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  • Articles  (17,521)
  • American Meteorological Society  (15,157)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Ovid Technologies
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  • 2005-2009  (7,402)
  • 1995-1999  (5,765)
  • 1980-1984  (4,354)
  • Geosciences  (17,521)
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  • Articles  (17,521)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Earthquake Prediction (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 10 (1982), S. 235-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.001315
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paleoclimatic Estimates from Tertiary Leaf Assemblages (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 23 (1995), S. 119-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.001003
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Mechanics of Deep Earthquakes (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 23 (1995), S. 169-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.001125
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling the Topographic Evolution of Collisional Belts (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 23 (1995), S. 375-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.002111
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radar Investigation of Mars, Mercury, and Titan (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 23 (1995), S. 337-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.002005
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Phase Transitions on Mantle Convection (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 23 (1995), S. 65-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.000433
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TEMPERATURES IN PROTOPLANETARY DISKS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26 (1998), S. 53-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations of suspected planet-forming disks provide estimates of protoplanetary disk masses, surface temperatures, and the rate at which mass is infalling onto the disks. Analyses of primitive meteorites and comets and their components constrain the solar nebula's temperature at the locations and times where those components were formed. Theoretical models of disks undergoing the accretion of mass from an infalling cloud envelope predict disk temperatures in good agreement with these constraints: a moderately warm (500-1500 K) inner disk, surrounded by a cool (50-150 K) outer disk. These models have important implications for the depletion of volatiles in the inner Solar System, for mechanisms of disk evolution, and for the orbital distances at which terrestrial and gas giant planets form.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.53
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence Stratigraphy (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 23 (1995), S. 451-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.002315
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MACROSCOPIC MANIFESTATIONS OF MICROSCOPIC FLOWS THROUGH POROUS MEDIA: Phenomenology from Simulation (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 24 (1996), S. 63-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent advances in computational physics allow numerical simulation of three-dimensional complex flows through arbitrarily complex geometries. Moreover, new technology for noninvasive imaging provides detailed three-dimensional tomographic reconstructions of porous rocks with a resolution approaching one micron. These two innovations are leading to new understanding of how the microscopic complexity of natural porous media influences fluid transport at a larger, macroscopic scale. This review describes new insights concerning single-phase and multiphase porous flow derived from numerical simulation. In particular, results concerning scaling relations between macroscopic parameters, the scale dependence of transport properties, and viscous coupling in multicomponent flow are emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.63
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ATMOSPHERIC MOIST CONVECTION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 605-643 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Various forms of atmospheric moist convection are reviewed through a consideration of three prevalent regimes: stratocumulus; trade-wind; and deep, precipitating, maritime convection. These regimes are chosen because they are structural components of the general circulation of the atmosphere and because they highlight distinguishing features of this polymorphous phenomenon. In particular, the ways in which varied forms of moist convection communicate with remote parts of the flow through mechanisms other than the rearrangement of fluid parcels are emphasized. These include radiative, gravity wave, and/or microphysical (precipitation) processes. For each regime, basic aspects of its phenomenology are presented along with theoretical frameworks that have arisen to help rationalize the phenomenology. Recent developments suggest that the increased capacity for numerical simulation and increasingly refined remote sensing capabilities bodes well for major advances in the coming years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122658
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    VOLCANIC SEISMOLOGY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 461-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Recent developments in volcanic seismology include new techniques to improve earthquake locations that have changed clouds of earthquakes to lines (faults) for high-frequency events and small volumes for low-frequency (LF) events. Spatial mapping of the b-value shows regions of normal b and high b anomalies at depths of 3-4 and 7-10 km. Increases in b precede some eruptions. LF events and very-long-period (VLP) events have been recorded at many volcanoes, and models are becoming increasingly sophisticated. Deep long-period (LP) events are fairly common, but may represent several processes. Acoustic sensors have greatly improved the study of volcanic explosions. Volcanic tremor is stronger for fissure eruptions, phreatic eruptions, and higher gas contents. Path and site effects can be extreme at volcanoes. Seismicity at volcanoes is triggered by large earthquakes, although mechanisms are still uncertain. A number of volcanoes have significant deformation with very little seismicity. Tomography has benefited from improved techniques and better instrumental arrays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122459
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    PLANETARY SEISMOLOGY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 571-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Contrary to Earth, the interior of terrestrial planets is poorly known. This is mainly related to the lack of seismic data and of planetary seismic networks on these planets. So far, despite several attempts, only the Apollo Seismic Network has returned seismic information from the Moon. But even in this case, very few seismic signals were recorded after a propagation path through the deep interior and core owing to a hemispheric distribution of the stations on the near side and to a probably strongly attenuating lower mantle. This review presents the main results achieved by the analysis of the Apollo seismic data and the associated constraints on the internal structure of the Moon. It then presents the current knowledge on the Martian interior, the seismic activity of the planet, and possible source of seismic noise. This information can be used for preparing future Martian seismic network missions. A short review on existing space-qualified instruments and on possible seismic missions toward other telluric bodies, such as Venus, the giant planets' satellites, or small bodies, is then given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122604
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE INTERIORS OF GIANT PLANETS: Models and Outstanding Questions (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 493-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We know that giant planets played a crucial role in the making of our Solar System. The discovery of giant planets orbiting other stars is a formidable opportunity to learn more about these objects, what their composition is, how various processes influence their structure and evolution, and most importantly how they form. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune can be studied in detail, mostly from close spacecraft flybys. We can infer that they are all enriched in heavy elements compared to the Sun, with the relative global enrichments increasing with distance to the Sun. We can also infer that they possess dense cores of varied masses. The intercomparison of presently characterized extrasolar giant planets shows that they are also mainly made of hydrogen and helium, but that they either have significantly different amounts of heavy elements, have had different orbital evolutions, or both. Hence, many questions remain and need to be answered to make significant progress on the origins of planets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120325
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 645-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The influence of surface orography on patterns of precipitation gives rise to some of the most pronounced climate gradients on Earth, and plays a fundamental role in the interaction between the atmosphere and the rest of the Earth System on a wide variety of time scales. The physical mechanisms involved comprise a rich set of interactions encompassing fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and micron-scale cloud processes, as well as being dependent on the larger-scale patterns of the atmospheric general circulation. Investigations into orographic precipitation have pursued three parallel tracks of inquiry: observations, theory, and modeling. Significant advances have been made in each over the last few decades, and these are summarized and synthesized here. While many aspects of the basic mechanisms responsible for orographic precipitation have been understood, important issues remain unresolved. The sheer number of contributing processes, together with their convoluted interactions, make the quantitative prediction of precipitation in complex terrain a very hard task. However, while prediction of precipitation amounts for any given event may be difficult, various lines of evidence suggest that the patterns of orgraphic precipitation, even on scales of a few kilometers, are much more robust.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122541
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Form, Function, and Architecture of Ostracode Shells (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 9 (1981), S. 59-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.09.050181.000423
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EARLY CRUSTAL EVOLUTION OF MARS 1 (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 133-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The bulk of the Đ♯50-km-thick Martian crust formed at Đ♯4.5 Gyr B.P., perhaps from a magma ocean. This crust is probably a basaltic andesite or andesite and is enriched in incompatible and heat-producing elements. Later additions of denser basalt to the crust were volumetrically minor, but resurfaced significant portions of the Northern hemisphere. A significant fraction of the total thickness of the crust was magnetized prior to 4 Gyr B.P., with the magnetization later selectively removed by large impacts. Early large impacts also modified the hemispheric contrast in crustal thickness (the dichotomy), which was possibly caused by long-wavelength mantle convection. Subsequent Noachian modification of the crust included further impacts, significant fluvial erosion, and volcanism associated with the formation of the Tharsis rise. Remaining outstanding questions include the origin of the dichotomy and the nature of the magnetic anomalies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122637
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    SUBGLACIAL PROCESSES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 247-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Processes operating beneath glaciers can have a greater influence on flow dynamics than those operating within them. The variety and complexity of these processes, which involve interactions among ice, water, and geological solids, resist efforts to establish simple truths and can lead to surprising outcomes. Thermal conditions at the ice-bed interface (melting or nonmelting) and the mechanical properties of the glacier substrate (soft or hard) determine which processes can be activated. The warm-soft case supports the greatest variety of processes and is the most important for fast-flow dynamics and for the mobilization of subglacial sediment. Process interactions can lead to oscillations and spatio-temporal switching behavior in glaciers and ice sheets as well as to the generation of subglacial landforms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122621
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  • 18
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    THE EDIACARA BIOTA: Neoproterozoic Origin of Animals and Their Ecosystems (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 421-442 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The Ediacara biota (575Đ??542 Ma) marks the first appearance of large, architecturally complex organisms in Earth history. Present evidence suggests that the Ediacara biota included a mixture of stem- and crown-group radial animals, stem-group bilaterian animals, "failed experiments" in animal evolution, and perhaps representatives of other eukaryotic kingdoms. These soft-bodied organisms were preserved under (or rarely within) event beds of sand or volcanic ash, and four distinct preservational styles (Flinders-, Fermeuse-, Conception-, and Nama-style) profoundly affected the types of organisms and features that could be preserved. Even the earliest Ediacaran communities (575Đ??565 Ma) show vertical and lateral niche subdivision of the sessile, benthic, filter-feeding organisms, which is strikingly like that of Phanerozoic and modern communities. Later biological and ecological innovations include mobility (〉555 Ma), calcification (550 Ma), and predation (〈549 Ma). The Ediacara biota abruptly disappeared 542 million years ago, probably as a consequence of mass extinction andor biological interactions with the rapidly evolving animals of the Cambrian explosion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122519
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    PLANETARY SEISMOLOGY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 571-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Contrary to Earth, the interior of terrestrial planets is poorly known. This is mainly related to the lack of seismic data and of planetary seismic networks on these planets. So far, despite several attempts, only the Apollo Seismic Network has returned seismic information from the Moon. But even in this case, very few seismic signals were recorded after a propagation path through the deep interior and core owing to a hemispheric distribution of the stations on the near side and to a probably strongly attenuating lower mantle. This review presents the main results achieved by the analysis of the Apollo seismic data and the associated constraints on the internal structure of the Moon. It then presents the current knowledge on the Martian interior, the seismic activity of the planet, and possible source of seismic noise. This information can be used for preparing future Martian seismic network missions. A short review on existing space-qualified instruments and on possible seismic missions toward other telluric bodies, such as Venus, the giant planets' satellites, or small bodies, is then given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122604
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Cratering Mechanics-Observational, Experimental, and Theoretical (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 65-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.08.050180.000433
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  • 21
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    The Dynamics of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 169-190 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.08.050180.001125
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Seismic Reflection Studies of Deep Crustal Structure (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 205-230 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.08.050180.001225
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  • 23
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    The Atmospheres of the Outer Planets (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 11 (1983), S. 415-457 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.11.050183.002215
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  • 24
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    Kimberlites: Complex Mantle Melts (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 133-153 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.001025
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  • 25
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    Pre-Quaternary Sea-Level Changes (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 205-243 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.001225
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  • 26
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    Rheological Properties of Magmas (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 337-357 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 27
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    Blancan-Hemphillian Land Mammal Ages and Late Cenozoic Mammal Dispersal Events (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 445-488 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.002305
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  • 28
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    The Transport of Contaminants in the Great Lakes (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 10 (1982), S. 327-353 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.001551
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  • 29
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    The Basin and Range Province: Origin and Tectonic Significance (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 10 (1982), S. 409-440 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.002205
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  • 30
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    Personal Notes and Sundry Comments (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 11 (1983), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.11.050183.000245
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  • 31
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    Cenozoic Glaciation in the Southern Hemisphere (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 11 (1983), S. 99-132 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.11.050183.000531
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  • 32
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    Creep Deformation of Ice (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 11 (1983), S. 215-240 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.11.050183.001243
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    In SITU Trace Element Microanalysis (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 11 (1983), S. 329-358 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Asteroid and Comet Bombardment of the Earth (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 11 (1983), S. 461-494 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Oceanography from Space (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 61-82 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Sedimentation in Large Lakes (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 179-204 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Tectonics of Venus (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 411-443 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    The Origin of Life in the Solar System: Current Issues (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 23 (1995), S. 215-249 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in Geochemistry (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 23 (1995), S. 409-449 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    MELTING TEMPERATURE OF THE EARTH'S MANTLE AND CORE: Earth's Thermal Structure (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 24 (1996), S. 15-40 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Although the temperature at the top of the lower mantle is well constrained by phase equilibrium data for the transformation of transition zone minerals to the denser perovskite polymorphs, the temperature distribution in the lower mantle is poorly known. Models depend strongly on the assumptions of the amount of internal heating and the viscosity profile. New melting data on iron to pressures of the outer core (2 Mbar) and the observed strong decrease of eutectic melting depression in the Fe-FeO-FeS system with increasing pressure, however, tightly constrain the temperature at the inner-core boundary to slightly less than 5000 K. This estimate can be reconciled with all recent static melting measurements on iron and lays within the uncertainty of shock temperature measurements. The resulting temperature at the core-mantle boundary of about 4000 K then requires a large temperature gradient at the bottom of the lower mantle of about 1500 K. Recent findings of the very high melting temperatures of the major lower-mantle materials Mg-Si-perovskite and magnesiowustite indicate that this increase in temperature does not cause melting in the lower mantle.
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    OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ISOTOPES IN THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 24 (1996), S. 225-262 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Changes of the isotopic composition of water within the water cycle provide a recognizable signature, relating such water to the different phases of the cycle. The isotope fractionations that accompany the evaporation from the ocean and other surface waters and the reverse process of rain formation account for the most notable changes. As a result, meteoric waters are depleted in the heavy isotopic species of H and O relative to ocean waters, whereas waters in evaporative systems such as lakes, plants, and soilwaters are relatively enriched. During the passage through the aquifers, the isotope composition of water is essentially a conservative property at ambient temperatures, but at elevated temperatures, interaction with the rock matrix may perturb the isotope composition. These changes of the isotope composition in atmospheric waters, surface water, soil, and groundwaters, as well as in the biosphere, are applied in the characterization of hydrological system as well as indicators of paleo-climatological conditions in proxy materials in climatic archives, such as ice, lake sediments, or organic materials.
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    SEISMIC ANISOTROPY BENEATH THE CONTINENTS: Probing the Depths of Geology (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 24 (1996), S. 385-432 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Seismic anisotropy beneath continents is analyzed from shear-wave splitting recorded at more than 300 continental seismic stations. Anisotropy is found to be a ubiquitous property that is due to mantle deformation from past and present orogenic activity. The observed coherence with crustal deformation implies that the mantle plays a major, if not dominant, role in orogenies. No evidence is found for a continental asthenospheric decoupling zone, suggesting that continents are coupled to general mantle circulation.
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    THE IMPORTANCE OF PAHOEHOE (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26 (1998), S. 81-110 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Pahoehoe lava flows are common in every basaltic province, and their submarine variants, pillow lavas and sheet flows, cover the bulk of the Earth. Pahoehoe flows are emplaced by inflation-the injection of molten lava underneath a solidified crust. Only in the past few years has an understanding of the inflation process and the ability to recognize ancient inflated lava flows been achieved. All large terrestrial basaltic flow fields studied to date, including flood basalts, were emplaced as thermally efficient, inflated, compound pahoehoe sheet flows. This leads us to propose that this is the standard way of emplacing large lavas (the SWELL hypothesis). The atmospheric impact of such flood basalt eruptions could have been protracted and severe, providing a plausible link between flood basalt eruptions and mass extinctions.
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    NOBLE GASES IN THE EARTH'S MANTLE (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26 (1998), S. 189-218 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Noble gas isotopic ratios in mantle-derived samples require variability in the time-integrated ratio of volatile to lithophile elements in the Earth. Documentation of mantle 3He/4He variability is becoming increasingly complete, but for the heavier noble gases, the picture is still partly clouded by the effects of atmospheric contamination of mantle samples. Nevertheless, clear variations in mantle Ne, Ar, and Xe isotopic ratios exist, are apparently correlated with 3He/4He, and may be the product of varying degrees of mantle degassing. However, uncertainties in noble gas geochemical behavior and several conflicting observations leave open other possibilities. Recent Ne isotopic data are particularly important because they require that the atmosphere has not been closed to exchange with space. Derivation of much of the atmosphere from a source other than degassing of the mantle is a strong possibility that complicates efforts to model the geochemical evolution of the Earth.
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    NATURE OF MIXED-LAYER CLAYS AND MECHANISMS OF THEIR FORMATION AND ALTERATION (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 27 (1999), S. 19-53 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Mixed-layer clay minerals are intermediate products of reactions involving pure end-member clays. They come from natural environments ranging from surface to low-grade metamorphic and hydrothermal conditions. Most often mixed layering is essentially two component, but more complicated interstratifications have also been documented. Variable tendency to form regular 1:1 interstratifications has been observed and explanations of this phenomenon have been proposed. Mixed-layer clays are either di- or trioctahedral; di/trioctahedral interstratifications are rare. Most mixed-layer clays contain smectite or vermiculte as a swelling component. Exceptions are all trioctahedral: serpentine/chlorite in low-temperature environments, and mica/chlorite and talc/chlorite at high temperatures. Solid state transformation and dissolution/crystallization are the two mechanisms responsible for the formation of different mixed-layer clays. In general, the weathering reactions that produce mixed layering are reversals of the corresponding high-temperature reactions, but the reaction paths are quite different. Weathering reactions alter smectite into kaolinite via mixed-layer kaolinite/smectite. Illite, chlorite, and micas react into mixed-layer clays involving vermiculite layer, then into vermiculite, and finally smectite. Interstratifications of smectite and glauconite, serpentine and chlorite, and smectite and talc are characteristic of early diagenesis and indicative of sedimentary environments. Three reactions involving mixed-layer clays-smectite to illite, smectite to chlorite, and serpentine/chlorite to chlorite-proceed gradually during burial diagenesis and are used for reconstructing maximum burial conditions, illite/smectite being the most useful tool. Rectorite, tosudite, talc/chlorite, and mica/chlorite are mixed-layer minerals indicative of temperatures higher than diagenetic, characteristic of low-temperature metamorphism or hydrothermal alteration.
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    LINKING THERMAL, HYDROLOGICAL, AND MECHANICAL PROCESSES IN FRACTURED ROCKS1 (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 27 (1999), S. 359-384 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, an overview is presented of coupled processes linking thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) effects in fractured rocks. A formulation is first presented to show the linkage mathematically, which can be used as a basis for numerical solutions and for further developments. Two simple examples of hydromechanical (HM) and thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupled processes are discussed to convey physical insight into such couplings. Finally, three large-scale, long-term experiments currently under way are described. These are being conducted specifically to study coupled processes in situ.
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    THE GLOBAL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY IMPACT EJECTA (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 27 (1999), S. 75-113 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract The Chicxulub crater ejecta stratigraphy is reviewed, in the context of the stratigraphy of underlying and overlying rock sequences. The ejecta sequence is regionally grouped in (a) thick polymict and monomict breccia sequences inside the crater and within 300 km from the rim of the crater known from drill holes in and close to the breater, and exposures near the border of Yucatan and Belize; (b) Gulf of Mexico region, 〈2500 m from the crater, with up to 9 m thick, complex, tsunami-wave influenced, tektite-bearing sequences in shallow marine (〈500 m deep) environments and tektite bearing, decimeter thick gravity-flow deposits in deep water sites; (c) an intermediate region between 2500 and 4000 km from the crater where centimeter thick, tektite-bearing layers occur, and (d) a global distal region with a millimeter thin ejecta layer. The distal ejecta layer is characterized by sub-millimeter sized microkrystites, often rich in Ni-rich spinels and (altered) clinopyroxene. Wherever present, the ejecta layers mark exactly the sudden mass-mortality horizon of the K/T boundary. What exactly caused the mass mortality is still uncertain, but it appears the main event leading to the K/T mass extinctions.
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    SUBGLACIAL PROCESSES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 247-276 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Processes operating beneath glaciers can have a greater influence on flow dynamics than those operating within them. The variety and complexity of these processes, which involve interactions among ice, water, and geological solids, resist efforts to establish simple truths and can lead to surprising outcomes. Thermal conditions at the ice-bed interface (melting or nonmelting) and the mechanical properties of the glacier substrate (soft or hard) determine which processes can be activated. The warm-soft case supports the greatest variety of processes and is the most important for fast-flow dynamics and for the mobilization of subglacial sediment. Process interactions can lead to oscillations and spatio-temporal switching behavior in glaciers and ice sheets as well as to the generation of subglacial landforms.
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    MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO MARINE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND THE MARINE NITROGEN CYCLE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 301-333 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Microbes are recognized as important components of the Earth system, playing key roles in controlling the composition of the atmosphere and surface waters, forming the basis of the marine food web, and the cycling of chemicals in the ocean. A revolution in microbial ecology has occurred in the past 15Đ??20 years with the advent of rapid methods for discovering and sequencing the genes of uncultivated microbes from natural environments. Initially based on sequences from the 16S rRNA gene, this revolution made it possible to identify microorganisms without first cultivating them, to discover and characterize the immense previously unsuspected diversity of the microbial world, and to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships among microbes. Subsequent focus on functional genes, those that encode enzymes that catalyze biogeochemical transformations, and current work on larger DNA fragments and entire genomes make it possible to link microbial diversity to ecosystem function. These approaches have yielded insights into the regulation of microbial activity and proof of the microbial role in biogeochemical processes previously unknown. Questions raised by the molecular revolution, which are now the focus of microbial ecology research, include the significance of microbial diversity and redundancy to biogeochemical processes and ecosystem function.
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    THE EARLY HISTORY OF ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN: Homage to Robert M. Garrels (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 1-36 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This paper reviews the Precambrian history of atmospheric oxygen, beginning with a brief discussion of the possible nature and magnitude of life before the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. This is followed by a summary of the various lines of evidence constraining oxygen levels through time, resulting in a suggested history of atmospheric oxygen concentrations. Also reviewed are the various processes regulating oxygen concentrations, and several models of Precambrian oxygen evolution are presented. A sparse geologic record, combined with uncertainties as to its interpretation, yields only a fragmentary and imprecise reading of atmospheric oxygen evolution. Nevertheless, oxygen levels have increased through time, but not monotonically, with major and fascinating swings to both lower and higher levels.
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    Fracture Mechanics Applied to the Earth's Crust (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 489-525 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.08.050180.002421
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    Evolutionary Patterns in Early Cenozoic Mammals (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 407-424 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    The Moons of Mars (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 527-558 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    The Biogeochemistry of the Air-Sea Interface (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 9 (1981), S. 449-484 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.09.050181.002313
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    REAL-TIME SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE MITIGATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 195-214 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Real-time seismology refers to a practice in which seismic data are collected and analyzed quickly after a significant seismic event, so that the results can be effectively used for postearthquake emergency response and early warning. As the technology of seismic instrumentation, telemetry, computers, and data storage facility advances, the real-time seismology for rapid postearthquake notification is essentially established. Research for early warning is still underway. Two approaches are possible: (a) regional warning and (b) on-site (or site-specific) warning. In (a), the traditional seismological method is used to locate an earthquake, determine the magnitude, and estimate the ground motion at other sites. In (b), the beginning of the ground motion (mainly P wave) observed at a site is used to predict the ensuing ground motion at the same site. An effective approach to on-site warning is discussed in light of earthquake rupture physics.
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    EVOLUTION OF THE CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 369-393 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Stable cratons and stable continental platforms are salient features of the Earth. Mantle xenoliths provide detailed data on deep structure. Cratonal lithosphere is about 200 km thick. It formed in the Archean by processes analogous to modern tectonics and has been stable beneath the larger cratons since that time. Its high viscosity, high yield strength, and chemical buoyancy protected it from being entrained by underlying stagnant lid convection and by subduction. Chemically buoyant mantle does not underlie platforms. Platform lithosphere has gradually thickened with time as convection waned as the Earth's interior cooled. The thermal contraction associated with this thickening causes platforms to subside relative to cratons. At present, the thickness of platform lithosphere is comparable to that of cratonal lithosphere.
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    EARTHQUAKE TRIGGERING BY STATIC, DYNAMIC, AND POSTSEISMIC STRESS TRANSFER (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 335-367 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Earthquake triggering is the process by which stress changes associated with an earthquake can induce or retard seismic activity in the surrounding region or trigger other earthquakes at great distances. Calculations of static Coulomb stress changes associated with earthquake slip have proven to be a powerful tool in explaining many seismic observations, including aftershock distributions, earthquake sequences, and the quiescence of broad, normally active regions following large earthquakes. Delayed earthquake triggering, which can range from seconds to decades, can be explained by a variety of time-dependent stress transfer mechanisms, such as viscous relaxation, poroelastic rebound, or afterslip, or by reductions in fault friction, such as predicted by rate and state constitutive relations. Rapid remote triggering of earthquakes at great distances (from several fault lengths to 1000s of km) is best explained by the passage of transient (dynamic) seismic waves, which either immediately induce Coulomb-type failure or initiate a secondary mechanism that induces delayed triggering. The passage of seismic waves may also play a significant role in the triggering of near-field earthquakes.
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    Mathematical Modeling of Whole Landscape Evolution (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 443-459 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The mathematical modeling of landform evolution consists of two components: the processes represented (i.e., considered dominant) in the model and the (typically computer) model representation of these processes. This review discusses the current debates surrounding processes represented in landform evolution. The potential impact on both evolving landforms and computer model structure is discussed. Issues specifically discussed include (a) the fundamental nature of mass conservation and the role of detachment- and transport-limited processes in mass conservation equations, (b) the interaction between detachment- and transport-limitation in channels, (c) the role of hillslope erosion and soil properties and their interaction with channel processes, (d) the interactions with tectonics when applying these models at large scale, (e) depositional structures and implications for paleo-climatic interpretation, (f) engineering applications of these models, and (g) numerical issues in the computer implementations. This review is not a model comparison. However, many applications are at the boundaries of computer capabilities so a comparison of existing models is provided.
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    THE Hf-W ISOTOPIC SYSTEM AND THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH AND MOON (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 531-570 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The Earth has a radiogenic W-isotopic composition compared to chondrites, demonstrating that it formed while 182Hf (half-life 9 Myr) was extant in Earth and decaying to 182W. This implies that Earth underwent early and rapid accretion and core formation, with most of the accumulation occurring in Đ♯10 Myr, and concluding approximately 30 Myr after the origin of the Solar System. The Hf-W data for lunar samples can be reconciled with a major Moon-forming impact that terminated the terrestrial accretion process Đ♯30 Myr after the origin of the Solar System. The suggestion that the proto-Earth to impactor mass ratio was 7:3 and occurred during accretion is inconsistent with the W isotope data. The W isotope data is satisfactorily modeled with a Mars-sized impactor on proto-Earth (proto-Earth to impactor ratio of 9:1) to form the Moon at Đ♯30 Myr.
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    OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 645-671 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The influence of surface orography on patterns of precipitation gives rise to some of the most pronounced climate gradients on Earth, and plays a fundamental role in the interaction between the atmosphere and the rest of the Earth System on a wide variety of time scales. The physical mechanisms involved comprise a rich set of interactions encompassing fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and micron-scale cloud processes, as well as being dependent on the larger-scale patterns of the atmospheric general circulation. Investigations into orographic precipitation have pursued three parallel tracks of inquiry: observations, theory, and modeling. Significant advances have been made in each over the last few decades, and these are summarized and synthesized here. While many aspects of the basic mechanisms responsible for orographic precipitation have been understood, important issues remain unresolved. The sheer number of contributing processes, together with their convoluted interactions, make the quantitative prediction of precipitation in complex terrain a very hard task. However, while prediction of precipitation amounts for any given event may be difficult, various lines of evidence suggest that the patterns of orgraphic precipitation, even on scales of a few kilometers, are much more robust.
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    Dynamical Constraints on the Formation and Evolution of Planetary Bodies (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 10 (1982), S. 61-108 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.000425
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    The Role of Perfectly Mobile Components in Metamorphism (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 10 (1982), S. 221-233 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.001253
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    Regoliths on Small Bodies in the Solar System (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 10 (1982), S. 355-376 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.002035
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    Phanerozoic Oolitic Ironstones--Geologic Record and Facies Model (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 10 (1982), S. 441-457 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Strain Accumulation in Western United States (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 11 (1983), S. 11-41 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Radioactive Nuclear Waste Stabilization: Aspects of Solid-State Molecular Engineering and Applied Geochemistry (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 11 (1983), S. 133-163 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Recent Developments in the Dynamo Theory of Planetary Magnetism (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 11 (1983), S. 241-268 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Seismic Gaps in Space and Time (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 11 (1983), S. 359-369 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.11.050183.002043
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    The Greening of Stratigraphy 1933-1983 (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    The History of Water on Mars (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 83-106 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Rates of Evolution and the Notion of "Living Fossils" (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 245-292 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Cooling Histories from Ar/Ar Age Spectra: Implications for Precambrian Plate Tectonics (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12 (1984), S. 383-409 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Growing up in the Golden Age of Science (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 23 (1995), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.000245
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    Continental-Scale Groundwater Flow and Geologic Processes (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 23 (1995), S. 89-117 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Propagation of Magma-Filled Cracks (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 23 (1995), S. 287-336 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    A GEOLOGIST'S LIFE IN AN UNCOMMON COUNTRY DURING AN UNCOMMON TIME (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 24 (1996), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.1
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    RHEOLOGY OF PARTIALLY MOLTEN MANTLE ROCKS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 24 (1996), S. 41-62 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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    Notes: Abstract Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding the rheological properties of partially molten mantle rocks. Laboratory experiments demonstrate that a few percent of melt can have an unexpectedly large effect on viscosity both in the diffusional creep regime and in the dislocation creep regime. In both cases, the enhancement in creep rate is much larger than anticipated based on deformation models because melt wets at least a fraction of the grain boundaries. For diffusion creep, the wetted interfaces provide a rapid diffusion path that is not included in analyses based on melt distribution in isotropic melt-crystal systems. For dislocation creep, two points require consideration. First, even without a melt phase present, fine-grained samples deformed in the dislocation creep field flow a factor of ~10 faster than coarse-grained rocks due to contributions from grain boundary mechanisms to the deformation process. Second, melt has only a small effect on creep rate for coarse-grained rocks but has a relatively large effect for fine-grained samples. Thus, because olivine has only a limited number of slip systems, grain boundaries contribute significantly to deformation of fine-grained rocks in the dislocation creep regime, provided that deformation occurs near the transition between diffusional creep and dislocation creep. Based on laboratory measurements, this transition is expected to occur at a grain size of about 6 mm for a differential stress of 0.1 MPa. Therefore, under mantle conditions, even a few percent melt should reduce the viscosity by as much as a factor of 10. A broad range of problems related to deformation beneath mid-ocean ridges and in the mantle wedge above subducting slabs can now be addressed using experimentally determined rheologies for partially molten mantle rocks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.41
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    PROBING PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES WITH STELLAR OCCULTATIONS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 24 (1996), S. 89-123 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Earth-based stellar occultations probe the temperature, pressure, and number-density profiles of planetary atmospheres in the microbar range with a vertical resolution of a few kilometers. Depending on the occultation data available for a given body and other information, the technique also allows determination of local density variations, extinction by aerosols and molecules, rotation period and zonal winds, atmospheric composition, and the temporal and spatial variability of an atmosphere. A brief quantitative description of the interaction of starlight with a planetary atmosphere is presented, and observational techniques are discussed. Observational results through 1995 are presented for Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Titan, Neptune, Triton, Pluto, and Charon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.89
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    CONTEMPLATION OF THINGS PAST (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26 (1998), S. 1-21 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.1
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    VOLCANISM AND TECTONICS ON VENUS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26 (1998), S. 23-51 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We review recent developments in the study of volcanism and tectonics on Venus. Venus's crust is basaltic, dry, and probably about 30 km thick. The mantle convects, giving rise to plumes, and has a similar composition and mean temperature (~1300oC), but a higher viscosity (~1020 Pa s), than that of the Earth. Inferred melt generation rates constrain the lithospheric thickness to between 80 and 200 km. The elastic thickness of the lithosphere is about 30 km on average. The present-day lack of plate tectonics may be due to strong faults and the high viscosity of the mantle. Most of the differences between Earth and Venus processes can be explained by the absence of water. Venus underwent a global resurfacing event 300-600 Ma ago, the cause and nature of which remains uncertain. The present-day surface heat flux on Venus is about half the likely radiogenic heat generation rate, which suggests that Venus has been heating up since the resurfacing event.
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    SATELLITE ALTIMETRY, THE MARINE GEOID, AND THE OCEANIC GENERAL CIRCULATION (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26 (1998), S. 219-253 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract For technical reasons, the general circulation of the ocean has historically been treated as a steady, laminar flow field. The recent availability of extremely high-accuracy and high-precision satellite altimetry has provided a graphic demonstration that the ocean is actually a rapidly time-evolving turbulent flow field. To render the observations quantitatively useful for oceanographic purposes has required order of magnitude improvements in a number of fields, including orbit dynamics, gravity field estimation, and atmospheric variability. With five years of very high-quality data now available, the nature of oceanic variability on all space and time scales is emerging, including new findings about such diverse and important phenomena as mixing coefficients, the frequency/wavenumber spectrum, and turbulent cascades. Because the surface elevation is both a cause and consequence of motions deep within the water column, oceanographers soon will be able to provide general circulation numerical models tested against and then combined with the altimeter data. These will be complete three-dimensional time-evolving estimates of the ocean circulation, permitting greatly improved estimates of oceanic heat, carbon, and other property fluxes.
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    THE Re-Os ISOTOPE SYSTEM IN COSMOCHEMISTRY AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE GEOCHEMISTRY (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26 (1998), S. 423-500 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Re-Os isotope sytem, based on the long-lived beta- transition of 187Re to 187Os, has matured to wide use in cosmochemistry and high-temperature geochemistry. The siderophilic/chalcophilic behavior of Re and Os is different from that of the elements that comprise most other long-lived radiogenic isotope systems. Magmatic iron meteorites (IIIAB, IIAB, IVA, and IVB) have Re-Os isochrons that indicate asteroidal core crystallization within the first 10-40 million years of Solar System evolution. Rocks from Earth's convecting mantle show generally chondritic Re/Os evolution throughout Earth history that is explained by the addition of highly siderophile elements to the mantle after core formation via late accretion. Oceanic basalts have Os-isotope systematics that improve the detailed geological interpretation of extant mantle components. Some portions of ancient subcontinental lithospheric mantle are severely depleted in Re and have correspondingly subchondritic 187Os/188Os, indicating long-term isolation from the convecting mantle during the Archean-Proterozoic. Magmatic ore deposits have differences in initial Os isotopic composition traceable to the crustal vs mantle sources of the platinum-group elements and base metals.
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    SEAFLOOR TECTONIC FABRIC FROM SATELLITE ALTIMETRY1 (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26 (1998), S. 697-747 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ocean floor structures with horizontal scales of 10 to a few hundred kilometers and vertical scales of 100 m or more generate sea surface gravity anomalies observable with satellite altimetry. Prior to 1990, altimeter data resolved only tectonic lineaments, some seamounts, and some aspects of mid-ocean ridge structure. New altimeter data available since mid-1995 resolve 10-km-scale structures over nearly all the world's oceans. These data are the basis of new global bathymetric maps and have been interpreted as exhibiting complexities in the sea floor spreading process including ridge jumps, propagating rifts, and variations in magma supply. This chapter reviews the satellite altimetry technique and its resolution of tectonic structures, gives examples of intriguing tectonic phenomena, and shows that structures as small as abyssal hills are partially resolved. A new result obtained here is that the amplitude of the fine-scale (10-80 km) roughness of old ocean floor is spreading-rate dependent in the same way that it is at mid-ocean ridges, suggesting that fine-scale tectonic fabric is generated nearly exclusively by ridge-axis processes.
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    GEOLOGIC APPLICATIONS OF SEISMIC SCATTERING (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 27 (1999), S. 55-73 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Once disregarded as noise, scattered seismic waves are finding increasing application in subsurface imaging. This sea change is driven by the increasing density and quality of seismic recordings and advances in waveform modeling which, together, are allowing seismologists to exploit their unique properties. In addition to extensive application in the energy exploration industry, seismic scattering is now used to characterize heterogeneity in the lower continental crust and subcrustal lithosphere, to examine the relationship between crustal structure and seismogenesis, and to probe the plumbing of active volcanoes. In each application, the study of seismic scattering brings wavelength-scale structure into sharper focus and characterizes the short scale-length fabric of geology.
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    KUIPER BELT OBJECTS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 27 (1999), S. 287-312 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The region of the solar system immediately beyond Neptune's orbit is densely populated with small bodies. This region, known as the Kuiper Belt, consists of objects that may predate Neptune, the orbits of which provide a fossil record of processes operative in the young solar system. The Kuiper Belt contains some of the Solar System's most primitive, least thermally processed matter. It is probably the source of the short-period comets and Centaurs, and may also supply collisionally generated interplanetary dust. I discuss the properties of the Kuiper Belt and provide an overview of the outstanding scientific issues.
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    THE DEGLACIATION OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE: A Global Perspective (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 27 (1999), S. 149-182 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Orbitally induced increase in northern summer insolation after growth of a large ice sheet triggered deglaciation and associated global warming. Ice-albedo, sea-level, and greenhouse-gas feedbacks, together with tropical warming from weakening winds in response to polar amplification of warming, caused regional-to-global (near-) synchronization of deglaciation. Effects were larger at orbital rather than millennial frequencies because ice sheets and carbon dioxide vary slowly. Ice-sheet-linked changes in freshwater delivery to the North Atlantic, and possibly free oscillations in the climate system, forced millennial climate oscillations associated with changes in North Atlantic deep water (NADW) flow. The North Atlantic typically operates in one of three modes: modern, glacial, and Heinrich. Deglaciation occurred from a glacial-mode ocean that, in comparison to modern, had shallower depth of penetration of NADW formed further south, causing strong northern cooling and the widespread cold, dry, and windy conditions associated with the glacial maximum and the cold phases of the millennial Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations. The glacial mode was punctuated by meltwater-forced Heinrich conditions that caused only small additional cooling at high northern latitudes, but greatly reduced the formation of NADW and triggered an oceanic "seesaw" that warmed some high-latitude southern regions centered in the South Atlantic.
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    WESTERN UNITED STATES EXTENSION: How the West was Widened (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 27 (1999), S. 417-462 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cenozoic extension in the western United States presents a complex interrelation of extension, volcanism, and plate boundary tectonics that defeats simple notions of "active" or "passive" rifting. Forces driving extension can originate at plate boundaries, through basal traction, basal normal forces, or from buoyancy forces internal to the crust and lithospheric mantle. The latter two are most responsible for driving extension where it is observed in the Basin and Range. The complex evolution of the northern Basin and Range probably represents removal or alteration of mantle lithosphere interacting with buoyancy stored in the crust. In contrast, crustal buoyancy forces combined with a divergent plate boundary between about 28 and 16 Ma to drive extension in the southern Basin and Range. The central Basin and Range most likely extended as a result of boundary forces external to itself but arising from buoyancy forces elsewhere in the western United States.
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    MAJOR PATTERNS IN THE HISTORY OF CARNIVOROUS MAMMALS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 27 (1999), S. 463-493 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The history of carnivorous mammals is characterized by a series of rise-and-fall patterns of diversification in which declining clades are replaced by phylogenetically distinct but functionally similar clades. Seven such examples from the last 46 million years are described for North America and Eurasia. In three of the seven turnover events, competition with replacement taxa may have driven the decline of formerly dominant taxa. In the remaining four this is less likely because inferred functional similarity was minimal during the interval of temporal overlap between clades. However, competition still may have been important in producing the rise-and-fall pattern through suppression of evolution within replacement taxa; as long as the large carnivore ecospace was filled, the radiation of new taxa into that ecospace was limited, only occurring after the extinction of the incumbents. The apparently inevitable decline of incumbent taxa may reflect the tendency for clades of large carnivorous mammals to produce more specialized species as they mature, leading to increased vulnerability to extinction when environments change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.27.1.463
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    REAL-TIME SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE MITIGATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 195-214 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Real-time seismology refers to a practice in which seismic data are collected and analyzed quickly after a significant seismic event, so that the results can be effectively used for postearthquake emergency response and early warning. As the technology of seismic instrumentation, telemetry, computers, and data storage facility advances, the real-time seismology for rapid postearthquake notification is essentially established. Research for early warning is still underway. Two approaches are possible: (a) regional warning and (b) on-site (or site-specific) warning. In (a), the traditional seismological method is used to locate an earthquake, determine the magnitude, and estimate the ground motion at other sites. In (b), the beginning of the ground motion (mainly P wave) observed at a site is used to predict the ensuing ground motion at the same site. An effective approach to on-site warning is discussed in light of earthquake rupture physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122626
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    EVOLUTION OF THE CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 369-393 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Stable cratons and stable continental platforms are salient features of the Earth. Mantle xenoliths provide detailed data on deep structure. Cratonal lithosphere is about 200 km thick. It formed in the Archean by processes analogous to modern tectonics and has been stable beneath the larger cratons since that time. Its high viscosity, high yield strength, and chemical buoyancy protected it from being entrained by underlying stagnant lid convection and by subduction. Chemically buoyant mantle does not underlie platforms. Platform lithosphere has gradually thickened with time as convection waned as the Earth's interior cooled. The thermal contraction associated with this thickening causes platforms to subside relative to cratons. At present, the thickness of platform lithosphere is comparable to that of cratonal lithosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122643
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    THE EDIACARA BIOTA: Neoproterozoic Origin of Animals and Their Ecosystems (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 421-442 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The Ediacara biota (575Đ??542 Ma) marks the first appearance of large, architecturally complex organisms in Earth history. Present evidence suggests that the Ediacara biota included a mixture of stem- and crown-group radial animals, stem-group bilaterian animals, "failed experiments" in animal evolution, and perhaps representatives of other eukaryotic kingdoms. These soft-bodied organisms were preserved under (or rarely within) event beds of sand or volcanic ash, and four distinct preservational styles (Flinders-, Fermeuse-, Conception-, and Nama-style) profoundly affected the types of organisms and features that could be preserved. Even the earliest Ediacaran communities (575-565 Ma) show vertical and lateral niche subdivision of the sessile, benthic, filter-feeding organisms, which is strikingly like that of Phanerozoic and modern communities. Later biological and ecological innovations include mobility (〉555 Ma), calcification (550 Ma), and predation (〈549 Ma). The Ediacara biota abruptly disappeared 542 million years ago, probably as a consequence of mass extinction andor biological interactions with the rapidly evolving animals of the Cambrian explosion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122519
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    THE Hf-W ISOTOPIC SYSTEM AND THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH AND MOON (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33 (2005), S. 531-570 
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    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The Earth has a radiogenic W-isotopic composition compared to chondrites, demonstrating that it formed while 182Hf (half-life 9 Myr) was extant in Earth and decaying to 182W. This implies that Earth underwent early and rapid accretion and core formation, with most of the accumulation occurring in Đ♯10 Myr, and concluding approximately Đ♯30 Myr after the origin of the Solar System. The Hf-W data for lunar samples can be reconciled with a major Moon-forming impact that terminated the terrestrial accretion process 30 Myr after the origin of the Solar System. The suggestion that the proto-Earth to impactor mass ratio was 7:3 and occurred during accretion is inconsistent with the W isotope data. The W isotope data is satisfactorily modeled with a Mars-sized impactor on proto-Earth (proto-Earth to impactor ratio of 9:1) to form the Moon at Đ♯30 Myr.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122614
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    Affairs of the Sea (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.08.050180.000245
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    Heat Flow and Hydrothermal Circulation (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 95-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.08.050180.000523
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    The Equatorial Undercurrent Revisited (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 191-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.08.050180.001203
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    Satellite Sensing of Ocean Surface Dynamics (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 303-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.08.050180.001511
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    Origin and Evolution of Planetary Atmospheres (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 8 (1980), S. 425-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.08.050180.002233
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    Some Reminiscences of Isotopes, Geochronology, and Mass Spectrometry (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 9 (1981), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.09.050181.000245
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    Rotation and Precession of Cometary Nuclei (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 9 (1981), S. 113-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.09.050181.000553
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    Nucleation and Growth of Stratospheric Aerosols (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 9 (1981), S. 227-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.09.050181.001303
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