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  • Calcium  (76)
  • Histochemistry  (71)
  • Volumetrie  (37)
  • Springer  (184)
  • Essen : Verl. Glückauf
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • 2005-2009
  • 1970-1974  (184)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 317-325 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Neutral sites ; Elastin ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des études précédentes suggèrent la présence de groupements carboxyles, sulfhydriles et aminés dans les sites de liaison en calcium de l'élastine. La possibilité de l'existence de sites neutres de liaison en calcium au niveau de l'élastine a été étudiée dans ce travail. Une augmentation de la fixation du calcium au niveau de l'élastine est observée après des modifications de dissolution qui ont aussi provoqué des modifications de structure de la protéine. Dans des mélanges méthanol-H2O, les liaisons du calcium semblent indépendantes du pH et de la force ionique. Sur dix ions testés (Ca2+, CO2+, Na2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Pb+2, K+, Rb+ et Mg2+) seule la liaison du calcium est nettement augmentée, lorsque le méthanol est ajouté. Il semble que les sites neutres sont importants pour les divers rapports entre calcium et élastine et servent, peut-être, comme centres de nucléation au cours de la calcification de la protéine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Vorgängige Studien haben die Bedeutung der Carboxyl-, Sulfhydryl- und Aminogruppen als Stellen der Calciumbindung im Elastin gezeigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte zum Ziel, die Rolle der neutralen Koordinationsstellen im Elastin als mögliche Calcium-Bindungsseite abzuklären. Die Calciumbindindung an das Elastin wurde durch solche Lösungsmittelveränderungen erhöht, die auch gleichartige Verschiebungen im Proteinmolekül bewirkten. In Methanol-Wasser-Mischungen schien die Calciumbindung nicht von Veränderungen des pH oder der Ionenstärke abhängig zu sein. Von 10 Ionen, bei welchen die Bindung überprüft wurde, war einzig diejenige des Calciums signifikant erhöht, wenn Methanol zugesetzt wurde. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß die neutralen Stellen für die verschiedenen Vorgänge, bei welchen Calcium und Elastin beteiligt sind, eine wichtige Rolle spielen und vielleicht für die Verkalkung der Proteine als Nukleationszentren in Frage kommen.
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have implicated carboxyl groups, sulphhydryl groups and amino groups as the sites for calcium binding in elastin. In this study, the concept was investigated that neutral co-ordinating sites in elastin may also provide calcium binding sites. Calcium binding to elastin was increased upon solvent changes which also effected conformational changes in the protein. In methanol-H2O mixtures calcium binding appeared to be independent of changes in pH and ionic strength. Of ten ions tested (Ca2+, Co2+, Na+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Pb+2, K+, Rb+, and Mg2+), only calcium binding was significantly increased when methanol was added. It is proposed that neutral sites are important to the various relationships involving calcium and elastin and perhaps serve as nucleation centers in the calcification of the protein.
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  • 2
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Bone ; Resorption ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of analogues of vitamin D have been tested for their ability to stimulate bone resorption in two test systems used previously to investigate the metabolites of vitamine D. These analogues were tested (a) by directly comparing their action on bone explants of mouse half-calvariain vitro, and (b) by injecting them into young mice and measuring the degree of resorptionin vitro when explants were prepared 18 hours after the injection. It is concluded that the key functional groups concerned with enhancing the activity of vitamin D3 are the 1α- and the 25-hydroxyl,both together; the cis ring structure for ring A appears necessary. 1α-Hydroxycholecalciferol (1α-OHD3) is about as active as 25-OHD3 in the direct test, but its potency is much nearer to that of 1,25-(OH)2D3 when tested by the second (indirect) method; it seems likely that 1α-OHD3 is converted into 1,25-(OH)2D3 in vivo. The results are discussed in relation to the designing of analogues for clinical and experimental use.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Age ; Bone culture ; Calcium ; Phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Calvaria taken from mice aged 0, 1, 3 and 5 days were cultured for 48 h, in control medium (no added hormone), or in the presence of PTH (0.5 U/ml) or CT (50 mCl/ml). In the control group, there was a shift from net uptake of Ca and P (0- and 1-day bones) to net release (5-day bones). CT-treated bones of all ages took up Ca from the culture medium, but the percentage uptake declined with increasing age. Bones exposed to PTH released Ca and P to the culture medium, regardless of age. The changes with increasing age may be related to an increase in mineralization and other aspects of maturation in these bones.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Serum ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In 30 patients with chronic renal insufficiency (16 non-dialysed and 14 on dialysis) serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were determined and, in a crest biopsy specimen, morphometric determinations of bone qualities were calculated. A positive correlation was established between serum alkaline phosphatase, the osteoblast surface and the active resorption surface in both dialysed and non-dialysed patients. A positive correlation was also established between the osteoblast surface and the active resorption. In the non-dialysed patients a negative correlation was established between serum calcium and the osteoid surface.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 219-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Phosphate ; ATP ; Calcium ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An active constituent of the leaves ofSolanum malacoxylon (SM) is shown to promote calcium resorption and citrate production in embryonic chick frontal bone culturedin vitro. When injected into rats, SM reduces the ATP content of liver and kidneys. This phenomenon may be related to the ability of SM to stimulate mitochondrial ATPase activity at pH 9.4. SM significantly reduces the concentration of phosphate necessary to alter the uptake of calcium and respiration of siolated mitochondria. The data suggest that SM influences calcium and phosphate metabolism by affecting ion movements into and out of mitochondria.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: EDTA ; Bone resorption ; Parathyroid hormone ; Calcium ; Hydroxyproline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) were studied in rats. Intravenous infusion of 4.84 mM Na2EDTA increased the urinary excretion of calcium six-fold, phosphorus three-fold and hydroxyproline 55% in 158 g thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTXed) rats. Calcitonin (25 MRC mU/rat/h) abolished the sodium EDTA-induced increase in hydroxyproline excretion, presumptive evidence that sodium EDTA was acting on bone. To determine whether the changes induced by sodium EDTA are due to lowering of plasma calcium, rats were infused with 4.84 mM ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid (EGTA), a more specific calcium chelator. EGTA increased the urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus (P〈0.001) but not hydroxyproline in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Furthermore, when TPTXed rats were infused with calcium EDTA (4.84 mM Ca2EDTA) in order that ionic calcium concentration would not be altered, hydroxyproline excretion was again markedly increased but phosphorus excretion was decreased by 26%. Since the displacement of the sodium ions in Na2EDTA by calciumin vivo is instantaneous, and since calcium EDTA itself induces collagenolysis, the increase in urinary hydroxyproline excretion due to sodium EDTA cannot be attributed solely to lowering of plasma calcium. From these data two conclusions are drawn. First, sodium EDTA enhances bone breakdown independently of its effect on parathyroid hormone secretion. Second, since bone plays a major role in the maintenance of plasma calcium, interpretation of results should be made with caution in those investigations in which EDTA is used to study calcium homeostasis.
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  • 7
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dental enamel ; Iron ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Electron probe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using electron microprobe analysis, the surface layer of enamel of rat maxillary incisors was found to contain 10–30% Fe. The Ca and P concentrations in different areas of the enamel surface varied inversely with the Fe concentration. The Ca/P weight ratio was 1.8 in areas containing 10% Fe, but decreased to 1.0 in the most Fe-rich areas. The Fe concentration was highest at the prism boundaries, whereas the maximum concentrations of Ca and P were found within the enamel prisms. The concentrations of Fe in rat incisor enamel are among the highest values reported for any mineralized tissue.
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  • 8
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hypothyroidism ; Hyperthyroidism ; Nephrocalcinosis ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Meriones unguiculatus (jirds or ‘gerbils’) were rendered hypo- or hyperthyroid by the addition of carbimazole or liothyronine to their diet, and in each of these states were found to be highly susceptible to the nephrotoxic effects of calcium gluconate. Histological studies showed that the pattern of induced nephrocalcinosis was the same in the hypo-, hyper- and eu-thyroid animals and was in the form of calcium deposits both within the cells of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and in the basement membranes around such tubules. In view of these findings analysis of thyroid function should perhaps be incorporated into the list of diagnostic procedures used in the investigation of patients with nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 169-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Histochemistry ; Alkaline phosphatases ; Calcification ; Bone ; Teeth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Activity of alkaline phosphatases in unfixed cold microtome setions from the lower first molar area of newborn mice was recorded by histochemical methods. A substrate specificity test included the following phosphate compounds: ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP, ADP, AMP, GP, PPi, MDP and naphthol AS-TR phosphate. Intense staining was obtained in osteoblasts, stratum intermedium of the enamel organ and odontoblasts with all the substrates, except PPi and MDP. Staining of skeletal muscle fibres was obtained only with triphosphates as substrates. Addition of-SH groups decreased the hydrolysis of triphosphate compounds in cells involved in mineralization while the hydrolysis of monophosphate was inhibited. In contrast triphosphatase activity in striated muscle was enhanced when-SH compounds were added. Demineralization with EDTA diminished the cytoplasmic staining but induced a nuclear staining in hard tissue forming cells when triphosphates were used as substrates. No cytoplasmic and only slight nuclear staining was seen with GP or AMP as substrates. The triphosphate hydrolyzing capacity of tongue muscle fibres was, however, increased after the decalcification treatment. Addition of Mg2+ ions to the incubation media distinctly lowered the hydrolysis of triphosphates in the investigated tissues whereas the hydrolysis of ADP, AMP, GP and naphthol AS-TR phosphate remained unchanged. In view of the findings the triphosphatase activities at alkaline pH of muscle fibres and of cells related to hard tissue formation are considered to be due to activity of separate enzymes. The orthophosphate liberating enzyme activities at alkaline pH in osteoblasts, stratum intermedium and odontoblasts may be expressions of the catalytic functions of one common enzyme. Furthermore, the results indicate that CaATP might be the substrate used by the alkaline ATPase in mineralizing areas.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 67-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Thyroïd ; Calcitonin ; Hibernation ; Electron microprobe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une quantité importante de calcium se trouve conservée dans la thyroïde de Mammifères soumise à des traitements histologiques qui en eliminent la forme diffusible et les sels minéraux. Sur six espèces examinées, seul l'hibernantElyomis quercinus L. (Lérot) fait exception. Ce calcium, vraisemblablement engagé en combinaisons organiques, se répartit entre la colloïde, les cellules à calcitonine et les noyaux des deux lignées de cellules endocrines. Dans calcitonine, il revêt les grains de sécrétion d'une coque dense. Dans les noyaux, enfin, où sa teneur est très variable, il ne semble pas correspondre en totalité au cation habituellement lié aux acides nucléiques. Il existe, en outre, un calcium diffusible bien représenté dans les espaces intercellulaires et le long des lames basales. La forme diffusible se trouve aussi bien chez l'hibernant que dans les cinq autres espèces.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Nach routinemäßiger Aufarbeitung der Säugerschilddrüse für Histologie, bei welcher diffusionsfähiges Calcium und Mineralsalze eliminiert werden, bleiben erhebliche Mengen von Calcium erhalten. Von 6 untersuchten Arten ist der WinterschläferEliomys quercinus L. (Gartenschläfer) die einzige Ausnahme. Das vermutlich organisch gebundene Calcium verteilt sich auf das Kolloid, die Calcitoninzellen und die Zellkerne beider endokriner Zellstämme. Im Kolloid befindet es sich meist in den intrafollikulären Zellen; in den Calcitoninzellen umgibt es die Sekretkörner mit einer dichten Hülle; der Calciumgehalt der Zellkerne unterliegt großen Schwankungen und das Metall scheint nicht nur an die Nukleinsäuren gebunden zu sein. Ferner ist in der Schilddrüse diffusionsfähiges Calcium nachweisbar, das sich sowohl in den Interzellularräumen als auch entlang den Basalmembranen befindet; sowohl die Schilddrüse der winterschlafenden Art als auch die der anderen 5 Spezies enthalten Calcium in dieser Form.
    Notes: Abstract Large quantities of calcium are preserved in the thyroïd of Mammals after removal of the diffusible form and mineral salts by routine histological processes. Among the six species studies, only the hibernating species,Eliomys quercinus (garden dormouse), constitutes an exception. This calcium, probably bound organically, is localised in the colloïd, calcitonin cells and nuclei of both types of endocrine cells. In the colloïd, it is often associated with intrafollicular cells. In calcitonin cells, it densely coats the secretion granules. In nuclei, where the quantities of calcium vary greatly, it does not appear to correspond entirely to the cation usually associated with nuclei acids. Moreover, appreciable amounts of diffusible calcium are present in intercellular spaces and along basal laminae. This diffusible form exists in the hibernating species as well as in the five other species.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: EHDP ; Intestinal transport ; Calcium ; Vitamin D ; Microvilli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'éthane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), administré par voie sous-cutanée à des rats à doses élevées (10 mg P/Kg de poids par jour×10), inhibe le transport du calcium au niveau du duodenum de rats, en utilisant des rapports de concentration serum/muqueuse en45Ca pour mesurer le transfert actif. Des études de microscopie électronique montrent l'accumulation de granules denses aux électrons dans les microvillosités: ces granules seraient constitués par une forme de calcium lié. On note aussi la rareté de ces granules dans les mitochondries; ces modifications sont analogues à celles observées dans les rats rachitiques. Il semble que les phénomènes pathologiques soient liées à un trouble du transport du calcium des microvillositées vers d'autres sites intracellulaires.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es zeigte sich, daß bei Ratten, die mit hohen Dosen (10 mg P/kg Körpergewicht täglich×10) von Aethan-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonat (EHDP) subkutan behandelt wurden, der Calciumtransport im Duodenum (gut sacs) gehemmt wurde; zur Messung des aktiven Transportes wurde das45Ca-Konzentrationsverhältnis Serosa/Mucosa benützt. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zeigten in den Microvilli eine Anhäufung von elektronendichten Granula, die eine gebundene Form von Calcium darstellen; eine kleine Anzahl solcher Granula fand sich in den Mitochondrien; diese Veränderungen können auch bei rachitischen Ratten beobachtet werden. Aus den Resultaten kann geschlossen werden, daß dieser Defekt teilweise durch eine Interferenz des Calciumtransportes von den Microvilli zu anderen intrazellulären Stellen bedingt ist.
    Notes: Abstract Ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) given subcutaneously to rats in high doses (10 mg P/Kg body weight daily×10) inhibited the transport of calcium by rat duodenal gut sacs, when45Ca serosal/mucosal concentration ratios were used to measure active transport. Electron microscopic studies revealed the accumulation of electron-dense granules in the microvilli, representing a bound form of calcium and a paucity of such granules in mitochondria, changes identical to those seen in rachitic rats. These results suggest that the defect is mediated in part by interference in transport of calcium from microvilli to other intracellular sites.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 71-76 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Deficiency ; Osteoporosis ; Species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 21-day-old rats and mice were fed a low-calcium diet (0.02% Ca) or a normal diet (0.5% Ca) for two weeks. Administration of the low-calcium diet resulted in greater decreases in femur ash content and serum calcium in rats than in mice. Microscopic examination revealed that metatarsal bones from a majority of the rats fed a low-calcium diet displayed moderate or severe osteoporotic changes whereas bones from mice were either normal or displayed only slight osteoporotic changes under the same experimental conditions. These results indicate that mice are better able to adapt to a low-calcium diet than are rats of the same age.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 85-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcitonin ; Calcium ; Uptake ; bone culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of calcitonin (CT) on calcium metabolism by bone was investigated in a stationary organ culture system, using half-calvaria from 5-day-old mice. CT induced the uptake of calcium by bones from the culture medium. This uptake was not accompanied by phosphate, so that the final Ca:P ratio of CT-treated bones (1.80±0.06) was significantly (p〈0.02) higher than the initial values before culture (1.59±0.03). The calcium uptake reached a plateau after approximately 48 hours of culture, and was reversed by PTH within 48 hours. Calcium uptake rppears to be an active effect of CT, and cannot be explained fully by an inhibition of bone aesorption, stimulation of new bone formation, or maturation of the mineral phase.
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  • 14
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 111-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Bone ; Periosteum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode d'estimation de la surface périostée de l'os en voie de minéralisation est mise au point et appliquée à des porcs recevant 2 mg de fluorure par Kg de poids et par jour pendant 10 mois. L'adjonction de fluor intervient significativement dans le cas d'une déficience en calcium et phosphore. La surface en voie de minéralisation est nettement réduite. Lorsque le calcium et phosphore sont normaux, l'addition de fluorure augmente nettement la surface en voie de minéralisation. Le microscope électronique à balayage permet de mettre en évidence au niveau de l'os une perte de l'orientation longitudinale des fibers et des surfaces poreuses irrégulières chez les animaux soumis au floor.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung der verkalkenden Oberfläche des Periosts wurde eine Methode entwickelt und bei Schweinen angewandt, welche während etwa 10 Monaten 2 mg Fluorid per kg Körpergewicht und per Tag erhalten hatten. Dieses zusätzliche Fluorid hatte eine signifikante Wirkung bei Calcium- und Phosphormangel. Die verkalkende Oberfläuche ging stark zurück, während jedoch, wenn kein Calcium- und Phosphormangel bestand, das zusätzliche Fluorid die verkalkende Oberfläche vergrößerte. Beobachtungen mit dem Raster-Elektronenmikroskop am Knochen zeigten, daß die Längsorientierung der Fasern fehlte und daß Knochen von mit Fluorid gefütterten Tieren unregelmäßige, poröse Oberflächen aufwiesen.
    Notes: Abstract A method for estimating periosteal bone-mineralizing surface was developed and applied to swine fed 2 mg of fluoride/kg of body weight/day for about 10 months. Added fluoride interacted significantly with calcium and phosphorus deficiency. Mineralizing surface was greatly reduced, whereas when calcium and phosphorus were adequate, added fluoride greatly increased mineralizing surface. Scanning electron microscope observations of bone disclosed loss of longitudinal orientation of fibers and irregular porous surfaces in bone from fluoride-fed animals.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Mineralization ; Histochemistry ; Matrix vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les expériences portent sur la minéralisation de la plaque épiphysaire tibiale du rat de souche Long-Evans, étudiée après traitement à la cortisone, propylthiouracile ou après jeûn prolongé. Dans des conditions normales, le calcium et le phosphate augmentent au niveau de la matrice extracellulaire, alors que les mucopolysaccharides sulfonés diminuent. Par contre, les vésicules de la matrice au niveau desquels se forment les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite, augmentent. Dans les rats ayant subi un traitement à la propylthiouracile, les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite sont très apparents. Ceci est du à une augmentation du dépôt en calcium, et à une diminution des granules des mitochondries qui contiennent probablement du calcium et du phosphate. En outre, une augmentation du nombre des vésicules de la matrice est visible ainsi qu'une décroissance de la quantité des mucopolysaccharides sulfonés. Dans les rats traités à la cortisone, les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite sont présents, mais dans une quantité moindre que dans les rats ayant subi l'effet du propylthiouracile. Le dépôt en calcium est légèrement réduit; les granules des mitochondries sont plus nombreuses que dans les groupes précédents, le nombre des vesicules de la matrice est plus faible, et les mucopolysaccharides sulfonés sont plus apparents que dans les rats traités à la propylthiouracile. Dans les rats ayant subi l'effet du jeûn, les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite sont fortement réduits ou entièrement absents. Ceci est du à une réduction de dépôt du calcium, une augmentation du nombre des granules des mitochondries (ce qui semble indiquer que les phénomènes de transport vers la matrice extracellulaire sont ralentis), alors que les vésicules de la matrice sont présentes dans des quantités réduites. Les mucopolysaccharides sont plus apparents que dans les animaux traités à la cortisone ou à la propylthiouracile.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung beruht auf einem Vergleich der Mineralisation in der hypertrophischen Zone in der Epiphysealplatte von Long Evans Ratten die mit Kortison, Propylthiourazil oder einfachem Fasten behandelt wurden. Unter Normalbedingungen lassen sich in der extrazellulären Matrix der Calcifikationszone die folgenden Veränderungen beobachten: der Gehalt an Calcium und Phosphat nimmt zu, derjenige an Mukopolysacchariden nimmt ab, während die Matrixvesiclen, in denen sich die Bildung des Hydroxylapatits vollzieht, zunehmen. In Ratten die mit Propylthiourazil behandelt wurden, treten die Hydroxylapatitskristalle besonders hervor. Dies hängt mit einer Zunahme der Calciumablagerung zusamen sowie einer Abnahme der Mitochondriengranulation (in denen vermutlich Calcium und Phosphat enthalten sind). Ferner hängt damit zusammen eine numerische Zunahme der Matrixvesiceln sowie ein starke Abnahme des Gehalts an sulfonierten Mucopolysacchariden. In den mit Kortison behandelten Ratten sind Hydroxylapatikristalle nachweisbar, wenn auch weniger zahlreich als in den mit Propylthiourazil behandelten. Dem entspricht auch eine leicht reduzierte Calciumablagerung sowie eine Mitochondrialgranulation die derjenigen der anderen Ratten überlegen ist; Matrixvesiceln sind weniger zahlreich und sulfonierte Mucopolysaccharide sind deutlicher nachweisbar als in den Tieren, die Propylthiourazil erhielten. Fasten führt zu einem auffallenden Verlust an Hydroxylapatitkristallen. Diese können sogar nicht mehr zu erkennen sein. Dies hängt mit verminderter Calciumablagerung zusammen sowie einer Zunahme der Mitochondrialgranulation. Dies ist vermutlich Ausdruck einer Transportverzögerung zur extrazellularen Matrix. Nach Fasten ist auch die Anzahl der Matrixvesiceln auffallend herabgesetzt, und der Gehalt an sulfonierten Mucopolysacchariden ist größer als in den mit Kortison bzw. Propylthiourazil behandelten Tieren.
    Notes: Abstract Comparison of mineralization in the hypertrophic zone of the tibial epiphyseal plate in immature rats was carried out after treatment with cortisone, propylthiouracil, or after fasting. Under normal conditions, in the extracellular matrix at the calcification front, calcium and phosphate increased, sulfated mucopolysaccharides decreased, and matrix vesicles, which serve as the locus for the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals, increased. In propylthiouracil-treated rats, hydroxyapatite crystals were prominent, related to an increase in calcium deposition, a decrease of mitochondrial granules (thought to contain calcium and phosphate), an increase in the number of matrix vesicles, and to a marked decrease in the amount of sulfated mucopolysaccharide. In cortisone-treated rats, hydroxyapatite crystals were present but they were not as numerous as in the propylthiouracil-treated rats. Correspondingly, calcium deposition was slightly reduced, mitochondrial granules were more numerous than in the previous groups of rats, matrix vesicles were less numerous, and sulfated mucopolysaccharide were more prominent than in the propylthiouracil-treated rats. In fasted rats, hydroxyapatite crystals were markedly reduced or absent, and related to a decrease in calcium deposition, an increase in the number of mitochondrial granules (suggesting a delay in transport to the extracellular matrix). Matrix vesicles were markedly reduced in number, and sulfated mucopolysaccharide much more prominent than in either the cortisone or the propylthiouracil-treated rats.
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  • 16
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 181-188 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Biopsy ; Bone ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Specific gravity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The specific gravities (SG) of bone samples taken from various parts of the skeleton of cattle and sheep were determined gravimetrically in an effort to establish which sites give the most reproducible and uniform results, so that between animals, or sequential within animals, comparisons may be made with maximum sensitivity. Samples obtained from the mandible of sheep and the rib of cattle and sheep were found to be too variable to be useful for most purposes. Best results were obtained using whole bones which are easily prepared, such as the tibial tarsal bones of cattle and sheep and the fibular tarsal bone of cattle. These bones gave within animal deviations of 0.012–0.024 SG units, when comparing left bone with right bone. Slightly higher values were obtained for coccygeal vertebrae from cattle and distal metacarpal condyles from sheep. SG was related to ash, calcium and phosphorus contents of coccygeal vertebrae of cattle and it is considered that, for survey work on the mineral status of the bones of cattle and sheep, the correlations are sufficiently high to make their determination unnecessary. This will enable radiation determined SG techniques to be applied to this type of work.
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 287-293 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Inhibition ; Crystallization ; Nucleotides
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The 5′-triphosphates of adenosine, guanosine, uridine, and cytidine inhibited the crystallization of calcium phosphate from stable supersaturated solutions that had been seeded with crystals of hydroxyapatite. Concentrations of the nucleoside triphosphates in the micromolar range were sufficient to have a significant effect on the crystal growth process. Diphosphate and monophosphate derivatives had less effect on the precipitation of calcium phosphate. It is possible that the nucleoside triphosphates may play a beneficial role in regulating intracellular calcification, particularly in disease states in which calcium entry into cells is pathologically high.
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 303-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Diphosphonates ; Calcium ; Mitochondria ; ATPase
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of two diphosphonate compounds on calcium handling in rat kidney mitochondria has been studiedin vitro. Initial calcium uptake in the presence of an oxidisable substrate and ATP was not influenced by either diphosphonate tested. The release of accumulated calcium from the mitochondria was, however, delayed by these compounds and the effect was found to be dose dependent. Similarily, a second uptake of calcium, induced by re-addition of ATP following preliminary release, was also modified by diphosphonates, the mitochondrial suspensions incubated with diphosphonates accumulating more calcium than control suspensions. The effect of these compounds could not be detected on three mitochondrial ATPase systems. The results have been discussed in relation to knownin vivo effects of diphosphonates.
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 339-342 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Resorption ; Shell membrane ; Chick ; Chloride
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A histochemical test for chloride was conducted on shell membranes from hen eggs incubated for 9 or 17 days. After fixation with a mixture of osmium tetroxide and silver nitrate and subsequent exposure to direct sunlight, the membranes showed an abundant coarse precipitate. This precipitate did not appear in sections treated with a solution of nitric acid indicating that it did not contain chloride. However, a small amount of fine acidresistant precipitate was detected by electron microscopy and probably contained chloride. The theory which defines hydrochloric acid as the main solubilizing agent of shell mineral is based on histochemical results which supposedly demonstrate large concentrations of chloride in the shell membrane and chorionic epithelium. The present results do not support these observations.
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 283-291 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Snails ; Vaterite ; Calcium ; Storage
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Large quantities of calcium carbonate crystals were present in the albumin gland of the reproductive system of the fresh-water snailPomacea paludosa. X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that they were vaterite. Scanning electron microscope observation of the albumin gland revealed that they occurred as spherules and were distributed throughout the gland. Vaterite spherules were present in the albumin gland ofPomacea urceus and the capsule gland ofPila virens. The mineral portion of the egg capsules was also vaterite. The egg capsule of these snails consisted of two morphologically distinct layers. Vaterite is less common in nature than the other two polymorphs of calcium carbonate, calcite and aragonite, and has not been recorded in the reproductive system of molluscs. It is interesting to note that in these snails calcium carbonate was present as vaterite both in the storage organ and fully differentiated egg capsule.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic nerves ; Pteropus giganteus (Chiroptera) ; Wing vessels ; Denervation ; Histochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuro-vascular complex was investigated at the brachial and digital levels in the wings of the flying-fox, Pteropus giganteus (Megachiroptera). Fluorescence histochemistry of the adrenergic transmitter (formaldehyde method) revealed a dense plexus of adrenergic nerve terminals in the adventitia of the main arteries. No fibres penetrated into the muscular media. The pulsating veins received a less well-developed fluorescent plexus which, however, was distributed throughout the muscular wall. Cholinesterase activity was observed in plexuses having the same density and distribution as the catecholamine-storing fibres. The identity of these cholinesterase-containing nerves has been discussed. Transection of the brachial nerve resulted in a pronounced, though not complete, denervation of the vessels examined at the metacarpal level 14 hrs to 6 weeks postoperatively. The results of the denervation experiments are probably related to the finding that the autonomic vascular nerves enter the wing not only via the brachial nerve trunk but also together with the blood vessels.
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 497-503 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Human foetus ; Leydig cells ; Steroid hormone synthesis ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human foetal testis, 17 and 18 weeks of age, was studied with histochemical techniques for lipids in relation to steroid hormone synthesis. The vascularized interstitium consists of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and differentiated or “luteinized” Leydig cells; the latter develop the histochemical features of well-established, actively secreting steroid gland cells of mature gonads, i.e., abundant, diffuse, sudanophilic lipoproteins and some phospholipid granules. The functional significance of these histochemical features, which are lacking in the undifferentiated stromal elements, is discussed in relation to steroid hormone biosynthesis in light of recent research in mature gonads of mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates. These comparisons suggest that the Leydig cells of human foetal testis are the active steroid secretors as a result of strong HCG stimulation. This also correlates well with previous electron microscopic and biochemical data on the human foetal testis. Besides actively secreting Leydig cells, there are also some degenerating ones which have become refractory to gonadotrophic stimulation as they have accumulated coarse lipid droplets consisting mainly of triglycerides, cholesterol and/or its esters, and very little phospholipid.
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    Cell & tissue research 152 (1974), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Xenopus laevis ; Histochemistry ; Subcommissural organ (SCO)
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural features of the subcommissural organ (SCO) cells in larvae (stages 56–58, according to Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1956), toadlets (3 months after metamorphosis) and older toads (2-year old) of Xenopus laevis are described. Several age-related morphological differences in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the SCO cells have been found. In old toads the rough ER assumes a special “ladder-like” membrane configuration in its cisternal lumen. By means of the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine (PA-CrA-SM) method, complex carbohydrates are detected electron microscopically in the SCO cells. Positive reactions take place in the cell adhesive apparatus, the secretory granules, part of the Golgi complex, and the intracisternal “ladder-like” structure. Passing through the Golgi complex, the secretory products mature into the secretory granules by association of their proteinaceous component with polysaccharides. The majority of the secretory granules are released from the apical cell surface by means of reverse pinocytosis, while the rest are released through the basal process into the blood circulation.
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Drosophila ; larval and prepupal ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A major function of the larval salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster is known to be the production of a mucopolysaccharide that serves as an adhesive during puparium formation. In order to localize the mucosubstances during development substrate histochemical methods were used, and the site of acid phosphatase was demonstrated by the ultrahistochemical lead-salt method. It could be shown that the “glue”-granules in the corpus cells of larval salivary glands as well as the large secretion vacuoles in the prepupal corpus cells give a positive β-amylase-resistent PAS-reaction, which indicates neutral mucosubstances. Granular PAS-positive deposits in the larval and prepupal collum cells were reduced after preincubation with β-amylase and may represent glycogen, which has also been seen in electron micrographs of these cells. The Hale-reaction gave a weak indication that acid mucosubstances are present in the larval “glue” granules and in the large prepupal secretory vacuoles. After digestion of sialic acid with α-neuraminidase the weak indication was absent showing that the acid mucosubstances had been sialomucines. Ultrahistochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase indicated the presence of this enzyme in Golgi fields and lysosomal structures. Acid phosphatase seems to be missing in the large secretion vacuoles of the prepupal salivary gland. It is concluded, that the large vacuoles in the corpus cells of prepupal salivary glands represent a secretion product, obviously a mucosubstance. The lysosomal structures, containing acid phosphatase, may be accumulated in preparation for the autolysis of the gland which begins about two hours after the pupal moult, i.e. 15 hours after puparium formation.
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    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 417-429 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Sexual segment ; Natrix natrix ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sexual segment of the kidney of Natrix natrix has been investigated cytochemically, light microscopically and ultrastructurally. The sexual segment, which seems to be an important accessory sexual organ, has a single layer of a columnar epithelium. The epithelial cells are filled with large secretion granules of a wide range of electron densities. Cytochemical reactions for neutral and acid mucosubstances are negative, but the cells show a strong positive staining for phospholipids. Within the cells of the sexual segment we have localised by histochemical means several hydrolases and oxydoreductases, which reflect enzyme activities of the glycolytic pathway, the citrate cycle, and related metabolic pathways. The activities of the hydrolytic enzymes acid phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase and indoxylacetate esterase are remarkably high within the epithelial cells. Furthermore it was found that the sexual segment tubules possess contractile elements which extends over the basal surface of the epithelial cells. These contractile cells exhibit a very high activity of alkaline phosphatase. Single unmyelinated axons are located between the contractile elements and the basal lamina of the sexual segment cells. The functional significance of the sexual segment structures is briefly discussed.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 208-208 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Gold mit Oxalsäure ; Volumetrie
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 124-125 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Verwendung von Dihydroxyphenylphthalid und Trihydroxyphenylphthalid als Indicatoren ; Volumetrie ; Argentometrie
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 505-527 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Ageing ; Chondrocyte and matrix ; Light microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural investigations have been carried out on ageing costal and tracheal cartilage of rats. The following age groups of animals have been studied: 1, 7, 14, 20, 30, 45, 75 days, 6 months, and 2 years. Ageing induces cellular changes which are represented by a reduction in the number of chondrocytes, a progressive increase in glycogen deposition, and processes of degeneration, the most frequent of which is the accumulation of lipidic material within large cytoplasmic vacuoles. Changes in the intercellular matrix become evident after 20 days in costal cartilage and after 30 days in tracheal cartilage. Chondroitin sulphate decreases while keratan sulphate, whose presence is limited to the territorial matrix, increases. Glycoproteins increase slightly in young animals and then remain constant; they decrease in the subperichondrial areas in old animals. Ultrastructurally, the matrix of cartilage of young animals contains thin collagen fibrils, most of which have no periodic banding. Roundish electron dense granules are associated with these fibrils. Irregular filaments associated with small electron-dense circular bodies are present around chondrocytes as well as within cytoplasmic vacuoles. With increasing age, and coincident with the reduction of chondroitin sulphate, the thickness of collagen fibrils increases, their period becomes evident, and the associated matrix granules decrease in number and size. Areas containing these fibrils undergo calcification, which frequently starts within roundish bodies of cellular origin. Collagen fibrils with a period of 640 Å but a highly variable thickness are often present in cartilage of adult and old rats. These fibrils seem to be due to an abnormal synthetic activity of chondrocytes.
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    Cell & tissue research 151 (1974), S. 347-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human thymus ; Hassall's corpuscles ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Substrate-histochemical, enzyme-hystochemical and ultrastructural investigations were performed on thymic tissue from children, obtained in heart operations. β-Amylaseresistant, PAS-positive and Hale-positive substrates presumably neutral and acid mucosubstances, can be demonstrated in the central concentric lamellae of Hassall's corpuscles (HC). These lamellae also give positive reactions for sulphydryl groups and disulphide groups. Some flattened cell elements gave strong reactions for phospholipids, and small sudanophilic droplets, presumably neutral fats, are scattered throughout the HC. All investigated hydrolases and dehydrogenases either give no or only very weak reactions in the central part of progressive HC, but react strongly positive in their peripheral hypertrophic epithelial cells. In the central part of regressive HC, positive reactions for acid phosphatase and β-D-glucuronidase were recognized. These lysosomal enzymes may indicate degenerative processes. By electron microscopy progressive HC show central concentric lamellae with an amorphous matrix tightly filled with tonofilaments. They are surrounded by a thickened plasma membrane (200 Å), and do not contain nuclei. These central lamellae resemble the horny cells of the epidermis. The peripheral hypertrophic epithelial cells have pale nuclei with one or two nucleoli. Their cytoplasm contains numerous tonofibrils. These cells resemble stratum spinosum cells of the epidermis. In regressive HC the central concentric lamellae loose their intercellular contacts. The widened intercellular spaces are filled with cellular debris, and are invaded by macrophages. Similarities between the ultrastructure and the patterns of the histochemically investigated substrates and enzymes in human HC and epidermis are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 121-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Transplantation ; Androgen sensitivity ; Muscle regeneration ; Histochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The slow soleus muscle grafted into the bed of the fast, highly androgen sensitive levator ani (LA) muscle and innervated by the pudendal nerve, originally innervating the LA muscle acquires contraction and histochemical properties of the fast LA muscle. However, the “cross-transplanted” soleus muscle shows no changes in weight, contraction and histochemical properties after castration and testosterone application of 2 months duration. Thus the grafted soleus muscle is transformed into a fast muscle by foreign innervation, it does, however, not acquire androgen sensitivity, the latter being apparently primarily of myogenic origin.
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 357-378 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Calcium ; Mitochondria ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Excitation-Contraction coupling
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to demonstrate the ultrastructural distribution of calcium in smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig taenia coli a precipitation method with potassium oxalate has been used. In addition, morphometric assessment (“stereology”) of cell components and direct quantitative estimation of calcium content in isolated subcellular fractions by atomic absorbtion analyses were carried out. After oxalate treatment smooth muscle cells show four major and distinct sites of calcium oxalate deposition: sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, cell boundaries (sarcolemma, surface microvesicles) and nucleus. Calcium oxalate deposits were frequently found at the level of close associations formed by different cell organelles. Correlating the morphometric analysis of electron micrographs with microchemical measurements of calcium in isolated subcellular fractions an estimation of calcium content in each cell component of one smooth muscle cell was performed. The nucleus has a significantly higher calcium content than that of any other cellular compartment, but the mitochondria are the main calcium-storage sites of smooth muscle cytoplasm. The highest calcium concentration was found in mitochondria. Although the amount of calcium stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum represents only about a quarter of that accumulated in mitochondria, around 20% might be enough to produce contraction. On the other hand, the surface microvesicles may accommodate the entire amount of calcium translocated during activity. Functional implications of these findings in relation to the contraction-relaxation cycle are considered and the possible role of the surface microvesicles is discussed.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 125-126 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phenol in Abwasser ; Volumetrie ; bromatometr., in Gegenw. von Cyanid u. Thiocyanat
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 264-269 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen ; Volumetrie ; Reduktion mit Ti(III)
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Titrationsverfahren beschrieben, das auf der Reduktion des Eisens mit Ti(III) und der potentiometrisch indizierten Folgetitration Ti(III)-Überschuß/Fe(II) mit Cr(VI) basiert. Seine Genauigkeit und Schnelligkeit entsprechen voll denen des derzeit allgemein praktizierten Standardverfahrens. Sein Vorteil diesem gegenüber ist, daß es ohne umweltgefährdende Zusätze auskommt.
    Notes: Abstract A titrimetric procedure on the basis of the reduction of iron with Ti(III) and the potentiometrically indicated consecutive titration of the Ti(III) in excess and the Fe(II) with Cr(VI) is proposed. Its accuracy and speed is in full accordance with the currently used standard method; its advantage, compared with this, is, that it does not need any reagents which are strongly restricted for waste waters.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 284-284 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Verw. von Acetoncyanhydrin als Maskierungsmittel ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 368-368 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom(III) ; Volumetrie ; Vervielfachung durch Oxydation
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff in organ Verbindungen ; Volumetrie ; automatisch, sub-mg
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary About 200–2000 μg of organic sample is burnt in oxygen. The combustion products are swept over Co3O4 and AgVO3 (650° C) using nitrogen. The nitrogen oxides and the surplus of oxygen are removed by a copper layer (520° C). The water is frozen out and the carbon dioxide is automatically titrated in a solution of Ba(II)ions (0.5 M) and t-butanol (10%) in water using a sodium hydroxide solution (0.075 M) in the same solvent as the titrant. The apparent pH is about 10 in the titration set point. After being evaporised the water is converted into carbon dioxide by means of a mixture of α-naphthylisocyanate (99%) and 1.4-diaza-bicyclo-2.2.2.-octane (1%) at a temperature of about 80°C. The resulting carbon dioxide is titrated in turn. The time of analysis is about 15 min or less. The standard deviations for C and H are 0.18% abs. and 0.05% abs. resp. as a mean.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Probe von 200–2000 μg wird in Sauerstoff verbrannt. Die Verbrennungsprodukte werden im Stickstoffstrom über CO3O4 und AgVO3 (650° C) geleitet. Der Überschuß an Sauerstoff und Stickoxide werden über Kupfer (520° C) entfernt. Wasser wird während der automatischen Titration von Kohlendioxid in einer Kühlfalle gespeichert. Die Absorptionslösung, in der sofort titriert wird, enthält Ba(II)-Ionen (0,5 M) und t-Butanol (10%) in Wasser. Als Titrationsreagens dient eine 0,075 M Natriumhydroxidlösung in demselben Gemisch von t-Butanol und Wasser. Der scheinbare pH-Wert der Titrationslösung beträgt nach wie vor der Titration etwa 10. Nach beendeter Kohlendioxidtitration wird die Kühlfalle erhitzt und das Wasser wird mit einem Gemisch aus α-Naphthylisocyanat (99%) und 1.4-Diaza-bicyclo-2.2.2.-octan (1%) bei einer Temperatur von 80°C in Kohlendioxid überführt. Das neu gebildete Kohlendioxid wird anschließend in derselben Lösung titriert. Die Analysendauer beträgt 15 min oder weniger. Die Standardabweichungen für C und H betragen im Durchschnitt 0,18% abs. bzw. 0,05% abs.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 126-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Mangan, Calcium ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA, neben Mg, Al
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 208-208 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber, Silber mit Bleiäthylxanthat ; Volumetrie ; Extraktion
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 208-208 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Thallium(III) ; Volumetrie ; ferrometrisch
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 342-346 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Schwefelsäure, Phosphorsäure, Perjodsäure ; Volumetrie ; dilatometr. Endpunkt
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand der Neutralisation von H2SO4, H3PO4 und H5JO6 wird gezeigt, daß sich die dilatometrische Indizierung auf die Untersuchung mehrbasischer Säuren anwenden läßt. Bei Vorlagen von 0,5–4 mMol lassen sich mehrere — meist alle — Äquivalenzpunkte mit einem Fehler von 〈0,2% ermitteln. Aus der quantitativen Bestimmung der Reaktionsvolumina in Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration lassen sich Rückschlüsse auf den Reaktionsablauf ziehen.
    Notes: Abstract Dilatometrical indication can be employed to the neutralizing reactions of polybasic acids and is demonstrated by the following acid-base couples: H2SO4/NaOH, H3PO4/NaOH and H5JO6/NaOH. With amounts between 0.5 and 4 mMol several, frequently all, equivalence points can be determined with a deviation of less than 0.2%. The determination of the changes of molar volume of the reactions depending on the concentrations allow conclusions as to the course of the reactions.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 367-367 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zinn(II), Titan(III), Ascorbinsäure mit Chloramin T ; Volumetrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 31-31 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Thorium mit NTA ; Volumetrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 124-124 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Isocyaniden ; Volumetrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 368-368 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen(III) und Phosphor(III) in Organ. Verbindungen ; Volumetrie
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 31-31 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Diäthyldithiocarbamidat mit ÄDTA ; Volumetrie ; Na-Salz
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 104-109 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Eisen(III) ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA, dilatometr. Endpunkt.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die bei der Titration von verschiedenen Metallionen mit Titriplex III auftretende Volumenänderung wird mit Hilfe eines Dilatometers kontinuierlich verfolgt und zur Bestimmung des Endpunktes der Reaktion herangezogen. Über einen Anwendungsbereich 0,1〈×〈15 mMol lassen sich die Bestimmungen mit einer Standardabweichung von 〈0,2% reproduzieren. Für die Komplexbildung zwischen Mg2+ und Titriplex III wird die Abhängigkeit der Volumenänderung der Bruttoreaktion von der Konzentration diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The changes of the volume which appear during the titration of some metall ions with Titriplex III are continuously controlled by means of a dilatometer and are used for the determination of the end point of the reaction. Over a range of 0.1〈×〈15 mMol all determinations can be reproduced with a standard deviation of 〈0.2%. For the complex formation between Mg2+ and Titriplex III the dependence of the change of volume of the overall reaction on the concentration is discussed.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsentriphenyl, Antimontriphenyl, Wismuttriphenyl mit Chloramin T ; Volumetrie
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 8-15 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Insulin ; Bone ; Calcium ; Resorption ; Orthophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration d'insuline cristallisée à des rats thyroparathyroidectomisés provoque une augmentation de la calcémie et de la phosphorémie. Le calcium plasmatique s'élève de façon linéaire entre 31 et 250 m Unités d'insuline/100 g de poids corporel. La courbe obtenue n'est guère différente de celle obtenue par extrait parathyroidien. L'administration simultanée d'insuline et d'extrait parathyroidien à des rats thyro-parathyroidectomisés agit sur la calcémie et la phosphorémie par un effet additif. Lorsque des os frontaux d'embryons de poulet sont cultivésin vitro en présence d'insuline cristallisée, le taux de résorption augmente. L'insuline augmente le taux de consommation en glucose des explants et induit une accumulation de citrate dans le milieu de culture. L'insuline stimule donc la résorption osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Plasmagehalt an Calcium und Phosphor bei thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten wurde durch die Verabreichung von kristallinem Insulin erhöht. Das Plasmacalcium verhielt sich zwischen 31 und 250 m Einheiten Insulin pro 100 g Körpergewicht linear. Die Steigung der erhaltenen Kurve ist nicht signifikant verschieden von derjenigen, die nach Parathyreoidea-Extrakt erhalten wird. Die gleichzeitige Verabreichung von Insulin und Parathyreoidea-Extrakt von thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten hatte eine kumulative Wirkung auf den Gehalt von Calcium und Phosphor im Plasma. Wenn Stirnbeine von Kükenembryos mit kristallinem Insulinin vitro kultiviert wurden, erhöhte sich die Resorptionsrate. Das Insulin steigerte den Glucoseverbrauch der Explantate und verursachte eine Anreicherung von Citrat im Kulturmedium. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Stimulation der Knochenresorption durch Insulin.
    Notes: Abstract the administration of crystalline insulin to thyroparathyroidectomized rats raised their calcium and phosphorus plasma levels. The plasma calcium gave a linear response between 31 and 250 mU of insulin/100 g body weight. The slope obtained is not significantly different from that obtained with parathyroid extract. The simultaneous administration of insulin and parathyroid extract to thyroparathyroidectomized rats affected the calcium and phosphorus plasma levels in an additive fashion. When chick embryo frontal bones were cultivatedin vitro with crystalline insulin the rate of resorption increased. Insulin increased the rate of glucose consumption by the explants and induced the accumulation of citrate in the culture medium. It is concluded that insulin stimulates bone resorption.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteopetrosis ; Diphosphonates ; Bone Resorption ; Mouse ; Calcium ; Tooth ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de doses quotidiennes, administrées depuis la naissance, de deux types de diphosphonates, à savoir l'éthane-1-hydroxyle-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) et le dichlorométhylène diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), sur la croissance et le squelette de souris a été étudié. Les diphosphonates freinent la croissance: les incisives ne font pas leur éruption ou elle est plus tardive. La calcémie est normale. L'administration de Cl2MDP à une dose quotidienne de 10 mg P/kg/jour provoque des modifications squelettiques identiques à celles des souris grises létales atteintes d'ostéopétrose et les animaux meurent après quatre semaines de traitement. Par rapport aux témoins, les souris traitées présentent des os plus étroits, plus denses et plus déformés: les cavités médullaires sont comblées avec de l'os calcifié et du cartilage. La quantité totale de calcium d'un animal n'est pas augmentée par traitement au diphosphonate, par rapport à un témoin de même âge. Chez les souris grises létales et celles traitées aux diphosphonates, la plupart des anomalies est secondaire à une résorption osseuse diminuée. Ces résultats sont commentés en fonction de l'emploi des diphosphonates au cours de remaniements osseux pathologiques augmentés et en fonction du rôle de la résorption osseuse dans le maintien de la calcémie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuse erhielten von der Geburt an tägliche Dosen folgender zwei Diphosphonate: entweder Äthan-1-Hydroxy-1,1-Diphosphonat (EHDP) oder Dichloromethylen-Diphosphonat (Cl2MDP). Es wurde deren Wirkung auf das Wachstum und das Skelet untersucht. Die Diphosphonate verlangsamten das Wachstum, die Schneidezähne brachen nicht oder erst später durch, aber die Höhe des Plasmacalciums blieb normal. Die Verabreichung von Cl2MDP in Dosen von 10 mg P/kg/Tag führt zu Skeletveränderungen, welche denjenigen der „grey-lethal” osteopetrotischen Mäuse gleichen. Die Tiere sterben nach einer Behandlungsdauer von etwa 4 Wochen. Verglichen mit normalen Mäusen von ungefähr gleichem Alter hatten die behandelten Mäuse kleinere, dichtere und mehr keulenförmige Knochen, und die Markhöhlen waren gefüllt mit verkalktem Knochen oder Knorpel. Die Gesamtcalciummenge im Skelet wurde durch die Diphosphonatbehandlung nicht erhöht; dies ergab sich aus einem Vergleich mit der bei normalen Mäusen desselben Alters gefundenen Menge. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß bei den „grey-lethal” und bei den Diphosphonat-behandelten Mäusen viele der Abnormalitäten als Folge der herabgesetzten Knochenresorption angesehen werden müssen. Die Ergebnisse werden einerseits im Hinblick auf den Gebrauch der Diphosphonate bei pathologischen Bedingungen eines erhöhten Knochenumbaus diskutiert; andererseits werden sie im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle der Knochenresorption bei der Erhaltung des Plasmacalcium-Spiegels besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of daily doses from birth of two diphosphonates, namely either ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) or dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), on the growth and the skeleton of mice has been studied. Diphosphonates slowed growth, the incisors did not erupt or erupted later, but the level of plasma calcium remained normal. The administration of Cl2MDP at a dose rate of 10 mg P/kg/day leads to skeletal changes that are similar to those observed in grey-lethal osteopetrotic mice, and the animals die after about four weeks of treatment. As compared with normal mice of similar age, treated mice had bones that were smaller, denser and more clubshaped, and the marrow cavities were filled with calcified bone or cartilage. The total amount of calcium in the carcass was not increased by diphosphonate treatment, as compared with the amount in normal mice of the same age. It is suggested that both in the grey-lethal and diphosphonate-treated mice many of the abnormalities are secondary to decreased bone resorption. The results are discussed with respect to the use of diphosphonates in pathological conditions of increased bone turnover and with respect to the role of bone resorption in the maintenance of plasma calcium levels.
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Histochemistry ; Autoradiography ; Fetal ; Mandible
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des rats femelles reçoivent du45Ca ou du32P au 13ème et 18ème jour de la grossesse. Les coupes sériées des têtes de foetus sont étudiées par autoradiographie et par diverses méthodes histologiques pour déterminer la calcification. La détection la plus précoce de45Ca s'observe simultanément comme une réaction positive pour le calcium avec une des méthodes histologiques utilisées.32P est en évidence par les méthodes autoradiographiques un peu plus tard que le45Ca et sa présence coincide avec la réaction positive la plus précoce observée avec les autres méthodes histologiques utilisées. Les os de ces têtes foetales commencent à se calcifier selon un mode particulier commençant par la mandibule, puis l'os frontal et le maxillaire supérieur, suivis par les os nasaux, pariétaux et interpariétaux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Weibliche Ratten erhielten45Ca und32P zwischen dem 13.–18. Tag der Schwangerschaft. Zur Ermittlung der Verkalkung wurden Serienschnitte der Köpfe ihrer Feten mittels Autoradiographie sowie durch verschiedene histologische Methoden untersucht. Das erste Auftreten von45Ca war ebenfalls von einer positiven Calciumreaktion mittels einer der verwendeten histologischen Methoden begleitet.32P wurde in der Autoradiographie erst etwas später als45Ca festgestellt und dessen Nachweis deckte sich mit den ersten positiven Reaktonen aller anderen verwendeten histologischen Methoden. Die Knochen in diesen Fetusköpfen begannen in einer bestimmten Sequenz zu verkalken: zuerst der Unterkiefer, dann das Stirnbein und der Oberkiefer, dann das Nasenbein, die Parietal- und Interparietalknochen.
    Notes: Abstract Female rats were given45Ca or32P from 13 to 18 days of pegnancy. Serial sections from the heads of their fetuses were studied by autoradiography, as well as by several histological methods for assessing calcification. The earliest detection of45calcium occured at the same time as a positive reaction for calcium with one of the histological methods used.32P was not detectable by autoradiographic methods until somewhat later than45Ca, and its presence coincided with the earliest positive reaction with all of the other histological methods employed. The bones in these fetal heads began to calcify in a partcular sequence, the mandible first, then the frontal bone and maxilla, followed by the nasal, parietal and interparietal bones.
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 175-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Surface ; Calcium ; Exchange ; Adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une analyse mathématique de résultats autoradiographiques de l'absorption et de l'élimination du45Ca à la surface des os de lapin, de chien et de l'homme montre qu'un modèle de diffusion à la surface osseuse n'est pas valable. Les résultatsin vivo, par contre, sont compatibles avec un compartiment superficiel unique. Les résultatsin vitro peuvent être représentés, d'un autre côté, par une série de trois compartiments: celiu du milieu est identique avec le compartiment superficiel de la situationin vivo. Le temps de séjour du calcium dans ce compartiment peut être mis en rapport avec l'énergie de liaison de l'ion clacium, au niveau du côté superficiel d'un cristal d'apatite. Il semble que l'environnement des cristaux d'apatite, 1–4 μ sous la surface osseuse, soit identique à celui d'une solution aqueuse, les rendant susceptibles d'un échange rapide de calcium, mais cette possibilité est tellement réduite dans le volume osseux que le modèle de percolation proposé par Arnold et coll, parait indéfendable.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine mathematische Analyse von autoradiographischen Daten betreffend Aufnahme und Abgabe von45Ca an Knochenoberflächen beim Kaninchen, beim Hund und beim Menschen zeigte, daß ein Diffusionsmodell die Knochenoberfläche nicht überzeugend beschreibt. Hingegen werdenin vivo-Daten durch ein einziges Oberflächenkompartiment gut erfaßt. Diein vitro. Daten können andererseits durch eine Serie von drei Kompartimenten dargestellt werden; das mittlere dieser Kompartimente ist identisch mit dem Oberflächenkompartiment der Versuchein vivo. Die Verweildauer des Calciums in diesem Kompartiment kann zur Bindungsenergie eines Calciumions an der Oberfläche eines Apatitkristalls in Beziehung gebracht werden. Es wird daraus abgeleitet, daß die Umgebung der Apatitkristalle, die 1–4 μ unter der Knochenoberfläche liegen, derjenigen in wässeriger Lösung gleicht und sie dadurch für einen raschen Calciumaustausch zugänglich macht, da\ jedoch diese Zugänglichkeit innerhalb des Knochenvolumens derart drastisch reduziert wird, daß das Perkolationsmodell von Arnoldet al. nicht brauchbar ist.
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical analysis of autoradiographic data for the uptake and release of45Ca at bone surfaces in rabbit, dog, and man showed that a diffusion model of bone surface is not tenable. Datain vivo are, instead, well represented by a single surface compartment. Thein vitro data, on the other hand, can be represented by a series of three compartments; the middle one of these compartment is identical with the surface compartment of thein vivo situation. The residence time of calcium in this compartment can be related to the binding energy of a calcium ion at a surface site on an apatite crystal. It is concluded that the environment of the apatite crystals 1–4 μ below bone surfaces is similar to that in aqueous solution, making them available for rapid exchange of calcium but that this availability is so drastically reduced within the volume of bone that the percolation model of Arnoldet al. is untenable.
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 259-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteocyte ; Calvarium ; Histology ; Development ; Calcium ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cartes tissulaires ainsi que les caractéristiques et propriétés cellularires ont été relevées au cours d'une étude de microscopie optique du développement de la calotte cranienne de souris, avant la naissance, jusqu'au 26ème jour. Les population d'ostéocytes de moitiés droite et gauche de ces calottes sont semblables, mais décroissent avec le temps dans un volume donné. De petites plages limitées de matrice osseuse se colorent pour le phosphate (ou carbonate) de façon plus nette que la matrice environnante, qui se colore légèrement après coupe. Les divers types ostéocytaires se distinguent par les réactions histochimiques du calcium et du phosphate, qui sont associés dans les cellules osseuses de façon complexe, variant dans le temps et la localisation. Ces deux constituants ne sont pas toujours présent dans les cellules des diverses régions, ou dans la même localisation dans un type cellulaire donné. En tenant compte des changements visible dans les divers types cellulaires avec le temps, dans des régions données, une hypothèse de “charge” et “décharge” cellulaire est émise.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Anläßlich einer mikroskopischen Studie über die Entwicklung des Mäuse-Calvariums von der Pränatalperiode bis zu 26 Tagen nach der Geburt wurden auch die Gewebetopographie sowie die Charakteristica und Eigenschaften der Zellen aufgezeichnet. Die Osteocyten-populationen in der linken und rechten Hälfte des Calvariums waren sich gleich, nahmen jedoch bei einem gegebenen Volumen mit der Zeit ab. Kleine isolierte Stellen von Knochen-matrix konnten leichter auf Ph sphat (oder Carbonat) angefärbt werden, als die umgebende Matrix, welche sich wohl am Schnitt, nicht aber am ganzen Stück färben ließ. Die verschiedenen Typen von Osteocyten wurden aufgrund histochemischer Calcium- und Phosphat-reaktionen bestimmt. Calcium und Phosphat waren innerhalb der Knochenzellen auf komplexe Art miteinander verbunden, die je nach Zeit und Lagerung unterschiedlich war. Zellen in abgetrennten Bereichen enthielten nicht immer Calcium und Phosphat und beide waren bei einer bestimmten Zellenart auch nicht immer am gleichen Ort abgelagert. Aufgrund der an ausgewählten Stellen beobachteten, zeitlich bedingten Veränderungen innerhalb der verschiedenen Zelltypen wird vorgeschlagen, daß es sich dabei um eine Sequenz von “Ladung” und “Entladung” der Zellen handelt.
    Notes: Abstract Tissue maps, and cell characteristics and properties were recorded in a study under the optical microscope of the development of the mouse calvarium from pre-natal to 26 days. Osteocyte populations in left and right halves of the calvarium were similar, but decreased with time for a given volume. Small isolated areas of bone matrix stained for phosphate (or carbonate) in a more readily available form from that in the surrounding matrix, which could be stained after sectioning but failed to stain in bulk. Osteocyte types were defined on the basis of histochemical methods for calcium and phosphate, which were associated inside bone cells in a complex manner, varying with time and position. The calcium and phosphate were not always present within the cell in discrete regions and were not always present in the same place in a given cell type. On the basis of a study of changes in cell types with time in selected sites a sequence of “loading” and “unloading” is proposed.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 169-172 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcitonin ; Calcium ; Intestine ; Absorption ; Parathyroid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De jeunes rats déficients en calcitonine sont thyroparathyroidectomisés et certains de ces animaux subissent un traitement de substitution avec de la parathormone et/ou de la thyroxine. La disparition du45Ca du tractus intestinal et l'apparition de radioactivité dans la carcasse aprés 4 heures ont été mesurées comme index d'apsorption. De la calcitonine de saumon, à des doses physiologiques ou pharmacologiques, ne modifie pas l'absorptionin vivo du45Ca chez les rats déficients en calcitonine, ou en calcitonine et thyroxine, ou encore en calcitonine, thyroxine et parathormone. L'administration de parathormone augmente l'absorption en45Ca, observée chez les rats présentant une déficience de cette hormone.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Junge Ratten mit Calcitonin-Mangel wurden thyroparathyreoidektomiert, und einige dieser Ratten erhielten Parathormon und/oder Thyroxin als Ersatz. Das Verschwinden des45Ca aus dem Darm und das Erscheinen der Radioaktivität im Skelet nach 4 Std wurden als Index der Absorption gemessen. Salm-Calcitonin in physiologischen oder pharmakologischen Mengen rief keine Veränderung der Absorption von45Cain vivo in den Ratten hervor, welche nur an Calcitonin-Mangel litten. Auch die Calcitonin- und Thyroxinmangelratten und die Calcitonin-, Thyroxin- und Parathormonmagelratten zeigten keine Veräderung. Ratten, welche wieder Parathormon erhielten, zeigten noch höhere45Ca-Absorption als Parathormonmangelratten.
    Notes: Abstract Young calcitonin-deficient rats were prepared by thyroparathyroidectomy, and some of these received replacement therapy of parathyroid hormone and/or thyroxine. Disappearance of45Ca from the intestinal tract by 4 hours and appearance of the radioactivity in the carcass at 4 hours were measured as indexes of absorption. Salmon calcitonin in physiological or pharmacological dosages failed to alter thein vivo net45Ca absorption in the rats which were deficient in calcitonin alone, or in calcitonin and thyroxine, or in calcitonin, thyroxine and parathyroid hormone. Restoration of parathyroid hormone enhanced45Ca absorption above that in parathyroid deficient rats.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Parathyroid ; Calcitonin ; Bone ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet du fluor, de la parathormone et de la calcitonine sur le métabolisme du calcium osseux a été étudié en culture de tissu en utilisant des demi-calottes crâniennes de souris âgées de cinq jours. Les concentrations de fluor dans les cendres des calottes crâniennes de 0,007% (groupe peu fluoré), 0,041% (groupe moyennement fluoré) et 0,107% (groupe hautement fluoré) ont été obtenues en variant l'ingestion maternelle et post-natale en fluor. Le fluor inhibe la perte de calcium des os cultivés dans le milieu témoin et celui contenant la parathormone et favorise l'enrichissement en laccium des os cultivés dans un milieu contenant de la calcitonine. De l'os mort des groupes fortement et moyennement fluorés s'enrichit plus en calcium à partir du milieu de culture que les os du groupe pauvre en fluor. Le fluor semble agir sur le métabolisme du calcium osseux essentiellement par diminution de la solubilité minérale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Fluorid, Parathormon und Calcitonin auf den Calciumstoffwechsel im Knochen wurde in einem Knochenkultur-System untersucht, wobei Halbcalvarien von 5 Tage alten Mäusen verwendet wurden. Fluoridgehalte in der Asche der Halbcalvarien von 0,007% (Gruppe mit niedrigem Fluoridgehalt), 0,041% (Gruppe mit mittlerem Fluoridgehalt) und 0,1075 (Gruppe mit hohem Fluoridgehalt) wurden erhalten, indem die Fluorideinnahme der Mütter oder der Neugeborenen verändert wurde. Fluorid hemmte den Calciumverlust aus Knochen, welche im Kontrollmedium oder in Parathormon-enthaltenden Medien kultiviert worden waren, und es förderte die Calciumaufnahme von Knochen, welche in Calcitoninenthaltendem Medium kultiviert worden waren. Die toten Knochen der Gruppen mit mittlerem und hohem Fluoridgehalt nehmen mehr Calcium aus dem Kulturmedium auf als die Knochen der Gruppe mit niederem Fluorid. Fluorid scheint vor allem durch eine Herabsetzung der Mineral-Löslichkeit auf den Calciumstoffwechsel der Knochen zu wirken.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of fluoride, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin on bone calcium metabolism was investigated in a bone culture system using half-calvaria of five-day old mice. Fluoride levels in the ash of half-calvaria of 0.007% (low fluoride group), 0.041% (moderate fluoride group), and 0.107% (high fluoride group) were achieved by varying the maternal and neonatal intake of fluoride. Fluoride inhibited the loss of calcium from bones cultured in control medium and parathyroid hormone-containing media, and promoted the uptake of calcium by bones cultured in medium containing calcitonin. Dead bones of the moderate and high fluoride groups took up more calcium from the culture medium than bones of the low fluoride group. Fluoride appears to exert its effect on bone calcium metabolism predominantly via a reduction in mineral solubility.
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 217-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Isotope ; Radiobiology ; Excretion
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La rétention du45Ca a été déterminée pendant 388 jours après une injection intraveineuse en mesurant les excrétions urinaires et fécales et en tenant compte des pertes par la peau. Chez les deux hommes sains étudiés, les taux d'excrétion urinaire sont semblables, mais les taux d'excrétion fécale diffèrent par un facteur de deux. La rétention, exprimée en dose moin excrétion, suit une loi de puissance au bout des 4 ou 7 premières semaines mais, à une période plus précoce, un facteur exponentiel surajouté est nécessaire pour rendre compte des résultats. Les concentrations plasmatiques ont été mesurées jusqu'à quinze jours après l'injection. Les clearances rénales des deux sujets ne sont pas significativement différentes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Retention von45Ca wurde 388 Tage lang nach einer intravenösen Injektion bestimmt, indem Urin- und Stuhlausscheidungen unter Berücksichtigung des Verlustes durch die Haut gemessen wurden. Bei den zwei untersuchten gesunden Männern war die Geschwindigkeit der Ausscheidung im Urin sehr ähnlich, die Stuhlausscheidungsraten unterschieden sich jedoch durch einen Faktor von zwei. Die Retention, die als Injektionsdosis minus Ausscheidung ausgedrückt wurde, folgte nach den ersten 4 oder 7 Wochen einer Exponentialfunktion, vor diesem Zeitpunkt war aber noch ein zusätzliches Exponentialglied notwendig, um die Daten auszudrücken. Die entsprechenden Plasmakonzentrationen wurden 15 Tage lang nach der Injektion gemessen. Die Nieren-Clearance beider Männer waren nicht signifikant verschieden.
    Notes: Abstract The retention of45Ca has been determined up to 388 days after an intravenous injection by measuring the urinary and faecal excretions and correcting for the loss from the skin. In the two healthy men examined, the urinary excretion rates were very similar but the faecal excretion rates differed by a factor of two. Retention expressed as dose minus excretion followed a power law after the first 4 or 7 weeks but at earlier times an additional exponential term was necessary to account for the data. Plasma concentrations of the dose were measured up to 15 days after the injection. The renal clearances for the two subjects were not significantly different.
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 239-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Americium ; Calcium ; Metabolism ; Skeleton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La rétention du47Ca et du241Am au niveau de 14 régions du squelette de rats adultes et en croissance a été déterminée 7 jours après injection. Ces diverses régions présentent des activités variables en ces éléments. Les os de rats jeunes présentent des concentrations significativement plus élevées en241Am, mais non en47Ca. Les conséquences de ces résultats sur la dosimétrie de contamination interne par241Am sont envisagées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 7 Tage nach Injektion wurde die47Ca- und die241Am-Retention in 14 Regionenen des Skelets von weiblichen, im Wachstum begriffenen sowie ausgewachsenen Ratten gemessen. Die verschiedenen Skeletteile zeigten sehr unterschiedliche Fähigkeiten, diese beiden Elemente anzureichern.241Am wurde in den Knochen der jüngeren Ratten signifikant besser angereichert als47Ca. Die aus diesen Resultaten zu ziehenden Folgerungen werden im Hinblick auf die Strahlungsdosimetrie bei interner Kontamination durch241Am erörtert.
    Notes: Abstract The retention of47Ca and241Am by 14 parts of the skeleton of growing and mature female rats 7 days after injection has been measured. The various parts of the skeleton possessed widely differing abilities to concentrate both these elements. The bones of the younger rats had a significantly greater ability to concentrate241Am but not47Ca. The implications of these results for the radiation dosimetry of internal contamination by241Am are discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 295-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Vitamin D ; Resorption ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux métabolites de la vitamine D3, le 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) et 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), stimulent la résorption osseuse dans deux systèmestests alors que la vitamine D3 est inactive. Ces substances sont testées a) en comparant directement leur action dans les explants osseux de calottes craniennes de sourisin vitro et b) en les injectant dans de jeunes souris et en mesurant le degré de résorptionin vitro, lorsque les explants sont réalisés 18 heures après l'injection. Dans les deux tests, le métabolite 1,25 est environ 100 fois plus puissant que 25-OHD3. La courbe dose-résponse de 1,25-(OH)2D3 indique que des doses au-dessus d'environ 0.2 ng/g de poids corporel sont capables d'induire une augmentation de la résorption osseuse chez de jeunes souris normales. Ces résultats montrent que 1,25-(OH)2D3 est une des substances connues les plus actives qui agit sur le métabolisme osseux. Le rôle possible de 1,25-(OH)2D3 sur la mobilisation normale du calcium osseux est envisagé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Anwendung zweier verschiedener Versuchsanordnungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß die beiden Vitamin D3-Metaboliten 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) und 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) als starke Stimulatoren der Knochenresorption wirken, während sich Vitamin D3 selbst inaktiv verhält. Diese Substanzen wurden folgendermaßen geprüft: a) durch direkten Vergleich ihrer Wirkung auf Knochenexplantate (Hälften von Mäusecalvarien)in vitro und b) indem die Metaboliten jungen Mäusen injiziert wurden und der Resorptionsgrad an Explantaten 18 Std nach Injektionin vitro gemessen wurde. Bei beiden Versuchsanordnungen war der 1,25-Metabolit etwa 100mal wirksamer als der 25-OHD3-Metabolit. Aus der Dosiswirkungskurve für 1,25-(OH)2D3 geht hervor, daß es möglich ist, mit Dosen über ca. 0,2 ng/g Körpergewicht bei normalen jungen Mäusen bereits eine erhöhte Knochenresorption auszulösen. Diese Resultate zeigen, daß 1,25-(OH)2D3 eine der wirksamsten bisher bekannten Substanzen ist, die auf den Knochenmetabolismus einwirken können. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle, die das 1,25-(OH)2D3 bei der normalen Freisetzung von Calcium aus dem Knochen spielt, besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract Two metabolites of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) and 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) are potent stimulators of bone resorption in two test systems whereas vitamin D3 itself is inactive. These substances were tested (a) by directly comparing their action on bone explants of mouse half-calvariain vitro, and (b) by injecting them into young mice and measuring the degree of resorptionin vitro when explants were made 18 hours atter the injection. In both tests the 1,25-metabolite was about 100 times more potent than 25-OHD3. The dose-response curve for 1,25-(OH)2D3 indicates that doses above about 0.2 ng/g body weight are capable of inducing an increase in bone resorption in normal young mice. These data show that 1,25-(OH)2D3 is one of the most potent substances known that affects bone metabolism. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the normal mobilization of calcium from bone.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 47-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Caries ; Fluoride ; Diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les énergies de déplacement des ions F−, OH− et O2− dans la maille réticulaire des apatites ont été calculées en utilisant un modèle cristallin de Born. Une attention particulière a été apportée au déplacement parallèle de l'axe c par un mécanisme de lacune. Contrairement à la plupart des cristaux ioniques, la barrière opposée au déplacement est électrostatique plutôt que répulsive. L'énergie de déplacement d'un cristal donné est la plus faible pour F−, intermédiaire pour O2−, et la plus élevée pour OH−.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Bewegungsenergien von F−, OH− und O2−-Ionen im Apatitgitter wurden berechnet, indem ein Born-Modell des Kristalles verwendent wurde. Die Untersuchung wurde auf die Migration beschränkt, welche durch einen Vakanzmechanismus parallel zur C-Achse verläuft. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten Ionenkristallen hat die Migrationsbegrenzung eher einen elektrostatischen als einen abstoßenden Charakter. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Migrationsenergie in einem Kristall am kleinsten für F−, dazwischen liegend für O2− und am größten für OH− ist.
    Notes: Abstract The energies of motion of F−, OH− and O2− ions in the apatite lattice have been calculated using a Born model of the crystal. Attention was confined to migration parallel to the c-axis by a vacancy mechanism. In contrast to most ionic crystals the barrier to migration is electrostatic rather than repulsive in character. It is found that the migration energy in a given crystal is least for F−, intermediate for O2− and largest for OH−.
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  • 59
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Proteoglycan ; Electrolyte ; Physiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet des protéoglycanes sur la croissance de minéraux d'ensemencement dans un milieu synthétique est étudié sous l'angle de la régulation de l'ossification enchondrale. Les protéoglycanes sont isolés à partir ducartilage nasal bovin à l'aide de trois méthodes publiées. A l'aide de chacune de ces méthodes, deux fractions sont isolées qui se distinguent par la présence ou l'absence de composés qui se sédimentent rapidement par ultracentrifugation analytique. Chaque fraction est étudiée en fonction de sa possibilité d'inhiber la croissance minérale dans un milieu tamponné synthétiquein vitro. A des concentrations de protéoglycanes qui se retrouvent dans le liquide interstitielle de la métaphyse de rats de 6 à 7 semaines, les fractions contenant des composés qui se sédimentent rapidement, inhibent la croissance minérale; alors que les fractions contenant des composés, qui sédimentent lentement, ainsi qu'une glycoprotéine (protéine de liaison) n'ont pas d'activité d'inhibition dans ces systèmes. La comparaison de la capacité de fixation du calcium de certaines fonctions de protéoglycanes ainsi que leur effet sur la diminution de l'activité calcique dans des conditions de dialyse équilibrées ne montrent aucune différence sur le comportement des fractions de protéoglycanes comportant des produits sédimentant rapidement ou lentement. Un degré plus élevé de protection des minéraux naissants, fournie par les portions protéiques adjacentes de protéoglycanes agrégés, pourrait être responsable de l'action d'inhibition de croissance minéralein vitro de protéoglycanes sédimentant rapidement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Proteoglykanen auf das Wachstum von Impfkristallen in synthetischer Lymphe wurde, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Regulation von endochondraler Verkalkung, studiert. Die Proteoglykane wurden nach drei publizierten Methoden aus dem Nasenknorpel des Rindes isoliert. Bei jeder Methode wurden zwei Fraktionen abgetrennt, welche sich bei der analytischen Ultrazentrifugation in bezug auf An- oder Abwesenheit von schnellsedimentierenden Komponenten unterschieden. Jede Fraktion wurde darauf geprüft, ob siein vitro das Mineralwachstum in einer gepufferten synthetischen Lymphe zu hemmen vermochte. Bei Proteoglykan-Konzentrationen, wie sie in der interstitiellen Flüssigkeit endochondraler Platten von 6 bis 7 Wochen alten Ratten vermutet werden, hatten diejenigen Fraktionen, welche schnell-sedimentierende Komponenten enthielten, eine Hemmwirkung auf das Mineralwachstum; Fraktionen mit langsam-sedimentierenden Komponenten und mit einem Glycoprotein („link protein”) hingegen zeigten in diesen Systemen keine Hemmwirkung. Der Vergleich der Calcium-bindenden Fähigkeit bestimmter Proteoglykan-Fraktionen sowie deren vereinte Wirkung auf die Herabsetzung der Calcium-Aktivität unter Bedingungen der Gleichgewichtsdialyse zeigte keine Unterschiede im Verhalten von Proteoglykan-Fraktionen, die reich an schnell-sedimentierenden Komponenten waren im Gegensatz zu Fraktionen, welche ausschließlich langsam-sedimentierende Komponenten enthielten. Die Hemmwirkung von schnell-sedimentierenden Proteoglykanen auf das Mineralwachstumin vitro wird mit folgender Hypothese erklärt: Die Mineralkeime werden in zunehmendem Maße durch angrenzende Proteinkerne angehäufter Proteoglykane geschützt.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of proteoglycans on growth of seeding minerals in synthetic lymph was studied with special reference to regulation of endochondral calcification. Proteoglycans were isolated from bovine nasal cartilage by three published methods. By each method two fractions were separated which differed in respect to presence or absence of fast-sedimenting components on analytical ultracentrifugation. Each fraction was tested for its capacity to inhibit mineral growth in a buffered synthetic lymphin vitro. At concentrations of proteoglycans estimated to occur in the interstitial fluid of endochondral plates from 6- to 7-week-old rats, the fractions containing fast-sedimenting components were inhibitory to mineral growth; whereas fractions containing the slow-sedimenting components and a glycoprotein (link protein) had no inhibitory activity demonstrable in these systems. Comparison of calcium-binding capacity of certain proteoglycan fractions as well as their computed effect upon reduction of calcium activity under conditions of equilibrium dialysis revealed no differences in the behavior of a proteoglycan fraction rich in fast—as opposed to fractions composed entirely of slow-sedimenting components. An increased degree of shielding of mineral embryos provided by adjacent protein cores of aggregated proteoglycans is hypothesized to explain the inhibitory action of fast-sedimenting proteoglycans on mineral growthin vitro.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Tetracycline ; Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Du calcium radioactif est administréper os à des rattes albinos, soumises pendant 6 mois à une alimentation contenant du sel calcique d'oxytétracycline (0.3 g/100 g de régime sec) et le métabolisme du calcium a été étudié. Les résultats indiquent que le porcentage d'absorption de calcium radioactif est environ similaire dans le groupe expérimental recevant l'oxytétracycline et le groupe témoin recevant la même alimentation sans tétracycline. Cependant le groupe, recevant l'antibiotique, consomme plus de nourriture, de telle sorte qu'avec le même pourcentage d'absorption et d'élimination, plus de calcium est retenu. Ce fait se traduit par des valeurs plus élevées de calcium stabilisé au niveau des carcasses et des poids plus élevés du fémur, mais la différence entre les deux groupes n'est pas significative.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Weibliche Albinoratten erhielten radioaktives Calcium per os, nachdem sie 6 Monate lang mit einer Diät gefüttert worden waren, die das Calciumsalz von Oxytetracyclin (0,3 g/100g Trockennahrung) zusätzlich enthielt. Dann wurde der Calciumstoffwechsel untersucht. Die Resultate zeigten, daß die prozentuale Absorption von radioaktivem Calcium in der experimentellen Gruppe, welche Oxytetracyclin erhielt, und in der Kontrollgruppe, welche die gleiche Nahrung ohne das Antibioticum erhielt, etwa gleich war. Die Gruppe mit der Oxytetracyclindiät nahm jedoch mehr Futter zu sich, so daß bei gleichem Prozentsatz von Absorption und Ausscheidung mehr Calcium im Körper zurückgehalten wurde. Dies zeigte sich in höheren Konzentrationen des nicht radioaktiven Calciums im Skelet und in höherem Femurgewicht, aber der Unterschied zwischen den zwei Gruppen war nicht signifikant.
    Notes: Abstract Radioactive calcium was orally applied to female albino rats fed for 6 months on a diet supplemented with the calcium salt of oxytetracycline (0.3 g/100 g dry food) and calcium metabolism was investigated. The results show that the percentage absorption of radioactive calcium was approximately equal in the experimental group which received oxytetracycline and in the control group which ate the same food without the antibiotic. However, the group which received the oxytetracycline supplemented diet consumed more food, so that with the same percentage absorption and elimination more calcium was retained in the body. This was reflected in higher stable calcium values in the carcass and in higher femur weights, but the difference between two groups was not significant.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 327-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Muscles ; Calcium ; Atrophy ; Excercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un état pathologique est produit au niveau des muscles squelettiques en immobilisant l'arrière-train de rats à l'aide de plâtre de Paris. Après 4 semaines d'immobilisation, la concentration en calcium augmente au niveau des trois types de fibres des parties immobilisées. Le muscle non immobilisé d'un rat en présente pas d'augmentation significative de la concentration en calcium, lorsque d'autres membres du même rat sont immobilisés. Le pourcentage d'augmentation du calcium dans les muscles squelettiques, après immobilisation, pourrait être en rapport avec la diminution absolue d'activité musculaire par rapport aux témoins.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Durch die Immobilisierung beider Hinterbeine der Ratte mittels Gips wurde in den Skeletmuskeln ein Zustand der Verkümmerung hervorgerufen. Nach 4wöchiger Immobilisierung nahm die Calciumkonzentration in den drei verschiedenen Fasertypen des immobilisierten Hinterbeines zu. Der nicht-immobilisierte Muskel einer Ratte zeigte keine bedeutende Zunahme der Calciumkonzentration, wenn andere Glieder derselben Ratte stillgelegt wurden. Die prozentuale Zunahme an Calcium im Skeletmuskel nach der, Immobilisierung kann mit der absoluten Herabsetzung der Muskeltätigkeit im Vergleich mit Kontrollen in Zusammenhang gebracht werden.
    Notes: Abstract A state of disuse was produced in skeletal muscle by immobilizing both hindlimbs of the rat with plaster of paris. After 4 weeks of immobilization, the calcium concentration increased in the three different fiber types of the immobilized hindlimb. The non-immobilized muscle of a rat showed no significant increase in calcium concentration when other limbs of the same rat were fixed immobile. The percentage increase in calcium within skeletal muscle after immobilization may be related to the absolute reduction in muscular activity from control levels
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 113-115 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Vitamin D3 ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On note un passage d'ions calcium à travers une solution aqueuse de tétrachlorure de carbone contenant de la vitamine D3: ce passage est accéléré par un anion orthophosphate. En l'absence de vitamine D3 aucun déplacement ne se produit. Dans ce système, la vitamine D3 semble agir comme un agent d'émulsion et cette propriété de la vitamine D3 semble être responsable du passage du Ca2+ à travers l'interface eau-tétrachlorure de carbone.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Transport der Calciumionen aus einer wäßrigen Lösung findet in Vitamin D3 enthaltendem Tetrachlorkohlenstoff statt und wird durch Orthophosphat-Anionen beschleunigt. Wenn Vitamin D3 fehlt, erfolgt kein Transport. In diesem Versuchssystem scheint Vitamin D3 eine emulgierende Wirkung zu haben. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß der Transport von Ca2+ durch die Oberfläche zwischen Wasser und Tetrachlorkohlenstoff auf dieser Eigenschaft von Vitamin D3 beruht.
    Notes: Abstract Dassage of calcium ion occurs from aqueous solution through carbon tetrachloride containing vitamin D3, and is accelerated by orthophosphate anion. No movement occurs when vitamin D3 is absent. In this sytem vitamin D3 appears to act as an emulsifying agent, and this property of vitamin D3 is proposed to account for movement of Ca2+ across the water-carbon tetrachloride interface.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous ; Apatite ; Electron Microscopy ; Crystallization ; Precipitation ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP) sèché peut se présenter sous forme discoide ou sphérique. Les particules discoides sont plus fréquents dans les specimens d'ACP sèché, isolés immédiatement après précipitation. Les formes sphériques dominent dans les specimens sèchés provenant de suspensions plus âgés. Les particules discoides résultent de la dessication de l'échantillon. Les sphères peuvent aussi se produire pendant la dessication, mais s'observent aussi dans la solution. Les disques et les sphères ont une origine commune sous la forme d'un agrégat d'ACP hautement hydraté de morphologie inconnue. La formation d'apatite cristallin en solution est intimement associée avec l'ACP. Les premiers cristaux apparaissent à la surface des sphères amorphes et en contact avec les disques amorphes. En cas de sphères, les cristaux initiaux augmentent de taille et forment de nouveaux cristaux par nucléation secondaire jusqu'à ce que les sphères soient enrobées par l'apatite. Cependant, lorsque la transformation est totale, l'apatite ne remplit pas l'espace occupé préalablement par les sphères amorphes dissoutes. Ces observations ne confirment pas le concept d'une conversion d'un état solidein situ dans ce cas mais suggèrent une transition hétérophasique d'un processus de translocation ionique par l'intermédiaire d'une solution. La production de cristaux dans les disques amorphes suggère que l'apatite peut aussi se former directement du précurseur dans la solution.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Getrocknetes amorphes Calciumphosphat (ACP) kann scheiben- und kugelförmig auftreten. Die scheibenförmigen Partikel herrschen in getrockneten ACP-Proben vor, welche direkt nach der Fällung isoliert wurden. Die kugeligen Formen herrschen in trockenen Proben aus älteren Suspensionen vor. Die Scheibenbildung ist ein Ergebnis des Trocknungsvorganges. Kugelige Formen können beim Trocknungsvorgang ebenfalls auftreten, sie sind aber in der nativen Suspension ebenfalls anwesend. Scheiben- und Kugelformen scheinen einen gemeinsamen Vorläufer in der Lösung zu haben, welcher ein hochhydratisiertes ACP-Aggregat unbekannter Morphologie zu sein scheint. Die Bildung von kristallinem Apatit in der Lösung steht in engem Zusammenhang mit ACP. Die ersten Kristalle erscheinen auf der Oberfläche der amorphen Kugeln und in Kontakt mit den amorphen Scheiben. Die ursprünglichen Kristalle auf den Kugeloberflächen nehmen an Größe zu und bilden durch sekundäre Nukleation weitere Kristalle, bis die Kugeln in Apatit eingehüllt werden. Wenn die Umwandlung abgeschlossen ist, füllt jedoch das Apatit den Platz nicht aus, der vorher von den aufgelösten amorphen Kugeln eingenommen wurde. Diese Beobachtungen bekräftigen die Auffassung einerin situ-Umwandlung in den festen Zustand bei dem beschriebenen Falle nicht, sondern deuten auf eine heterophasischen Übergang, welcher durch einen lösungsbedingten Ionenverschiebungs-Prozeß gefördert wird. Das Auftreten von Kristallen in den amorphen Scheiben deutet darauf hin, daß sich Apatit auch direkt aus dem Lösungsvorläufer bilden kann.
    Notes: Abstract Dried amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) can exist in discoidal and spheroidal forms. The disk-shaped particles are most prominent in dried ACP specimens isolated immediately following precipitation. The spherical forms become dominant in dried specimens taken from older suspensions. The disk-like morphology is a result of sample drying. Spherules can also arise during the drying step but are present in the native suspension as well. Both the disks and spherules appear to have a common solution progenitor in the form of a highly hydrated ACP aggregate of unknown morphology. The formation of crystalline apatite in solution is intimately connected with ACP. The first crystals appear on the surface of the amorphous spherules and in contact with the amorphous disks. In the case of the spherules, the initial crystals increase in size and generate additional crystals by secondary nucleation until the spherules become enveloped by apatite. However, when conversion is completed, the apatite does not fill appreciably the space previously occupied by the dissolved amorphous spherules. These observations do not support the concept of anin situ solid state conversion in this case, but indicate a heterophase transition supported by a solution-mediated ion translocation process. The occurrence of crystals in the amorphous disks suggest that apatite can also form directly from the solution progenitor.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Bone ; Amorphous ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Hydrogen Bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'hydroxyapatite (HA) est préparé en mélangeant du phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP), contenant du Cl comme oligo-élément, dans de l'eau distillée tamponnée à pH 7,4 par du Tris-HCl à 25, 37, 60, 80 et 100°. Un tel Ha contient moins de 1% (25°) à11% (100°) de Cl initialement contenu dans le précurseur ACP. Ces résultats suggèrent que le mécanisme principal de conservion consiste en une série de processus contrôlés par des vitesses de solubilité, permettant aux ions de s'échapper des ACP en voie de disolution avant le début de la nucléation de l'HA.In situ, le réarrangement de l'ACP n'explique pas la fuite ionique et ne semble pas responsable de la conversion. Le spectre infra-rouge de surface hautement spécifique d'HA, préparé à 25° et 37°, ne montre pas d'élongation OH ou des bandes OH équilibrées, alors que la surface spécifique inférieure de l'HA (60°, 80°, 100°) présente des bandes nettes de ces modes vibrationnels. Cet effet est atrribué à une liaison hydrogène de groupement OH structural à la surface de cristaux d'HA, présentant une monocouche d'eau fortement adsorbée à la surface de l'HA. Comme dans les autres systèmes, la formation de liaison hydrogene élimine probablement les bandes d'absorption OH, de telle sorte que seuls les groupements OH, situés à l'intérieur des cristaux, donnent des bandes OH nettes, non perturbées. Au fur et à mesure que la surface spécifique de l'HA diminue, l'effet d'élimination s'atténue par suite d'une décroissance concomittante du pourcentage de groupements OH superficiels. Ainsi peut s'expliquer l'absence de modes vibrationnels OH dans le spectre infra-rouge du minéral osseux, étant donné que l'apatite osseux a une surface spécifique identique à celle de l'HA synthétisé à 25° et 37°.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Hydroxyapatit (HA) wurde hergestellt, indem amorphes Calciumphosphat (ACP), welches eingeschlossenes Cl als ein Tracer-Ion enthielt, in destilliertem Wasser, mit Tris-HCl auf pH 7,4 gepuffert, bei 25, 37, 60, 80 und 100° gerührt wurde. So hergestelltes HA enthielt bei 25° weniger als 1%, bei 100° 11% der Cl-Menge, welche ursprünglich im ACP eingeschlossen war. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß der Hauptmechanismus der Umwandlung eine Reihe von durch die Lösung hervorgerufenen Veränderungen ist, welche es den Ionen ermöglichen, aus dem sich auflösenden ACP auszutreten, bevor die HA-Nukleation einsetzt. In situ ist der Ionenaustritt aus dem umgebildeten ACP nicht möglich und ist wahrscheinlich bei der Umwandlung nicht beteiligt. Die Infrarotspektren von hochspezifischem Oberflächen-HA, welches bei 25° und 37° hergestellt worden war, zeigten keine OH-Dehnungs- oder Schwankungsstreifen, während weniger spezifisches Oberflächen-HA (60°, 80°, 100°) Scharfe Streifen von diesen Vibrationsarten zeigt. Diese Wirkung wird der Tatsache zugeschrieben, daß strukturelle OH-Gruppen auf der Oberfläche der HA-Kristalle mit der dort vorhandenen stark adsorbierten Wassermonolayer eine Wassersotffbindung eingehen. Wie in anderen Systemen verwischt die Wasserstoffbindung wahrscheinlich die OH-Absorptionsstreifen, so daß nur die OH-Gruppen im Inneren der Kristalle scharfe, unveränderte OH-Streifen liefern. Je mehr die spezifische Oberfläche des HA abnimmt, desto kleiner wird die verwischende Wirkung, denn der Prozentsatz der an der Oberfläche liegenden OH-Gruppen nimmt ebenfalls ab. Dies erklärt eventuell die beobachtete Abwesenheit von OH-Vibrationsarten im Infrarotspektrum von Knochenmineral, da Knochenapatit eine spezifische Oberfläche hat, die mit derjenigen von HA verglichen werden kann, welches bei 25° und 37° synthetisiert wurde.
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) was prepared by stirring amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which contained occluded Cl− as a tracer ion, in distilled water buffered to pH 7.4 by tris-HCl at 25, 37, 60, 80 and 100°. HA made in this manner contained from less than 1% (25°) to 11% (100°) of the amount originally occluded in the precursor ACP. These results suggest that the principal mechanism of conversion is a series of solution- mediated rate processes that enable ions to move away from the dissolving ACP before the onset of HA nucleation.In situ ACP rearrangement does not provide for ion escape and is probably not involved in the conversion. The infrared spectra of high specific surface HA prepared at 25° and 37° showed no OH stretching or OH librational bands, while the lower specific surface HA (60°, 80°, 100°) displayed sharp bands of these vibrational modes. This effect is attributed to hydrogen bonding of structural OH groups on the surface on HA crystals with the strongly adsorbed water monolayer present on HA. As in other systems, hydrogen bond formation probably smears out the OH absorption bands so that only OH groups in the crystal interior yield sharp, unperturbed OH bands. As the HA specific surface decreases, the smearing effect becomes minimal due to a concomitant decrease in the percentage of surface-located OH groups. This may explain the observed absence of OH vibrational modes in the infrared spectrum of bone mineral, since bone apatite has a specific surface comparable to that of HA synthesized at 25° and 37°.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 27-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Pyrophosphate ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Kinetics ; Hydroxyapatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet du pyrophosphate sur la distribution et les vitesses d'échange du calcium et du phosphate dans les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite a été étudié. Les analyses de disparition du45Ca, du32P [Pi] et du32P [PPi] de la solution vers les cristaux ont été réalisées en utilisant un modèle de compartimenst. Les courbes de disparition sont formées par la somme de 4 exponentielles, correspondant à un modèle de 4 compartiments en séries. Le pyrophosphate est présent dans les 4 compartiments du cristal. Le traitement du cristal avec le pyrophosphate provoque une diminution nette du phosphate échangeable et deux des quatre compartiments disparaissent totalement. Les données quantitatives suggèrent une substitution de 2 moles d'orthophosphate par mole de pyrophosphate. Le pyrophosphate n'a pas d'effet net sur la distribution et les échanges de calcium. Les conséquences de ces résultats sur les effets d'inhibition du pyrophosphate sur la formation et la dissolution des cristaux d'apatite sont discutées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Pyrophosphat auf die Verteilung und die Austauschrate von Calcium und Phosphat in Hydroxyapatitkristallen wurde untersucht. Das Verschwinden von45Ca,32P [Pi] und32P [PPi] aus der Lösung und die Anlagerung dieser Ionen auf den Kristallen wurde anhand eines Kompartiment-Modelles studiert. Die Verschwinde-Kurven wurden durch die Summe von 4 Exponentiellen beschrieben und mittels einem Modell von 4 Kompartimenten in Serie interpretiert. Wurde der Lösung Pyrophosphat zugesetzt, so war es in allen 4 Kompartimenten vorhanden. Ferner entstand eine starke Verminderung des austauschbaren Phosphates, wobei 2 der 4 Kompartimente vollständig verschwanden und 2 Mode Orthophosphat mit 1 Mol Pyrophosphat ausgetauscht wurden. Pyrosphosphat hatte keine nennenswerte Wirkung auf die Verteilung und die Flüsse des Calciums. Diese Befunde werden im Zusammenhang mit der Hemmwirkung des Pyrophosphates bei der Bildung und Auflösung von Apatitkristallen besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of pyrophosphate on the distribution and the rates of exchange of calcium and phosphate in hydroxyapatite crystals was studied. Analysis of disappearance of45Ca,32P [Pi] and32P [PPi] from the solution onto the crystals was performed using a compartmental model. The disappearance curves were described by the sum of 4 exponentials, which was interpreted as a four-compartment model in series. Pyrophosphate was present in all the four pools of the crystals. Treatment of crystal with pyrophosphate led to a large decrease of exchangeable phosphate, and two of the four compartments disappeared completely. The quantitative data suggest a replacement of 2 moles of orthophosphate by 1 mole of pyrophosphate. Pyrophosphate had no appreciable effect on the distribution and the fluxes of calcium. The implications of these results for the inhibitory effects of pyrophosphate on the formation and dissolution of apatite crystals are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 85-96 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Lampetra ; Physiological biliary atresia ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A morphologic and histochemical study was carried out on the liver of larval and adult lampreys at the optical and electron microscopic level. In the larva the liver is composed of blind ending single cell thick tubules of hepatocytes. The tubular lumina provided with microvilli are morphologically comparable with the canalicular lumens of the higher species of animals. The cytoplasm of the hepatocytes contains numerous inclusions with heterogeneous appearance and crystalline material. The biliary system is composed of numerous bile ductules and ducts. In the adult lamprey, the biliary system has disappeared. The hepatocytes loose their tubular arrangement and the characteristic differentiation of their biliary pole. In contrast to previous reports in the literature the presence of bile pigment in the adult lamprey liver could not be demonstrated with any histochemical technique.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Locus coeruleus (Rat) ; Neurons ; Golgi apparatus ; Catecholamine biosynthesis ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Detailed histochemical studies have been performed on the morphology of the Golgi apparatus (GA) by application of the thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) method (Novikoff and Goldfischer, 1961) to the neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) of normal and catecholamine biosynthesis inhibitors (fusaric acid and D, L-α-methyl-p-tyrosine methylester HCl) given adult healthy male Wistar strain rats. The neurons were classified into five categories on the basis of the morphology of the Golgi apparatus. The number of cells in individual categories was counted to evaluate the percentage of each category in the whole nucleus. The majority of cells belongs to Types II, III, and IV whose GA goes through cyclic activity, but the remaining neurons belong to Types I and V which may have a strong tendency to be different from the former in character. The latter neurons correspond formally with Types I and V of the rabbit LC, but they do not respond to the drugs administered. The rat LC is very similar to the dorsal vagal nucleus of the rabbit in regard to the dominant category. The present results indicate that the majority of the rat LC neurons may work vigorously and they may be motor neurons. Administration of the drugs caused reduction of TPPase activity, augmentation of disintegration and the budding-off process of the GA of Type IV, a decrease in the percentage of Type IV and an increase in that of Type II. Administration of 100 mg/kg fusaric acid caused maximal morphological change of the GA at the 90th minute; however, administration of 200 mg/kg fusaric acid showed more marked change of the GA, having two peaks and two valleys. The GA revealed much more intense reaction to D,L-α-methyl-p-tyrosine methylester HCl than to fusaric acid. The present results indicate that tyrosine hydroxylase may be the rate-limiting enzyme in the catecholamine biosynthesis. These noticeable changes of GA caused by administration of the drugs were completely restricted to the neurons of LC and the neurons of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve did not show any morphological changes of the GA. These results strongly suggest that the GA of the rat LC neurons may have ability to synthesize catecholamine whereas the GA of the rat mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve may be completely devoid of this ability and that the role of the GA may be different depending on the anatomical regions.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 463-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gallbladder (Human) ; Mucus secretion ; Reverse pinocytosis ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mucous secretory activity of the human gallbladder epithelium was investigated by light and electron microscopy and with histochemical techniques. There are two types of granules in the supranuclear region of the epithelial cells. The one low in density contains a fine filamentous material and gives a strongly positive silver methenamine reaction. The other is dense and only faintly positive. The granules of the former are considered to be mucous secretory granules and the granules of the latter may be lysosomes. PAS positive granules correspond presumably to both types of granules mentioned above. The mucous secretory granules are considered to be synthesized by the Golgi apparatus and the granular endoplasmic reticulum as has been confirmed in other mucous secretory cells. Their content is released from the cell by reverse pinocytosis. Typical goblet cells occur frequently in the fetal epithelium, but cannot be observed in the adult specimens.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampal region (rat) ; Distribution of dehydrogenases ; Postnatal development ; Histochemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Succinate-, α-glycerophosphate-, NADH-, and NADPH dehydrogenases (tetrazolium reductases) were studied histochemically in brain sections. The distribution of these enzymes in the hippocampal region was mapped in different postnatal stages. In addition to the hippocampus and the dentate area which have also been dealt with by other authors, the description includes the entorhinal area, parasubiculum, presubiculum, and subiculum. In all the areas of the hippocampal region the enzyme activity is first localized mainly in cell bodies. Activity in the neuropil shows a tendency to increase with age throughout the stages studied. Examples of particularly early or late differentiation of the histochemical pattern exist. Thus already after 4–6 days the differentiated staining pattern in the hippocampal layers as seen in the adult, begins to appear. In the entorhinal area the early enzyme distribution agrees with that in the adult and facilitates identification of its layers. After 22 days the fundamental enzyme chemoarchitectonics of the adult rat brain has been obtained. Histochemical characteristics of the different areas, support the view that the hippocampal region constitutes an entity.
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 375-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hippocampal region (rat) ; AChE distribution ; Postnatal development ; Histochemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the hippocampal region was studied histochemically in different postnatal stages. Enzyme changes are described for the hippocampus proper, the dentate area, the entorhinal area, parasubiculum, area retrosplenialis e, presubiculum, and subiculum. In 1 day old animals there are only traces of AChE in solitary perikarya of the hippocampal stratum radiatum, while there is no activity in the neuropil. This is in contrast to other regions of the brain, e.g. the corpus striatum and the medial septum. Enzyme activity in the neuropil, although very weak, is seen clearly on the 2nd day. While the enzyme reaction in some cell soma seems to be permanent and also present in adult rats, other cell bodies, e.g. in the entorhinal area lose AChE activity during the last part of the 2nd week and in the 3rd week. Similar observations have been made on other parts of the central nervous system. The main features of chemodifferentiation in the hippocampal region seem to be completed by the end of the third week, although most layers and areas have not yet achieved the same high staining intensity as seen in the adult rats.
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 529-544 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclast ; Parathyroid hormone ; Lysosomes ; Bone resorption ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Young rats were treated with high doses of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Osteoclasts from these animals revealed characteristic alterations in comparison to control cells: a) The cytoplasm contained large vacuoles with phagocytosed cells, some of which resembled osteoblasts or osteocytes. The vacuoles were interpreted as lysosomes because the engulfed cells often appeared partly digested and the vacuoles contained acid phosphatase as demonstrated histochemically, b) lipid droplets were present in the cytoplasm and usually located close to the endoplasmic reticulum and/or in regions with many free ribosomes, c) the Golgi complex was more frequently separated from the nuclei than in control cells, d) small coated cytoplasmic bodies were numerous in the peripheral cytoplasm, e) the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were fused in some places, f) cytoplasmic regions with numerous free ribosomes were frequent, g) large ring-shaped granules occurred in some mitochondria. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of these granules provided evidence that they contained calcium and probably phosphorus, h) in some osteoclasts the mitochondria were enlarged. — The findings are consistent with an increased activity of osteoclasts and in particular a stimulation of the lysosomal system in these cells.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary (mouse) ; Granulosa cells ; Steroidogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A systematic study of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the granulosa cells of immature and mature mice was made. The histochemical results were compared with the ultrastructural findings on the same cells in an attempt to determine whether the granulosa cells are capable of a steroidogenic role. In newborn and immature mice the granulosa cells of a great amount of follicles demonstrated a moderate or strong histochemical activity. In mature mice the granulosa cells demonstrated a weak or moderate activity normally only in preovulatory follicles and in some other atretic follicles. The granulosa cells of the normal developing follicles did not show such activity. In addition the histological control of numerous parallel sections demonstrated particularly in immature ovaries the presence of a great amount of atretic follicles. In the cytoplasm of the granulosa cells of the follicles in immature ovaries only clusters of lipid droplets with ribosomes were noted; while in the preovulatory follicles of mature animals there started to appear mitochondria with tubular cristae, smooth membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and irregular lipid droplets. In the obviously atretic follicles several granulosa cells as well as theca interna cells showed numerous lipid droplets and ribosomes together with different degenerating organelles. The granulosa cells of the normal developing follicles showed a well developed Golgi complex, granular endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. The histochemical and ultrastructural findings suggest a steroidogenic role of the granulosa cells only in the larger preovulatory follicles (probably related to an early luteinization of this layer) but this role was not demonstrated in the same cells in normal developing follicles. In addition, since an histochemical positivity was demonstrated also in the granulosa cells of some obviously atretic follicles, it is possible that many of the follicles having granulosa cells filled with lipid droplets and attached ribosomes and histochemically positive might be, in the immature ovaries, in a very precocious stage of atresia. It is to precise for these cells whether a cytoplasm with these two strictly correlated components (lipid droplets and attached ribosomes) and showing an histochemical positivity could carry-on all the biochemical steps involved in steroid biosynthesis or only has only a temporary capability to produce some precursors of steroids.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reproductive tract ; Biomphalaria glabrata ; Desiccation ; Starvation metabolism ; Weighing experiments ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of desiccation (36 weeks), starvation (12 weeks) and recovery (4 weeks following 16 weeks of desiccation and 2 weeks following 9 weeks of starvation) upon the accessory sex glands and some other body parts of Biomphalaria glabrata were studied by means of weighing experiments and histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The results of the weighing experiments show that the various parts of the reproductive tract are not protected from involution processes during the adverse conditions, as some parts (the albumen gland, spermduct and prostate gland) showed a more pronounced decrease in weight than other body parts. Measurements of the epithelial heights of the accessory sex glands and ultrastructural observations corroborate the results of the weighing experiments. During the adverse conditions the organelles involved in the formation of the secretion granules (granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi-apparatus) became involuted. The secretion granules within the cells of the albumen gland, spermduct and prostate gland were broken down by crinophagy. This latter process was less pronounced in the oviduct, muciparous gland, oöthecal gland, uterus and vagina. During the adverse conditions the lipoprotein producing cell types (mainly in the male part) remained active longer than the polysaccharide producing cell types (mainly in the female part). The significance of this observation is discussed. The amounts of glycogen present in most tissues of the reproductive tract and of the other investigated body parts (the foot, columellar muscle and vesicular connective tissue cells) were not apparently diminished, even when the secretory cells showed clear signs of involution, as a result of long periods of adverse conditions. Within the recovery periods 50% of the snails resumed egg production. During recovery the relative increases in weight of the accessory sex glands seemed to exceed that of other body parts, indicating that the restoration of the accessory sex glands is favoured. Histologically, reactivation of the accessory sex glands was apparent after 36–72 hours of recovery. At this time secretory material was again observed within the cisternae of the gland cell Golgi-bodies. Because reactivation is fairly rapid, a nervous or hormonal control of this process appears more likely than control via the general metabolism. The possible functions of various body organs in storing food reserve material is discussed, and it is concluded that the glycogen storing vesicular connective tissue cells (which occur throughout the whole body in the connective tissue) play a major role.
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    Cell & tissue research 144 (1973), S. 339-351 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Tissue culture ; Sheath cells ; Sensory end-organs ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fetal spinal ganglia and spinal cord segments with adhering spinal ganglia were explanted on collagen-coated coverslips. They were investigated with enzyme histochemical methods for the existence of hydrolases and dehydrogenases up to 54 days of cultivation. Alkaline phosphatase was located in arachnoid cells and in mantle cells (satellite cells). Butyrylcholinesterase and alpha-glycerophosphate-menadione-tetrazolium reductase were found in mantle cells. Acetylcholinesterase and indoxylesterase were active in the whole neuron; acid phosphatase and alpha-naphthylacetate esterase were restricted to the perikarya. During the process of cell differentiation in vitro alkaline phosphatase decreased in mantle cells. Acid phosphatase became diminished distinctly in spinal ganglion cells. The other neuronal enzymatic activities remained unaltered during the whole period of cultivation. Proliferated Schwann cells were conspicuous by their activity for butyrylcholinesterase. In newly formed myelin sheaths arylsulphatase was active. Lactate dehydrogenase was contained in the perineurium which had developed. Cultures of long duration could contain cytological formations which were reminiscent of sensory end-organs with respect to their enzyme patterns. The enzyme activities of nervous tissues in vitro in their approximation to the situation in situ are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 465-477 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit thymus ; Ketosteroids ; Granulated cells ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Topochemisch konnten im Kaninchenthymus Ketosteroide nachgewiesen werden, für deren Vorhandensein die chemische Analyse von Thymuslipidextrakten Hinweise ergeben hatte. Die Darstellung der Ketosteroide erfolgte mit der NAHD-Reaktion (Camber, 1949). Diese Befunde dürften als spezifisch gelten, da eine Verfälschung durch freie Gewebsaldehyde, Plasmalogene (Gomori, 1952) und Corticosteroide (Khanolkar et al., 1958) ausgeschlossen wurde. Mit Hilfe der Camber-Methode konnten Granula bestimmter Zellen des Kaninchenthymus selektiv dargestellt werden, die auf Grund morphologischer Kriterien in zwei Gruppen unterteilt wurden. Die Zellen liegen im gesamten Thymusparenchym sowie im Bindegewebe der Septen und der sogenannten „Kapsel“. Prädilektionsorte stellen die Umgebung der Hassallschen Körperchen, die Mark-Rinden-Grenze, der intra- und perivasale Raum sowie die subkapsuläre Zone dar. Beide Zellgruppen sind Sudan III-, PAS- und Eosin-positiv, besitzen eine ausgeprägte gelbgrüne Eigenfluoreszenz und können differentialdiagnostisch gegen Mastzellen abgegrenzt werden. Elektronenmikroskopisch zeigen beide Zellgruppen zahlreiche Übereinstimmungen mit Reifestadien eosinophiler Knochenmarkszellen.
    Notes: Summary Ketosteroids were demonstrated topochemically in the rabbit thymus following indications given by chemical analysis of thymus lipid extracts. They were revealed by means of the NAHD-reaction (Camber, 1949). The results are thought to be specific, because adulteration by free tissue aldehydes, plasmalogens (Gomori, 1952) and corticosteroids (Khanolkar et al., 1958) can be excluded. The Camber-method selectively reveals the presence of two groups of morphologically differentiable granules in specific rabbit thymus cells which are distributed throughout the entire thymic parenchyme as well as in the connective tissue of the septa and the in so-called “capsule”. They are mainly seen in the vicinity of Hassall's bodies, in the zone between medulla and cortex, the intra- and perivascular space and in the subcapsular space. Both cell groups are Sudan III-, PAS- and eosin-positive, show intensive yellow-green primary fluorescence and can be distinguished from mast cells by differential diagnosis. Electron microscopy reveals that both cell groups show many similarities with the maturation phase of bone marrow eosinophils.
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 389-416 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal chromaffin cells ; Ganglion cells ; Avian adrenal gland ; Light- and electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the adrenal gland of 15 bird species was investigated by light-, fluorescence-, and electron microscopy as well as by histochemical methods. 1. Adrenal Chromaffin Cells. Cells producing adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) may be distinguished from each other with the electron microscope by the different structure of their granules. In all species investigated A-cells prevailed. Granules in A-cells of Corvidae, partly those of the other passeriform birds as well, resemble granules from the pituitary pars intermedia because of their incomplete membrane and the low electron density of their contents. A-cells of some passeriform birds have mitochondria with specifically arranged cristae. Large cytosomes and inclusions of lipofuscin pigment are to be found in the gulls Larus ridibundus and Larus argentatus. The House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and the Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) show vacuoles filled with a colloid-like substance, which are surrounded by adrenal chromaffin cells. 2. Ganglion Cells. The adrenal gland of birds is rich in ganglion cells. Two types can be distinguished. “Large” ganglion cells resemble completely sympathetic nerve cells as described in many vertebrates. “Small” ganglion cells have a low nucleus-cytoplasm-ratio. Some of them include granules of various structure and quantity. Whether they represent transitional stages to adrenal cells, interneurons, P-neurons or a heterogeneous population remains to be clarified.
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 417-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal chromaffin cells ; Birds ; Cholinergic innervation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary According to their ultrastructure and histochemistry three types of efferent nerve fibers can be distinguished in the bird's adrenal gland. The main part is made up of cholinergic fibers recognizable by a positive reaction for acetylcholinesterase and two specific populations of granules within the synaptic ending. Synaptic vesicles measuring 300 to 500 Å in diameter and dense-cored vesicles with a diameter of about 1 000 Å are discernible. In the periphery of the gland cholinergic axons for the innervation of adrenal cells form large bundles surrounded by a perineural sheath. The bundles cross the capsule and are situated within the adrenal chromaffin cords or at their periphery. Finally small groups of fibers enter a group of chromaffin cells which are surrounded by a basal lamina and which consist of about a dozen or more cells producing adrenaline and noradrenaline. Synaptic endings occur, above all in passeriform species, in the center of a chromaffin cell complex. They are either attached to the innervated cells or their dendrite-like processes, or embedded into the cells, or connected to short spines of the innervated cells. Synaptic and dense-cored vesicles leave the bouton by exocytosis. One synaptic terminal may innervate up to three A- or NA-cells. The existence of different types of synapses for A- and NA-cells cannot be excluded.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Branchial gland ; Cephalopoda ; Fine structure ; Hemocyanin ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Branchialdrüse verschiedener Cephalopoden (Sepia officinalis, Octopus vulgaris, Loligo vulgaris, Eledone moschata) zeigen, daß das Drüsengewebe des stark vaskularisierten Organs aus einem sekretorisch aktiven Zelltypus mit ausgeprägtem endoplasmatischen Retikulum besteht. In den Zisternen des endoplasmatischen Retikulums lassen sich granuläre und ringförmige Strukturen (Durchmesser: 45–65 Å und 170 Å) nachweisen, die in Größe und Gestalt mit den Hämocyanin-Einheiten in den Gefäßen und Lakunen übereinstimmen und durch randlichen Zerfall der Zellen in den Blutraum auszuwandern scheinen. Die histochemischen Untersuchungen ergeben eine positive Reaktion für Monoaminoxydase, aber vergleichsweise geringe Phosphatase- und Dehydrogenase-Aktivitäten. Diese Befunde sowie der histochemisch nachgewiesene hohe Kupfergehalt des Drüsengewebes sprechen für eine hämopoetische, d.h. hämocyaninbildende Funktion der Kiemendrüse.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic investigations on the branchial gland of different Cephalopoda (Sepia officinalis, Octopus vulgaris, Loligo vulgaris, Eledone moschata) show that the gland tissue, strongly vascularized, consists of an actively secreting cell type with a remarkable endoplasmatic reticulum. In the cisternae of the endoplasmatic reticulum granular and ring-shaped structures can be identified (diameter: 45–65 Å and 170 Å) which correspond in size and shape with the hemocyanin units in the vessels and lacunae and which seem to emigrate into the blood space caused by the peripheral decay of the cells. Histochemical investigations show a positive reaction for monoaminoxidase, but comparatively low phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities. These results, and also the high content of histochemically identified copper in the gland tissue, seem to indicate a hemopoetic, i.e. hemocyanin-forming function for the branchial gland.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Xenopus laevis, tadpoles ; Monoamines ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In tadpoles of Xenopus laevis the histochemical distribution of monoamines in the tel-, di- and mesencephalon was studied. Catecholamines are present in some mitral cells of the olfactory bulb, the neurons of the preoptic recess organ (PRO), the neurons of the paraventricular organ (PVO) and cells in the vicinity of the PVO, namely the so-called PVO-accompanying cells, the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID) and in the nucleus reticularis mesencephali (NRM). The PRO, PVO, and NID are composed of liquor-contacting neurons. With the Falck-technique, in the PVO and NID two types of fluorescent cells were observed: green cells, containing a catecholamine and yellow-orange cells, presumably containing a tryptamine. Tryptaminergic neurons occur in the NRM and in the area of the raphe nucleus. Extensive tracts of fluorescent fibres originating in the hindbrain ascend to the area praeoptica and the septum, striatum and epistriatum of the telencephalon. Also, fibre connections could be traced from the PVO to the area praeoptica, to the thalamus and to the nucleus ventromedialis tuberis. The PVO and/or NID give rise to a catecholaminergic tract running towards the hypophysis. Fibres of this tract partly terminate in the developing median eminence and partly in the pars intermedia. Experimental data indicate that the aminergic fibres in the pars intermedia exert an inhibitory influence on MSH-release.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 91-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pulmonary and bronchial vessels ; Laboratory mammals ; Cholinesterase-containing nerve fibres ; Species differences ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distribution of cholinesterase-containing nerve fibres on blood vessels in the lungs of rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, cats, dogs, and rhesus monkeys has been studied with the thiocholine method modified by Coupland and Holmes and with the “direct-coloring” method according to Karnovsky and Roots. The presence of acetylcholinesterase positive nerve fibres on the pulmonary arteries has been established only in four species of the studied animals, namely the cat, the dog, the rhesus monkey and the rabbit. These nerves form d distinct plexus on the border between the media and adventitia. In the thick walled perihilar branches of the pulmonary artery of the rabbit the nerve fibres penetrate—as a rule—into the outer half of the media. Despite many times repeated experiments and careful investigations no nerve fibres have been found on the intrapulmonary branches of the blood vessels in the lungs of rats, mice, and guinea pigs. In the walls of the pulmonary veins, with the exception of the pulmonary veins in the rat and the mouse, cholinesterase fibres have been identified only seldom. Acetylcholinesterase nerve fibres in medio-adventitial localization have also been found in the walls of bronchial arterioles, this being the case in all the species under study. Bronchial veins do not exhibit any nerve fibres. The distribution of the acetylcholinesterase-containing nerve fibres on the pulmonary arteries is different from species to species.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory cells ; Lateral ; Locust ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude histologique, histochimique et ultrastructurale des péricaryones neurosécréteurs latéraux de Locusta précise leur nombre et leur localisation. Elle révèle que le neurosécrétat latéral est semblable morphologiquement (forme et diamètre des granules élémentaires) au neurosécrétat A de la pars intercerebralis. Cependant, il en diffère histochimiquement par la présence d'une composante glucidique. Elle confirme l'hypothèse émise pour les péricaryones neurosécréteurs de la pars intercerebralis (Girardie et Girardie, 1967), de l'unicité cellulaire chez Locusta des types A et B selon la nomenclature de Johansson (1958). Elle suggère que les péricaryones latéraux pourraient être des cellules neurosécrétrices très actives.
    Notes: Summary The number (8 to 12) and position of the lateral neurosecretory cells have been established in Locusta by a histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study. The neurosecretory material of the lateral cells contains glycoprotein and is, in this way, histochemically different from medial A cells neurosecretory material. However, the morphological aspect (shape, diameter) of elementary dense core vesicles in the lateral and medial A neurosecretory cells is similar. This study confirms the idea (Girardie and Girardie, 1967) that, in Locusta, A cells and B cells (Johansson, 1958) are in fact two physiological aspects of one cell type. It also suggests that the lateral cells could be very active neurosecretory cells.
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  • 82
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    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 147-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral autonomic innervation ; Ureterovesical ganglia ; Parasympathetic postganglionic synapse ; Sympathetic postganglionic synapse ; Denervated bladder ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Catecholamine ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histochemical techniques for acetylcholinesterase and catecholamine show that ureterovesical ganglia of both cat and dog contain dense intraganglionic cholinergic and adrenergic plexuses. Ramifications of both plexuses surround most cholinergic and adrenergic ganglion cell bodies as pericellular synaptic plexuses. Similar pericellular plexuses exist around extraganglionic cholinergic and adrenergic ganglion cells. Both adrenergic and cholinergic synaptic fibers persist in denervated pregnaglionic nerve-free specimens, indicating that cholinergic synaptic fibers are postganglionic parasympathetic in nature. The presence of adrenergic (postganglionic sympathetic) and postganglionic parasympathetic synapses around cell bodies in ureterovesical ganglia provides a morphologic basis for the sympathoinhibitory and muscarinic parasympatho-excitatory phenomena described in these ganglia.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 263 (1973), S. 208-208 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nickel neben Kobalt ; Volumetrie ; Hippursäure als Reagens
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  • 84
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 263 (1973), S. 335-335 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen(III) ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA-Titration, 2,3-Dihydroxynaphthalin als Indicator
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 264 (1973), S. 348-353 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Volumetrie ; Endpunktsbestimmung mit Hilfe von Gasblasenladung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A simple theory to account for the reciprocal relationship between concentration of solute and the charge on a droplet ejected as a rising bubble bursts at a solution's surface is proposed. Reasonable agreement is found between theoretical predictions of charge in multivalent electrolytes and the experimental values. Application to continuous analysis of flowing systems and to end-point detection is demonstrated for acidbase and compleximetric titrations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Theorie wird vorgestellt, die die reziproke Beziehung zwischen der Konzentration des Gelösten und der Ladung erklärt, die an Tröpfchen entsteht, die beim Platzen aus Flüssigkeiten aufsteigender Gasblasen gebildet werden. Allgemeine Übereinstimmung von Theorie und Experiment wurde für verschiedene mehrwertige Elektrolyte festgestellt. Die Anwendung dieses Prinzips zur kontinuierlichen Analyse fließender Systeme sowie zur Endpunktsbestimmung von Säure-Base- und komplexometrischen Titrationen wird beschrieben.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 264 (1973), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Acidität ; Steigerung durch Erdalkalisalze in organ. Lösungsmitteln ; Best. von Organ. Säuren ; Volumetrie ; Salzeffekt in organ. Lösungsmitteln
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The acid strength of short-chain carboxylic acids in acetonitrile and acrylonitrile can, by addition of anhydrous alkaline earth perchlorates, be enhanced sufficiently to permit titration of the acid with a tertiary amine in the presence of acid anhydride. This salt effect has been studied by means of potentiometric and automatic thermometric titrations and two distinct mechanisms are thought to be involved: a metathetical reaction at low salt concentrations and a proton desolvation effect at high salt concentrations. High-resolution infra-red spectroscopy has been used to assess the extent of sol vent-cation interaction in acetonitrile. Several equations are used to describe the probable interactions taking place in such salt enhancement phenomena.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Säuregrad von kurzkettigen Carbonsäuren in Acetonitril und Acrylnitril kann durch Hinzufügen von wasserfreien Perchloraten der Erdalkalien genügend gesteigert werden, um bei Vorhandensein von Säureanhydrid eine Titration der. Säure mit einem tertiären Amin zu ermöglichen. Dieser Salzeffekt wurde mit Hilfe von potentiometrischen und automatischen thermometrischen Titrationen untersucht, und es wird angenommen, daß dabei zwei verschiedene Vorgänge eine Rolle spielen: eine Austauschreaktion bei schwachen und ein Desolvatationseffekt bei hohen Salzkonzentrationen. Zur Beurteilung des Ausmaßes der Wechselwirkung zwischen Lösung und Kation in Acetonitril wurde die Infrarot-Spektroskopie mit hoher Auflösung benutzt. Die wahrscheinlich stattfindenden Reaktionsvorgänge werden anhand verschiedener Gleichungen beschrieben.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 264 (1973), S. 409-411 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen in Blut ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA ; Sulfosalicylsäure als Indicator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Bedingungen für eine visuelle Mikrotitrationsbestimmung von Eisen mit ÄDTA unter Verwendung von Sulfosalicylsäure als Indicator wurden ermittelt. Das beschriebene Verfahren erlaubt die Bestimmung von 5–500 μg Fe/100 ml und wurde auf Blut angewendet. Der Einfluß von Phosphationen und Perchlorsäure wurde geprüft. Die Methode wurde zur Eichung von Hämometern und in der Gerichtsmedizin eingesetzt. Die Fehler sind 〈 1 %.
    Notes: Abstract Conditions for the visual microtitration of iron with EDTA employing sulphosalicylic acid as indicator have been worked out. The procedure described permits the determination of 5–500 μg Fe/100 ml and has been applied to blood analysis. The effect of phosphate and perchloric acid has been studied. The method was employed for calibration of haemometers and for forensic purposes. Errors are 〈 1%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 265 (1973), S. 31-31 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Barium ; Volumetrie ; Cu(II)-ÄDTA-PAR als Indicator, komplexometrisch
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 265 (1973), S. 32-32 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best von Kupfer(II) mit Eriochromcyanin R ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA ; Best. von Eisen(III) mit Gallocyanin ; Volumetrie ; ÄDTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 90
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 265 (1973), S. 253-256 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kohlendioxid in Wasser ; Volumetrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die theoretische Fehlerbetrachtung, die Hässelbarth [2] einem neueren Verfahren zur Bestimmung der freien Kohlensäure in natürlichen Wässern [3] gewidmet hat, geprüft und festgestellt, daß er dabei von unzutreffenden Voraussetzungen ausgegangen und daher auch zu unrichtigen Folgerungen gekommen ist. Bei den von ihm durchgeführten praktischen Messungen hat er die Möglichkeiten des Verfahrens nur zu einem Teil ausgeschöpft, woraus sich eine Reihe von ihm bemängelter Differenzen erklären. Daher werden klarstellende Einzelheiten zur praktischen Durchführung des Verfahrens mitgeteilt.
    Notes: Abstract The theoretical examination of errors, untertaken by Hässelbarth [2] on a new method to determine free carbon dioxide in water is investigated and it is found that he had employed wrong bases and arrived at misleading results. In his practical work, he had not considered all the possibilities of the method, which explains a number of differences. Therefore, the practical application of the method is described in detail.
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  • 91
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 266 (1973), S. 31-31 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran(IV) ; Volumetrie ; Titration mit Dichromat
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  • 92
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 266 (1973), S. 177-186 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen, Cer, Dichromat, Kupfer, Nickel ; Volumetrie ; kernmagnet. Relaxation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Quantitative determination of the concentration of paramagnetic ions in aqueous solutions is performed by NMR relaxation titration. By measurement of the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time T 1 or the nuclear spin-spin relaxation time T2 redox titrations and complexometric determinations of the concentration of paramagnetic ions are possible. Also the precipitation of ions from the solution can be followed by this method. The use of a magnetic indicator in this analytical method is shown. The sensitivity of the method goes down to concentrations as low as 10−3 M. The accuracy of NMR relaxation titration is better than 1%. A number of applications of the method are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Quantitative Bestimmungen von paramagnetischen Ionen in wäßrigen Lösungen können mit Hilfe der kernmagnetischen Relaxationstitration durchgeführt werden. Durch Messung der Kernspin-Gitter-Relaxationszeit T 1 oder der Kernspin-Kernspin-Relaxationszeit T 2 als Funktion der Ionenkonzentration sind Redoxtitrationen oder komplexometrische Titrationen möglich. Der quantitative Ablauf von Fällungen kann ebenfalls verfolgt werden. Die Verwendung von magnetischen Indicatoren bei der Relaxationstitration wird beschrieben. Bestimmungen von Ionenkonzentrationen bis herab zu 10−3 M Lösungen sind z.Z. möglich. Die Methode erlaubt eine Genauigkeit der Konzentrationsbestimmung von 1% und besser. Die Anwendung der Methode wird an einer Reihe von Beispielen gezeigt.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 266 (1973), S. 367-368 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Halogeniden und Thiohamstoff ; Volumetrie ; Reaktion mit AgNO3
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 267 (1973), S. 26-28 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Bor ; Volumetrie ; Methylboratdestillation, Mannitzusatz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For the determination of macro amounts of boron several separation methods are known. In this article a version of the well-known methylborate distillation method is described. The determination of the boron is performed by means of titration after addition of mannitol. Experiments show that the described technique can completely compete with other methods.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Modifikation der Methylboratdestillation wird beschrieben. Die Bestimmung erfolgt volumetrisch nach Mannitzusatz. Die beschriebene Methode ist anderen Verfahren ebenbürtig.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 267 (1973), S. 44-44 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Thioharnstoffen ; Volumetrie ; manganimetrisch
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 82-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Precipitation ; Kinetics ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La cinétique de la formation et de la transformation des précipités de phosphate de calcium, obtenus en mélangeant de volumes égaux de solutions à 6×10−3 M de calcium total et/ou phosphate total est étudiée à 25°C. Les solutions de phosphate sont préajustées à un pH de 7.4. Les changements de pH et de turbidité des solutions sont suivis simultanément en fonction du temps. Les précipités sont isolés à des intervalles de temps variables et caractérisés par diverses méthodes physico-chimiques. Initialement un précipité avec un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.5, amorphe aux rayons X et en diffraction électronique, est formé. Le spectre IR indique la présence de PO 4 3− et de HPO 4 2− . Après une période métastable, on observe la précipitation d'un matériel cristallin dans ou sur la phase amorphe. Vingt quatre heures après préparation de l'échantillon les précipités présentent surtout les caractères du phosphate octocalcique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Bildung und Transformation von Calciumphosphat-Niederschlägen wurde bei 25°C untersucht. Es wurden dazu gleiche Volumen von Lösungen gemischt, bei einer Konzentration von 6×10−3M totales Calcium und/oder totales Phosphat. Die Phosphatlösungen wurden zuerst auf pH 7,4 eingestellt. Veränderungen des pH und Trübung der Lösungen wurden gleichzeitig als eine Funktion der Zeit aufgezeichnet. Niederschläge wurden in verschiedenen Zeitintervallen isoliert und mit verschiedenen physiko-chemischen Methoden charakterisiert. Am Anfang wurde ein Niederschlag mit einem molaren Ca/P-Verhältnis von 1,5, im Röntgenbild und in der Elektronendiffraktion amorph, gebildet. Infrarotspektren deuteten die Anwesenheit von PO 4 3− - und HPO 4 2− -Ionen an. Nach einer metastabilen Periode erfolgte ein Niederschlag aus kristallinem Material innerhalb oder auf der amorphen Substanz. 24 Std nach der Herstellung der Proben zeigten die Niederschläge in der Hauptsache die Charakteristiken von Octocalciumphosphat.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the formation and transformation of calcium phosphate precipitates obtained by mixing equal volumes of solutions, 6×10−3 M in total calcium and/or total phosphate was investigated at 25°. The phosphate solutions were preadjusted to pH 7.4. Changes of the pH and turbidity of the solutions were followed simultaneously as a function of time. Precipitates were isolated at various time intervals and characterized by different physicochemical methods. Initially a precipitate with a molar Ca/P ratio of 1.5, amorphous to X-ray and electron diffraction was formed. IR spectra indicated the presence of PO 4 3− and HPO 4 2− ions. After a period of metastability, precipitation of a crystalline material within or upon the amorphous matter occurred. Twenty four hours after sample preparation the precipitates showed mainly the characteristics of octacalcium phosphate.
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 113-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Fluoride ; Tooth ; Enamel ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les surfaces d'émail dentaire sont confrontées avec des solutions de calcium et phosphate, qui y recirculent. Les réactions cinétiques au niveau des surfaces en calcium, phosphate, fluorure et ions hydrogène sont déterminées dans des solutions à concentrations en ions fluor constantes (0.012, 0.025, 0.050, 0.250 ou 0.500 mM/l) et/ou à pH constant (6.8, 7.0, 7.2 ou 7.4). Les vitesses de réactions des ions calcium, phosphate, hydrogène et fluorures augmentent dans les conditions suivantes: 1) augmentation de la surface d'émail, 2) augmentation des vitesses d'écoulement au niveau des surfaces, 3) augmentation du pH de la solution et 4) augmentation de la concentration en ion fluorure. Les vitesses presque proportionnelles des réactions mesurées simultanément indiquent la formation de minéraux apatitiques à la surface de l'émail pendant tout le temps de contact solide-solution.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Oberflächen von Zahnschmelz wurden mit konstant zirkulierenden Lösungen, welche Calcium und Phosphate enthielten, equilibriert. Die kinetischen Oberflächenreaktionen von Calcium-, Phosphat-, Fluori- und Wasserstoff-Ionen wurden in Lösungen mit konstanten Fluoridkonzentrationen (0,012, 0,025, 0,050, 0,250 oder 0,500 mM/l) und/oder konstantem pH (6,8, 7,0, 7,2 oder 7,4) bestimmt. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten dieser Ionen an der Grenze zwischen fester und flüssiger Phase erhöhten sich unter folgenden Bedingungen: 1. Vergrößerung der Schmelzoberfläche; 2. Erhöhung der Geschwindigkeit der der Oberfläche zugeführten Lösungen; 3. Erhöhung des pH der Lösung; 4. Erhöhung der Fluoridionenkonzentration in der Lösung. Die beinahe proportionalen Geschwindigkeiten der gleichzeitig gemessenen Reaktionen deuteten darauf hin, daß auf den Schmelzoberflächen während der ganzen Equilibrierungszeit Apatitminerale gebildet wurden.
    Notes: Abstract Surfaces of tooth enamel were interfaced with recirculating solutions containing calcium and phosphate. The kinetic interfacial reactions of calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and hydrogen ions were determined in solutions of constant fluoride ion concentrations (0.012, 0.025, 0.050, 0.250, or 0.500 mM/l) and /or constant pH (6.8, 7.0, 7.2, or 7.4). The rates of the calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and hydrogen ion reactions at the solid-solution interface increased under the following conditions: (1) increase of the enamel surface area; (2) increase of the rates of solution flow to the interface; (3) increase of solution pH; and (4) increase of the solution fluoride ion concentration. The nearly proportional rates of the concurrently measured reactions indicated the formation of apatitic minerals on the enamel surfaces throughout the time of solid-solution interface.
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 207-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Fluoride ; Diet ; Collagen ; Hexosamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une fluorose squelettique est induite chez des lapins soumis à des régimes adéquates et faibles en calcium. Les lapins soumis à un régime pauvre en calcium sont plus sensibles à l'intoxication fluorée, ainsi que le démontre les exostoses et la rétention plus élvée de fluor du fémur. La matrice collagène de l'os et la synthèse de l'hexosamine, étudiée par l'incorporation de proline (U)14C dans le collagène et de glucose (1)14C dans l'hexosamine, ne semblent pas affecter par le fluor et par la concentration de calcium dans le régime des lapins.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Skelettfluorose wurde bei Kaninchen hervorgerufen, welche ausreichende und niedrige Calciumdiäten erhielten. Kaninchen mit einem niedrigen Calciumgehalt in der Nahrung entwickelten eine stärkere Fluoridintoxikation, was sich durch Exostosebildung und höhere Fluoridretention in den Femora zeigte. Die Synthese des Knochenmatirx-Collagens und der Hexosamine [untersucht mittels Einbau von Prolin (U)14C in Collagen und Glukose (1)14C in Hexosamin] wurde weder durch Fluorid noch durch den Calciumgehalt der Kaninchen-Nahrung beeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract Skeletal fluorosis was induced in rabbits fed adequate and low calcium diets. Rabbits on a low calcium diet were found to suffer more from fluoride intoxication as evidenced by exostosis formation and higher retention of fluoride in the femora. Bone matrix collagen and hexosamine synthesis assessed by14C-proline (U) incorporation into collagen and14C-glucose (1) into hexosamine were found to be unaffected by the fluoride as well as by the level of calcium in the diets of rabbits.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 67-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Calcification ; Mitochondria ; Cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Quatre vingt quinze pour cent du total du calcium et phosphate d'homogénats cellulaires, isolés mécaniquement de l'os, sédimentent avec des particules sub-cellulaires par centrifugation à 15000×G. Une méthode, destinée à isoler et à purifier partiellement cette fraction, riche en calcium, est mise au point par digestion enzymatique avec de la désoxyribonucléase et ultracentrifugation dans 70% de saccharose. Le fragment obtenu contient 10% de produit minéral, sous forme de complexe calcium-phosphate, et des protéines et lipides. Des quantités importantes de phospholipides et RNA sont notées, ainsi que des quantités faibles d'hexosamine et d'acide sialique. Les essais enzymatiques et la microscopie électronique indiquent que la fraction contient plusieurs types différents de particules cytophoniques, mais leur contenu en calcium n'a pu être déterminé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde festgestellt, daß 95% des gesamten Calcium-und Phosphatgehaltes in Zellhomogenaten, welche mechanisch aus Knochen isoliert wurden, mit subzellulären Teilchen in einem Zentrifugenfeld von 15000×G sedimentieren. Zur Isolation und teilweisen Reinigung dieser calciumreichen Fraktion wurde eine Methode entwickelt, die auf enzymatischer Verdauung mit Desoxyribonuclease und Ultrazentrifugation mittels 70% Sucrose basiert. Der entstandene Niederschlag enthielt 10% Mineral, der in Form eines Calciumphosphat-Komplexes vorlag und einen hohen Gehalt an Protein und Lipid aufwies. Es fanden sich ferner signifikante Mengen von Phospholipid und RNS, dagegen nur kleine Mengen von Hexosamin und Sialsäure. Enzymbestimmungen und Elektronenmikroskopie zeigten, daß die gefundene Fraktion mehrere, sich voneinander unterscheidende Typen von Cytoplasmapartikeln enthielt; ihr Calciumgehalt konnte jedoch anhand der verfügbaren Resultate nicht bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Abstract Ninety-five percent of the total calcium and phosphate in homogenates of cells isolated mechanically from bone was found to sediment with subcellular particles in a centrifugal field of 15000×G. A method was devised for the isolation and partial purification of this calcium-rich fraction by enzymatic digestion with deoxyribonuclease and ultracentrifugation through 70% sucrose. The resultant pellet was 10% mineral, present as some form of calcium-phosphate complex, and was rich in protein and lipid. Significant amounts of phospholipid and RNA were present also, but only small amounts of hexosamine and sialic acid. Enzyme assays and electron microscopy indicated that the fraction contained several different types of cytoplasmic particles but those which contained calcium could not be determined from available data.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 39-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fluoride ; Absorption ; Bone ; Blood ; Skeleton ; Deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'absorption, les concentrations sanguines et osseuses du fluor (F) et du calcium (Ca), à partir de mélanges de monofluorophosphate de sodium (Na2PO3F) et de gluconate de calcium (CaGluc), ont été étudiées chez le rat dans diverses conditions expérimentales. Lorsque Na2PO3F et CaCluc sont ingérés simultanément, dans la proportion pondérale de F/Ca=1/50, on observe un parallelisme de l'absorption et de la concentration squelettique de F et Ca. Ce fait s'explique partiellement par un effet prolongé de l'absorption de F sous l'influence de CaGluc. L'hydrolyse des ions PO3F est faible dans l'estomac, presque totale dans l'intestin, et apparemment totale dans le plasma sanguin. L'ingestion combinée de Na2PO3F-CaCluc donne une élévation comparativement faible, modérée et prolongée de la concentration plasmatique de F, alors qu'aucune action n'est observée pour le Ca plasmatique chez les rats normaux. L'absorption et la concentration squelettique de F et Ca sont augmentées chez des rats déficients en Ca et diminuées chez des rats en hypervitaminose D2.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Absorption, die Konzentration in Blut und die Aufnahme im Skelet von Fluorid (F) und Calcium (Ca), zugeführt als Natriummonofluorphosphat (Na2PO3F) und als Calciumgluconat (CaGluc), wurden bei Ratten unter verschiedenen Bedingungen untersucht. Die hauptsächlichsten Ergebnisse waren folgende: Wurden Na2PO3F und CaGluc in einem Gewichtsverhältnis von F∶Ca=1∶50 gleichzeitig eingenommen, so verliefen die Absorption und die Aufnahme im Skelet von F und Ca parallel. Dies konnte teilweise durch eine verlangsamte F-Absorption unter dem Einfluß von CaGluc erklärt werden. Die Hydrolyse der PO3F-Ionen war im Magen spärlich, im Darm beinahe vollständig und scheinbar vollständig im Blutplasma. Die kombinierte Einnahme von Na2PO3F und CaGluc ergab eine verhältnismäßig langsame, gemäßigte und verzögerte Erhöhung der F-Konzentration im Plasma, während bei normalen Ratten keine Beeinflussung des Plasma-Calciums gefunden wurde. Die F- und Ca-Absorption und deren Aufnahme im Skelet waren bei calciumarmen Ratten erhöht und bei mit Vitamin D2 überdosierten Tieren erniedrigt.
    Notes: Abstract Absorption, blood levels and skeletal uptake of fluorine (F) and calcium (Ca) from combinations of sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) and calcium gluconate (CaGluc) were studied in rats under varying conditions. When Na2PO3F and CaGluc were ingested simultaneously in a ratio by weight F/Ca=1/50, absorption and skeletal uptake of F and Ca were parallel. This was partly due to the prolonged absorption of F under the influence of CaGluc. Hydrolysis of PO3F ions was weak in the stomach, nearly complete in the intestine and apparently complete in the blood plasma. Combined Na2PO3F-CaGluc ingestion gave a comparatively slow, moderate but prolonged elevation of the plasma F levels, while no influence on plasma Ca was found in normal rats. F and Ca absorption and skeletal uptake were increased in Ca-deficient rats and decreased in vitamin D2-intoxicated rats.
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