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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
  • 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
  • Geodesy
  • Modelling
  • Springer  (33)
  • 2005-2009  (23)
  • 1975-1979  (10)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-06-21
    Description: Earthquake early warning systems (EEWS), based on real-time prediction of ground motion or structural response measures, may play a role in re- ducing vulnerability and/or exposure of buildings and lifelines. Indeed, seismologists have recently developed efficient methods for real-time es- timation of an event’s magnitude and location based on limited informa- tion of the P-waves. Therefore, when an event occurs, estimates of magni- tude and source-to-site distance are available, and the prediction of the structural demand at the site may be performed by Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and then by Probabilistic Seismic Demand Analysis (PSDA) depending upon EEWS measures. Such an approach contains a higher level of information with respect to traditional seismic risk analysis and may be used for real-time risk management. However, this kind of prediction is performed in very uncertain conditions which may affect the effectiveness of the system and therefore have to be taken into due account. In the present study the performance of the EWWS under development in the Campania region (southern Italy) is assessed by simu- lation. The earthquake localization is formulated in a Voronoi cells ap- proach, while a Bayesian method is used for magnitude estimation. Simu- lation has an empirical basis but requires no recorded signals. Our results, in terms of hazard analysis and false/missed alarm probabilities, lead us to conclude that the PSHA depending upon the EEWS significantly improves seismic risk prediction at the site and is close to what could be produced if magnitude and distance were deterministically known.
    Description: Published
    Description: 211-232
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Earthquake Early ; Campania Region ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: We compare the results obtained from the modelling of EDM, GPS, levelling and tilt data measured in the first part of the 19911993 eruption at Etna to the InSAR data acquired during the second part. The geodetic changes are very marked in the first half of the eruption and constrain a deflation source located at a few kilometers of depth ( 3 km b.s.l.), in agreement with other independent geophysical evidence. SAR data, available during the second part of the eruption, were analysed for different time intervals in the second part of the eruption. The interpretation of SAR interferograms reveals a large-scale but less marked deflation of the volcano that could be caused by a deeper source. This second source is in accord with a second deeper anomaly revealed by recent seismic investigations. The combination of geodetic data modelling and SAR images suggests a complex plumbing system composed at least of two possible storage regions located at different depths.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1345-1357
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Geodesy ; SAR Interferometry ; ground deformation ; Mt. Etna volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Analysis of the historical records of Etnas eruptive activity for the past three centuries shows that, after the large 1669 eruption, a period of about 60 years of low-level activity followed. Starting from 1727, explosive activity (strombolian, lava fountaining and subplinian) at the summit crater increased exponentially to the present day. Since 1763, the frequency of flank eruptions also increased and this value remained high until 1960; afterward it further increased sharply. In fact, the number of summit and flank eruptions between 1961 and 2003 was four times greater than that of the pre-1960 period. This long-term trend of escalating activity rules out a pattern of cyclic behaviour of the volcano. We propose instead that the 16702003 period most likely characterises a single eruptive cycle which began after the large 1669 eruption and which is still continuing. On the basis of the eruptive style, two distinct types of flank eruptions are recognised: Class A and Class B. Class A eruptions are mostly effusive with associated weak strombolian activity; Class B eruptions are characterised by effusive activity accompanied by intense, long-lasting, strombolian and lava fountaining activity that produces copious tephra fallouts, as during the 2001 and 20022003 eruptions. Over the past three centuries, seven Class B eruptions have taken place with vents located mainly on the south-eastern flank, indicating that this sector of the volcano is a preferential zone for the intrusion of volatile-rich magma rising from the deeper region of the Etna plumbing system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 732-742
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Etna ; Historical record ; Summit activity ; Flank eruptions ; Eruptive behaviour ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Monte Nuovo eruption is the most recent event that occurred at Phlegrean Fields (Italy) and lasted from 29 September to 6 October 1538. It was characterized by 2 days of quasi-sustained phreatomagmatic activity generating pumice-bearing pyroclastic density currents and forming a 130-m-high tuff cone (Lower Member deposits). The activity resumed after a pause of 2 days with two discrete Vulcanian explosions that emplaced radially distributed, scoria-bearing pyroclastic flows (Upper Member deposits). The juvenile products of Lower and Upper Members are, respectively, phenocryst-poor, light-coloured pumice and dark scoria fragments with K-phonolitic bulk compositions, identical in terms of both major and trace elements. Groundmass is formed by variable proportions of K-feldspar and glass, along with minor sodalite and Fe-Ti oxide present in the most crystallized samples. Investigations of groundmass compositions and textures were performed to assess the mechanisms of magma ascent, degassing and fragmentation along the conduit and implications for the eruptive dynamics. In pumice of the Lower Member groundmass crystal content increases from 13 to 28 vol% from the base to the top of the sequence. Products of the Upper Member consist of clasts with a groundmass crystal content between 30 and 40 vol% and of totally crystallized fragments. Crystal size distributions of groundmass feldspars shift from a single population at the base of the Lower Member to a double population in the remaining part of the sequence. The average size of both populations regularly increases from the Lower to the Upper Member. Crystal number density increases by two orders of magnitude from the Lower to the Upper Member, suggesting that nucleation dominated during the second phase of the eruption. The overall morphological, compositional and textural data suggest that the juvenile components of the Monte Nuovo eruption are likely to record variations of the magma properties within the conduit. The different textures of pumice clasts from the Lower Member possibly reflect horizontal gradients of the physical properties (P, T) of the ascending magma column, while scoriae from the second phase are thought to result from the disruption of a slowly rising plug crystallizing in response to degassing. In particular, crystal size distribution data point to syn-eruptive degassing-induced crystallization as responsible for the transition in eruptive style from the first to the second phase of the eruption. This mechanism not only has been proved to profoundly affect the dynamics of dome-forming calc-alkaline eruptions, but may also have a strong influence in driving the eruption dynamics of alkaline magmas of intermediate to evolved compositions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 601-621
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Phlegrean Fields ; Vulcanian explosion ; Degassing ; Groundmass crystallization ; Eruption dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: For early-warning applications in particular, the reliability and efficiency of rapid scenario generation strongly depend on the availability of reliable strong ground-motion prediction tools. If shake maps are used to represent patterns of potential damage as a consequence of large earthquakes, attenuation relations are used as a tool for predicting peak ground-motion parameters and intensities. One of the limitations in the use of attenuation relations is that these have only rarely been retrieved from data collected in the same tectonic environment in which the prediction has to be performed. As a consequence, strong ground motion can result in underestimations or overestimations with respect to the recorded data. This also holds for Italy, and in particular for the Southern Apennines, due to limitations in the available databases, both in terms of distances and magnitude. Moreover, for “real-time” early-warning applications, it is important to have attenuation models for which the parameters can be easily upgraded when new data are collected, whether this has to be done during the earthquake rupture occurrence or in the post-event, when all the strong motion waveforms are available. Here we present a strong-motion attenuation relation for early-warning applications in the Campania region (Southern Apennines), Italy. The model has a classical analytical formulation, and its coefficients were retrieved from a synthetic strong-motion database created by using a stochastic approach. The input parameters for the simulation technique were obtained through the spectral analysis of waveforms of earthquakes recorded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) network for a magnitude range Md (1.5,5.0) in the last fifteen years, and they have been extrapolated to cover a larger range. To validate the inferred relation, comparisons with two existing attenuation relations are presented. The results show that the calibration of the attenuation parameters, i.e., geometric spreading, quality factor Q, static stress drop values along with their uncertainties, are the main concern.
    Description: Published
    Description: 133-152
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: A Strong Motion ; Earlywarning ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the framework of an ongoing project financed by the Campania Region, a prototype system for seismic early and post-event warning is being developed and tested, based on a dense, wide dynamic seismic network (ISNet) and under installation in the Apennine belt region. This paper reports the characteristics of the seismic network, focussing on the required technological innovation of the different seismic network components (data-logger, sensors and data communication). To ensure a highly dynamic recording range, each station is equipped with two types of sensors: a strong-motion accelerometer and a velocimeter. Data acquisition at the seismic stations is performed using Osiris-6 model data-loggers made by Agecodagis. Each station is supplied with two (120 W) solar panels and two 130 Ah gel cell batteries, ensuring 72-h autonomy for the seismic and radio communication equipment. The site is also equipped with a GSM/GPRS programmable control/alarm system connected to several environmental sensors (door forcing, solar panel controller, battery, fire, etc) and through which the site status is known in real time. The data are stored locally on the hard-disk and, at the same time, continuously transmitted by the SeedLink protocol to local acquisition/analysis nodes (Local Control Center) via Wireless LAN bridge. At each LCC site runs a linux Earthworm system which stores and manages the acquired data stream. The real-time analysis system will perform event detection and localization based on triggers coming from data-loggers and parametric information coming from the other LCCs. Once an event is detected, the system will performs automatic magnitude and focal mechanism estimations. In the immediate post-event period, the RISSC performs shaking map calculations using parameters from the LCCs and/or data from the event database. The recorded earthquake data are stored into an event database, to be available for distribution and visualization for further off-line analyses. The seismic network will be completed in two stages: • Deployment of 30 seismic stations along the southern Apennine chain (to date almost completed) • Setting up a carrier-class radio communication system for fast and reliable data transmission, and installation of 10 additional seismic stations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 325 - 341
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Monitoring Infrastructure ; Early-warning Applications ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Ground deformation occurring on the southern flank of Mt Etna volcano during the JulyAugust 2001 eruption was monitored by GPS measurements along an EW profile crossing the fissure system. This profile was measured eight times during the eruption, using the 'stop and go' semi-kinematic technique. Horizontal and vertical displacements between GPS surveys are reported for each station. The most significant event is a deformation episode occurring during the first week of the eruption, between 2527 July. Displacements were measured on benchmarks close to the eruptive fissure and the tensile 1989 fracture. Data inversions for measured displacements were performed using the Okada model. The model shows the narrowing of the 2001 dyke accompanied by a dextral dislocation along an east-dipping fault, parallel to the 1989 fracture.
    Description: Published
    Description: 336-341
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: GPS ; Ground deformation ; Modelling ; Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 200203 Mt Etna flank eruption began on 26 October 2002 and finished on 28 January 2003, after three months of continuous explosive activity and discontinuous lava flow output. The eruption involved the opening of eruptive fissures on the NE and S flanks of the volcano, with lava flow output and fire fountaining until 5 November. After this date, the eruption continued exclusively on the S flank, with continuous explosive activity and lava flows active between 13 November and 28 January 2003. Multi-disciplinary data collected during the eruption (petrology, analyses of ash components, gas geochemistry, field surveys, thermal mapping and structural surveys) allowed us to analyse the dynamics of the eruption. The eruption was triggered either by (i) accumulation and eventual ascent of magma from depth or (ii) depressurisation of the edifice due to spreading of the eastern flank of the volcano. The extraordinary explosivity makes the 200203 eruption a unique event in the last 300 years, comparable only with La Montagnola 1763 and the 2001 Lower Vents eruptions. A notable feature of the eruption was also the simultaneous effusion of lavas with different composition and emplacement features. Magma erupted from the NE fissure represented the partially degassed magma fraction normally residing within the central conduits and the shallow plumbing system. The magma that erupted from the S fissure was the relatively undegassed, volatile-rich, buoyant fraction which drained the deep feeding system, bypassing the central conduits. This is typical of most Etnean eccentric eruptions. We believe that there is a high probability that Mount Etna has entered a new eruptive phase, with magma being supplied to a deep reservoir independent from the central conduit, that could periodically produce sufficient overpressure to propagate a dyke to the surface and generate further flank eruptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 314-330
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Multi-disciplinary study ; Mount Etna ; 2002–03 eruption ; Eccentric eruptions ; Flank activity ; Etna feeding system ; Volcanic processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: It has been argued that the dominant period T_p derived from the initial seconds of a seismogram, hence only depending on the initial phases of earthquake rupture, seems to scale with the final size of the earthquake. We provide a physical interpretation for the observed scaling and explain how the final earthquake size could be controlled by the initial phase of rupture.
    Description: Published
    Description: 9-19
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: early warning ; fracture energy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Mount Etna is an open conduit volcano, characterised by persistent activity, consisting of degassing and explosive phenomena at summit craters, frequent flank eruptions, and more rarely, eccentric eruptions. All eruption typologies can give rise to lava flows, which represent the greatest hazard by the volcano to the inhabited areas. Historical documents and scientific papers related to the 20th century effusive activity have been examined in detail, and volcanological parameters have been compiled in a database. The cumulative curve of emitted lava volume highlights the presence of two main eruptive periods: (a) the 1900–1971 interval, characterised by a moderate slope of the curve, amounting to 436 · 106 m3 of lava with average effusion rate of 0.2 m3/s and (b) the 1971–1999 period, in which a significant increase in eruption frequency is associated with a large issued lava volume (767 · 106 m3) and a higher effusion rate (0.8 m3/s). The collected data have been plotted to highlight different eruptive behaviour as a function of eruptive periods and summit vs. flank eruptions. The latter have been further subdivided into two categories: eruptions characterised by high effusion rates and short duration, and eruptions dominated by low effusion rate, long duration and larger volume of erupted lava. Circular zones around the summit area have been drawn for summit eruptions based on the maximum lava flow length; flank eruptions have been considered by taking into account the eruptive fracture elevation and combining them with lava flow lengths of 4 and 6 km. This work highlights that the greatest lava flow hazard at Etna is on the south and east sectors of the volcano. This should be properly considered in future land-use planning by local authorities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 407–443
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; effusive activity ; database ; lava flow length ; eruptive fractures ; vent elevation ; hazard zonation ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Flank instability and collapse are observed at many volcanoes. Among these, Mt. Etna is characterized by the spreading of its eastern and southern flanks. The eastern spreading area is bordered to the north by the EW-trending Pernicana Fault System (PFS). During the 20022003 Etna eruption, ground fracturing along the PFS migrated eastward from the NE Rift, to as far as the 18 km distant coastline. The deformation consisted of dextral en-echelon segments, with sinistral and normal kinematics. Both of these components of displacement were one order of magnitude larger (~1 m) in the western, previously known, portion of the PFS with respect to the newly surveyed (~9 km long) eastern section (~0.1 m). This eastern section is located along a pre-existing, but previously unknown, fault, where displaced man-made structures give overall slip rates (11.9 cm/year), only slightly lower than those calculated for the western portion (1.42.3 cm/year). After an initial rapid motion during the first days of the 20022003 eruption, movement of the western portion of the PFS decreased dramatically, while parts of the eastern portion continued to move. These data suggest a model of spreading of the eastern flank of Etna along the PFS, characterized by eruptions along the NE Rift, instantaneous, short-lived, meter-scale displacements along the western PFS and more long-lived centimeter-scale displacements along the eastern PFS. The surface deformation then migrated southwards, reactivating, one after the other, the NNWSSE-trending Timpe and Trecastagni faults, with displacements of ~0.1 and ~0.04 m, respectively. These structures, along with the PFS, mark the boundaries of two adjacent blocks, moving at different times and rates. The new extent of the PFS and previous activity over its full length indicate that the sliding eastern flank extends well below the Ionian Sea. The clustering of seismic activity above 4 km b.s.l. during the eruption suggests a deep décollement for the moving mass. The collected data thus suggests a significant movement (volume 〉1,100 km3) of the eastern flank of Etna, both on-shore and off-shore.
    Description: Published
    Description: 417-430
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Volcano spreading ; Fracturing ; Mt. Etna ; Pernicana Fault System ; NE Rift ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We have characterized pumice products belonging to the climactic phase of the 800-year-b.p. Quilotoa eruption. Bulk rock compositions, petrography, mineral, and glass chemistry and textural investigations were performed on the three end-member pumice types, namely white, gray, and mingled pumices. All the investigated pumice clasts are dacites characterized by the same bulk rock composition and mineralogical assemblage, but glass compositions and bulk textures change according to different pumice types. White pumice has higher crystallinity (~48 wt%), abundant euhedral pheno/microphenocrysts, no groundmass microlites, the most evolved glass compositions (7478 wt% SiO2), and heterogeneous vesicle populations marked by deformed and highly coalesced vesicles with thin walls. Gray pumice exhibits lower crystallinity (2936 wt%), abundant broken and/or resorbed crystals, ubiquitous groundmass phenocryst fragments and microlites, the widest range of glass compositions (6978 wt% SiO2), and quite homogeneous poorly deformed and coalesced vesicles with thicker walls. Mingled pumices are characterized by the alternation of bands or patches with white and gray pumice compositional and textural characteristics. We attribute heterogeneities in glass compositions and crystal and vesicle textures to processes occurring within volcanic conduits as magma is ascending to the surface. In particular, the above observations and results are consistent with an origin of a gray magma by heating of the original white magma in a strongly sheared region of the conduit because of a mechanism of viscous dissipation and crystal grinding and resorption at the conduit walls. The less viscous gray magma, therefore, would enable the onset and preservation of a high mass flux of the eruption otherwise difficult to explain for highly viscous crystal-rich dacitic magmas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 307-321
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Plinian eruption ; Crystal-rich magma ; Crystal grinding ; Pumice types ; Viscous dissipation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A prototype system for earthquake early warning and rapid shake map evaluation is being developed and tested in southern Italy based on a dense, dynamic seismic network (accelerometers + seismometers) under installation in the Apenninic belt region (Irpinia Seismic Network). It can be classified as a regional Earthquake Early Warning System consisting of a broad-based seismic sensor network covering a portion or the entire area which is threatened by the quake's strike. The real time magnitude estimate will take advantage from the high spatial density of the network in the source region and the broad dynamic range of installed instruments. Based on the offline analysis of high quality strong-motion data bases recorded in Italy, several methods are envisaged, using different observed quantities (peak amplitude, dominant frequency, square velocity integral, …) to be measured on seismograms, as a function of time, both on P and early-S wave signals. Results from the analysis of the Italian strong motion database point out the possibility of using low-pass filtered displacement and velocity peak amplitudes measured in time windows lasting less than 3-4 sec after the first P- or S-wave arrivals. These parameters show they are robustly correlated with moment magnitude. The correlation found of 3Hz low-pass filtered PGV and PGD with magnitude is discussed and interpreted in terms of plausible dynamic models of the earthquake rupture process during its initial stage.
    Description: Published
    Description: 45-63
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Real-time Estimation ; Magnitude ; Seismic Early Warning ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The southernmost sector of the Italian peninsula is crossed by an almost continuous seismogenic belt capable of producing M ~ 7 earthquakes and extending from the Calabrian Arc, through the Messina Straits, as far as Southeastern Sicily. Though large earthquakes occurring in this region during the last Millennium are fairly well known from the historical point of view and seismic catalogues may be considered complete for destructive and badly damaging events (IX £ Io £ XI MCS), the knowledge and seismic completeness of moderate earthquakes can be improved by investigating other kinds of documentary sources not explored by the classical seismological tradition. In this paper, we present a case study explanatory of the problem, regarding the Ionian coast between the Messina Straits and Mount Etna volcano, an area of North-eastern Sicily lacking evidence of relevant seismic activity in historical times. Now, after a systematic analysis of the 18th century journalistic sources (gazettes), this gap can be partly filled by the rediscovery of a seismic sequence that took place in 1780. According to the available catalogues, the only event on record for this year is a minor shock (Io = VI MCS, Mw = 4.8) recorded in Messina on March 28, 1780. The newly discovered data allow to reinstate it as the mainshock (Io = VII–VIII MCS, Mw = 5.6) of a significant seismic period, which went on from March to June 1780, causing severe damage along the Ionian coast of North-eastern Sicily. The source responsible for this event appears located offshore, 40-km south of the previous determination, and is consistent with the Taormina Fault suggested by the geological literature, developing in the low seismic rate zone at the southernmost termination of the 1908 Messina earthquake fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Historical seismology ; Macroseismic data ; MCS-EMS intensity scales ; 1780 Seismic sequence ; Seismotectonics ; NE Sicily ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2022-05-30
    Description: Scientific investigations in Antarctica are, for many different reasons, a challenging and fascinating task. Measurements, observations and field operations must be carefully planned well in advance and the capacity of successfully meeting the goals of a scientific project is often related to the capacity of forecasting and anticipating the many different potential mishaps. In order to do that, experience and logistic support are crucial. On the scientific side, the team must be aware of its tasks and be prepared to carry out observations in a hostile environment: both technology and human resources have to be suitably selected, prepared, tested and trained. On the logistic side, nations, institutions and any other organisation involved in the expeditions must ensure the proper amount of competence and practical support. The history of modern Italian Antarctic expeditions dates back to the middle 80’s when the first infrastructures of “Mario Zucchelli Station”, formerly Terra Nova Bay Station, were settled at Terra Nova Bay, Northern Victoria Land. Only a few years later, the first geodetic infrastructures were planned and built. Italian geodetic facilities and activities were, ever since, being constantly maintained and developed. Nowadays, the most remarkable geodetic infrastructures are the permanent Global Positioning System (GPS) station (TNB1) installed at Mario Zucchelli and the GPS geodetic network Victoria Land Network for DEFormation control (VLNDEF) entirely deployed on an area extending between 71° S and 76° S and 160° E and 170° E. These facilities do not only allow carrying out utmost geodetic investigations but also posses interesting capacities on the international multidisciplinary scientific scenario. In order to fully exploit their potentiality, management and maintenance of the infrastructure are crucial; nevertheless, in order to perform high quality scientific research, these abilities must be coupled with the knowledge concerning a proper use and a correct processing of the information that these infrastructures can provide. This work focuses on the different methods that can be applied to process the observations that are performed with GPS technique in Northern Victoria Land, aiming at reaching the highest accuracy of results and assuring the larger significance and versatility of the processing outcomes. Three software were used for the analysis, namely: Bernese v.5.0, Gipsy/Oasis II and Gamit/Globk. The working data sets are (i) the permanent GPS station TNB1 observations continuously performed since 1998 and (ii) the five episodic campaigns performed on the sites of VLNDEF. The two infrastructures can be regarded as neat examples of standard geodetic installation in Antarctica. Therefore, the technological solutions that were adopted and applied for establishing the GPS permanent station and the VLNDEF geodetic network as well as the data processing strategies and the data analysis procedures that were tested on their observation will be illustrated in detail. The results will be presented, compared and discussed. Furthermore, their potentials and role in geodetic research will be carefully described; their versatility will also be highlighted in the foreground of a multidisciplinary Antarctic international scientific activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 37-72
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Antarctica ; Geodesy ; Geodetic Infrastructures ; GPS ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 15 (1977), S. 11-17 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Haemodynamics ; Modelling ; Pulsatile flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The displacement relationships describing the deformation of an elastic vessel under excess internal pressure which are derived from different theories of elasticity are compared. The main result of the comparison is that theories which take account of the thickness of the wall of the vessel produce a significantly better representation than those theories which treat the wall as a membrane. The classical and statistical theories of thick-walled tubes result in complicated pressure-radius relationships. It is shown that there is little difference between the results of the more exact theories and those for a thin membrane corrected by means of a simple thickness factor. A review of the different theories is necessary to decide which pressure-displacement relationship to apply as an approximation for the elastic properties of arteries. An indication is given of the manner in which the relationship is used in numerical computations. In Part 2 the experimental determination of the pressure-radius relationship for a rubber tube is described. The results are in agreement with the conclusions of the comparison of theoretical treatments in Part 1.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Haemodialysis ; Modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire On a entrepris un traitement de dialyse sur malade afin d’étudier les phénomènes dynamiques de concentration des déchets (urée et créatinine) et de pression f.s.c. sur un malade rénal au cours du cycle complet des périodes de pré-dialyse, dialyse et post-dialyse. Les concentrations pour les variables du traitement de dialyse sont prédites par le modèle à cinq compartiments de Dedrick et Bischoff, elles comprennent la fréquence et la durée du traitement, la vitesse de formation d’urée chez le malade et la vitesse d’élimination de l’urée par l’appareil de dialyse. Les résultats montrent que la pression f.s.c. baisse au cours de la période de pré-dialyse, augmente rapidement en début de traitement puis se rapproche (sans cependant la dépasser) petit à petit de la valeur normale. L’analyse démontre ainsi qu’une augmentation significative de la pression f.s.c. au cours de l’hémodialyse rapide n’est pas dûe aux changements de concentration de l’urée du cerveau étant mis en valeur par les études de pathophysiologie du syndrome de déséquilibre de dialyse de Arieff et Massry. Si l’augmentation importante et brusque de la pression f.s.c. (immédiatement après le début du traitement) n’est pas désirable, on recommande de commencer la dialyse au point de la vitesse minimale d’élimination de l’urée. Plus tard une hausse lente de la vitesse d’élimination peut s’entreprendre et la fréquence du traitement peut être augmentée afin de limiter la durée des séances d’un traitément.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Dialysebehandlung von Patienten wurde analysiert, um die Dynamik von metabolischen Abfallstoffkonzentrationen (Harnstoff und Kreatinin) und den CSF-Druck eines Patienten im Laufe des gesamten Zyklus von Vordialyse, Dialyse und der Zeitspanne nach Dialyse zu untersuchen. Die Konzentrationen werden durch das fünfteilige Modell von Dedrick und Bischoff hinsichtlich der Veränderlichen der Dialysebehandlung vorausgesagt, wie Häufigkeit der Benutzung und Behandlungszeit, die Harnstofferzeugungsrate des Patienten und Harnstoff-klärungsrate des Dialysegerätes. Die Ergebnisse deuten an, daß der CSF-Druck in der Zeit vor Dialyse abnimmt, am Anfang der Behandlung stark zunimmt und dann seinen Normalwert allmählich wieder erreicht (aber nicht übersteigt). Die Analyse zeigt daher, daß der signifikante Anstieg des CSF-Drucks bei schneller Hämodialyse nicht durch Änderungen der Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Gehirn verursacht wird, was durch die pathophysiologischen Untersuchungen des Dialyse-Labilität-Syndromsvon, Arieff und Massry bestätigt wird. Wen der große plötzliche Ansteig des CSF-Drucks (unmittelbar nach Anfang der Behandlung) nicht gewünscht wird, wird empfohlen, die Dialyse dann einzuleiten, wenn die niedrigste Harnstoffklärungsrate gegeben ist. Später könnte eine allmähliche Erhöhung der Klärungsrate vorgesehen werden, und die Häufigkeit der Behandlung kann gesteigert werden, um die Dauer einer Behandlung zu kürzen.
    Notes: Abstract A patient-dialysis treatment analysis has been performed, to study the dynamics of metabolic waster concentrations (urea and creatinine) and c.f.s. pressure in a renal patient during the entire cycle of pre-dialysis, dialysis and post-dialysis periods. The concentrations have predicted by the five compartment model of Dedrick and Bischoff, for the dialysis treatment variables, such as frequency of use and treatment time, urea generation rate of the patient and urea clearance rate of the dialyser. The results indicate that the c.f.s. pressure decreases during the pre-dialysis period, increases abruptly at the beginning of the treatment and then approaches (but does not overshoot) its normal value gradually. The analysis thereby shows that the significant rise in c.f.s. pressure in the rapid haemodialysis is not due to changes in the urea concentrations in the brain, which is validated by the pathophysiology studies of dialysis disequilibrium syndrome by Arieff and Massry. If the large abrupt rise in c.f.s. pressure (immediately following the start of treatment) is not desirable, it is recommended that the dialysis be started at the lowest urea clearance rate. Later a gradual increase in the clearance rate may be provided and the treatment frequency can be increased, in order to limit the duration of a treatment session.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Haemodynamics ; Modelling ; Hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Les malades souffrant d'un insuffisance rénale terminale présentent souvent une hypertension liée au mécanisme eau/sodium. Cette étude utilise un modèle mathématique pour établir les relations éventuelles entre les valeurs des volumes d'eau et autres variables hémodynamiques et le comportement du système régulateur de la pression sanguine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Patienten mit Nierenversagen im Endstadium zeigen oft eine wasser/natriumabhängige Hypertension. Diese Studie bedient sich eines mathematischen Modells, um ein etwa bestehendes Verhältnis zwischen den Werten der Wasservolumen und anderer hämodynamischen Veränderlichen und dem Verhalten des Blutdruckregelsystems festzustellen.
    Notes: Abstract Patients with end-stage renal failure often exhibit a water-sodium dependent hypertension. This study employed a mathematical model to establish possible relationships between water volume and other haemodynamic variables and the behaviour of the blood-pressure regulating system.
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  • 19
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 15 (1977), S. 611-617 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Haemodynamics ; Modelling ; Pulsatile flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Est décrit un modèle mathématique pouvant être utilisé pour calculer la circulation sanguine dans une artère normale à partir de pressions mesurées en deux points différents. Les équations établissant le mouvement d'un fluide dans un tube élastique sont simplifiées mais suffisamment réalistes pour pouvoir être appliquées à la circulation artérielle. On choisit une solution numérique pour les équations dont la moyenne a été établie pour chaque section du tube; ces équations sont résolues par la méthode des différences finies. On choisit un terme de substitution pour la constante de frottement qui ne peut pas être exprimée avec exactitude par ces équations différentielles partielles non linéaires. On démontre combien les résultats sont sensibles aux changements de la constante de frottement. On présente une méthode qui établit le frottement sur les parois grace à une approximation linéaire mais qui, dans le cadre des limites imposées, utilise néanmoins une valeur correcte en amplitude comme en phase. Les effects longeur-entrée sont corrigés. Les propriétés des parois sont représentées par un rapport pression/rayon élaboré à partir d'un précédent ouvrage écrit par les auteurs (Taylor etGerrard, 1976). L'utilisation du modèle est illustrée par l'emploi de données expérimentales citées parStreeter et al. (1963). La solution est parfaitement conforme aux résultats expérimentaux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein amthematisches Modell wird beschrieben, mit dessen Hilfe man den Blutdurchflug in einer normalen Arterie aus dem an zwei verschiedenen Punkten gemessenen Druck berechnen kann. Die Gleichungen der Flüssigkeitsbewegung in einem elastischen Schlausch sind zwar vereinfacht, aber ausreichend der Wirklichkeit entsprechend, um auf die Arterien angewendet werden zu können. Man entscheidet für eine numerische Lösung der Gleichungen im Durchschnitt der Schlauchabschnitte, und die Gleichungen werden durch die Methode der endlichen Differenzen gelöst. Der Reibungsausdruck, der in diesen nicht-linearen partiellen Differenzial-gleichungen nicht genau bestimmt werden kann, wird substituiert. Die Sensitivität der Ergebnisse gegenüber Änderungen des Reibungsausdruckes wird aufgezeigt. Eine Methode wird vorgeführt, die die Hautreibung auf einem Linearnäherungswert begründet; innerhalb dieser Grenzen verwendet sie, was Größe Phase betrifft, einenrichtigen Wert. Für Eintrittslängeneffekte wird eine Eerichtigung vorgenommen. Die Eigenschaften der Arterienwand werden durch ein Druck/Radiusverhältnis dargestellt, das in früheren Artikeln von den Verfassern entwickelt wurde (Taylor undGerrard 1976). Die Verwen, dung dieses Modells wird anhand von Versuchsdaten, die vonStreeter u.a. (1963) angeführt wurden, dargelegt. Die Losung laßt sich vorteilhaft mit Versuchsergebnissen vergleichen.
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model is described which can be used to calculate blood flow in a normal artery from pressures measured at two separated points. The equations of motion of fluid in an elastic tube are simplified but sufficient realism is retained for the application to arterial flow. A numerical solution to the equations averaged over each section of the tube is chosen and these equations are solved by the method of finite differences. A substitution is made for the frictional term which cannot be expressed exactly in these nonlinear partial differential equations. The sensitivity of the results to changes in the friction term is demonstrated. A method is presented which bases the skin friction on a linear approximation, but within this limitation uses a value which is correct in magnitude and phase. A correction is made for entrace-length effects. The wall properties are represented by a pressure-radius relationship developed from previous work by the authors (Taylor and Gerrard, 1976). The use of the model is illustrated by using experimental data quoted by Streeteret al. (1963). The solution compares favourably with the experimental results.
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  • 20
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 16 (1978), S. 90-97 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Modelling ; Physiological cardiac pacemaker ; Pulse-frequency modulator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Une correspondance biologique fondée sur un modulateur nous permet d’utiliser les techniques mises au point dans la théorie des communications pour estimer avec quelle justesse le système transmet l’information et réciproquement avec quelle justesse on peut évaluer le signal de contrôle à partir des signes sortants. Des études précédentes ont tiré parti des similitudes existant entre l’activité du système nerveux et un programme de modulation du pouls connus sous le nom de modulation intégrale de la fréquence du pouls (m.i.f.p.). Récemment (Hyndman and Mohn, 1975), le m.i.f.p. a été amélioré par l’adjonction d’une période de repos visant à imiter le stimulateur cardiaque. Dans l’étude actuelle, le m.i.f.p. a été adapté une fois encore pour inclure la variation observée dans le seuil du stimulateur, le potentiel de membrane et la période refractaire, et pour inclure également une évaluation convenable des effets dûs à l’interface stimulateur/système nerveux. Nous avons étudié aussi la manière dont ces sources de variabilité influent sur l’activité du système simulé. L’étude conclut que le filtrage passe-bas de l’information intermittente R-R permettra d’estimer correctement le signal de contrôle nerveux et que le modèle de modulation de la fréquence du pouls est un procédé applicable au système cardiaque et aux autres systèmes physiologiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein auf einem Modulator beruhendes biologisches Analogsystem ermöglicht die Anwendung der in der Kommunikationstheorie verwendeten Technik, um zu schätzen, wie gut das System Information überträgt und wie gut man von der Ausgabe auf das Kontrollsignal schließen kann. Frühere Arbeiten erschöpften die Übereinstimmung von Nervenaktivität und einem Pulsmodulationsschema, das unter der Bezeichnung integrale Pulsfrequenzmoduation (i.p.f.m.) bekannt ist. Vor kurzem (Hyndman und Mohn, 1975) wurde i.p.f.m. durch die Beigabe einer Ruheperiode zum Modell für den Herzschrittmacher entwickelt. Dieser Artikel beschreibt eine weitere Entwicklung, die auch die Schwankungen, die in der Schrittmacherschwelle beobachtet werden, sowie das Membranpotential und die Refraktionsperiode berücksichtigt und die Wirkung der Nerven-Schrittmachergrenzfläche abschätzt. Es wird untersucht, wie diese Schwankungsquellen die Leistung des Simuliersystems beeinflußen. Es ergibt sich, daß die Tiefpaßfiltrierung der R-R-Intervalldaten eine gute Schätzung des Nervkontrollsignals ermöglicht und daß sich das Pulsfrequenzmodulationsmodell auf dieses und andere physiologische Systeme anwenden läßt.
    Notes: Abstract A biological analogue based on a modulator allows one to use the techniques developed in communication theory to estimate how well the system transmits information and, conversely, how well one can estimate the controlling signal from the output. In previous works, the similarities between neural activity and a pulse-modulation scheme known as integral pulsefrequency modulation (i.p.f.m.) were exploited. Recently (Hyndman and Mohn, 1975) i.p.f.m. was adapted by the addition of a dormant period to model the cardiac pacemaker. In the present study, i.p.f.m. is further adapted to include the variability observed in the pacemaker threshold, membrane potential and refractory period, and also to include a reasonable estimate of the effects of the neural-pacemaker interface. How these sources of variability affect the performance of the simulated system is examined. It is concluded that the low-pass filtering of R-R interval data will yield fair estimates of the controlling neural signal and that the pulse frequency-modulation model is applicable to this and other physiological systems.
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  • 21
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 17 (1979), S. 223-229 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Metabolic systems ; Modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case study illustrates the application of systems theory to the analysis of data from nonrepeatable experiments with relatively few data points. The specific problem considered is the compartmental modelling in the human of the metabolic pathways of orally-administered methionine using tolerance test data. Attention is restricted to linear models, and concentrates on the determination of parsimonious structures (i.e. with as few parameters as possible) and their physiological interpretation.
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  • 22
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 15 (1977), S. 564-572 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Eye ; Modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Un modèle mathématique a été réalisé pour déterminer automatiquement l'emplacement d'un type de ruptures rétiniennes détachées. Il s'agit d'un oeil schématique complet tenant compte du rayon et du centre de courbure ainsi que de l'indice de réfraction. Le contrôle par ordinateur permet au chirurgien de corriger le site apparent lors du placement d'un implant dans une opération d' agrafage sur la schlérotique. La longueur de l'acc de retombée sur la chroïde, mesurée sur la surface postérieure de la schlérotique en commençant à partir du prolongement de l'axe de vision jusqu'à la rupture rétinienne, et la somme de deux déplacements: un uniquement dû à la géométrie, l'autre à la relaxation de la rétine. Le déplacement géométrique est l'élément essentiel, car la distance maximale de la partie détachée est considérée comme faible comparée à la distance radiale depuis le centre du globe oculaire. La traction de l'humeur vitrée affectant la relaxation rétinienne est remplacée par une traction globale correspondant à une distance chordale observée entre des points extrêmes et la distance du détachement. La rétine est supposée élastiquement homogène et isotrope et est soumise à une traction normale uniforme de sa surface vers l'intérieur. Les déplacements sont prédits à l'aide d'une théorie non linéaire pout les forts déplacements de membrane. Les résultats d'ordinateur représentatif sont donnés pour le méridien vertical.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein mathematisches Modell zur automatischen Lokalisierung einer Klasse abgelöster Netzhautrisse konstruiert. Es schließt ein komplettes schematisches Auge mit Krümmungshalbmesser, Krümmungsmittelpunkt und Brechungsindex ein. Die Computer-Steuerung liefert dem Chirurgen Korrekturen von dem augenscheinlichen Sitz für die Anbringung eines Transplantats in einem skleralen Knickverfahren. Die Bogenlänge der Wiederabsetzung auf die Gefäßhaut, gemessen auf der hinteren Fläche der Sklera und beginning von der Verlängerung der Sichtlinie zum Netzhautriß, ist die Summe von zwei Verlagerungen: eine ausschließlich infolge der Geometrie, die andere infolge der Netzhauterholung. Der geometrische Beitrag ist am wichtigsten, weil der Maximalabstant der Ablösung in Vergleich mit dem Radialabstand von der Mitte des Augapfels als gering angenommen wird. Ein hyalines Ziehen, das die Netzhauterholung beeinträchtigt, wird durch eine geschätzte Gesamtstreckung ersetzt, wodurch ein beobachteter chordaler Abstant zwischen Extremalpunkten und Abstand der Ablösung befriedigt wird. Die Netzhaut wird als elastisch homogen und isotrop und einer gleichförmigen, normalen Oberflächenziehung nach innen ausgesetzt angenommen. Verlagerungen werden mittels einer nichtlinearen Theorie für große Verlagerungen von Membranen vorhergesagt. Für den vertikalen Meridian werden repräsentative Computer-Ergebnisse vermittelt.
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model has been constructed for determining automatically the localisation of a class of detached retinal breaks. It includes a complete schematic eye in terms of the radius of curvature, centre of curvature and index of refraction. Computer control provides the surgeon with corrections from the apparent site for placement of an implant in a scleral buckling procedure. The arc length of settling back onto the choroid, measured on the posterior surface of the sclera and starting from the extension of the line of sight to the retinal tear, is the sum of two displacements, one solely due to geometry, the other to retinal relaxation. The geometric contribution is paramount because the maximum distance of detachment is taken to be small compared with the radial distance from the centre of the globe. Vitreous traction affecting retinal relaxation is replaced by an estimated overall stretch, satisfying an observed chordal distance between extremal points and distance of the detachment. The retina is assumed elastically homogeneous and isotropic and subject to a uniform normal surface traction directed inward. Displacements are predicted by means of a nonlinear theory for large displacements of membranes. Representative computer results are given for the vertical meridian.
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  • 23
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 17 (1979), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Modelling ; Analogue computer ; Kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report describes a model of the renal perfusion dynamic changes that occur during kidney preservation. The model utilises data from physiological experiments performed in this laboratory as well as from observations reported in the literature. Included in the model are the effects of cellular volume changes due to metabolic variations, vascular distensibility and a hypothesised tissue pressure effect observed under some conditions.
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  • 24
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 16 (1978), S. 471-482 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Biomechanics ; Modelling ; Urinary bladder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Cet article présente un modèle décrivant les propriétés passives de la vessie durant cette phase de collecte. Une technique genre “boîte noire” est utilisée. Le système étudié, qui est défini en terme d'une relation pression/volume, est divisé en quatre sous-systèmes out blocs à savoir deux blocs géométriques, un bloc décrivant les propriétés des parois de la vessie en fonction du temps et un bloc décrivant les propriétés en fonction de sa longueur. Les modèles ont été mis au point et testés pour chaque bloc séparément. En ce qui concerne la géométrie, la vessie est décrite comme une sphère à parois épaisses dont les tissus ont un volume constant. La dépendance des propriétés de ces parois en fonction du temps peut être expliquée avec un modèle visco-élastique, tandis qu'on peut montrer que la relation entre les propriétés de ces parois et leur longueur correspond à des modules élastiques qui dépendent des tensions de manière biexponentielle. Les valeurs estimées des paramètres en question ont été obtenues à la suite d'expériences réalisées sur des bandes de vessies obtenues auprès de l'abattoir local. La combinaison des blocs a donné un modèle global des propriétés passives de la vessie dans la phase de collecte. Ce modèle contient quatorze paramètres. La manière classique d'étudier la vessie, qui consiste à la remplir lentement et à mesurer la pression obtenue, donne une relation pression/volume pseudo-statique appelée un cystométrogramme. Le modèle prédit précisément la forme du cystométrogramme. Cependant, l'analyse d'un tel cystométrogramme classique ne nous permet de déterminer que trois paramètres de notre modèle. Une meilleure méthode de mesure consiste à mettre sous tension de manière graduelle (ou presque) la vessie. Cela permet d'obtenir huit paramètres, pourvu que le volume initial de la vessie soit connu, et plusieurs mesures sur une vessie à différentes tensions nous permettent de déterminer dix paramètres. Les résultats obtenus avec cette méthode de mise sous tension par étape sont compatibles avec le modèle.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel wird ein Modell dargestellt, das die passiven Eigenschaften der Harnblase in der Sammelphase beschreibt. Es wird eine Blackbox-Methode angewandt. Das zu untersuchende System, das als ein Druckvolumenverhältnis definiert wird, wird in vier Teilsysteme oder Spalten aufgeteilt, d.h., zwei Geometriespalten, eine Spalte, die die zeitabhängigen Eigenschaften der Blasenwand darstellt, und eine Spalte, in der die längenabhängigen Eigenschaften beschrieben werden. Für jede Spalte wurden getrennte Modelle konstruiert und getestet. In bezug auf die Geometrie wird die Blase als dickwandige Sphäre mit konstantem Gewebevolumen beschrieben. Die Zeitabhängigkeit der Wandeigenschaften kann anhand eines visko-elastischen Modells erklärt werden. Die Längenabhängigkeit der Wandeigenschaften erweist sich als Erzeuger elastischer Moduli, die bi-exponentiell von der Belastung abhängig sind. Schätzungen der zugehörigen Parameterwerte erhielt man aus Experimenten nit Streifen der Harnblase, die man vom örtlichen Schlachthof bezogen hatte. Die Kombination der Spalten ergab ein Gesantmodell der passiven Eigenschaften der Harnblase in der Sammelphase. Durch die klassische Untersuchungsmethode der Harnblase, sie langsam zu füllen und den hierdurch erzeugten Druck zu messen, erhält man ein pseudo-statisches Druckvolumenverhältnis, Zystometrogramm genannt. Das Modell ergibt eine genaue Voraussage des Zystometrogramms. Jedoch kann man durch die Analyse des klassischen Zystometrogramms nur drei Parameter unseres Modells bestimmen. Ein besseres Meßverfahren beruht auf der stufenweisen (oder fast stufenweisen) Belastung der Harnblase. Eine stufenweise Belastung ergibt acht Parameter vorausgesetzt, daß das Anfangsvolumen der Blase bekannt ist. Mehrere Messungen an einer Blase bei verschiedenen Belastungen ermöglichen es uns, zehn Parameter zu bestimmen. Die Resultate der stufenweisen Belastung sind mit dem Modell vergleichbar.
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented that describes the passive properties of the urinary bladder in the collection phase. A black-box approach is used. The system under investigation, which is defined in terms of a pressure-volume relationship, is divided into four subsystems or blocks, namely two geometry blocks, a block describing the time-dependent properties of the bladder wall, and a block describing its length-dependent properties. Models have been developed and tested for each block separately. With regard to geometry, the bladder is described as a thick-walled sphere of constant tissue volume. The time-dependence of the properties of the wall can be explained using a visco-elastic model, and the length dependence of the wall properties is shown to yield elastic moduli which depend biexponentially on strain. Estimates of the value of the parameters involved were obtained from experiments on strips of urinary bladder, obtained from the local slaughterhouse. Combination of the blocks yielded an overall model of the passive properties of the urinary bladder in the collection phase. The model contains 14 parameters. The classical way of investigating the urinary bladder, by filling it slowly and measuring the pressure produced, yields a pseudostatic pressure-volume relationship called a cystometrogram. The model predicts the form of the cystometrogram accurately. However, analysis of a classical cystometrogram enables us to determine only three parameters of our model. A better measurement method is based on stepwise (or almost stepwise) straining of the urinary bladder. One stepwise straining yields eight parameters, provided the initial volume of the bladder is known, and several measurements on one bladder at different strains enable us to determine ten parameters. The results obtained with stepwise straining are compatible with the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 17 (1979), S. 216-222 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Metabolic systems ; Modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The adequacy of present-day measurement techniques for the compartmental modelling of metabolic systems is investigated using numerical examples and analysis of experimentally-obtained plasma clearance curves. It is concluded that the model parameters obtained are often of questionable accuracy. The situation can be improved by careful monitoring of experimental conditions and judicious spacing of data points on the response curve, but the work shows a clear need for a continuous (or semicontinuous) method of monitoring plasma concentration. To resolve ambiguities between models equally plausible on physiological grounds, it is necessary to monitor the dynamics of internal variables, for example, of the concentration in the liver (which is nowadays possible noninvasively).
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    In:  Amsterdam, Springer, vol. 1, pp. 225, (1-4020-3353-2)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Tsunami(s) ; Earthquake risk ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Review article ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Modelling ; NATHAZ ; measurement, ; tsunami ; model, ; data ; assimilation, ; data ; inversion, ; tsunami ; warning, ; tsunameters, ; forecast, ; hazard ; mitigation
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    In:  Corporate, Florida, Springer, vol. Developments in Petroleum Science vol. 15B, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 9, (3-540-24165-5, XXVI + 228 p.)
    Publication Date: 2006
    Description: This book provides a summary of geodynamic results from Iceland that presently are found in a great number of scientific articles, but have not been collected before in a book
    Keywords: Textbook of geodesy ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geodesy ; Plate tectonics ; GeodesyY
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    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 3, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 329, (ISBN: 3-540-27983-0, XII + 238 p., 77 illus., 13 in colour with CD-ROM)
    Publication Date: 2006
    Description: Contents: Data Analysis in Earth Sciences - Introduction to MATLAB - Univariate Statistics - Bivariate Statistics - Time-Series Analysis - Signal Processing - Spatial Data including Digital Elevation Models - Image Processing including Processing and Georeferencing of Satellite Images - Multivariate Statistics; IfGW Uni Potsdam
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Modelling ; software ; Textbook of geophysics ; Statistical investigations ; digital signal analysis (also DSP) ; DSP ; Time series analysis ; Digital elevation model ; geographic ; coordinates ; Mapping ; Toolbox
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    In:  Cambridge, Springer, vol. LXXVIII, no. 2, pp. 125-169, (ISBN: 3-540-42642-6, Approx. 620 p. 30 illus., Hardcover)
    Publication Date: 2006
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Volcanology ; Geodesy ; Global Positioning System ; InSAR ; Textbook of geodesy
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    In:  Amsterdam, 490 pp., Springer, vol. 11, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 127, (1-4020-4233-7 (hc), 1-4020-4234-5 (sc), X + 413 p.)
    Publication Date: 2006
    Description: Tectonic motion of the Adria microplate exerts a first-order control on the tectonics, geology, seismology, resource distribution, and the geological hazards across a broad zone of south-central Europe and the north-central Mediterranean... This workshop brought together a distinguished international group of scientists working in the peri-Adriatic region to: (1) review research activities and results, (2) share technical expertise, and (3) provide a springboard for future collaborative research on Adria geodynamics. Areas of agreement were identified, as well as remaining areas of debate. In addition, attention focused on important scientific questions and the potential for international and interdisciplinary research in the future
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; Geodesy ; Tectonics ; Earthquake hazard ; Italy ; Croatia
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    In:  Professional Paper, Perspectives in Modern Seismology, Berlin, Springer, vol. 105, 223 pp., no. 231, pp. 13-30, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Earthquake risk ; Site amplification ; Strong motions ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; Synthetic seismograms ; NOISE ; Nakamura ; Modelling ; Cologne ; DFNK ; Faecke ; Facke
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    In:  Geo-Information for Disaster Management, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer, vol. 12, pp. 323-336, (ISBN 3-540-24988-5)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Textbook of informatics ; Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; Tsunami(s) ; Proceedings of a conference ; Earthquake ; Indonesia ; Geodesy
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Perspectives in Modern Seismology, London, Springer, vol. 201, no. XVI:, pp. 169-184, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 2005
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geodesy ; Finite Element Method ; Modelling ; Three dimensional ; Seismology ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Bucharest ; Romania ; Earthquake risk
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