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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 60 (1938), S. 1927-1929 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: vasopressin ; toad bladder ; water flow ; antidiuretic hormone ; endocytosis ; density-shift method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the apical (external facing) membrane water permeability of granular cells that line the toad urinary bladder. In response to ADH, cytoplasmic vesicles called aggrephores fuse with the apical plasma membrane and insert particle aggregates which are visualized by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Aggrephores contain particle aggregates within their limiting membranes. It is generally accepted that particle aggregates are or are related to water channels. High rates of transepithelial water flow during ADH stimulation and subsequent hormone removal decrease water permeability and cause the endocytosis of apical membrane and aggrephores which retrieve particle aggregates. We loaded the particle aggregate-rich endocytic vesicles with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) during ADH stimulation and removal. Epithelial cells were isolated and homogenized, and a subcellular fraction was enriched for sequestered HRP obtained. The HRP-enriched membrane fraction was subjected to a density shifting maneuver (Courtoy et al.,J. Cell Biol. 98:870, 1984), which yielded a purified membrane fraction containing vesicles with entrapped HRP. The density shifted vesicles were composed of approximately 20 proteins including prominent species of 55, 17 and 7 kD. Proteins of these molecular weights appear on the apical surface of ADH-stimulated bladders, but not the apical surface of control bladders. Therefore, we believe these density shifted vesicles contain proteins involved in the ADH-stimulated water permeability response, possibly components of particle aggregates and/or water channels.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 689 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 575 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 739 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 394 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mycobacterium tuberculosis has two members of the α-crystallin (Acr) family of molecular chaperones. Expression of Acr1 is induced by exposure to hypoxia or nitric oxide and is associated with bacterial persistence in a non-replicating state. Expression of Acr2 is induced by heat shock, oxidative stress, and uptake by macrophages. We have shown that Acr2 continues to be expressed at a high level during both acute and chronic infection in the mouse model, with an increased ratio of acr2:acr1 mRNA in the persistent phase. Deletion of the acr2 gene resulted in a decrease in the resistance of M. tuberculosis to oxidative stress but did not impair growth in mouse bone marrow macrophages. There was no difference in bacterial load in mice infected with an acr2 deletion mutant, but a marked alteration in disease progression was evident from reduced weight loss over a prolonged infection. This correlated with reduced recruitment of T-cells and macrophages to the lungs of mice infected with the acr2 mutant and reduced immune-related pathology. These findings demonstrate that both α-crystallins contribute to persistent infection with M. tuberculosis and suggest that manipulation of acr expression can influence the host response to infection.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 176-183 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Citrate ; Isocitrate dehydrogenase ; Aconitase ; Osteopetrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a démontré que l'os osteopetrotique de la souris grey-lethal a une métabolisme irrégulière pour la citrate. On en trouve des quantités élevées dans l'os et dans la circulation. Il est possible que les quantités élevées dans l'os sont occasionnées en partie par des quantités diminuées de NADP utilisées pour le decarboxylation oxydative de la citrate. Cependant une absorption élevée de l'oxygène par des fragments de l'os osteopetrotique fait l'idée qu'une partie de la citrate élevée est metabolisée de plus par le chemin oxydative. On a suggéré qu'une stimulation élevée de la parathyroid en réponse d'une production trop grand de thyrocalcitonine offert une explication pour les résultats.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der osteopetrotische Knochen der grey-lethal Maus hat einen abnormen Zitratstoffwechsel; hohe Werte dieses Stoffwechselproduktes wurden sowohl im Knochen als auch im Kreislauf festgestellt. Die Zitratzunahme des Knochens mag teilweise auf eine Erniedrigung des NADP, der das Zitrat oxidativ dekarboxyliert, zurückgeführt werden. Inkubierte osteopetrotische Knochenfragmente zeigen eine als normale größere Sauerstoffaufnahme, was darauf hindeutet, daß das angesammelte Zitrat wenigstens zum Teil auf oxidativem Wege abgebaut wird. Als Ursache obiger Befunde wird eine erhöhte Parathormonsekretion, die durch eine Überproduktion von Thyrokalzitonin verursacht wird, vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Abstract The osteopetrotic bone of the grey-lethal mouse has been shown to have an abnormal citrate metabolism. Increased levels of this metabolite are found in bone and in the circulation. High bone values may be due in part to apparent decreased amounts of NADP available for the oxidative decarboxylation of citrate. However, an increased O2 uptake by osteopetrotic bone fragments suggests that some at least of the increased citrate is being further metabolised along an oxidative pathway. Increased stimulation of parathyroid hormone secretion in response to overproduction of thyrocalcitonin has been suggested to account for the findings.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 19-26 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteopetrosis ; Microphthalmia ; Grey-lethal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude histologique et histochimique de l'ostéopétrose a été réalisée chez la souris mutante microphtalmique. Les caractéristiques de la maladie décrite chez la souris grise léthale ont été retrouvées. La souris microphtalmique présente une hypocalcémie faible, une hypophosphatémie, une augmentation de la phosphatase alcaline sérique et du citrate osseux et sérique. Certaines souris ont des concentrations normales de ces paramètres, mais histologiquement des lésions d'ostéopétrose sont évidentes. Malgré ces faits, 28% des souris ont une espérance de vie supérieure de trois mois. Elles diffèrent en cela des souris grises léthales. Une étiologie commune est possible par ce syndrome chez les deux types de souris.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Osteopetrose wurde bei der “microphthalmic mutant mouse” histologisch und biochemisch untersucht. Es fanden sich dabei alle klassischen Merkmale diese Syndroms, wie sie bereits für die “grey-lethal mouse” beschrieben worden sind. Die “microphthalmic mouse” weist eine leichte Hypocalcaemie, eine Hypophosphataemie, eine erhöhte Serumphosphatase und stark erhöhte Citratkonzentrationen im Knochen und im Serum auf. Einige der Versuchstiere zeigten normale Werte aller dieser Parameter, doch konnte die schwere Osteopetrose-Läsion histologisch immer nachgewiesen werden. Trotzdem haben 28% der Mäuse eine Lebenserwartung von mehr als 3 Monaten. In dieser Hinsicht unterscheiden sie sich von der “greylethal mouse”. Es wird eine gemeinsame Äthiologie für das bei diesen beiden Mäusen-Varianten bestehende Syndrom in Betracht gezogen.
    Notes: Abstract A histological and biochemical study of the osteopetrosis in the microphthalmic mutant mouse has been undertaken. All the classical features of the disease previously described in the grey-lethal mouse are found here. The microphthalmic mouse has a mild hypocalcaemia, hypophosphatemia, an increased serum alkaline phosphatase and greatly increased bone and serum citrate. Some mice are found with normal levels of all these parameters but histologically the severe osteopetrotic lesion is always present. In spite of this, 28% of the mice have a life expectancy in excess of three months. In this respect they differ from the grey-lethal mouse. A common aetiology is considered for the syndrome in both mutant mice.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteopetrosis ; Diphosphonates ; Bone Resorption ; Mouse ; Calcium ; Tooth ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de doses quotidiennes, administrées depuis la naissance, de deux types de diphosphonates, à savoir l'éthane-1-hydroxyle-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) et le dichlorométhylène diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), sur la croissance et le squelette de souris a été étudié. Les diphosphonates freinent la croissance: les incisives ne font pas leur éruption ou elle est plus tardive. La calcémie est normale. L'administration de Cl2MDP à une dose quotidienne de 10 mg P/kg/jour provoque des modifications squelettiques identiques à celles des souris grises létales atteintes d'ostéopétrose et les animaux meurent après quatre semaines de traitement. Par rapport aux témoins, les souris traitées présentent des os plus étroits, plus denses et plus déformés: les cavités médullaires sont comblées avec de l'os calcifié et du cartilage. La quantité totale de calcium d'un animal n'est pas augmentée par traitement au diphosphonate, par rapport à un témoin de même âge. Chez les souris grises létales et celles traitées aux diphosphonates, la plupart des anomalies est secondaire à une résorption osseuse diminuée. Ces résultats sont commentés en fonction de l'emploi des diphosphonates au cours de remaniements osseux pathologiques augmentés et en fonction du rôle de la résorption osseuse dans le maintien de la calcémie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuse erhielten von der Geburt an tägliche Dosen folgender zwei Diphosphonate: entweder Äthan-1-Hydroxy-1,1-Diphosphonat (EHDP) oder Dichloromethylen-Diphosphonat (Cl2MDP). Es wurde deren Wirkung auf das Wachstum und das Skelet untersucht. Die Diphosphonate verlangsamten das Wachstum, die Schneidezähne brachen nicht oder erst später durch, aber die Höhe des Plasmacalciums blieb normal. Die Verabreichung von Cl2MDP in Dosen von 10 mg P/kg/Tag führt zu Skeletveränderungen, welche denjenigen der „grey-lethal” osteopetrotischen Mäuse gleichen. Die Tiere sterben nach einer Behandlungsdauer von etwa 4 Wochen. Verglichen mit normalen Mäusen von ungefähr gleichem Alter hatten die behandelten Mäuse kleinere, dichtere und mehr keulenförmige Knochen, und die Markhöhlen waren gefüllt mit verkalktem Knochen oder Knorpel. Die Gesamtcalciummenge im Skelet wurde durch die Diphosphonatbehandlung nicht erhöht; dies ergab sich aus einem Vergleich mit der bei normalen Mäusen desselben Alters gefundenen Menge. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß bei den „grey-lethal” und bei den Diphosphonat-behandelten Mäusen viele der Abnormalitäten als Folge der herabgesetzten Knochenresorption angesehen werden müssen. Die Ergebnisse werden einerseits im Hinblick auf den Gebrauch der Diphosphonate bei pathologischen Bedingungen eines erhöhten Knochenumbaus diskutiert; andererseits werden sie im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle der Knochenresorption bei der Erhaltung des Plasmacalcium-Spiegels besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of daily doses from birth of two diphosphonates, namely either ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) or dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), on the growth and the skeleton of mice has been studied. Diphosphonates slowed growth, the incisors did not erupt or erupted later, but the level of plasma calcium remained normal. The administration of Cl2MDP at a dose rate of 10 mg P/kg/day leads to skeletal changes that are similar to those observed in grey-lethal osteopetrotic mice, and the animals die after about four weeks of treatment. As compared with normal mice of similar age, treated mice had bones that were smaller, denser and more clubshaped, and the marrow cavities were filled with calcified bone or cartilage. The total amount of calcium in the carcass was not increased by diphosphonate treatment, as compared with the amount in normal mice of the same age. It is suggested that both in the grey-lethal and diphosphonate-treated mice many of the abnormalities are secondary to decreased bone resorption. The results are discussed with respect to the use of diphosphonates in pathological conditions of increased bone turnover and with respect to the role of bone resorption in the maintenance of plasma calcium levels.
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