortified α-tocopheryl acetate as the ester to differentiate it from the naturally occurring alcohol for accurate assessment of total vitamin E activity. The fortified retinyl palmitate was assayed from the same extraction and assayed as the more stable ester with the same LC conditions after changing the detection wavelengths. Using direct solvent extraction, analytical values of vitamin E homologs in extruded products were higher than those values from saponification.
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    Tenderization of Beef with Pineapple Juice Monitored by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analysis (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For nondestructive monitoring of meat tenderizing processes, factor analysis, and evolving factor analysis (EFA) were applied to successively collected attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectra of beef after treatment with pineapple juice. Absorption around 1600 to 1500 cm−1 and 1400 cm−1 regions increased with time. After subtracting the starting spectrum from each of the succeeding spectra, factor analysis and EFA were applied to the resulting data matrix. Factor scores showed a time dependent change, but a clear difference between treated and reference beef was observed in factor 1. Eigenvalues calculated from EFA showed the existence of two vigorous digestion periods during tenderization, which supported the results from biochemical analysis.
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    Effects of Onion Quercetin on Oxidative Stability of Cook-chill Chicken in Vacuum-sealed Containers (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of onion quercetin were evaluated in relation to the storage stability of cooked dark chicken meat in retarding post-cooking oxidative changes. Autooxidation was followed using the 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test. Dried onion flesh at 1.6% (w/w), typical for common cooking, reduced (P 〈 0.001) the TBA value in cooked chicken during refrigerated storage, when mixed before processing. The NaCl did not act as a prooxidant. The antioxidant effect (by TBA) of onion mixed with chicken meat prior to processing was equivalent to that of its measured quercetin content, quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography.
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    Canthaxanthin as an Antioxidant in a Liposome Model System and in Minced Patties from Rainbow Trout (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Canthaxanthin (CX) delayed formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in a concentration-dependent manner in a ferrous chloride (FeCl2)-initiated liposome system at 37 °C (p 〈 0.05). CX delayed TBARS formation in minced flesh from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at 6 d of 4 °C storage in trial 1, and at 0, 2, 4 and 6 d in trial 2 when compared with controls at 4 °C (p 〈 0.05). Day 0 TBARS values in trial 2 were equivalent to d 6 of trial 1. CX concentration and a* value decreased in minced trout flesh during 6 days of 4 °C storage (p 〈 0.05). Overall, CX demonstrated antioxidant activity in vitro and in the minced tissue of CX-supplemented rainbow trout.
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  • 63
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    Color Improvement and Metallo-chlorophyll Complexes in Continuous Flow Aseptically Processed Peas (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fresh and frozen green peas were blanched in zinc solution (50 to 500 mg/L) and thermally processed in a particle cell reactor, which simulates a continuous flow aseptic processing system. The thermal process temperatures ranged from 121 to 145 °C at holding times from 0 to 20 min. The degradation of chlorophyll and the resulting formation of Zn-pheophytin a and Zn-pyropheophytin a were monitored. Quantitative analysis of the metallo-chlorophyll complexes was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Complex formation increased during heat processing and was dependent on the zinc concentration absorbed within the peas during blanching. At 130 to 145 °C, the formation of Zn-pyropheophytin a increased and processing between 121 to 125 °C promoted the formation of Zn-pheophytin a. Improvements in color relative to control samples suggested that the process might be applicable to two-phase continuous aseptic processing of vegetables.
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  • 64
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    Histological Changes in Collagen Related to Textural Development of Prawn Meat During Heat Processing (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat processing enhanced firmness and degree of shrinkage deformation of kuruma prawn Penaeus japonicus meat. In histological experiments, most collagen fiber in perimysium, epimysium, and subcuticular connective tissue maintained structures after heat-processing in hot water at 70°C for 30 min. Crude collagen fiber fractions (residues after alkali extraction, RS-AL) prepared from the muscle were measured for hot-water solubility and compared with the RS-AL from the muscle of carp Cyprinus carpio. Collagen in the RS-AL of prawn muscle had very low hot-water solubility (about 23.5% at 70°C) compared with that of carp. These results suggested that collagen had important functions in promoting thermal shrinkage and hardening of prawn meat and in maintaining mechanical strength of heat-processed meat.
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  • 65
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    Stability and Antioxidant Activity of Beta Carotene in Conventional and High Oleic Canola Oil (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conventional canola oil (CO) and high oleic canola oil (HOCO) were stored under autoxidative and photooxidative conditions, β-carotene was added at 0 to 120 ppm. The oils were diluted in mobile phase and injected onto an HPLC column to track β-carotene changes over time. Peroxide values were followed to assess the oxidative stability of the oils. β-carotene was more stable in HOCO than in CO under autoxidative conditions, but no difference between oils was observed under photooxidative conditions. The HOCO was more stable against autoxidation, and CO was more stable against photo-oxidation. Antioxidant activity was shown by β-carotene in both oils, which contained natural tocopherols, during both autoxidative and photooxidative conditions.
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    Functional Properties of Fish Protein Hydrolysate from Herring (Clupea harengus) (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Raw herring (Clupea harengus), a waste product from the roe industry, was hydrolyzed, using an endopeptidase preparation from Bacillus licheniformis. Aliquots were taken at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min hydrolysis to measure the degree of hydrolysis. The functional properties tested were emulsifying activity index (EAI), foamability, and foam stability of the hydrolysate. At 36% hydrolysis, the herring hydrolysate presented good emulsifying stability (〉 120 minutes) and an adequate foam expansion (142%), as compared to the soluble fraction from the unhydrolyzed control herring. The lipid content decreased considerably to 0.77% for the fish protein hydrolysate, while its protein content increased to 77%. The amino acid composition remained similar to that of the control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb12268.x
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    Thermally Induced Changes in Protein Extractability of Postrigor Turkey Breast Meat Measured by Two Methods (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extractability of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins was reduced in postrigor turkey breast meat held at 40 °C for as short as 30 min. These reductions in protein extractability were successfully detected, using either a filtration-based methodology or one based on centrifugation. However, the coefficient of variation for the filtration method was as much as 4 times greater than for centrifugation. Additionally, the filtration method overestimated sarcoplasmic protein extractability due to the inability to exclude myofibrillar proteins. Centrifugation results indicated the extractability of proteins in 0.55 M KCl was reduced to 52% of controls for samples held at 40 °C for 120 min. Additionally, holding postrigor turkey breast muscle at 40 °C resulted in increased myosin degradation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb12269.x
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    Glucose Loss and Maillard Browning in Solids as Affected by Porosity and Collapse (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of porosity and collapse on the kinetics of glucose loss and brown pigment formation via the Maillard reaction were analyzed in solid low-moisture model food systems. Equimolar glucose and glycine were incorporated into amorphous polyvinylpyrrolidones having different porosities, ranging from high porosity to totally collapsed. Samples were equilibrated and stored in desiccators at water activity 0.33 or 0.44 and 25 °C. Glucose loss and brown pigment development were monitored for 3 months. Glucose loss rate constants were lower in collapsed systems compared to non-collapsed systems. The extent of porosity did not affect glucose loss rate constants. Collapse and porosity had minimal effects on the browning rate constants. Porosity and collapse affect chemical reactivity in low-moisture solids and should be considered during product development and shelf-life testing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb12270.x
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    Instrumental Crispness and Crunchiness of Roasted Hazelnuts and Correlations with Sensory Assessment (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Crispness and crunchiness of 15 samples of roasted hazelnuts were investigated. Force deformation curves from compression cell testing were analyzed and mechanical response variables were determined for roasted hazelnuts. Regression equations based on roasting air temperature, air velocity, and roasting time explained (R2_0.9 –0.98, p 〈 0.001) the mechanical response variables. Samples were also evaluated by a quantitative descriptive panel. Among the mechanical response variables, the first fracture point (F1) observed on the force deformation curve and the slope (S2) for the line between the first and second fracture points strongly correlated (inverse) with sensory crispness (R =–0.96) and crunchiness (R _–0.92), respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb12271.x
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    Accelerated Mass Transfer During Osmotic Dehydration of High Intensity Electrical Field Pulse Pretreated Carrots (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: High intensity electrical field pulse (0.22 to 1.60 kV/cm) pretreatment was tested to accelerate the osmotic dehydration of carrot. Applied energy in the range of 0.04 to 2.25 kJ/kg, increased cell disintegration index in the range of 0.09 to 0.84 with 〈 1 °C rise in the product temperature. The effective diffusion coefficients of water and solute, determined using a Fickian diffusion model, increased exponentially with electric field strength according to D = A exp(-B/E). The rise in effective diffusion coefficient may be attributed to an increase in cell wall permeability, facilitating transport of water and solute. Such increase was evidenced by cell disintegration index and softening of product.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb12272.x
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    Water Vapor Permeability, Solubility, and Tensile Properties of Heat-denatured versus Native Whey Protein Films (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Whereas native whey protein films were totally water soluble, heat denatured films were insoluble. Heat-denatured whey protein films had higher tensile properties than native whey protein films. However, native and heat-denatured films had similar water vapor permeability (WVP). The pH of the film-forming solution did not have any notable effect on film solubility, mechanical properties, or WVP. Results suggest that covalent cross-linking due to heat denaturation of the whey protein is accountable for film water insolubility and higher tensile properties but does not affect WVP of the films.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb12276.x
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  • 72
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    Sodium Chloride and Tripolyphosphate Effects on Physical and Quality Characteristics of Injected Pork Loins (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Whole, boneless pork loins were needle-injected to a final concentration of up to 1.5% NaCl and/or 0.45% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) in a 4 × 4 factorial, randomized, complete block design. Percent weight gain, internal meat pH, purge loss, final product yield, cook loss, Warner-Bratzler shear, expressible moisture, and total moisture were determined. Response surface methodology was employed to create regression models and identify optimum ingredient parameters for each characteristic. NaCl and STPP improved weight gain, purge, final product yield, and moisture content. Predicted Warner-Bratzler shear was reduced approximately 50%. A salt-phosphate interaction was observed for weight gain, purge, cook loss, and expressible moisture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb12278.x
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    Temperature Dependency of Compression Properties of Fish-meat Gel as Affected by Added Starch (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 64 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of starch addition on the elastic properties of fish-meat gel was studied by measuring compression and stress relaxation properties and dynamic viscoelasticity. Samples with pregelatinized starch, with and without raw starch, and processed starch were used. Fish-meat gels with starch showed a higher modulus value at 80°C than at 90°C. The gelatinization of starch appeared to be prevented by surimi protein in the fish-meat gel, and so the sample that gelled at 90°C had a lower “packing effect” than the sample that gelled at 80°C. The optimum heating temperature indicated a higher “packing effect” on the surimi protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb12279.x
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    High resolution climate simulations over the Arctic (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 18 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The regional atmospheric climate model HIRHAM has been applied to the Arctic. Simulations for the whole year 1990 and for an ensemble of winter months (January of 1985-1995) have been performed. The comparison of the simulations with observational data analyses shows that the general spatial patterns are in good agreement with the data, in both the vertical structure and the annual cycle. For an additional validation of the model results, a multivariate classification of large-scale circulation patterns has been applied to the January ensemble model simulations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1999.tb00286.x
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    Numerical simulation of salinity anomaly propagation in the Nordic seas and the Arctic Ocean (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 18 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: We investigate the response of the Nordic seas-Arctic Ocean system to surface freshwater flux anomalies that we regard as typical for long-term atmospheric variability. We employ response experiments with a coupled sea ice-ocean model where we introduce a surface freshwater flux anomaly (A) over the Norwegian Sea and (B) in the Laptev Sea. Case A offers an explanation for the intermediate depth salinity changes observed in the Amundsen Basin. The signal observed there belongs to an original perturbation that, according to the model, occurred around a decade earlier. Salinity fluctuations in the Laptev Sea could play a role in changes in the near surface salinity in the Amundsen Basin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1999.tb00288.x
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    Polar biogeochemistry and ecosystem feedback mechanisms in a changing environment (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 18 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1999.tb00292.x
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    Climatic trend and the retreat and disintegration of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula: an overview (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 18 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Observation of the retreat and disintegration of ice shelves around the Antarctic Peninsula during the last three decades and associated changes in air temperature, measured at various meteorological stations on the Antarctic Peninsula, are reviewed. The climatically induced retreat of the northern Larsen Ice Shelf on the east coast and of the Wordie, George VI, and Wilkins ice shelves on the west coast amounted to about 10 000 km2 since the mid-1960s. A summary is presented on the recession history of the Larsen Ice Shelf and on the collapse of those sections north of Robertson Island in early 1995. The area changes were derived from images of various satellites, dating back to a late 1963 image from the recently declassified US Argon space missions. This photograph reveals a previously unknown, minor advance of the northern Larsen Ice Shelf before 1975. During the period of retreat a consistent and pronounced warming trend was observed at the stations on both east and west coasts of the Antarctic Peninsula, but a major cause of the fast retreat and final collapse of the northernmost sections of the Larsen Ice Shelf were several unusually warm summers. Temperature records from the nearby station Marambio show that a positive mean summer temperature was reached for the first time in 1992-93. Recent observations indicate that the process of ice shelf disintegration is proceeding further south on both sides of the Antarctic Peninsula.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1999.tb00287.x
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    Factors affecting the seed-setting success of Dryas octopetala in front of Brøggerbreen (Brøgger Glacier) in the high Arctic, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 18 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: To determine the factors restricting plant reproduction in front of a glacier, the gender expression and seed production of Dryas octopetala L. (Rosaceae) were observed, as well as the grazing pattern of reindeer on flowers, near Brøggerbreen (Brøgger Glacier), which is near Ny-Ålesund (78° 55'N, 11° 56'E), Svalbard. Three hundred shoots with flowers and flower buds were randomly tagged in early July 1996. Between then and the end of flowering in late July, 100 (33%) flowers and buds were grazed by reindeer. Out of the surviving flowers, 145 (76%) shoots had hermaphrodite flowers, while 45 (24%) shoots had male flowers without a developed gynocium. Male flowers, which appeared later than hermaphrodite flowers in the population, were significantly smaller than hermaphrodite flowers in dry weight. In the hermaphrodite flowers, moreover, smaller flowers showed lower dry-weight allocation to the gynoecium as compared to larger flowers. During the observation, hermaphrodite flowers did not produce any developed seeds under a natural condition (0% seed-set). Cross-pollinated flowers showed 8% seed-set. On the other hand, flowers which were artificially warmed in small greenhouses during the flowering period showed 60% seed-set, regardless of cross-pollination or autodeposition of pollen from anthers to stigma (self-pollination). Thus, it was found that grazing, gender variation in relation to the length of the growing season and the flower size, and - in the floweriing period - low temperature rather than pollinator limitation strongly affected the seed production of D. octopetala in the population studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1999.tb00302.x
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    Meltwater production in Antarctic blue-ice areas: sensitivity to changes in atmospheric forcing (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 18 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: In the near coastal regions of Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, below-surface ice-melt in blue-ice areas has been observed. The low scattering coefficients of the large-grained blue-ice allow penetration of solar radiation, thus providing an energy source below the ice surface. The sub-surface meltwater is significant enough to show up on remote-sensing imagery in the form of ice-covered lakes. Adjacent snow-accumulation areas have much higher scattering coefficients and consequently limit solar radiation penetration in these regions. These snow and ice surfaces are generally below freezing, and little surface melting occurs. To assess the response of these melt features to changes in atmospheric forcings such as cloudiness, air temperature, and snow accumulation, a physically-based model of the coupled atmosphere, radiation, snow, and blue-ice system has been developed. The model consists of a heat transfer equation with a spectrally-dependent solar-radiation source term. The penetration of radiation into the snow and blue-ice depends on the surface albedo, and the snow and blue-ice grain size and density. Model simulations show that ice melt occurring in this area is sensitive to potential variations in atmospheric forcing. Under certain conditions more traditional surface melting occurs and, under other conditions, the existing melt processes can be shut down completely. In light of the sensitivity of this system to variations in atmospheric forcing, and the ability to view melt-related features using remote sensing, a tool exists to efficiently monitor variations in Antarctic coastal climate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1999.tb00305.x
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    The Antarctic contribution to Holocene global sea level rise (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 18 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The Holocene glacial and climatic development in Antarctica differed considerably from that in the Northern Hemisphere. Initial deglaciation of inner shelf and adjacent land areas in Antarctica dates back to between 10-8 Kya, when most Northern Hemisphere ice sheets had already disappeared or diminished considerably. The continued deglaciation of currently ice-free land in Antarctica occurred gradually between ca. 8-5 Kya. A large southern portion of the marine-based Ross Ice Sheet disintegrated during this late deglaciation phase. Some currently ice-free areas were deglaciated as late as 3 Kya. Between 8-5 Kya, global glacio-eustatically driven sea level rose by 10-17m, with 4-8 m of this increase occurring after 7 Kya. Since the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets had practically disappeared by 8-7 Kya, we suggest that Antarctic deglaciation caused a considerable part of the global sea level rise between 8-7 Kya, and most of it between 7-5 Kya. The global mid-Holocene sea level high stand, broadly dated to between 8-4 Kya, and the Littorina-Tapes transgressions in Scandinavia and simultaneous transgressions recorded from sites e.g. in Svalbard and Greenland, dated to 7-5 Kya, probably reflect input of meltwater from the Antarctic deglaciation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1999.tb00310.x
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    UV-B susceptibility and photoprotection of Arctic Daphnia morphotypes (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 18 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: UV-B tolerance and susceptibility of high Arctic morphotypes of the Daphnia pulexl D. tenebrosa complex were assessed by in situ experiments at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (79°N). Animals from local ponds were exposed to ambient light plus additional UV-B from lamps in a greenhouse facility. Taxonomic affinities did not appear as major determinants of UV susceptibility, but a major difference in UV-B tolerance was seen between morphotypes with pigmented carapaces and those without, the latter being far more susceptible. Assays on levels of carotene and the anti-oxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase did not reveal clear-cut differences between populations, and could not account for the higher tolerance in pigmented populations. Levels of glutathione transferase were higher in the transparent population, however. In the absence of blue light and UV, laboratory reared animals did not reconstitute their carapace melanization after moulting, indicating that short-wave light is the cue for melanin synthesis. Tests on melanized individuals and individuals of the same population reared indoors through 1-2 moults supported the major role of melanin for UV protection. Periods with high UV exposure during hatching of ephippia could induce shifts in morphotype or clonal dominance.
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    The hunting of the Greenland right whale in Svalbard, its interaction with climate and its impact on the marine ecosystem (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 18 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: During the 17th and 18th centuries, tens of thousands of Greenland right whales were killed as a result of extensive European whaling in the coastal waters of the Svalbard archipelago. The author reconstructed these whaling activities, examined how the changing climate affected whaling productivity, and considered the consequences of climate and whaling on the species and on the North Atlantic ecosystem. Annual catch records made it possible to calculate the original size of the whale population; its natural migration pattern in the Greenland Sea could be reconstructed using shipping logs and itineraries. Other written sources revealed that besides human hunting activities, climate change played an important role in the elimination of the Greenland right whale from the Arctic marine ecosystem. This elimination made millions of plankton available for other marine mammals, polar cod and planktonfeeding birds. This has caused a major shift in the food web. changing the marine ecosystem in Svalbard.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1999.tb00317.x
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    Integrated global change impact studies in the Arctic: the role of the stakeholders (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 18 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Responses to global change impacts require the specification of mitigation and adaptation options. Integrated regional impact studies provide some of the information needed for rational decision making. In order to carry out a comprehensive impact study, the involvement of stakeholders in the planning and execution of the study is seen as a necessary prerequisite for an acceptance of its conclusions by the broad public. One way to pursue such an involvement is through a scientist-stakeholder collaborative. Such a collaborative, for instance institutionalized through a joint scientist-stakeholder steering committee addressing issues related to mutual communication and the integration of individual study results, offers a number of additional advantages. The experience of local residents and the utilization of traditional knowledge may provide insight and expertise inaccessible to scientific investigations. Within the Barents Sea Impact Study, the involvement of stakeholders has been given significant weight early on. One of the main instruments employed in the stakeholder collaborative is the BASIS Information Office. However, given the diversity of backgrounds and interests of stakeholders from four different countries, scientist-stakeholder collaboration represents a significant challenge within BASIS. This notwithstanding, we consider the advantages gained worth the extra effort.
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    The influence of ornithogenic products on the nutrient status of soils surrounding nests on nunataks in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 18 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The nutrient status of soils surrounding ten snow petrel Pagodroma nivea nests was investigated by sampling along four transects (One up-slope and three down-slope) from each nest. The highest levels for total N and P.% C. nitrite and ammonia (but not nitrate) were associated with the nest itself. Elevated levels of all nutrients still occurred at I m from the nest but dropped to levels similar to those of non-bird influenced soils at 2 m or 5 m from the nest. Highest bacterial and algal numbers were also associated with the nest. An experiment to examine the breakdown of guano showed nitrification levels to be insignificant and nutrient release levels very slow.
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    Cladina Stellaris (Opiz) Brodo as a bioindicator of atmospheric deposition on the Kola Peninsula, Russia (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 18 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Concetrations of 16 elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, C, N, S, P, Ca, Mg) were determined in the lichen Cladina stellaris (Opiz) Brodo collected from 26 localities on the Kola Peninsula. Concentrations were higher closer to the emission sources. In Arctic regions affected by local emissions. lichens can be recommended as sensitive indicators of atmospheric pollution.
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    ADAPTING THE LAW OF WATER MANAGEMENT TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND OTHER HYDROPOLITICAL STRESSES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Existing legal regimes for the management of water resources are already stressed by changing technologies and growing populations. There is little reason for doubt that today the planet is undergoing significant and even alarming climate change. In the past such global climatic changes had dramatic effects on water resource availability with disastrous consequences for many human communities. Today's climate changes can be managed without such disastrous consequences for present day communities only if there are major reforms to existing water law regimes at the local, national, and international levels. In particular, at the local and national levels, water resources must be treated as public property rather than as common or private property. At the international level, water must be managed at the drainage basin level rather than according to national boundaries that largely ignore rational water management criteria. At all levels, care must be given to decentralizing decision making and to use economic incentives insofar as possible, without, however, mistaking economic incentives for markets. The public nature of water resources precludes true markets as a significant management tool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04217.x
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    AN EVALUATION OF TWO HYDROLOGIC MODELS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Understanding the effects of climate change on water resources requires coupling atmospheric and hydrologic models. With the wide array of hydrologic models, from simple empirical to complex physically based, it is not clear which is preferable to simulate hydrologic variations over long time scales. To address this issue, a black-box artificial neural network (ANN) model was compared to a distributed parameter conceptual Geographic Information System based Hydrologic Modeling System (GIS-HMS). Both models computed daily direct surface runoff in four sub-basins of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and were evaluated with five objective functions. Overall, results were comparable between models. However, the ANN was favored in the larger sub-basins, while GIS-HMS was more accurate in the smaller catchments. Both models were impaired by the poor spatial and temporal resolution of precipitation data and the simplified representation of antecedent soil-moisture conditions. In the context of climate change, where simulations are limited by computing power, results suggest that both models are appropriate. When detailed simulations are essential, GIS-HMS is a preferable model to use. On the other hand, the ANN model is more suitable when multiple scenarios require immediate analysis and the distributed qualities of runoff are not required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04220.x
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    IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING AND HEALTH (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : We review published analyses of the effects of climate change on goods and services provided by freshwater ecosystems in the United States. Climate-induced changes must be assessed in the context of massive anthropogenic changes in water quantity and quality resulting from altered patterns of land use, water withdrawal, and species invasions; these may dwarf or exacerbate climate-induced changes. Water to meet instream needs is competing with other uses of water, and that competition is likely to be increased by climate change. We review recent predictions of the impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystems in eight regions of North America. Impacts include warmer temperatures that alter lake mixing regimes and availability of fish habitat; changed magnitude and seasonality of runoff regimes that alter nutrient loading and limit habitat availability at low flow; and loss of prairie pothole wetlands that reduces waterfowl populations. Many of the predicted changes in aquatic ecosystems are a consequence of climatic effects on terrestrial ecosystems; shifts in riparian vegetation and hydrology are particularly critical. We review models that could be used to explore potential effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems; these include models of instream flow, bioenergetics models, nutrient spiraling models, and models relating riverine food webs to hydrologic regime. We discuss potential ecological risks, benefits, and costs of climate change and identify information needs and model improvements that are required to improve our ability to predict and identify climate change impacts and to evaluate management options.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04222.x
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  • 89
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    WEATHER AND CLIMATE EXTREMES, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND PLANNING: Views of Community Water System Managers in Pennsylvania's Susquehanna River Basin (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This research examines the sensitivity and vulnerability of community water systems (CWSs) to weather and climate in the Pennsylvania portion of the Susquehanna River Basin. Three key findings emerge from a survey of 506 CWS managers. First, CWSs are sensitive to extreme weather and climate, but that sensitivity is determined more by type of system than system size. CWSs that rely partly or wholly on surface water face more disruptions than do groundwater systems. Larger systems have more problems with flooding, and size is not a significant determinant of outages from storms or disruptions from droughts. Second, CWS managers are unsure about global warming. Few managers dismiss global warming; most think global warming could be a problem but are unwilling to consider it in their planning activities until greater scientific certainty exists. Third, the nature of the CWS, its sensitivity to weather and climate, and projected risks from weather and climate are insignificant determinants of how managers plan. Experienced, full-time managers are more likely to consider future weather and climate scenarios in their planning, while inexperienced and part-time managers are less likely to do so. Implications of these findings include support for efforts to move away from surface water, for clear communication of climate change information, and for the hiring and retention of full-time professional CWS managers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04225.x
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  • 90
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    VARIABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF MONTHLY PRECIPITATION IN CENTRAL OKLAHOMA (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : To fully take advantage of regional climate forecast information for agricultural applications, the relationship between divisional and station scale precipitation characteristics must be quantified. The spatial variability of monthly precipitation is assumed to consist of two components: a systematic and a random component. The systematic component is defined by differences in long-term mean precipitation between stations within a climate division, and the random component by differences between station and divisional standardized values. For the Central Climate Division of Oklahoma, the systematic component has a positive precipitation gradient from west to east with a slope ranging between 3 to 16 mm of precipitation per 100 km depending on the month of the year. On the other hand, the random component ranges between 27 to 48 percent of the mean temporal variation of the monthly precipitation. This significant random spatial variability leads to large localized departures from divisional values, and clearly demonstrates the critical influence of the random component in the utilization of divisional climate forecasts for local agricultural applications. The results of this study also provide an uncertainty range for local monthly precipitation projections that are derived from divisional climate information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04229.x
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  • 91
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    GENERAL-CIRCULATION-MODEL SIMULATIONS OF FUTURE SNOWPACK IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : April 1 snowpack accumulations measured at 311 snow courses in the western United States (U.S.) are grouped using a correlation-based cluster analysis. A conceptual snow accumulation and melt model and monthly temperature and precipitation for each cluster are used to estimate cluster-average April 1 snowpack. The conceptual snow model is subsequently used to estimate future snowpack by using changes in monthly temperature and precipitation simulated by the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (CCC) and the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HADLEY) general circulation models (GCMs). Results for the CCC model indicate that although winter precipitation is estimated to increase in the future, increases in temperatures will result in large decreases in April 1 snowpack for the entire western U.S. Results for the HADLEY model also indicate large decreases in April 1 snowpack for most of the western US, but the decreases are not as severe as those estimated using the CCC simulations. Although snowpack conditions are estimated to decrease for most areas of the western US, both GCMs estimate a general increase in winter precipitation toward the latter half of the next century. Thus, water quantity may be increased in the western US; however, the timing of runoff will be altered because precipitation will more frequently occur as rain rather than as snow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04231.x
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  • 92
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    DOWNSCALED CLIMATE AND STREAMFLOW STUDY OF THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Downscaling coarse resolution climate data to scales that are useful for impact assessment studies is receiving increased attention. Basin-scale hydrologic processes and other local climate impacts related to water resources such as reservoir management, crop and forest productivity, and ecosystem response require climate information at scales that are much finer than current and future GCM resolutions. The Regional Climate System Model (RCSM) is a dynamic downscaling system that has been used since 1994 for short-term precipitation and streamflow predictions and seasonal hindcast analysis with good skill. During the 1997–1998 winter, experimental seasonal forecasts were made in collaboration with the NOAA Climate Prediction Center and UCLA with promising results. Preliminary studies of a control and 2°CO2 perturbation for the southwestern U.S. have been performed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04235.x
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    POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL WATER USE IN THE SOUTHEAST U.S. (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Climate change has the potential to have dramatic effects on the agricultural sector nationally and internationally as documented in many research papers. This paper reports on research that was focused on a specific crop growing area to demonstrate how farm managers might respond to climate-induced yield changes and the implications of these responses for agricultural water use. The Hadley model was used to generate climate scenarios for important agricultural areas of Georgia in 2030 and 2090. Linked crop response models indicated generally positive yield changes, as increased temperatures were associated with increased precipitation and CO2. Using a farm management model, differences in climate-induced yield impacts among crops led to changes in crop mix and associated water use; non-irrigated cropland received greater benefit since irrigated land was already receiving adequate moisture. Model results suggest that farm managers will increase cropping intensity by decreasing fallowing and increasing double cropping; corn acreage decreased dramatically, peanuts decreased moderately and cotton and winter wheat increased. Water use on currently irrigated cropland fell. The potential for increased water use through conversion of agriculturally important, but currently non-irrigated, growing areas is substantial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04237.x
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    RESPONSE OF NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATER LAKES TO SIMULATED FUTURE CLIMATES (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : We apply a physically based lake model to assess the response of North American lakes to future climate conditions as portrayed by the transient trace-gas simulations conducted with the Max Planck Institute (ECHAM4) and the Canadian Climate Center (CGCM1) atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (A/OGCMs). To quantify spatial patterns of lake responses (temperature, mixing, ice cover, evaporation) we ran the lake model for theoretical lakes of specified area, depth, and transparency over a uniformly spaced (50 km) grid. The simulations were conducted for two 10-year periods that represent present climatic conditions and those around the time of CO2 doubling. Although the climate model output produces simulated lake responses that differ in specific regional details, there is broad agreement with regard to the direction and area of change. In particular, lake temperatures are generally warmer in the future as a result of warmer climatic conditions and a substantial loss (〉 100 days/yr) of winter ice cover. Simulated summer lake temperatures are higher than 30°C over the Midwest and south, suggesting the potential for future disturbance of existing aquatic ecosystems. Overall increases in lake evaporation combine with disparate changes in A/OGCM precipitation to produce future changes in net moisture (precipitation minus evaporation) that are of less fidelity than those of lake temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04241.x
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    BENEFITS FROM MANAGING FARM PRODUCED NUTRIENTS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Manures and fertilizers are applied to agricultural lands in excess of recommended amounts, resulting in widespread pollution of surface and ground water and contributing a substantial source of greenhouse gases associated with global warming. By developing policies that exploit the value of farm produced nutrients, input costs can be minimized. Better accounting for or crediting of farm produced nutrients is leading to economically beneficial conservation of fertilizer. In addition, hog producers who own enough land may benefit from properly managing manure nutrients. Poultry litter is valuable as fertilizer and can be marketed by independent dealers to farmers in nutrient deficit areas, with very modest assistance from the government. Dairy producers may modify their past income support programs to finance central compost facilities. Although nutrient problems were neglected in the past, recent Federal initiatives and joint initiatives with states exploit many of these and other opportunities to avoid excessive application of nutrients to the land.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04190.x
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    FROM FLOW TO FISH TO DOLLARS: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO WATER ALLOCATION (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: This paper details a case study of economic and natural system responses to alternative water management policies in the Cache La Poudre River basin, Colorado, 1980–1994. The case study is presented to highlight the value and application of a conceptual integration of economic, salmonid population, physical habitat, and water allocation models. Five alternative regimes, all intended to increase low winter flows, were investigated. Habitat enhancements created by alternative regimes were translated to population responses and economic benefits. Analysis concluded that instream flows cannot compete on the northern Colorado water rental market; cooperative agreements offer an economically feasible way to enhance instream flows; and establishing an instream flow program on the Cache La Poudre River mainstem is a potentially profitable opportunity. The alliance of models is a dynamic multidisciplinary tool for use in professional settings and offers valuable insight for decision-making processes involved in water management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04193.x
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    A HANDY DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR RESERVOIR OPERATION IN TAIWAN (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: A user-friendly decision support system (DSS) for long-term reservoir operation has been introduced with an eye to practical use. The system can assist reservoir managers to work out applicable rules for real-time reservoir operation. The DSS model has already been applied experimentally to the main reservoirs in Taiwan with success. In this study, Tsengwen Reservoir, the largest reservoir in Taiwan, was chosen to test the applicability of the model. The simulation results show that the DSS is not only well suited to long-term reservoir operation, but also very easily applied. A handy DSS was designed for user-friendly computer interaction with Microsoft Excel in the Windows system. Users can survey on-line reservoir operation with a browser on the World Wide Web (WWW). The uniform resource locator of the DSS is . So users may easily access the DSS via the Internet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04197.x
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    EQUILIBRIUM EVAPORATION AND POSITWE EVAPORATION-SURFACE TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS ACROSS A GRASSLAND (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes, soil moisture (SM) and surface temperatures (Ts) were analyzed from seven sites at FIFE to evaluate relationships among the spatial variability of evaporative fraction, EF, SM, and the diurnal surface temperature range (Tdr). Intersite correlations between EF and Tdr were significantly negative for regional average soil moisture SMr 〈 20 percent, insignificant for 20 〈 SMr 〈 27 percent, and slightly positive for SMr 〉 27 percent. Statistical analysis of the pooled correlation coefficient between EF and Tdr for SMr 〈 20 percent indicates that it is less than zero at a very high level of significance, while the pooled correlation coefficient for regional SMr 〉 27 percent is greater than zero at the 10 percent level. The positive EF:Tdr correlations are attributed to increased surface vapor pressure at warmer sites under nearly potential conditions. These results suggest that to characterize the spatial variability of the energy budget partitioning, a variable representing the thermal response of the site should be included. An important application of these findings relates to modeling the subgrid variability of a region by subdividing the region into a few classes within which surface variables and parameters are assumed invariant. The thermal response of the surface should be included as a variable in defining these classes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04199.x
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    VERIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF REGIONAL EQUATIONS FOR THE STORAGE FUNCTION RUNOFF MODEL (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: The storage function model is a nonlinear rainfall-runoff model that has been developed for and applied to flood runoff analysis in Japan. This paper extends the model applicability by developing practical equations for estimating model parameters which are appropriate on a regional basis, i.e., so-called regional equations. Previously, the parameters were computed from historical data for a specific basin or from relationships that do not account for land use and topography.To develop the regionalized equations, model parameters were identified for 91 flood events from 22 watersheds in Japan by applying a mathematical optimization technique. Results from 39 of these events were statistically compared and regional relationships were determined as a function of land use, basin area and rainfall intensity. The utility of the estimated equations were tested by computing runoff hydrographs for lumped basins. The estimated parameters were also applied in a distributed watershed model formulation. Both applications showed acceptable results that validate the use of the regionalized relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04202.x
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    USE OF A VIEWER BOX IN SECCIII DISK MEASUREMENTS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: We used a closed-ended viewer box in the measurement of Secchi depth and compared the results with simultaneous naked-eye measurements. We have shown that use of such a viewer box increases Secchi depth measurement by removing the interfering effects of water surface glare and glitter. A viewer box also increases between-observer precision. Measurements made both with and without the viewer box are slightly greater on the shady side of the boat than on the sunny side; the latter is the preferred side if Secchi data are to be related to other optical properties. As expected, the difference between viewer box and naked eye measurements increases with increasing wave height but not with increasing illuminance. Because of the lack of uniformity in the way Secchi depth is estimated, and the inherent optical problems with current Secchi depth procedures, an appeal is made for production of a standardized protocol for Secchi observations, including the use of a closed-ended viewer box on the sunny side of the boat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04205.x
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