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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (29,271)
  • 2005-2009  (46)
  • 1955-1959  (14,035)
  • 1950-1954  (9,876)
  • 1940-1944  (5,314)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-06-22
    Description: In this work, we analyse continuous measurements of microseisms to assess the reliability of the fundamental resonance frequency estimated by means of the horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratio within the 0.1–1 Hz frequency range, using short-period sensors (natural period of 1 s). We apply the H/V technique to recordings of stations installed in two alluvial basins with different sedimentary cover thicknesses—the Lower Rhine Embayment (Germany) and the Gubbio Plain (Central Italy). The spectral ratios are estimated over the time–frequency domain, and we discuss the reliability of the results considering both the variability of the microseism activity and the amplitude of the instrumental noise. We show that microseisms measured by short period sensors allow the retrieval of fundamental resonance frequencies greater than about 0.1–0.2 Hz, with this lower frequency bound depending on the relative amplitude of themicroseism signal and the self-noise of the instruments. In particular,we show an examplewhere the considered short-period sensor is connected to instruments characterized by an instrumental noise level which allows detecting only fundamental frequencies greater than about 0.4 Hz. Since the frequency at which the peak of the H/V spectral ratio is biased depends upon the seismic signal-to-instrument noise ratio, the power spectral amplitude of instrumental self-noise should be always considered when interpreting the frequency of the peak as the fundamental resonance frequency of the investigated site.
    Description: Published
    Description: 175-184
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: site effects ; fourier analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Geochemical investigations have shown that there is a considerable inflow of gas into both crater lakes of Monticchio, Southern Italy. These lakes are located in two maars that formed 140 000 years ago during Mt. Vulture volcano s last eruptive activity. Isotopic analyses suggest that CO2 and helium are of magmatic origin; the latter displays 3He ⁄ 4He isotope ratios similar to those measured in olivines of the maar ejecta. In spite of the fact that the amount of dissolved gases in the water is less than that found in Lake Nyos (Cameroon), both the results obtained and the historical reports studied indicate that these crater lakes could be highly hazardous sites, even though they are located in a region currently considered inactive. This could be of special significance in very popular tourist areas such as the Monticchio lakes, which are visited by about 30 000 people throughout the summer, for the most part on Sundays.
    Description: Published
    Description: 83-87
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: volcanic gases ; gas hazard ; crater lakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On 2009 April 6, the Central Apennines were hit by an Mw = 6.3 earthquake. The region had been shaken since 2008 October by seismic activity that culminated in two foreshocks with Mw 〉 4, 1 week and a few hours before the main shock. We computed seismic moment tensors for 26 events with Mw between 3.9 and 6.3, using the Regional Centroid Moment Tensor (RCMT) scheme. Most of these source parameters have been computed within 1 hr after the earthquake and rapidly revised successively. The focal mechanisms are all extensional, with a variable and sometimes significant strike-slip component. This geometry agrees with the NE–SW extensional deformation of the Apennines, known from previous seismic and geodetic observations. Events group into three clusters. Those located in the southern area have larger centroid depths and a wider distribution of T-axis directions. These differences suggest that towards south a different fault systemwas activated with respect to the SW-dipping normal faults beneath L’Aquila and more to the north.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.1. TTC - Monitoraggio sismico del territorio nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: moment tensor ; seismotectonics ; L'Aquila ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The strong motion data of 2009 April 6 L’Aquila (Central Italy) earthquake (Mw = 6.3) and of 12 aftershocks (4.1 ≤ Mw ≤ 5.6) recorded by 56 stations of the Italian strong motion network are spectrally analysed to estimate the source parameters, the seismic attenuation, and the site amplification effects. The obtained source spectra for S wave have stress drop values ranging from 2.4 to 16.8 MPa, being the stress drop of the main shock equal to 9.2 MPa. The spectral curves describing the attenuation with distance show the presence of shoulders and bumps, mainly around 50 and 150 km, as consequence of significant reflected and refracted arrivals from crustal interfaces. The attenuation in the first 50 km is well described by a quality factor equal to Q( f ) = 59 f 0.56 obtained by fixing the geometrical spreading exponent to 1. Finally, the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio provides unreliable estimates of local site effects for those stations showing large amplifications over the vertical component of motion.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1573–1579
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Generalized inversion ; strong-motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 179 (3). pp. 291-295.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The cartilaginous tubercles of the mantle of the squid Cranchia scabra have been examined with the scanning electron microscope. Some tubercles are small, simple nodules whereas others are large with a complex Maltese cross form. The varying shapes and sizes probably represent a developmental sequence. The possible role of the tubercles is discussed.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 25 (5). pp. 633-650.
    Publication Date: 2017-12-19
    Description: Two cores were recovered in the southeastern part of Lake Shkodra (Montenegro and Albania) and sampled for identification of tephra layers. The first core (SK13, 7.8 m long) was recovered from a water depth of 7 m, while the second core (SK19, 5.8 m long) was recovered close to the present-day shoreline (water depth of 2 m). Magnetic susceptibility investigations show generally low values with some peaks that in some cases are related to tephra layers. Naked-eye inspection of the cores allowed the identification of four tephra layers in core SK13 and five tephra layers in core SK19. Major element analyses on glass shards and mineral phases allowed correlation of the tephra layers between the two cores, and their attribution to six different Holocene explosive eruptions of southern Italy volcanoes. Two tephra layers have under-saturated composition of glass shards (foiditic and phonolitic) and were correlated to the AD 472 and the Avellino (ca. 3.9 cal. ka BP) eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius. One tephra layer has benmoreitic composition and was correlated to the FL eruption of Mount Etna (ca. 3.4 cal. ka BP). The other three tephra layers have trachytic composition and were correlated to Astroni (ca. 4.2 cal. ka BP), Agnano Monte Spina (ca. 4.5 cal. ka BP) and Agnano Pomici Principali (ca. 12.3 cal. ka BP) eruptions of Campi Flegrei. The ages of tephra layers are in broad agreement with eight 14C accelerator mass spectrometric measurements carried out on plant remains and charcoal from the lake sediments at different depths along the two cores. The recognition of distal tephra layers from Italian volcanoes allowed the physical link of the Holocene archive of Lake Shkodra to other archives located in the central Mediterranean area and the Balkans (i.e. Lake Ohrid). Five of the recognised tephra layers were recognised for the first time in the Balkans area, and this has relevance for volcanic hazard assessment and for ash dispersal forecasting in case of renewed explosive activity from some of the southern Italy volcanoes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 7
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 24 (5). pp. 437-449.
    Publication Date: 2018-05-15
    Description: This paper presents a temperature reconstruction of the past 1000 years for Central Europe, based on chronological records. The advantages and limitations of this hermeneutic, text-based approach are discussed and the statistic methodology is introduced. Historical documents represent direct observation of weather and atmospheric conditions with highest temporal resolution available and precise dating. A major advantage of these extensive data is that they allow the reconstruction of large numbers of variables such as winter temperature, precipitation, pressure patterns or climate extremes as well as floods or storms. Within this hermeneutic climatological research approach, even human impacts and social dimensions of climate development can be examined. In order to quantify the historical information, statistical methods are applied, based on an index approach.
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  • 8
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 170 (4). pp. 451-462.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The dry weight and the crest length of the upper and lower beak, the length of the radula ribbon, the average width of the base of the six proximal and distal rachidian teeth as well as the total number of these teeth have all been related to the live body weight of octopuses between 1.1 and 4440 g. From any one of these parameters it is possible to estimate the size and approximate age of the animal.
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  • 9
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 181 (4). pp. 527-559.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Features of the brain of this oceanic squid have been investigated and related, as far as possible, to its habits and mode of life. The body and arms are much vacuolated for buoyancy and the animal probably lives with the head upwards. The very long whip-like tentacles are not vacuolated and perhaps hang downwards. They are covered by numerous minute pedunculated suckers, perhaps providing a sticky surface. A special nerve running outside the brain carries signals from the arms and tentacles to the magnocellular lobe, which is very large and of complex structure. However, there are no giant cells and the mantle is weak. Propulsion is mainly by the large fins, which are controlled from the magnocellular lobe, presumably using the information from the arms and tentacles.
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  • 10
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 158 (4). pp. 475-483.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: An automatic food dispenser was designed for use with Octopus vulgaris Lamarck. One live crab was delivered each time the octopus pulled a white shape attached to the dispenser. The apparatus provided a continuous record of the time and frequency of feeding over periods of up to 15 days.
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  • 11
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 188 (1). pp. 53-67.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The movements of the isolated buccal mass of Octopus vulgaris have been investigated. The beaks undergo rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of applied stimulation and after electrical stimulation of the inter-buccal connective. Initial opening, closing, retraction and re-opening phases of movement are described. This cycle of movements is taken to resemble those in the intact animal. Anatomical and electrical evidence identifies the superior mandibular muscle as being partly responsible for the closing and retraction phases of movement. The inferior buccal ganglion determines the sequence of these buccal movements, but modification by sensory feed-back from the musculature is also implied. The preparation will allow a closer comparison of the control of movement in cephalopods and gastropods.
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  • 12
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 179 (1). pp. 19-83.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Taonius megalops is a neutrally buoyant oceanic squid, very different in form when young and old. The young, has a round, sac-like mantle and relatively long tentacles, while the adult has an elongated cone-like mantle and relatively short tentacles. The transition in shape and form is gradual and has been followed in animals of between 3 and 180 mm dorsal mantle length. Statistical tests on various parameters investigated, both external and internal, revealed good correlation with the dorsal mantle length and confirmed the descriptions of the development of the chromatophores and subocular light organs with growth. It was concluded that these animals, captured in the Atlantic Ocean, all belonged to the species T. megalops Prosch 1849. This study has permitted us to suggest a tentative outline of the life cycle, although no adults were present in the material available.
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  • 13
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 202 (3). pp. 441-447.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: A crab which has been captured and paralysed by an octopus but retrieved 1 1/2 min later cannot at first be pulled apart by the experimenter: 27 min later it can be dismembered easily. This demonstrates that there is external digestion when Octopus vulgaris feeds upon crabs. However, it is strictly limited at this stage to the arthrodial membrane and the musculo-skeletal attachment mechanisms as the exoskeleton separates at the joints allowing the muscles to be drawn out of the appendages. And yet, two hours after capture, pieces of crab meat are still recognizable in the octopus's stomach. The process of paralysing and cleaning a crab was noticeably slowed after the surgical removal of the radula, salivary papilla or the lateral buccal palps.
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  • 14
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 150 (1). pp. 1-9.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: The changes in body weight of 12 octopuses, fed on fish or crabs, were followed under laboratory conditions for periods of 1 to 7 1/2 months. The food intake was estimated and compared with the changes in body weight of the octopuses; 25 to 55% of the total intake of food appeared to be incorporated. The range of the average increase in weight over the whole observation period of each of the animals was 1.9 to 7.7g per day (1 to 7 1/2 months); the mean value was 4.8g per day. The effect of changing the diet of small octopuses (fish or crab)was followed for four weeks but there was no evidence that alteration of the diet affected the rate of changes in body weight of animals of more than 47g initial body weight.
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  • 15
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 186 (1). pp. 95-108.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Reproductive mechanisms in the seven species of the thecosomatous pteropod genus Limacina are described and compared. All species are protandrous hermaphrodites. Five species–L. bulimoides, L. helicina, L. lesueuri, L. retroversa and L. trochiformis–have a similar reproductive anatomy in which the gonoduct leading from the gonad to the common genital pore functions as a seminal vesicle in the male and is elaborated into mucous and albumen glands in the female. The male system consists of a prostate gland and penis connected to the common genital pore by an external ciliary tract. All five species have a free-swimming veliger stage which hatches from free-floating egg masses. Limacina helicoides has the same reproductive anatomy but is ovoviviparous, with embryos retained in capsules in the mucous gland until they are juveniles of 50 mm in shell diameter. Limacina inflata lacks mucous and albumen glands and a penis; a spermatophore formed by the prostate gland is used in aphallic sperm transfer. This species exhibits brood protection with un-encapsulated embryos retained in the mantle cavity until they are released as veligers measuring 0067 mm in diameter. L. inflata is the most abundant of the seven species despite lowered fecundity; reasons for its ecological success are discussed.
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  • 16
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  In: Biofouling. , ed. by Dürr, S. and Thomason, J. Wiley-Blackwell, Weinheim, pp. 73-86. ISBN 978-1-4051-6926-4
    Publication Date: 2012-02-23
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2020-07-27
    Description: Understanding the influence of growth temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) on seed quality in terms of seed composition, subsequent seedling emergence and early seedling vigour is important under present and future climates. The objective of this study was to determine the combined effects of elevated temperature and CO2 during seed-filling of parent plants on seed composition, subsequent seedling emergence and seedling vigour of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Plants of cultivar ‘Montcalm’, were grown at daytime maximum/nighttime minimum sinusoidal temperature regimes of 28/18 and 34/24 °C at ambient CO2 (350 μmol mol−1) and at elevated CO2 (700 μmol mol−1) from emergence to maturity. Seed size and seed composition at maturity and subsequent per cent emergence, early seedling vigour (rate of development) and seedling dry matter production were measured. Elevated CO2 did not influence seed composition, emergence, or seedling vigour of seeds produced either at 28/18 or 34/24 °C. Seed produced at 34/24 °C had smaller seed size, decreased glucose concentration, but significantly increased concentrations of sucrose and raffinose compared to 28/18 °C. Elevated growth temperatures during seed production decreased the subsequent per cent emergence and seedling vigour of the seeds and seedling dry matter production of seed produced either at ambient or elevated CO2.
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  • 18
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Fish Biology, 75 (5). pp. 960-996.
    Publication Date: 2015-09-14
    Description: Absolute barriers to dispersal are not common in marine systems, and the prevalence of planktonic larvae in marine taxa provides potential for gene flow across large geographic distances. These observations raise the fundamental question in marine evolutionary biology as to whether geographic and oceanographic barriers alone can account for the high levels of species diversity observed in marine environments such as coral reefs, or whether marine speciation also operates in the presence of gene flow between diverging populations. In this respect, the ecological hypothesis of speciation, in which reproductive isolation results from divergent or disruptive natural selection, is of particular interest because it may operate in the presence of gene flow. Although important insights into the process of ecological speciation in aquatic environments have been provided by the study of freshwater fishes, comparatively little is known about the possibility of ecological speciation in marine teleosts. In this study, the evidence consistent with different aspects of the ecological hypothesis of speciation is evaluated in marine fishes. Molecular approaches have played a critical role in the development of speciation hypotheses in marine fishes, with a role of ecology suggested by the occurrence of sister clades separated by ecological factors, rapid cladogenesis or the persistence of genetically and ecologically differentiated species in the presence of gene flow. Yet, ecological speciation research in marine fishes is still largely at an exploratory stage. Cases where the major ingredients of ecological speciation, namely a source of natural divergent or disruptive selection, a mechanism of reproductive isolation and a link between the two have been explicitly documented are few. Even in these cases, specific predictions of the ecological hypothesis of speciation remain largely untested. Recent developments in the study of freshwater fishes illustrate the potential for molecular approaches to address specific questions related to the ecological hypothesis of speciation such as the nature of the genes underlying key ecological traits, the magnitude of their effect on phenotype and the mechanisms underlying their differential expression in different ecological contexts. The potential provided by molecular studies is fully realized when they are complemented with alternative (e.g. ecological, theoretical) approaches.
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  • 19
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  In: Biofouling. , ed. by Dürr, S. and Thomason, J. Wiley-Blackwell, Weinheim, pp. 100-108. ISBN 978-1-4051-6926-4
    Publication Date: 2012-02-23
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2016-06-29
    Description: Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of the 〈2mm sediment fraction was carried out on 1257 samples (from the seafloor and 16 cores) from the Iceland shelf west of 188 W. All but one core (B997-347PC) were from transects along troughs on theNW to N-central shelf, an area that in modern and historic times has been affected by drift ice. The paper focuses on the non-clay mineralogy of the sediments (excluding calcite and volcanic glass). Quartz and potassium feldspars occupy similar positions in an R-mode principal component analysis, and oligoclase feldspar tracks quartz; these minerals are used as a proxy for ice-rafted detritus (IRD). Accordingly, the sum of these largely foreign minerals (Q&K) (to Icelandic bedrock) is used as a proxy for drift ice. A stacked, equi-spaced 100 a record is developed which shows both low-frequency trends and higher-frequency events. The detrended stacked record compares well with the flux of quartz (mg cm-2 a-1) at MD99-2269 off N Iceland. The multi-taper method indicated that there are three significant frequencies at the 95% confidence level with periods of ca. 2500, 445 and 304 a. Regime shift analysis pinpoints intervals when there was a statistically significant shift in the average Q&K weight %, and identifies four IRDrich events separated by intervals with lower inputs. There is some association between peaks of IRD input, less dense surface waters (from d18O data on planktonic foraminifera) and intervals of moraine building.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2017-09-14
    Description: An experimental study was performed to disentangle parental and environmental effects on the growth of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua larvae and juveniles. Eggs were collected during the spawning season from spawning pairs (families) kept separately in specially designed spawning compartments. Newly hatched larvae were released simultaneously into two mesocosms of 2500 and 4400 m3. Larval growth was monitored by sampling over a 10 week period, after which juveniles were transferred to on-growing tanks, where they were tagged and kept for up to 2 years. Maternal origin was determined by individual microsatellite genotyping of the larvae (n = 3949, 24 families) and juveniles (n = 600). The results showed significant positive correlations between egg size and larval size during the whole mesocosm period. Correlations, however, weakened with time and were no longer significant at the first tank-rearing sampling at an age of 9 months. Significant family-specific differences in growth were observed. The coefficient of variation (c.v.) was calculated in order to examine variation in standard length of larvae during the mesocosm period. Inter-family c.v. was on average 69% of intra-family c.v. Differences in zooplankton densities between the two mesocosms were reflected in larval growth, condition factor and c.v. Low food abundance appeared to reduce c.v. and favour growth of larvae that showed relatively slow growth at high food abundance. It is suggested that genetically determined variation in growth potential is maintained by environmental variability.
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  • 22
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  International Journal of Climatology, 29 (12). pp. 1731-1744.
    Publication Date: 2020-03-19
    Description: The annual cycle of extreme 1-day precipitation events across the UK is investigated by developing a statistical model and fitting it to data from 689 rain gauges. A generalized extreme-value distribution (GEV) is fit to the time series of monthly maxima, across all months of the year simultaneously, by approximating the annual cycles of the location and scale parameters by harmonic functions, while keeping the shape parameter constant throughout the year. We average the shape parameter of neighbouring rain gauges to decrease parameter uncertainties, and also interpolate values of all model parameters to give complete coverage of the UK. The model reveals distinct spatial patterns for the estimated parameters. The annual mean of the location and scale parameter is highly correlated with orography. The annual cycle of the location parameter is strong in the northwest UK (peaking in late autumn or winter) and in East Anglia (where it peaks in late summer), and low in the Midlands. The annual cycle of the scale parameter exhibits a similar pattern with strongest amplitudes in East Anglia. The spatial patterns of the annual cycle phase suggest that they are linked to the dominance of frontal precipitation for generating extreme precipitation in the west and convective precipitation in the southeast of the UK. The shape parameter shows a gradient from positive values in the east to negative values in some areas of the west. We also estimate 10-year and 100-year return levels at each rain gauge, and interpolated across the UK.
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  • 23
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 210 (1). pp. 137-147.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Epipelagic pterotracheid heteropods and young cranchiid squids rely primarily on transparency for concealment; yet they have opaque structures, the eyes and visceral organs that compose the visceral nuclei, which can only be camouflaged in other ways. These two groups have achieved convergent solutions to this problem. The visceral nucleus has a narrow and conical shape and a covering layer of iridophores that lies parallel to the surface of the organ. The eyes also have iridophore layers and tapered shapes. A minimal ventral silhouette results when the long axes of the visceral nucleus and eyes are oriented vertically, with the narrowest ends directed downward. In pterotracheids, this is actively achieved by tilting the nucleus and eyes and flexing the body and proboscis. In cranchiids, tilting of the organs alone suffices and adjustments are accomplished much more rapidly than in the pterotracheids.
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2016-07-28
    Description: Coccoliths were studied from the ODP Hole 1002C and core PL07-39PC in the Cariaco Basin. Increases in Emiliania huxleyi are synchronous with decreases of Gephyrocapsa oceanica and vice versa. A new index (GEX) based on the relative abundances of these two taxa is proposed, and correlates with various other proxies. It is shown that GEX can serve as upwelling proxy. This confirms that the Intertropical Convergence Zone shifted north during the Bølling/Allerød, south during the Younger Dryas and back north during the Preboreal. The upwelling proxy shows few discrepancies with the terrigenous record.
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  • 25
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Zoology, 207 (4). pp. 511-519.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: A study of the diet of Sepia officinalis and S. elegans in the Ria de Vigo has shown that crustaceans are the most abundant prey in both species, followed by fish. Changes in the food composition of both species occur with growth. The type of prey eaten by the two sexes of these species is very similar. The possibility of trophic competition between juveniles of S. qficinalis and S. elegans is discussed.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2019-09-11
    Description: To investigate and disentangle the role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐based ‘good genes' and ‘compatible genes' in mate choice, three‐spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus with specific MHC IIB genotypes were allowed to reproduce in an outdoor enclosure system. Here, fish were protected from predators but encountered their natural parasites. Mate choice for an intermediate genetic distance between parental MHC genotypes was observed, which would result in intermediate diversity in the offspring, but no mate choice based on good genes was found under the current semi‐natural conditions. Investigation of immunological variables revealed that the less‐specific innate immune system was more active in individuals with a genetically more divergent MHC allele repertoire. This suggests the need to compensate for an MHC‐diminished T‐cell repertoire and potentially explains the observed mate choice for intermediate MHC genetic distance. The present findings support a general pattern of mate choice for intermediate MHC diversity (i.e. compatible genes). In addition, the potentially dynamic role of MHC good genes in mate choice under different parasite pressures is discussed in the light of present and previous results.
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  • 27
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Fish Biology, 75 . pp. 290-294.
    Publication Date: 2017-09-14
    Description: Individual behaviour of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in the presence of hypoxic water was measured in situ in the vertically stratified Bornholm Basin of the Baltic Sea. Considering all recaptured individuals, the use of hypoxic habitat was comparable to data derived by traditional survey data, but some G. morhua had migrated towards the centre of the c.100 m deep basin and spent about a third of their time at oxygen saturation 〈50%, possibly to forage on zoobenthos. Maximal residence time per visit in such hypoxic water was limited to a few hours, allowing for the digestion of consumed prey items in waters with sufficient dissolved oxygen.
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2020-03-20
    Description: Speciation and the maintenance of recently diverged species has been subject of intense research in evolutionary biology for decades. Although the concept of ecological speciation has been accepted, its mechanisms and genetic bases are still under investigation. Here, we present a mechanism for speciation that is orchestrated and strengthened by parasite communities acting on polymorphic genes of the immune system. In vertebrates, these genes have a pleiotropic role with regard to parasite resistance and mate choice. In contrasting niches, parasite communities differ and thus the pools of alleles of the adapted major histocompatibility complex (MHC) also differ between niches. Mate choice for the best‐adapted MHC genotype will favour local adaptations and will accelerate separation of both populations: thus immune genes act as pleiotropic speciation genes –‘magic traits’. This mechanism should operate not only in sympatric populations but also under allopatry or parapatry. Each individual has a small subset of the many MHC alleles present in the population. If all individuals could have all MHC alleles from the pool, MHC‐based adaptation is neither necessary nor possible. However, the typically small optimal individual number of MHC loci thus enables MHC‐based speciation. Furthermore, we propose a new mechanism selecting against species hybrids. Hybrids are expected to have super‐optimal individual MHC diversity and should therefore suffer more from parasites in all habitats.
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  • 29
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 23 (1). pp. 3-20.
    Publication Date: 2017-04-06
    Description: Investigations indicate that the Iceland Ice Sheet was reduced in size during MIS 3 but readvanced to the shelf break at the LGM. Retreat occurred very rapidly around 15 k–16 k cal. yr BP. By contrast, the margin of the ice sheet on the East Greenland shelf, north of the Denmark Strait, was at or close to the shelf break during MIS 3 and 2 and retreat starting ∼17 k cal. yr BP. Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of the 〈2 mm sediment fraction was undertaken on 161 samples from Iceland and East Greenland diamictons, and from cores on the slopes and margins of the Denmark Strait. Weight% mineralogical data are used in a principal component analysis to differentiate sediments derived from the two margins. The first two PC axes explain 52% of the variance. These associations are used to characterise sediments as being affiliated with (a) Iceland, (b) East Greenland or (c) mixed. The contribution from Iceland becomes prominent during MIS 2. The extensive outcrop of early Tertiary basalts on East Greenland between 68° and 71° N is an alternative source for basaltic clasts and North Atlantic sediments with εNd(0) values close to ±0.
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: Myrionecta rubra, a ubiquitous planktonic ciliate, has received much attention due to its wide distribution, occurrence as a red tide organism, and unusual cryptophyte endosymbiont. Although well studied in coastal waters, M. rubra is poorly examined in the open ocean. In the Irminger Basin, North Atlantic, the abundance of M. rubra was 0–5 cells/ml, which is low compared with that found in coastal areas. Distinct patchiness (100 km) was revealed by geostatistical analysis. Multiple regression indicated there was little relationship between M. rubra abundance and a number of environmental factors, with the exception of temperature and phytoplankton biomass, which influenced abundance in the spring. We also improve on studies that indicate distinct size classes of M. rubra; we statistically recognise four significantly distinct width classes (5–16, 12–23, 18–27, 21–33 μm), which decrease in abundance with increasing size. A multinomial logistic regression revealed the main variable correlated with this size distribution was ambient nitrate concentration. Finally, we propose a hypothesis for the distribution of sizes, involving nutrients, feeding, and dividing of the endosymbiont.
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2017-01-31
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A visible tephra horizon in the NGRIP ice core has been identified by geochemical analysis as the Fugloyarbanki Tephra, a widespread marker horizon in marine cores from the Faroe Islands area and the northern North Atlantic. An age of 26 740 ± 390 yr b2k (1s uncertainty) is derived for this tephra according to the new Greenland Ice Core Chronology (GICC05) based on multiparameter counting of annual layers. Detection of this tephra for the first time within the NGRIP ice core provides a key tie-point between marine and ice-core records during the transition between MIS 3 and 2. Identification of this volcanic event within the Greenland records demonstrates the future potential of using tephrochronology to precisely correlate palaeoarchives in widely separated localities that span the last glacial period, as well as providing a potential method for examining the extent of the radiocarbon marine reservoir effect at this time.
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  • 33
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  In: Microbial Ecology of the Oceans. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, pp. 383-441. 2. Edition ISBN 978-0-470-04344-8
    Publication Date: 2019-12-06
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 34
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Fish and Fisheries, 9 (4). pp. 450-461.
    Publication Date: 2016-12-13
    Description: Archived scales and otoliths constitute a unique source of DNA that potentially enables extension of the temporal scale of genetic studies of fish populations by decades and even centuries. We review recent insights into fish population and conservation genetics obtained using analysis of DNA from archived samples. This involves both new knowledge about demographic parameters and population structure in wild populations and insights into consequences of anthropogenic pressure resulting from over-harvesting, habitat degradation and stocking. We show that the latter category of studies have led to significant changes of management practices. Ongoing improvement of genetic methods will undoubtedly further expand the ability to utilize historical DNA samples. We envisage that temporal comparisons of large numbers of coding genes will lead to novel insights into selective responses of fish populations to anthropogenic challenges, particularly fisheries-induced selection and global warming. However, both acquisition and storage of historical DNA samples can be hurdles to temporal genetic analyses, while degradation and low copy number in historical DNA samples render genetic data from such sources prone to technical artefacts. We summarize recommendations for storage of samples and DNA extraction and provide checklists for validation of genotyping results. Finally, we stress that validation procedures also involve documentation of the time and population of origin of historical samples, and the inferences drawn should account for the technical and statistical uncertainties associated with historical DNA analysis.
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  • 35
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Oikos, 117 (5). pp. 754-762.
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
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  • 36
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Marine Ecology, 28 (1). pp. 152-159.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-14
    Description: Meiobenthos densities and higher taxon composition were studied in an active gas seepage area at depths from 182 to 252 m in the submarine Dnieper Canyon located in the northwestern part of the Black Sea. The meiobenthos was represented by Ciliata, Foraminifera, Nematoda, Polychaeta, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Amphipoda, and Acarina. Also present in the sediment samples were juvenile stages of Copepoda and Cladocera which may be of planktonic origin. Nematoda and Foraminifera were the dominant groups. The abundance of the meiobenthos varied between 2397 and 52,593 ind.·m−2. Maximum densities of Nematoda and Foraminifera were recorded in the upper sediment layer of a permanent H2S zone at depths from 220 to 250 m. This dense concentration of meiobenthos was found in an area where intense methane seeps were covered by methane-oxidizing microbial mats. Results suggest that methane and its microbial oxidation products are the factors responsible for the presence of a highly sulfidic and biologically productive zone characterized by specially adapted benthic groups. At the same time, an inverse correlation was found between meiofauna densities and methane concentrations in the uppermost sediment layers. The hypothesis is that the concentration of Nematoda and Foraminifera within the areas enriched with methane is an ecological compromise between the food requirements of these organisms and their adaptations to the toxic H2S.
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  • 37
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, 45 (12). pp. 1072-1075.
    Publication Date: 2020-07-15
    Description: Diosmetin, 5,7,3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone shows chemopreventive, antimutagenic, and antiallergic effects. On the other hand, chrysoeriol, 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone induced nodABC-lacZ in Rhizobium meliloti. Both of them belong to hydroxymethoxy- flavones. One major difference between diosmetin and chrysoeriol is the substituted position of hydroxyl and methoxyl groups. In order to elucidate the relationships between their structures and activity, one of the first things to be done is the determination of their structures. However, most flavones occur widely in nature, and thus it is difficult to obtain in sufficient amounts from natural sources to identify their structures. Assignments of NMR data of several hydroxymethoxyflavones may help us to identify novel flavonoid compounds isolated from natural sources based on their NMR experiments. Therefore, we report here the complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR data of 13 hydroxymethoxyflavones.
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2015-09-01
    Description: Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a high spatial resolution analytical method which has been applied to the analysis of silicic tephras. With current instrumentation, around 30 trace elements can be determined from single glass shards as small as ∼ 40 µm, separated from tephra deposits. As a result of element fractionation during the ablation process using a 266 nm laser, a relatively complex calibration strategy is required. Nonetheless, such a strategy gives analyses which are accurate (typically within ±5%) and have an analytical precision which varies from ∼ ±2% at 100 ppm, to ∼ ±15% at 1 ppm. Detection limits for elements used in correlation and discrimination studies are well below 1 ppm. Examples of the application of trace element analysis by LA-ICP-MS in tephra studies are presented from the USA, New Zealand and the Mediterranean. Improvements in instrumental sensitivity in recent years have the potential to lower detection limits and improve analytical precision, thus allowing the analysis of smaller glass shards from more distal tephras. Laser systems operating at shorter wavelengths (e.g. 193 nm) are now more widely available, and produce a much more controllable ablation in glasses than 266 nm lasers. Crater sizes of 〈10 µm are easily achieved, and at 193 nm many of the elemental fractionation issues which mar longer wavelengths are overcome. By coupling a short wavelength laser to a modern ICP-MS it should be possible to determine the trace element composition of glass shards as small as 20 µm and, providing sample preparation issues can be overcome, the determination of the more abundant trace elements in glass shards as small as 10 µm is within instrumental capabilities. This will make it possible to chemically fingerprint tephra deposits which are far from their sources, and will greatly extend the range over which geochemical correlation of tephras can be undertaken.
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2020-04-28
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2017-10-05
    Description: Natural communities are constantly changing due to a variety of interacting external processes and the temporal occurrence and intensity of these processes can have important implications for the diversity and structure of marine sessile assemblages. In this study, we investigated the effects of temporal variation in a disturbance regime, as well as the specific timing of events within different regimes, on the composition and diversity of marine subtidal fouling assemblages. We did this in a multi-factorial experiment using artificial settlement tiles deployed at two sites on the North East coast of England. We found that although there were significant effects of disturbances on the composition of assemblages, there were no effects of either the variation in the disturbance regime or the specific timing of events on the diversity or assemblage composition at either site. In contrast to recent implications we conclude that in marine fouling assemblages, the variability in disturbance regimes (as a driving force) is unimportant, while disturbance itself is an important force for structuring robust ecosystems.
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2017-12-19
    Description: This paper presents an event stratigraphy based on data documenting the history of vegetation cover, lake-level changes and fire frequency, as well as volcanic eruptions, over the Last Glacial–early Holocene transition from a terrestrial sediment sequence recovered at Lake Accesa in Tuscany (north-central Italy). On the basis of an age–depth model inferred from 13 radiocarbon dates and six tephra horizons, the Oldest Dryas–Bølling warming event was dated to ca. 14 560 cal. yr BP and the Younger Dryas event to ca. 12 700–11 650 cal. yr BP. Four sub-millennial scale cooling phases were recognised from pollen data at ca. 14 300–14 200, 13 900–13 700, 13 400–13 100 and 11 350–11 150 cal. yr BP. The last three may be Mediterranean equivalents to the Older Dryas (GI-1d), Intra-Allerød (GI-1b) and Preboreal Oscillation (PBO) cooling events defined from the GRIP ice-core and indicate strong climatic linkages between the North Atlantic and Mediterranean areas during the last Termination. The first may correspond to Intra-Bølling cold oscillations registered by various palaeoclimatic records in the North Atlantic region. The lake-level record shows that the sub-millennial scale climatic oscillations which punctuated the last deglaciation were associated in central Italy with different successive patterns of hydrological changes from the Bølling warming to the 8.2 ka cold reversal. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 42
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Geofluids, 6 . pp. 241-250. Date online first: 2006
    Publication Date: 2017-08-02
    Description: Groundwater seeps are known to occur in Eckernförde Bay, Baltic Sea. Their discharge rate and dispersion were investigated with a new schlieren technique application, which is able to visualize heterogeneous water parcels with density anomalies down to Drt ¼ 0.049 on the scale of millimeters. With the use of an inverted funnel, discharged fluids can be captured and the outflow velocity can be determined. Overall, 46 stations could be categorized by three different cases: active vent sites, seep-influenced sites, and non-seep sites. New seep locations were discovered, even at shallow near-shore sites, lacking prominent sediment depression, which indicate submarine springs. The detection of numerous seeps was possible and the groundwater-influenced area was defined to be approximately 6.3 km2. Flow rates of between 0.05 and 0.71 l m)2 min)1 were measured. A single focused fluid plume, which was not disturbed by the funnel was recorded and revealed a flux of 59.6 ± 20 ml cm)2 min)1 and it was calculated that this single focused plume would be strong enough to produce a flow rate through the funnel of 1.32 ± 0.44 l m)2 min)1. The effect of different seep-meter funnel sizes is discussed.
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  • 43
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Quaternary Science, 21 (6). pp. 645-675.
    Publication Date: 2018-10-22
    Description: Intra‐plate volcanism in western Europe shows statistically significant episodicity during the Quaternary period. By comparing the known ages for eruptions in France and Germany, which are compiled here, with a composite oxygen isotope record, we have investigated the link between this episodic volcanism and the climate record over the last two million years. We show that increased volcanism between 415–400 ka and 17–5 ka correlates with warming phases at the end of the last Weichselian (Devensian) and earlier Elsterian (Anglian) glacial stages. The three significant caldera explosions in the eastern Eifel, Germany, are all associated with warming phases at the onset of interglacials. The growth and decay of nearby ice sheets suggest that surface changes in continental mass distribution during glacial Milankovich cycles could provide a mechanism for this correlation by means of the distal effects of flexural loading on the lithosphere.
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  • 44
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    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Journal of Fish Biology, 67 . pp. 1585-1602.
    Publication Date: 2017-09-14
    Description: The seasonal growth trajectories of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar juveniles by age group within the Margaree River, Canada, are described. Circuli counts from scales were used to infer growth rates at different ages and these were used to predict the proportions of age 2‐ and 3‐year old smolts from different portions of the watershed. In the wild Atlantic salmon juveniles from the Margaree River, there was no bimodality in fork length frequencies and no 1 year old smolts were produced. Water temperature differences during the growing season were insufficient to explain the differences in growth rates and size at age among the sites sampled. There was a positive association between the growth rate in the first year and the subsequent age at smoltification. In the Margaree River, differences in tributary specific growth rates and size at age were expected to produce important differences in the relative ages at smoltification.
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2017-09-14
    Description: An analysis of mass (M) and standard length (LS) data for larval, juvenile and adult sprat (Sprattus sprattus; Clupeidae) revealed marked changes in the allometric scaling factor (b in inline image). For sprat 〈44 mm LS, b was 5·0, whereas in larger juveniles and adults, b was c. 3·4 indicating a relatively protracted metamorphic period for this species.
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2017-01-31
    Description: Human activities have differentially altered biogeochemical cycling at local, regional and global scales. We propose that a stoichiometric approach, examining the fluxes of multiple elements and the ratio between them, may be a useful tool for better understanding human effects on ecosystem processes and services. The different scale of impacts of the elements carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus and the different nature of their biogeochemical cycles, imply a large variation of their stoichiometric ratios in space and time and thus divergent impacts on biota. In this paper, we examine the effects of anthropogenic perturbations on nutrient ratios in ecosystems in two examples and one case study. Altered stoichiometry in agricultural systems (example 1) can affect not only crop yield and quality but also the interactions between plants and their pollinators, pests and pathogens. Human activities have also altered stoichiometry in coastal ecosystems (example 2). Increased N loading has especially lead to increased N:P and reduced Si:N ratios, with detrimental effects on ecosystem services derived from coastal pelagic food webs, such as fish yield and water quality. The terrestrial–aquatic linkage in stoichiometric alterations is illustrated with a case study, the Mississippi River watershed, where anthropogenic activities have caused stoichiometric changes that have propagated through the watershed into the northern Gulf of Mexico. Coupled with altered stoichiometric nutrient inputs are the inherent differences in variation and sensitivity of different ecosystems to anthropogenic disturbance. Furthermore, the connections among the components of a watershed may result in downstream cascades of disrupted functioning. Applying a multiple element perspective to understanding and addressing societal needs is a new direction for both ecological stoichiometry and sustainability.
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 412-415 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 29-37 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Latest Developments in Antirust PaintingFor constructions made of steel a durable protection against rust can only be achieved if all factors conditioning the corrosive effects, especially the environmental influences like rain, dew, the dew point, temperature and agressiveness of the atmosphere, are considered. Their effects on the problem of priming and preliminary treatments of the surface (removal of scale and rust), on the efficiency of rust removers as well as on the protective value of wash primers are discussed. This is followed by information on the composition of protective paints, pigments and binders for priming and the composition of top coats; the specific aptitude of pigments, fillers and binders as well as on protective top paints.
    Notes: Ein dauerhafter Rostschutz von Stahlbauwerken setzt die Kenntnis aller sich auswirkenden Faktoren, insbesondere der Umwelteinflüsse wie Regeneinwirkung, Taubildung, Taupunkt, Temperatur und Aggressivität der Atmosphäre voraus. Ihre Auswirkung auf die Frage der Werksgrundierung, insbesondere der Untergrundvorbereitung (Entzunderung, Entrostung, Eignung) von Rostumwandlern und Schutzwert von Wash-Primern wird besprochen. Es folgen grundsätzliche Angaben über den Aufbau der Schutzanstrichmittel, Pigmente und Bindemittel für Grundierungen, über verschiedenartige Grundanstriche, über die Zusammensetzung der Deckanstriche, der spezifischen Eignung der Pigmente, Füllstoffe und Bindemittel, und über Rostschutz-Deckfarben.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 38-40 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 26-29 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Influence of Protective Colloids upon the Corrosion of BrassSome investigations showed that the corrosion of brass by acid plant substances is much lower than that caused by the corresponding vegetable acids of the same pH-value. The reason is obviously the presence of colloids in the plant matter. The article presents the results of investigations on the effects of protective colloids like pulvis acacia, e.g. albumin, agar, dextrine and potato starch upon the corrosion of brass in citric acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. The data are represented in chart form. The protective effects of the various colloids differ very much according to the combination of colloid and acid. While an essential decrease of corrosion took place in citric acid solutions which is explained by an adsorption of colloid on the metal surface and the formation of a protective cover, the rate of corrosion was increased if hydrochloric acid was used even at constant concentration of colloids. Here dezincification took place which means that the more basic metal suffered a more intensive corrosive attack. The authors believe that protection in hydrochloric solutions could be achieved if a higher concentration of the colloid were used.
    Notes: Bei Forschungsarbeiten war gefunden worden, daß die Korrosion von Messing durch säuernde pflanzliche Substanzen geringer war als die durch die entsprechenden Fruchtsäuren mit gleichem pH verursachte Korrosion. Der Grund der Herabsetzung war offenbar der Kolloidgehalt der Pflanzen und in der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Resultate von Untersuchungen über die Einwirkung derartiger Schutzkolloide wie Pulvis Acacia, Ei-Albumin, Agar, Dextrin und Kartoffelstärke auf die Korrosion von Messing in Zitronensäure, Salzsäure und Schwefelsäure vorgelegt. Das Material wurde in Tabellen zusammengestellt. Es zeigte sich, daß die Schutzwirkung der verschiedenen Kolloide sehr unterschiedlich war, sowohl in Bezug auf die Kolloide selbst als auch auf die angewandten Säuren. Während sich bei Zitronensäure deutliche Schutzwirkung durch Herabsetzung der Korrosion einstellte, die durch Adsorption des Kolloids an das Metall und Bildung eines Schutzfilms erklärt wird, wurde bei Salzsäure die Korrosion erhöht, wenn die gleichen Kolloidkonzentrationen angewendet wurden und es trat “Entzinkung” ein, d. h., das basische Metal wurde stärker angegriffen. Die Verfasser sind der Meinung, daß bei Verwendung höherer Kolloidkonzentrationen auch bei Salzsäure Schutzwirkung eintreten würde.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Electro-Deposition of Titanium from Aqueous Solutions of Potassium-Titanium-FluorideAs discerned from current density-voltage curves titanium can be deposited from aqueous solutions of potassium titanium fluoride. The deposition of the metal takes place by the formation of TiO++ ions and their reduction by nascent hydrogen. The cathode must consist of metals with high overvoltage. On aluminium cathodes deposition of titanium and passivation by aluminium and titanium hydroxides take place simultaneously.The effects are in agreement with the law of the formation of surface covers by Müller Machu. The current yields are very low. Though they would not exceed 30 pct. the current yields of this method are higher than ever before when other titaniums salts are used.On zinc cathodes there is no passivation. So the percentage of the metallic titanium in the deposition is higher than on aluminum cathodes. Micro-photographs demonstrate the influences of additives like gelatin, thiourea etc. which suppress the formation of hydroxides and oxides in the deposition. The formation thick deposits of titanium which are free from oxides is still meeting difficulties.
    Notes: Titan läßt sich, wie anhand von Strom-Spannungskurven gezeigt wird, aus dem Kaliumtitanfluorid in wäßriger Lösung abscheiden. Dabei erfolgt die Metallabscheidung auf dem Umweg über die Bildung von Ti2+-Ionen und durch Reduktion durch naszierenden Wasserstoff. Als Kathodenmaterial sind nur Metalle mit hoher Überspannung geeignet. An Aluminiumkathoden erfolgt während der Titanabscheidung auch eine Passivierung durch Aluminium- und Titanhydroxyd, wobei das Flächenbedeckungsgesetz von Müller-Machu erfüllt ist. Die Stromausbeuten sind nur gering, sie übersteigen 30% nicht, sind aber weit größer als dies mit anderen Titansalzlösungen bisher möglich war.An Zinkkathoden fehlt die Passivierung, daher ist der Anteil an metallischem Titan im Niederschlag größer als an Aluminium. Anhand von Mikrophotos wird der Einfluß von Zusätzen wie Gelatine, Thiobarnstoff u. dergl. aufgezeigt, welche die Bildung von Hydroxyd und Oxyd im Niederschlag unterdrücken. Die Herstellung dickerer Titanniederschläge, frei von Oxyden, bereitet noch Schwierigkeiten.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 41-42 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 43-48 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 49-56 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 57-57 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 57-59 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 60-62 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 62-64 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 64-64 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. I 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 65-65 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 70-73 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Contribution to the Development of Neoprenes for the Protection or Chemical InstrumentsThe process of coating equipment with prevulcanised Neoprene plates as ex- plained in its various stages. In addition, seven cases are described in which such coatings have been found satisfactory in practice.
    Notes: Das Verfahren der Auskleidung von Apparaten mit vorvulkanisierten Neoprene-Platten wird in seinen einzelnen Stufen erläutert. Anschließend werden 7 Fälle beschrieben, in denen sich diese Auskleidungen bewährt haben.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 66-70 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Practical Experiences in the Corrosion Behavior of Zinc PaintsGeneral survey of zinc paints.Conditions of technical application.Preliminary treatment of iron surfaces.Comparison of the test results of various dust paints by different testing methods.Report on experiences with zinc dust paints in steel construction building, open air constructions and in steel sheet working industries.
    Notes: Allgemeines über Zinkanstrichmittel; Verarbeitungstechnische Erfordernisse; Vorbehandlung der Eisenoberfläche.Vergleichende Gegenüberstellung von Testergebnissen mit unterschiedlichen Zinkstaubfarben nach verschiedenen Testverfahren.Praktische Erfahrungen mit Zinkstaubfarben im allgemeinen Stahlhochbau, bei Freiluftkonstruktionen und in der Stahlblech-verarbeitenden Industrie.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 74-77 
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    Description / Table of Contents: High Temperature Corrosion in Petrol Refining by Sulfur CompoundsAt temperatures above 260°C only stainless, highly alloyed steels resist the attack of the most corrosive agent in petrol refining which is hydrogen sulfide. For high temperature corrosion by hydrogen sulfide, the influences of the duration of wear, the concentration of the hydrogen sulfide, the pressure, the properties of the refined petrol and the quality of the steel are of essential importance besides of the effects of temperature. The author reports on last years investigations in BP-research station on the corrosion of stainless steels by hydrogen sulfide at high temperatures. The corrosion of the surface, the inter-crystalline corrosion and the stress corrosion of steels are discussed in detail.
    Notes: Dem Angriff des wesentlichsten korrosiven Agens in Erdölraffinerien, dem Schwefelwasserstoff, bei hohen Temperaturen (über 260°C) widerstehen praktisch ausschließlich rostfreie, hochlegierte Stähle. Bei der Hochtemperatur-Korrosion durch Schwefelwasserstoff sind neben der Temperatur auch Beanspruchungsdauer, Schwefelwasserstoff konzentration, Druck, Beschaffenheit des zu raffinierenden Öles und die Stahlqualität von Einfluß. Verfasser berichtet über die in den letzten Jahren in der BP-Research Station durchgeführten Untersuchungen über die Korrosion von rostfreien Stählen durch Schwefelwasserstoff bei hohen Temperaturen, wobei allgemeine Oberflächen-korrosion, interkristalline Korrosion und Spannungskorrosion der Stähle eingebend behandelt werden.
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    Description / Table of Contents: New Investigations into Hydrogen Adsorption and Dissolved IronThe solution processes of iron in n HCl were investigated and a correlation was found between the quantity of hydrogen absorbed in the iron and the rate at which the metal dissolved. A dynamical saturation equilibrium was established in the interior of the metal. From this the significance of partial reactions can be derived and the action of inhibitors explained.
    Notes: Es wurden die Auflösungsvorgänge von Eisen in In-HCL untersucht und ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Menge des vom Eisen aufgenommenen Wasserstoffs und der Auflösungsgeschwindigkeit des Metalls gefunden. Es stellt sich dabei ein dynamisches Sättigungsgleichgewicht im Innern des Metalls ein. Daraus läßt sich die Bedeutung der Teil-Reaktionen ableiten und das Eingreifen von Inhibitoren erklären.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of Pitting on Highly Alloyed Austenitic Chrome Nickel Steels and Ferritic Chrome Steels in Aqueous Solutions Containing HalidesTbe application of stainless steels in aqueous solutions containing halides is limited.The authors show that it is not the corrosion potential, determined by means of the generally applied test in a 10 pct. FeCl3-solution, but the slope of the potential vs. current density as a electrochemical data which indicates the sensitivity to pitting.The K3[Fe(CN)6]-test has proved to be a good quick method. By means of this method pitting is indicated as a active passive reaction.Pitting occurs only at potentials within a certain range which can be determined from a current density-voltage curve.In a 5 pct. sulfuric acid containing air, at room temperature the uniform transpassive dissolution of steel takes place only. In sulfuric acid solutions containing chlorides steel is corroded uniformly in its active state or by pitting but not transpassively. An addition of nitrate to such a solution inhibits pitting but increases the transpassive corrosion.
    Notes: Die Einsatzmöglichkeit der chemisch beständigen Stähle in halogenidhaltigen, wäßrigen Medien wird durch die Erscheinung der Lochfraßkorrosion eingeschränkt.Es wird gezeigt, daß bei der allgemein üblichen Prüfung in einer 10%igen FeCl3-Lösung für die Lochfraßanfälligkeit nicht das Korrosionspotential, sondern der Polarisationswiderstand als elektrochemische Meßgröße kennzeichnend ist.Als praktisches Schnellprüfverfahren hat sich der K3[Fe(CN)6]-Test bewährt. Mit Hilfe dieser chemischen Indikation wird der Lochfraß-Mechanismus als Aktiv-Passiv-Reaktion bewiesen. Das Auftreten der Lochfraßkorrosion ist an einen gewissen Potentialbereich gebunden, der durch Messung der Stromdichte-Potential-Kurve bestimmt werden kann.In reiner lufthaltiger 5%iger Schwefelsäure ist bei Raumtemperatur nur die gleichmäßig transpassive Stahlauflösung möglich. In chloridhaltiger Schwefelsäure kann der Stahl gleichmäßig aktiv oder durch Lochfraß, dagegen nicht transpassive korrodieren. Durch einen Nitratzusatz zur chloridhaltigen Schwefelsäure wird die Lochfraßkorrosion zugunsten der transpassiven Korrosion inhibitiert.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 106-110 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 86-91 
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    Description / Table of Contents: On the Photo-Chemistry of Metallic Copper and its Influence on the Velocity of the Dissolution of Copper as ElectrodeBy etching copper with a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid, a sensitive layer is formed which is blackened according to the duration of the exposion to light. An exposion by means of a 6,7 V-incandescent lamp at a distance of 10 cm from the copper surface generates a spot of 1,75 cm2 surface. Three discontinuities occur in certain intervals. The intensity of the reflexion was measured by means of a photoelectric cell and a mirror-galvanometer. Increase of temperature causes a decrease of the velocity of blackening the sensitive layer. Observing the influence of light upon the velocity of the dissolution of copper we obtained a typical dependance of the velocity of corrosion on the photochemical reaction on the copper surface.
    Notes: Durch Ätzung von Kupfer mit einem HNO3-HCl-Gemisch entsteht eine photoaktive Kupferschicht, die nach Belichtung eine zeitlich abhängige Schwärzung aufweist. Bei der Belichtung mit einer 6,7 V-Glühlampe in einem Abstand von 10 cm wird auf der Kupferoberfläche ein Lichtfleck von etwa 1,75 cm2 gebildet. In bestimmten Zeitintervallen treten sodann drei Diskontinuitäten auf. Die Intensität der Reflexion wurde mit Photozelle und Spiegelgalvanometer registriert. Die Erhöhung der Temperatur führt zur Verminderung der Schwärzungsgeschwindigkeit der photoaktiven Schicht.Die Beobachtungen über den Einfluß des Lichtes auf die Auflösungsgeschwindigkeit des Kupfers in Elektrolyten ergaben eine typische Abhängigkeit der Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit von der an der Kupfer-Oberfläche stattgefundenen Reaktion.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 111-115 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 116-121 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 122-122 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 121-122 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on the Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys upon Organic and Inorganic BasesThe article presents a comparison of the corrosive effects of organic and inorganic bases upon aluminium materials by means corrosion tests carried out at a temperature of 20°C for 73hrs. The aggressivity of the bases investigated decreases in the order of sodium hydroxide, methylamine, ethylamine, n-butylamine, ammonia, triethanolamine, sodium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, hydrazine. The sensitivity to corrosion of the materials decrease in the order of pure aluminium A1 99,3, purest aluminium Raffinal raf W(more than 99,99% Al) anticorodal Ac B, Avional Av-23 V, Perunal Pu V and Peraluman Pe-30 W. For every mixture of a base and water, there is a critical concentration at which the intensity of the attack reacher its maximum. High concentrated bases cause but low corrosion and anhydrous bases are fairly inactive. There is no destinct relationship between the corrosion behavior of the bases and their pH-values resp. their electric conductivity.
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Abhandlung wird auf Grund von bei 20°C durchgeführten 73stündigen Korrosionsversuchen mit verschiedenen Aluminiumwerkstoffen die aluminiumangreifende Wirkung organischer Basen mit der anorganischer verglichen. Die Aggressivität der untersuchten Basen nimmt in der anorganischer verglichen. Die Aggressivität der untersuchten Basen nimmt in der Reihenfolge Natriumhydroxyd, Methylamin, Aethylamin, n-Butylamin, Ammoniak, Triäthanolamin, Natriumcarbonat, Calciumhydroxyd, Hydrazin ab. Die Korrosionsfälligkeit einzelner Werkstoffe vermindert sich entsprechend der Reihe Reinaluminium Al 99,3, Reinstaluminium Raffinal Raf W (über 99,99% Al), Anticorodal Ac B, Avional Av-23 V, Perunal Pu V und Peraluman Pe-30 W. Bei jedem Gemisch Base/Wasser besteht eine kritische Konzentration, bei welcher die Intensität des Angriffs auf Aluminium ein Maximum erreicht. Sehr konzentrierte Basen wirken nur ganz schwach, wasserfreie Basen kaum aluminiumangreifend. Zwischen den Korrosionseigenschaften der einzelnen Basen und ihrem pH-Wert bzw. ihrer elektrischen Leitfähigkeit bestehen keine eindeutigen Zusammenhänge.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 122-122 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 123-127 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 127-137 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 138-138 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 139-139 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 139-141 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 141-144 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 144-144 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. VI 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 711-713 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 727-727 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 731-734 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 736-736 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 761-767 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A theory on the complementing process in phosphating baths(Formation rate of secondary cover layers on metals)Secondary cover layers are deposited on metals from saturated solutions if the equilibrium of the solution is disturbed by corrosion on the metal surface. The rate of corrosion and the rate at which the layer is formed are compared, using the phosphate treatment of iron as an example. With this process, the quotient of the HṠ consumed and the iron dissolved is governed by the stoichiometry of the oxidation reaction concerned. The quotients of the HṠ consumed and the quantity of the zinc phosphate deposit can be calculated if all reactions are diffusion controlled. It is thus assumed that the crystal nuclei are formed rapidly, and that equilibria between zinc and phosphoric acid in the solution remain adjusted upto the metal surface. This theory is confirmed experimentally. It serves to indicate and to determine the composition of complementry solution by means of which the baths can be kept stable.
    Notes: Sekundäre Deckschichten scheiden sich aus gesättigten Lösungen auf Metallen ab, wenn an der Metalloberfläche das Lösungsgleichgewicht durch Korrosion gestört wird. Die Geschwindigkeiten von Korrosion und Abscheidung werden am Beispiel der Phosphatierung von Eisen verglichen. Dabei ist der Quotient aus verbrauchtem H und gelöstem Eisen durch die Stöchiometrie der jeweiligen Oxydationsreaktion bedingt. Der Quotient aus verbrauchten H und Menge des Zinkphosphatniederschlags ist zu berechnen, wenn alle Reaktionen transportbestimmt sind. Es wird also angenommen, daß die Gleichgewichte zwischen Zink und Phosphorsäure in der Lösung bis hin zur Metalloberfläche eingestellt bleiben. Die Theorie wird experimentell bestätigt. Sie dient dazu, um Bäder mit optimalen Eigenschaften anzugeben. Ferner erlaubt sie, die Zusammensetzung von Ergänzungslösungen zu berechnen, mit denen die Bäder stationär gehalten werden können.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 776-778 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 787-787 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 797-800 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 422-425 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: New investigations on vapor phase inhibitorsIn connection to basic investigations on the protection against corrosion of metal surfaces by VPI, the authors tested the effects of some VPI upon the stability in storage of gray iron in air of 100 pct. relative humidity.Interpreting the results of different tests the authors accentuate the necessity of minimum quantities of VPI to achieve a protective effect.Tests with VPI impregnated wrapping paper in touch with the metal surface show that this method may be applied to cast iron also. Furthermore the effects of some VPI upon different metal surfaces at alternating temperatures were determined. The specimens, arranged in varying positions and different distances from the inhabitors, were subjected to transport conditions. The importance of these factors for the protective value of VPI is turned out.
    Notes: Im Anschluß an ihre Grundlagen-Forschungen auf dem Gebiete des Korrosionsschutzes metallischer Oberflächen durch Dampfphasen-Inhibitoren untersuchten die Verfasser die Wirkung einiger V. P. I. auf die Lagerbeständigkeit von Graugußteilen in Luft von 100% relativer Feuchtigkeit.Bei Auswertung der bei verschiedenen Untersuchungen erhaltenen Daten wird darauf hingewiesen, daß zum Schutz von Gußstücken ausreichende V. P. I.-Mengen vorhanden sein müssen.Bei Versuchen, bei denen die auf das Verpackungspapier aufgetragene V. P. I. mit den Metalloberflächen in Berührung standen, ergab sich, daß diese Schutzart auch bei Gußeisen anwendbar ist. Weiter wurde die Wirkung einiger V. P. I. gegenüber verschiedenartigen Metalloberflächen bei wechselnden Temperaturen quantitative ermittelt. Die der Einwirkung der V. P. I. ausgesetzten Prüflinge wurden in verschiedenen Lagen und Entfernungen vom Inhibitor exportiert; die Bedeutung dieser Faktoren für den Schutzwert der V. P. I. wurde deutlich herausgestellt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 454-457 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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