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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks  (31)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous  (26)
  • Elsevier  (24)
  • American Geophysical Union  (19)
  • Springer  (10)
  • Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia  (4)
  • 2010-2014  (57)
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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Probabilistic modeling of future volcanic eruptions at Mount Etna (2014)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The statistical analysis of volcanic activity at Mt Etna was conducted with the twofold aim of (1) constructing a probability map for vent opening of future flank eruptions and (2) forecasting the expected number of eruptive events at the summit craters. The spatiotemporal map of new vent opening at Etna volcano is based on the analysis of spatial locations and frequency of flank eruptions starting from 1610. Thanks to the completeness and accuracy of historical data over the last four centuries, we examined in detail the spatial and temporal distribution of flank eruptions showing that effusive events follow a nonhomogenous Poisson process with space-time varying intensities. After demonstrating the spatial nonhomogeneity and the temporal nonstationarity of flank eruptions at Etna, we calculated the recurrence rates (events expected per unit area per unit time) and produced different spatiotemporal probability maps of new vent opening in the next 1, 10 and 50 years. These probabilistic maps have an immediate use in evaluating the future timing and areas of Etna prone to volcanic hazards. Finally, the results of the analysis of the persistent summit activity during the last 110 years indicate that the hazard rate for eruptive events is not constant with time, differs for each summit crater of Mt Etna, highlighting a general increase in the eruptive frequency starting from the middle of last century and particularly from 1971, when the SE crater was formed.
    Beschreibung: This work was developed in the frame of the TecnoLab, the Laboratory for the Technological Advance in Volcano Geophysics organized by INGV-CT, DIEES-UNICT, and DMI-UNICT.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1925-1935
    Beschreibung: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Beschreibung: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico e sistemi informatici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Etna ; probabilistic modeling ; eruption ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 2
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    Unbekannt
    Seismo-tectonic behavior of the Pernicana Fault System (Mt Etna): A gauge for volcano flank instability? (2014)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Flank instability at basaltic volcanoes is often related to repeated dike intrusions along rift zones and accompanied by surface fracturing and seismicity. These processes have been mostly studied during specific events, and the lack of longer-term observations hinders their better understanding. Here we analyze ~20 years of deformation of the Pernicana Fault System (PFS), the key structure controlling the instability of the eastern flank of Mt. Etna. We exploit East-West and vertical components of mean deformation velocity, as well as corresponding time series, computed from ERS/ENVISAT (1992–2010) and COSMO-SkyMed (2009–2011) satellite radar sensors via Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry techniques. We then integrate and compare this information with field, seismic, and leveling data, collected between 1980 and 2012. We observe transient displacements accompanied by seismicity, overprinted on a long-term background eastward motion (~2 cm/yr). In the last decades, these transient events were preceded by a constant amount of accumulated strain near the PFS. The time of strain accumulation varies between a few years and a few decades, also depending on magma emplacement within the nearby North East Rift, which may increase the strain along the PFS. These results suggest that the amount of deformation near the PFS may be used as a gauge to forecast the occurrence of instability transients on the eastern flank of Etna. In this context, the PFS may provide an ideal, small-scale structure to test the relations between strain accumulation, stress loading, and seismic energy release.
    Beschreibung: This work has been partially supported by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) within the SAR4Volcanoes project, agreement I/ 034/11/0.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 4398-4409
    Beschreibung: 1T. Geodinamica e interno della Terra
    Beschreibung: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Beschreibung: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Beschreibung: 5T. Sorveglianza sismica e operatività post-terremoto
    Beschreibung: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Beschreibung: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Volcano flank instability ; Pernicana fault ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 3
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    Unbekannt
    Magma flow between summit and Pu‘u ‘O‘o at Kılauea Volcano, Hawai‘i (2014)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Volcanic eruptions are often accompanied by spatiotemporal migration of ground deformation, a consequence of pressure changes within magma reservoirs and pathways. We modeled the propagation of pressure variations through the east rift zone (ERZ) of K" ılauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, caused by magma " o-Kupaianaha withdrawal during the early eruptive episodes (1983–1985) of the ongoing Pu‘u ‘ O‘" " eruption. Eruptive activity at the Pu‘u ‘ O‘" o vent was typically accompanied by abrupt deflation that lasted for several hours and was followed by a sudden onset of gradual inflation once the eruptive episode had ended. Similar patterns of deflation and inflation were recorded at K" ılauea’s summit, approximately 15 km to the northwest, albeit with time delays of hours. These delay times can be reproduced by modeling the spatiotemporal changes in magma pressure and flow rate within an elastic-walled dike that traverses K" ılauea’s ERZ. Key parameters that affect the behavior of the magma-dike system are the dike dimensions, the elasticity of the wall rock, the magma viscosity, and to a lesser degree the magnitude and duration of the pressure variations themselves. Combinations of these parameters define a transport efficiency and a pressure diffusivity, which vary somewhat from episode to episode, resulting in variations in delay times. The observed variations in transport efficiency are most easily explained by small, localized changes to the geometry of the magma pathway
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2232–2246
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): magma flow ; dikes ; Kilauea ; elastic rock ; magma-rock coupling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 4
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    Enhanced crystal fabric analysis of a lava flow sample by neutron texture diffraction: A case study from the Castello d’Ischia dome (2013)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The crystal fabric of a lava has been analyzed for the first time by neutron texture diffraction. In this study we quantitatively investigate the crystallographic preferred orientation of feldspars in the Castello d’Ischia (Ischia Island, Italy) trachytic exogenous dome. The crystallographic preferred orientation was measured with the monochromatic neutron texture diffractometer SV7 at the Forschungszentrum Jülich in Germany and a Rietveld refinement was applied to the sum diffraction pattern. The complementary thin section analysis showed that the three-dimensional crystal shape and the corresponding shape preferred orientation are in agreement with the quantitative orientation distributions of the neutron texture data. The (0k0) crystallographic planes of the feldspars are roughly parallel to the local flow bands, whereas the other corresponding pole figures show that a pivotal rotation of the anorthoclase and sanidine crystals was active during the emplacement of this lava dome. In combination with scanning electron microscopy investigations, electron probe microanalysis, XRF, and X-ray diffraction, the Rietveld refinement of the neutron diffraction data indicates a slow cooling dynamic on the order of several months during their crystallization under subaerial conditions. Results attained here demonstrate that neutron texture diffraction is a powerful tool that can be applied to lava flows.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 179-196
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): neutron diffraction ; crystal fabric ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 5
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    Curie isotherm depth from aeromagnetic data constraining shallow heat source depths in the central Aeolian Ridge (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) (2013)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-03
    Beschreibung: The Salina, Lipari, and Vulcano volcanic ridge and the surrounding sea sectors (Aeolian Archipelago, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) are characterized by vents responsible for a recent (〈40 ka—1889/1890 AD) effusive and explosive subareal activity and repeated, 56 to 7 ka in age, submarine explosive eruptions from source areas located between Lipari and Vulcano. A spectral depth estimation of the magnetic bottom using a fractal method on aeromagnetic data from Vulcano, Lipari, and Salina volcanic ridge allows us to constrain the Curie isotherm depth. The elevated portion of the isotherm is between 2 and 3 km below Salina and Vulcano and about 1 km below Lipari. The Curie depth results in the context of other geological and geophysical evidence suggest that the rise of the Curie isotherm is mainly due to the occurrence of shallow heat sources such as magma ponds and associated hydrothermal systems. The short-wavelength magnetic anomaly field reflects magnetic contrasts from highly magnetized volcanic bodies, low-magnetization sediments, and hydrothermally altered rocks. Borehole temperature data verify the Curie temperature derived from the magnetic methods on the island of Vulcano.We conclude that the whole Vulcano, Lipari, and Salina volcanic ridge is active and should be monitored.
    Beschreibung: INGV
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: article 710
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Beschreibung: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 5.4. Banche dati di geomagnetismo, aeronomia, clima e ambiente
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Magnetic spectral depths ; Curie temperature ; volcanism ; Aeolian Islands ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.04. Magnetic and electrical methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.03. Global and regional models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.07. Rock magnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.03. Heat generation and transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 6
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    Carbonate-derived CO2 purging magma at depth: Influence on the eruptive activity of Somma-Vesuvius, Italy (2012)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-30
    Beschreibung: Mafic phenocrysts from selected products of the last 4 ka volcanic activity at Mt. Vesuvius were investigated for their chemical and O-isotope composition, as a proxy for primary magmas feeding the system. 18O/16O ratios of studied Mg-rich olivines suggest that near-primary shoshonitic to tephritic melts experienced a flux of sedimentary carbonate-derived CO2, representing the early process of magma contamination in the roots of the volcanic structure. Bulk carbonate assimilation (physical digestion) mainly occurred in the shallow crust, strongly influencing magma chamber evolution. On a petrological and geochemical basis the effects of bulk sedimentary carbonate digestion on the chemical composition of the near-primary melts are resolved from those of carbonate-released CO2 fluxed into magma. An important outcome of this process lies in the effect of external CO2 in changing the overall volatile solubility of the magma, enhancing the ability of Vesuvius mafic magmas to rapidly rise and explosively erupt at the surface.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 84-95
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): stable-isotope ; magma geochemistry ; CO2-degassing ; Vesuvius ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 7
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    Validation of the FALL3D ash dispersion model using observations of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash clouds (2012)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-17
    Beschreibung: During AprileMay 2010 volcanic ash clouds from the Icelandic Eyjafjallajökull volcano reached Europe causing an unprecedented disruption of the EUR/NAT region airspace. Civil aviation authorities banned all flight operations because of the threat posed by volcanic ash to modern turbine aircraft. New quantitative airborne ash mass concentration thresholds, still under discussion, were adopted for discerning regions contaminated by ash. This has implications for ash dispersal models routinely used to forecast the evolution of ash clouds. In this new context, quantitative model validation and assessment of the accuracies of current state-of-the-art models is of paramount importance. The passage of volcanic ash clouds over central Europe, a territory hosting a dense network of meteorological and air quality observatories, generated a quantity of observations unusual for volcanic clouds. From the ground, the cloud was observed by aerosol lidars, lidar ceilometers, sun photometers, other remote-sensing instruments and in-situ collectors. From the air, sondes and multiple aircraft measurements also took extremely valuable in-situ and remote-sensing measurements. These measurements constitute an excellent database for model validation. Here we validate the FALL3D ash dispersal model by comparing model results with ground and airplane-based measurements obtained during the initial 14e23 April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull explosive phase. We run the model at high spatial resolution using as input hourlyaveraged observed heights of the eruption column and the total grain size distribution reconstructed from field observations. Model results are then compared against remote ground-based and in-situ aircraft-based measurements, including lidar ceilometers from the German Meteorological Service, aerosol lidars and sun photometers from EARLINET and AERONET networks, and flight missions of the German DLR Falcon aircraft. We find good quantitative agreement, with an error similar to the spread in the observations (however depending on the method used to estimate mass eruption rate) for both airborne and ground mass concentration. Such verification results help us understand and constrain the accuracy and reliability of ash transport models and it is of enormous relevance for designing future operational mitigation strategies at Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 165-183
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Volcanic ash dispersion ; Numerical model ; Model validation ; 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 8
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    A GIS-based application to volume estimation and spatial distribution analysis of tephra fallout: the 122 BC Etna eruption case study (2012)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In this work we show the use of a geo-spatial information system (GIS) for the volume estimation of fallout deposits and for the identification of syn- and post-eruptive depositional mechanisms. For the first time, we present thickness distribution maps, isopachs maps and fallout deposit volume for the single stratigraphic units (A-F) of the 122 BC Plinian eruption of Etna, the most powerful eruption of this volcano in historical times. Thickness data collected during the field survey were organised in a geo-referenced database and several interpolation algorithms were used to calculate the volumes of the six fallout layers of eruption (units A-F). Results have been compared with those obtained using the Pyle’s method that bases volume calculation on the exponential thickness-decay law of the deposits. Differences in 20 results of the two methods have been analyzed applying 2 and 3D geo-statistical analysis to thickness data and an “ideal” fallout deposit has been used as a reference. Our approach allowed both the identification of stratigraphic sections which deposits were affected by secondary erosional or accumulation phenomena, and the assessment of whether the secondary processes were caused by local morphologic conditions or variation in eruptive dynamics (e.g. rotation of the dispersal axis direction).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: R0105
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Geographic Information System (GIS) ; Plinian eruption ; Pyroclastic deposits ; Volume estimation ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.06. Methods::05.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 9
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    In-situ degassing study on crystal-bearing Stromboli basaltic magmas: Implications for Stromboli explosions (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Three-dimensional crystal and bubble sizes and distributions in experimentally produced vesicular crystal-bearing Stromboli basalts and natural scoria were studied with X-ray microtomography (μCT) at high (1.85 μm) and low (5.46–9.0 μm) resolution. The permeabilities from lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulations and experimental measurements are about 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than in aphyric Stromboli basalts at porosity 31.6–55.3%. We propose that the higher permeability in crystal-bearing samples results in highly efficient degassing in shallow, highly porphyritc (HP) magma as opposed to the deeper, aphyric (LP) magma. In paroxysmal explosions, the LP magma flows up in a cylindrical conduit due to the density and viscosity difference between the two magmas. This type of convection can cause the LP magma with exsolved gas to be efficiently transferred through the overlying HP magma, potentially resulting in the more-violent paroxysmal explosions.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L17309
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Experimental volcanism ; Stromboli ; degassing ; crystal-bearing magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 10
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    An emergent strategy for volcano hazard assessment: From thermal satellite monitoring to lava flow modeling (2012)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Spaceborne remote sensing techniques and numerical simulations have been combined in a web-GIS framework (LAV@HAZARD) to evaluate lava flow hazard in real time. By using the HOTSAT satellite thermal monitoring system to estimate time-varying TADR (time averaged discharge rate) and the MAGFLOW physicsbased model to simulate lava flow paths, the LAV@HAZARD platform allows timely definition of parameters and maps essential for hazard assessment, including the propagation time of lava flows and the maximum run-out distance. We used LAV@HAZARD during the 2008–2009 lava flow-forming eruption at Mt Etna (Sicily, Italy). We measured the temporal variation in thermal emission (up to four times per hour) during the entire duration of the eruption using SEVIRI and MODIS data. The time-series of radiative power allowed us to identify six diverse thermal phases each related to different dynamic volcanic processes and associated with different TADRs and lava flow emplacement conditions. Satellite-derived estimates of lava discharge rates were computed and integrated for the whole period of the eruption (almost 14 months), showing that a lava volume of between 32 and 61 million cubic meters was erupted of which about 2/3 was emplaced during the first 4 months. These time-varying discharge rates were then used to drive MAGFLOW simulations to chart the spread of lava as a function of time. TADRs were sufficiently low (b30 m3/s) that no lava flows were capable of flowing any great distance so that they did not pose a hazard to vulnerable (agricultural and urban) areas on the flanks of Etna.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 197-207
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Etna volcano Infrared remote sensing Numerical simulation GIS Lava hazard assessment ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.01. Data processing ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation ; 05. General::05.05. Mathematical geophysics::05.05.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    A stress-controlled mechanism for the intensity of very large magnitude explosive eruptions (2012)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Large magnitude explosive eruptions are the result of the rapid and large-scale transport of silicic magma stored in the Earth's crust, but the mechanics of erupting teratonnes of silicic magma remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the combined effect of local crustal extension and magma chamber overpressure can sustain linear dyke-fed explosive eruptions with mass fluxes in excess of 1010 kg/s from shallow-seated (4–6 km depth) chambers during moderate extensional stresses. Early eruption column collapse is facilitated with eruption duration of the order of few days with an intensity of at least one order of magnitude greater than the largest eruptions in the 20th century. The conditions explored in this study are one way in which high mass eruption rates can be achieved to feed large explosive eruptions. Our results corroborate geological and volcanological evidences from volcano-tectonic complexes such as the Sierra Madre Occidental (Mexico) and the Taupo Volcanic Zone (New Zealand).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 161-166
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): conduit model ; large explosive eruption ; extensional stress ; linear fissure eruptions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Determining rheology from deformation data: The case of central Italy (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-03
    Beschreibung: The study of geodynamics relies on an understanding of the strength of the lithosphere. However, our knowledge of kilometer‐scale rheology has generally been obtained from centimeter‐sized laboratory samples or from microstructural studies of naturally deformed rocks. In this study, we present a method that allows rheological examination at a larger scale. Utilizing forward numerical modeling, we simulated lithospheric deformation as a function of heat flow and rheological parameters and computed several testable predictions including horizontal velocities, stress directions, and the tectonic regime. To select the best solutions, we compared the model predictions with experimental data. We applied this method in Italy and found that the rheology shows significant variations at small distances. The strength ranged from 0.6 ± 0.2 TN/m within the Apennines belt to 21 ± 6 TN/m in the external Adriatic thrust. These strength values correspond to an aseismic mantle in the upper plate and to a strong mantle within the Adriatic lithosphere. With respect to the internal thrust, we found that strike‐slip or transpressive, but not compressive, earthquakes can occur along the deeper portion of the thrust. The differences in the lithospheric strength are greater than our estimated uncertainties and occur across the Adriatic subduction margin. Using the proposed method, the lithospheric strength can be also determined when information at depth is scarce but sufficient surface data are available. Citation: Carafa, M. M. C., and S. Barba (2011), Determining rheology from deformation data: The case of central Italy, Tectonics, 30, TC2003, doi:10.1029/2010TC002680.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: TC2003
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Rheology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Flank instability structure of Mt. Etna inferred by a magnetotelluric survey (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: This paper presents a magnetotelluric (MT) survey of the unstable eastern flank of Mt. Etna. We take thirty soundings along two profiles oriented in the N-S and NW-SE directions, and from these data recover two 2D resistivity models of the subsurface. Both models reveal three major layers in a resistive-conductive-resistive sequence, the deepest extending to 14 km bsl. The shallow layer corresponds to the volcanic cover, and the intermediate conductive layer corresponds to underlying sediments segmented by faults. These two electrical units are cut by E-W-striking faults. The third layer (basement) is interpreted as mainly pertinent to the Apennine-Maghrebian Chain associated with SW-NE-striking regional faults. The detailed shapes of the resistivity profiles clearly show that the NE Rift is shallow-rooted ( 0–1 km bsl), thus presumably fed by lateral dikes from the central volcano conduit. The NW-SE profile suggests by a series of listric faults reaching up to 3 km bsl, then becoming almost horizontal. Toward the SE, the resistive basement dramatically dips (from 3 km to 10 km bsl), in correspondence with the Timpe Fault System. Several high-conductivity zones close to the main faults suggest the presence of hydrothermal activity and fluid circulation that could enhance flank instability. Our results provide new findings about the geometry of the unstable Etna flank and its relation to faults and subsurface structures.
    Beschreibung: This paper presents a magnetotelluric (MT) survey of the unstable eastern flank of Mt. Etna. We take thirty soundings along two profiles oriented in the N-S and NW-SE directions, and from these data recover two 2D resistivity models of the subsurface. Both models reveal three major layers in a resistive-conductive-resistive sequence, the deepest extending to 14 km bsl. The shallow layer corresponds to the volcanic cover, and the intermediate conductive layer corresponds to underlying sediments segmented by faults. These two electrical units are cut by E-W-striking faults. The third layer (basement) is interpreted as mainly pertinent to the Apennine-Maghrebian Chain associated with SW-NE-striking regional faults. The detailed shapes of the resistivity profiles clearly show that the NE Rift is shallow-rooted ( 0–1 km bsl), thus presumably fed by lateral dikes from the central volcano conduit. The NW-SE profile suggests by a series of listric faults reaching up to 3 km bsl, then becoming almost horizontal. Toward the SE, the resistive basement dramatically dips (from 3 km to 10 km bsl), in correspondence with the Timpe Fault System. Several high-conductivity zones close to the main faults suggest the presence of hydrothermal activity and fluid circulation that could enhance flank instability. Our results provide new findings about the geometry of the unstable Etna flank and its relation to faults and subsurface structures.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B03216
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Etna ; magnetotelluric ; flank instability ; volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.04. Magnetic and electrical methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 14
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    Unbekannt
    How do volcanic rift zones relate to flank instability? Evidence from collapsing rifts at Etna (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Volcanic rift zones, characterized by repeated dike emplacements, are expected to delimit the upper portion of unstable flanks at basaltic edifices. We use nearly two decades of InSAR observations excluding wintertime acquisitions, to analyze the relationships between rift zones, dike emplacement and flank instability at Etna. The results highlight a general eastward shift of the volcano summit, including the northeast and south rifts. This steadystate eastward movement (1-2 cm/yr) is interrupted or even reversed during transient dike injections. Detailed analysis of the northeast rift shows that only during phases of dike injection, as in 2002, does the rift transiently becomes the upper border of the unstable flank. The flank's steady-state eastward movement is inferred to result from the interplay between magmatic activity, asymmetric topographic unbuttressing, and east-dipping detachment geometry at its base. This study documents the first evidence of steady-state volcano rift instability interrupted by transient dike injection at basaltic edifices.
    Beschreibung: Partially funded by INGV and the Italian DPC (DPC-INGV project V4 “Flank”). ERS and ENVISAT SAR data were provided by ESA through the Cat-1 project no. 4532 and the GEO Supersite initiative. The DEM was obtained from the SRTM archive. ERS-1/2 orbits are courtesy of the TU-Delft, The Netherlands. SAR data processing has been done at IREACNR, partially carried out under contract “Volcanic Risk System (SRV)” funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L20311
    Beschreibung: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): flank instability ; rift zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Unbekannt
    Multiphase flow dynamics of pyroclastic density currents during the May 18, 1980 lateral blast of Mount St. Helens (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The dynamics of the May 18, 1980 lateral blast at Mount St. Helens, Washington (USA), were studied by means of a three-dimensional multiphase flow model. Numerical simulations describe the blast flow as a high-velocity pyroclastic density current generated by a rapid expansion (burst phase, lasting less than 20 s) of a pressurized polydisperse mixture of gas and particles and its subsequent gravitational collapse and propagation over a rugged topography. Model results show good agreement with the observed large-scale behavior of the blast and, in particular, reproduce reasonably well the front advancement velocity and the extent of the inundated area. Detailed analysis of modeled transient and local flow properties supports the view of a blast flow led by a high-speed front (with velocities between 100 and 170 m/s), with a turbulent head relatively depleted in fine particles, and a trailing, sedimenting body. In valleys and topographic lows, pyroclasts accumulate progressively at the base of the current body after the passage of the head, forming a dense basal flow depleted in fines (less than 5 wt.%) with total particle volume fraction exceeding 10−1 in most of the sampled locations. Blocking and diversion of this basal flow by topographic ridges provides the mechanism for progressive current unloading. On ridges, sedimentation occurs in the flow body just behind the current head, but the sedimenting, basal flow is progressively more dilute and enriched in fine particles (up to 40 wt.% in most of the sampled locations). In the regions of intense sedimentation, topographic blocking triggers the elutriation of fine particles through the rise of convective instabilities. Although the model formulation and the numerical vertical accuracy do not allow the direct simulation of the actual deposit compaction, present results provide a consistent, quantitative model able to interpret the observed stratigraphic sequence.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B06208
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Mount St. Helens ; blast, multiphase flow ; numerical simulations ; pyroclastic density currents ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 16
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    Texture analysis of volcanic rock samples: Quantitative study of crystals and vesicles shape preferred orientation from X-ray microtomography data (2012)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In the texture analysis of volcanic rocks, the preferred orientation of the constituents can provide useful information for the interpretation of the processes involved in the rock formation. We present here a new data analysis technique, based on X-ray microtomography measurements and on shape preferred orientation analysis, to obtain the orientation distribution functions of the constituents of volcanic rocks. This procedure proved to be very suitable for volcanic samples, where diffraction-based techniques, developed for crystallographic preferred orientation studies, are of limited utilization, in addition to the fact that they cannot provide any information about vesicles or bubbles. Moreover the analysis performed directly in three dimensions (3D) overcomes the problems that usually occur when employing stereological methods for the analysis of the images obtained via microscopy-based techniques. In this study, two scoriae (from Stromboli and Etna) and a tube pumice (from Campi Flegrei) were measured via X-ray microtomography and then the resulting volumes were analyzed following the proposed procedure. Results highlight little preferred orientation for the vesicles in the two scoria samples, whereas the pumice shows a marked preferred orientation. Crystals (also divided by mineral species) were taken into account as well and in the two scoria samples there is no crystal preferred orientation, in contrast with the pumice, where crystal preferred orientation features are very similar to the ones found for the vesicles. Overall we found strong differences in preferred orientation: weak for vesicles in scoriae, showing an axial symmetry with the axis parallel to the elongation axis of the sample, and a stronger and more complex orientation texture in the pumice sample for both crystals and vesicles. The promising results obtained suggest that this procedure is potentially very useful for the analysis of preferred orientation in volcanic rocks and geomaterials in general.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 83-95
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): X-ray computed microtomography ; preferred orientation ; texture analysis ; volcanic scoria ; synchrotron X-rays ; pumice ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 17
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    An analytical model for gas overpressure in slug-driven explosions: Insights into Strombolian volcanic eruptions (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Strombolian eruptions, common at basaltic volcanoes, are mildly explosive events that are driven by a large bubble of magmatic gas (a slug) rising up the conduit and bursting at the surface. Gas overpressure within the bursting slug governs explosion dynamics and vigor and is the main factor controlling associated acoustic and seismic signals. We present a theoretical investigation of slug overpressure based on magma-static and geometric considerations and develop a set of equations that can be used to calculate the overpressure in a slug when it bursts, slug length at burst, and the depth at which the burst process begins. We find that burst overpressure is controlled by two dimensionless parameters: V′, which represents the amount of gas in the slug, and A′, which represents the thickness of the film of magma that falls around the rising slug. Burst overpressure increases nonlinearly as V′ and A′ increase. We consider two eruptive scenarios: (1) the “standard model,” in which magma remains confined to the vent during slug expansion, and (2) the “overflow model,” in which slug expansion is associated with lava effusion, as occasionally observed in the field. We find that slug overpressure is higher for the overflow model by a factor of 1.2–2.4. Applying our model to typical Strombolian eruptions at Stromboli, we find that the transition from passive degassing to explosive bursting occurs for slugs with volume 〉24–230 m3, depending on magma viscosity and conduit diameter, and that at burst, a typical Strombolian slug (with a volume of 100–1000 m3) has an internal gas pressure of 1–5 bars and a length of 13–120 m. We compare model predictions with field data from Stromboli for low-energy “puffers,” mildly explosive Strombolian eruptions, and the violently explosive 5 April 2003 paroxysm. We find that model predictions are consistent with field observations across this broad spectrum of eruptive styles, suggesting a common slug-driven mechanism; we propose that paroxysms are driven by unusually large slugs (large V′).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B02206
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Stromboli ; Taylor bubble ; basaltic volcanoes ; falling film ; gas slug ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
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  • 18
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    Quantifying volcanic ash dispersal and impact of the Campanian Ignimbrite super-eruption (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-12-06
    Beschreibung: We apply a novel computational approach to assess, for the first time, volcanic ash dispersal during the Campanian Ignimbrite (Italy) super-eruption providing insights into eruption dynamics and the impact of this gigantic event. The method uses a 3D time-dependent computational ash dispersion model, a set of wind fields, and more than 100 thickness measurements of the CI tephra deposit. Results reveal that the CI eruption dispersed 250–300 km3 of ash over 3.7 million km2. The injection of such a large quantity of ash (and volatiles) into the atmosphere would have caused a volcanic winter during the Heinrich Event 4, the coldest and driest climatic episode of the Last Glacial period. Fluorine-bearing leachate from the volcanic ash and acid rain would have further affected food sources and severely impacted Late Middle-Early Upper Paleolithic groups in Southern and Eastern Europe.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L10310
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Campanian Ignimbrire ; Campi Flegrei ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
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    Xenopumices from the 2011–2012 submarine eruption of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain): Constraints on the plumbing system and magma ascent (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-12-16
    Beschreibung: Textures, petrography and geochemical compositions of products emitted during the onset of the 2011–2012 submarine eruption (15 October, 2011) off the coast of El Hierro have been investigated to get information on interaction mechanism between the first rising magma and the crust during the onset of the eruption as well as to get information on magma storage and plumbing systems beneath El Hierro volcano. Studied products consist of 5–50 cm bombs with an outer black to greenish, vesicular crust with bulk basanite composition containing pumiceous xenoliths (xenopumices). Our results show that xenopumices are much more heterogeneous that previously observed, since consist of a macro-scale mingling of a gray trachyte and white rhyolite. We interpreted xenopumices as resulting from the interaction (heating) between the basanitic magma feeding the eruption, a stagnant trachytic magma pocket/s and an associated hydrothermally altered halo with rhyolitic composition. Our findings confirm the importance of the study of the early products of an eruption since they can contain crucial information on the plumbing system geometry and the mechanism of magma ascent.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L17302
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): El Hierro ; submarine eruption ; xenopumice ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 20
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    Rock magnetism and compositional investigation of Brown Tuffs deposits at Lipari and Vulcano (Aeolian Islands — Italy) (2012)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-12-06
    Beschreibung: A rock-magnetic investigation was carried out on the nonwelded ash deposits of the Brown Tuffs (Aeolian Islands, southern Tyrrhenian Sea) to improve the stratigraphic correlation between the deposits cropping out on Lipari and Vulcano islands and locate their source area. The study was supplemented by petrographical and geochemical analyses on selected strata, with the intent to compare the Brown Tuffs to other rocks emplaced at Vulcano in the same time span. More than 30 levels were sampled in the intermediate (56± 4 kaNIBTN21–22 ka) and upper (21–22 kaNUBT) parts of the Brown Tuffs sequences on the two islands. Their characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) directions were derived from stepwise thermal demagnetization, and the magnetic fabric from measurements of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. The levels with indistinguishable ChRM directions were regarded as coeval and to form an individual stratigraphic unit. The units were referred to the Brown Tuffs sequence of Lucchi et al. (2008) on the grounds of their emplacement age, provided by comparison of their mean paleomagnetic direction with the paleosecular variation curves of the southern Tyrrhenian region, as well as the field constraints. The closer correlation between the sequences of Lipari and Vulcano contributes to a better understanding of the volcanic activity that produced the Brown Tuffs, and shows that most of the IBT and the oldest UBT levels were emplaced in a short time span, between ≈24 and 20–17 ka. The magnetic fabric is typically well developed, but at most sites the magnetic foliation is very close to horizontal and no imbrication is defined. The source area of the Brown Tuffs parent pyroclastic flows, as constrained from the intersection of the magnetic lineations, falls in the northeastern part of La Fossa Caldera structure. Although limited to major elements, compositional data provide further indication about the parent plumbing system and its behaviour. Magma batch(es) involved in the IBT eruptions have homogeneous features and underwent frequent refilling and tapping processes. Conversely, those involved in the early UBT eruptions are compositionally more variable. This suggests more complex evolution and plumbing system activity: the UBT eruptions represent either residual mafic magmas from the previous eruptions or the arrival of new, fresh shoshonitic magma in the system.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 23-38
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Brown Tuffs ; Magnetic fabric ; pyroclastic rocks ; Aeolian Islands ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 21
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    Dynamic plumbing system beneath volcanoes revealed by kinetic modeling, and the connection to monitoring data: An example from Mt. Etna (2012)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-27
    Beschreibung: Our ability to monitor volcanoes (using seismic signals, ground deformation, gas fluxes, or other ground and satellite based observations) as well as our understanding of melt reservoirs that feed eruptions have evolved tremendously in recent years. The complex plumbing systems that are thought to feed eruptions are, however, difficult to relate to the monitoring signals. Here we show that the record preserved in compositional zoning of erupted minerals may be used to reconstruct sections of the plumbing system. Kinetic modeling of such zoning can yield information on the residence time of magma in different segments of the plumbing systems. This allows a more nuanced evaluation of the link between observed monitoring signals or eruption styles and the magmatic processes and movement of batches of melts at depth. The approach is illustrated through a study of the compositional zoning recorded in olivine crystals from the 1991–1993 SE-flank eruption products of Mt. Etna (Sicily). The zoning patterns in crystals reveal that the plumbing system of the volcano consisted of at least three different magmatic environments between which magma was transported and mixed in the year or two preceding the start of eruption. Quantification of this history indicates that two main pathways of melt migration and three timescales dominated the dynamics of the system. Combination of this information with the timing of observation of various monitoring signals allows a reconstruction of the dynamic evolution of this section of the plumbing system during the early stages of the 1991–1993 eruption. It is seen, for example, how the migration of melt through the same sections of the plumbing system can cause pre-eruptive triggering, enhance Strombolian activity, and through the ensuing eruption cleanse and flush the plumbing system. Different kinds of mixing occur simultaneously at different sections of the plumbing system on different timescales (a few days up to two years).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 11-22
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Etna ; plumbing system ; olivine ; zoning ; timescales ; monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
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  • 22
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    A relation between lava discharge rate, thermal insulation, and flow area set using lidar data (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-03
    Beschreibung: A simple linear relation can be used to link time averaged discharge rate (TADR) and lava flow area (A). The relation applies to given insulation conditions, as described by the characteristic flow surface temperature (Te), and will vary from case-to-case depending on rheological and topographic influences on flow spreading. Most flows have insulation conditions that change through time, modifying the relationship between TADR and area as insulation conditions evolve. Using lidar data we can define TADR, the flow area that the discharge feeds and Te, allowing generation of a case-specific relation to convert satellite-data-derived flow areas to TADR. For Etna's 2006 lava flow field we obtain a relation whereby TADR = 5.6 × 10−6 A for well insulated conditions (Te = 100°C) and TADR = 1.5 × 10−4 A for poorly insulated conditions (Te = 600°C).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L20308
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): lava flow ; discharge rate ; area ; surface temperature ; lidar ; Etna. ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 23
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    Large-eddy simulation of pyroclastic density currents (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We investigate the dynamics of turbulent pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) by adopting a 3D, Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase flow model, in which solid particles are treated as a continuum and the grain-size distribution is simplified by assuming two particulate phases. The turbulent sub-grid stress of the gas phase is modelled within the framework of Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) by means of a eddy-viscosity model together with a wall closure. Despite the significant numerical diffusion associated to the upwind method adopted for the Finite-Volume discretization, numerical simulations demonstrate the need of adopting a Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) model, while revealing the complex interplay between the grid and the SGS filter sizes. We also analyse the relationship between the averaged flow dynamic pressure and the action exerted by the PDC on a cubic obstacle, to evaluate the impact of a PDC on a building. Numerical results suggest that the average flow dynamic pressure can be used as a proxy for the force per unit surface acting on the building envelope (Fig. 5), even for such steeply stratified flows. However, it is not possible to express such proportionality as a constant coefficient such as the drag coefficient in a steady-state current. The present results indeed indicate that the large epistemic and aleatory uncertainty on initial and boundary conditions has an impact on the numerical predictions which is comparable to that of grid resolution.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 161-170
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Large-Eddy Simulation ; pyroclastic density currents ; numerical simulation ; multiphase flows ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: book chapter
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  • 24
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    Unbekannt
    Magma vesiculation and infrasonic activity at Stromboli open conduit volcano (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Explosive activity at Stromboli is explained in terms of dynamics of large gas bubbles that ascend in the magma conduit and burst at the free surface generating acoustic pressure that propagates as infrasonic signals in the atmosphere. The rate and the amplitude of the infrasonic activity is directly linked to the rate and the overpressure of the bursting gas bubbles and thus reflects the rate at which magma column degasses under non-equilibrium pressure conditions. We investigate the link between explosive degassing and magma vesiculation by comparing the rate of infrasonic activity with the bubble size distributions (BSDs) of scoria clasts collected during several days of explosive activity at Stromboli. BSDs of scoria show a characteristic power law distribution, which reflect a gas bubble concentration mainly controlled by a combined process of bubble nucleation and coalescence. The cumulative distribution of the infrasonic pressure follows two power laws, indicating a clear separation between the frequent, but weak, bursting of small gas bubbles (puffing) and the more energetic explosions of large gas slugs. The exponents of power laws derived for puffing and explosive infrasonic activity show strongly correlated (0.96) changes with time indicating that when the puffing rate is high, the number of energetic explosions is also elevated. This correlation suggests that both puffing and explosive activity are driven by the same magma degassing dynamics. In addition, changes of both infrasonic power law exponents are very well correlated (0.92 with puffing and 0.87 with explosions) with variations of the BSD exponents of the scoria clasts, providing evidence of the strong interplay between scoria vesiculation and magma explosivity. Our analysis indicates that variable magma vesiculation regimes recorded in the scoria correlate with the event number and energy of the explosive activity. We propose that monitoring infrasound on active volcanoes may be an alternative way to look at the vesiculation process in open conduit systems.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 274-280
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Strombolian activity ; magma vesiculation ; infrasound ; conduit dynamics ; explosive volcanism ; bubble size distribution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 25
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    Reconstruction of the eruptive activity on the NE sector of Stromboli volcano: timing of flank eruptions since 15 ka (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-24
    Beschreibung: A multidisciplinary geological and compositional investigation allowed us to reconstruct the occurrence of flank eruptions on the lower NE flank of Stromboli volcano since 15 ka. The oldest flank eruption recognised is Roisa, which occurred at ~15 ka during the Vancori period, and has transitional compositional characteristics between the Vancori and Neostromboli phases. Roisa was followed by the San Vincenzo eruption that took place at ~12 ka during the early stage of Neostromboli period. The eruptive fissure of San Vincenzo gave rise to a large scoria cone located below the village of Stromboli, and generated a lava flow, most of which lies below sea level. Most of the flank eruptions outside the barren Sciara del Fuoco occurred in a short time, between ~9 and 7 ka during the Neostromboli period, when six eruptive events produced scoria cones, spatter ramparts and lava flows. The Neostromboli products belong to a potassic series (KS), and cluster in two differently evolved groups. After an eruptive pause of ~5,000 years, the most recent flank eruption involving the NE sector of the island occurred during the Recent Stromboli period with the formation of the large, highly K calc-alkaline lava flow field, named San Bartolo. The trend of eruptive fissures since 15 ka ranges from N30°E to N55° E, and corresponds to the magma intrusions radiating from the main feeding system of the volcano.
    Beschreibung: The mapping of Stromboli was supported by a grant to S. Calvari (Project V2/01, 2005–2007, funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and by the Italian Civil Protection). This work was partly supported by INGV through a research grant financed byMIUR-FIRB to G. Norini.We wish to thank the former Director of INGV-Sezione di Catania, A. Bonaccorso, for making additional funds available for field trip and datings.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 101-112
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Stromboli ; flank fissures ; Stratigraphy ; Neostromboli ; Bulk rock composition ; eruptive fissures ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 26
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    Unbekannt
    Acoustic Emission spectra classification from rock samples of Etna basalt in deformation-decompression laboratory experiments (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-24
    Beschreibung: Recent laboratory experiments on Etna basalt have permitted the generation of an extensive catalogue of acoustic emissions (AE) during two key experimental phases. Firstly, AE have been generated during triaxial compressional tests and formation of a complex fracture/damage zone. Secondly, rapid fluid decompression through the damage/shear zone after failure. We report new results from an advanced analysis method using AE spectrograms, allowing us to qualitatively identify high and low frequency events; essentially comparable to seismicity in volcanic areas. Our analysis, for the first time, quantitatively classifies ‘families’ of AE events belonging to the same experimental stage without prior knowledge. We then test the method using the AE catalogue for verification, which is not possible with field data. FFT spectra, obtained from AE, are subdivided into equal log intervals for which a local slope is calculated. Factor analysis has been then applied, in which we use a data matrix of columns representing the variables considered (frequency data averaged in bins) vs. rows indicating each AE data set. Factor analysis shows that the method is very effective and suitable for reducing data complexity, allowing distinct factors to be obtained. We conclude that most of the data variance (information content) can be well represented by three factors only, each one representing a well defined frequency range. Through the factor scores it is possible to represent data in a lower dimension factor space. Classification is then possible by identifying clusters of AE belonging to the same experimental stage. This allows us to propose a deformation/decompression interpretation based solely on the AE frequency analysis and to identify a third type of AE related to fluid movements in the deformation stage.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 201-211
    Beschreibung: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): acoustic emissions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: book chapter
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  • 27
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    40Ar/39Ar geochronology of Holocene basalts; examples from Stromboli, Italy (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-24
    Beschreibung: Absolute chronologies of active volcanoes and consequently timescales for eruptive behaviour and magma production form a quantitative basis for understanding the risk of volcanoes. Surprisingly, the youngest records in the geological timescale often prove to be the most elusive when it comes to isotopic dating. Absolute Holocene volcanic records almost exclusively rely on 14C ages measured on fossil wood or other forms of biogenic carbon. However, on volcanic flanks, fossil carbon is often not preserved, and of uncertain origin when present in paleosols. Also, low 14C-volcanic CO2 may have mixed with atmospheric and soil 14C-CO2, potentially causing biased ages. Even when reliable data are available, it is important to have independent corroboration of inferred chronologies as can be obtained in principle using the 40K/40Ar decay system. Here we present results of a 40Ar/39Ar dating study of basaltic groundmass in the products from the Pleistocene e Holocene boundary until the beginning of the historic era for the north-northeastern flank of Stromboli, Aeolian Islands, Italy, identifying a short phase of intensified flank effusive activity 7500 500 a ago, and a maximum age of 4000 900 a for the last flank collapse event that might have caused the formation of the Sciara del Fuoco depression. We expect that under optimum conditions 40Ar/39Ar dating of basaltic groundmass samples can be used more widely for dating Holocene volcanic events.
    Beschreibung: The mapping of Stromboli was supported by a grant to S. Calvari (Project V2/01, 2005-2007, funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) and by the Italian Civil Protection). The sample preparation was carried out by Roel van Elsas of the Institute of Earth Sciences, VU. The new instrumentation in the argon laboratory Institute of Earth Sciences, VU (instrument grant for the CO2 laser, AGES extraction line) was supported by grants from the ISES, VU-Energy conservation fund and the Institute of Earth Sciences). This work was partly supported by INGV through a research grant financed by MIUR-FIRB to G.N.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 223-232
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): geochronology ; Stromboli geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 28
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    Unbekannt
    A paleoclimate record with tephrochronological age control for the last glacial-interglacial cycle from Lake Ohrid, Albania and Macedonia (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Lake Ohrid is probably of Pliocene age, and the oldest extant lake in Europe. In this study climatic and environmental changes during the last glacial-interglacial cycle are reconstructed using lithological, sedimentological, geochemical and physical proxy analysis of a 15-m-long sediment succession from Lake Ohrid. A chronological framework is derived from tephrochronology and radiocarbon dating, which yields a basal age of ca. 136 ka. The succession is not continuous, however, with a hiatus between ca. 97.6 and 81.7 ka. Sediment accumulation in course of the last climatic cycle is controlled by the complex interaction of a variety of climate-controlled parameters and their impact on catchment dynamics, limnology, and hydrology of the lake. Warm interglacial and cold glacial climate conditions can be clearly distinguished from organic matter, calcite, clastic detritus and lithostratigraphic data. During interglacial periods, short-term fluctuations are recorded by abrupt variations in organic matter and calcite content, indicating climatically-induced changes in lake productivity and hydrology. During glacial periods, high variability in the contents of coarse silt to fine sand sized clastic matter is probably a function of climatically-induced changes in catchment dynamics and wind activity. In some instances tephra layers provide potential stratigraphic markers for short-lived climate perturbations. Given their widespread distribution in sites across the region, tephra analysis has the potential to provide insight into variation in the impact of climate and environmental change across the Mediterranean.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 295-310
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Lake Ohrid ; Mediterranean ; Tephrochronology ; Paleolimnology ; Last glacial-interglacial cycle ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 29
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    Unbekannt
    Site effects at the Campi Flegrei,preliminary results (2011)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The Campi Flegrei caldera is a complex structure with a high population density, located west of the city of Naples. In addition of being an active volcano it is characterized by a high seismic hazard due to both Appennines regional earthquakes and to local earthquakes occurring during the bradyseismic crises. These unrest phenomena are characterized by slow ground vertical movements, particularly active in the central part of the caldera, and by a high number of low-magnitude earthquakes. In this context, the determination of the site transfer functions of the area has a strong relevance for the Civil Defense aimed to determine the hazard of the area. We have calculated the site transfer function with different techniques (H/V and Generalized Inversion technique) and have collected data on the local geology with the aim of correlating the site transfer functions with lithology and topography. This analysis has been performed on three areas: the Astroni crater, the Camaldoli hill and the Agnano plain. A future development will be to extend this analysis to the whole Campi Flegrei area.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Site effects ; Campi Flegrei ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 30
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    The magmatic feeding system of the Campi Flegrei caldera: Architecture and temporal evolution (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: To develop a model of both the structure and evolution of the Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc) magmatic feeding system, geochronological, geochemical and Sr, Nd, Pb and B isotopic data of representative volcanic products of the past 15 ka have been combined with geophysical and melt inclusion literature data, structural setting and dynamics of the resurgent caldera. According to previous petrological data, the CFc magmatic feeding system consists of a deep reservoir, in which mantle-derived K-basaltic parental magmas differentiate to shoshonite, latite and trachyte, through combined crustal contamination and fractional crystallization processes, and shallowreservoirswhere the evolvedmagmas further differentiate andmingle/mix before eruptions. The Sr,Nd, Pb, and B isotope data allowrecognition of three distinctmagmatic components.One component is believedto be residualmagmafromtheNeapolitanYellowTuff (NYT) caldera forming eruption. The NYT component (87Sr/86Sr of 0.70750–53, 143Nd/144Nd ratio of ca. 0.51246, 206Pb/204Pb of ca. 19.04 and δ11B of ca. –7.9‰), has been the most prevalent component over the past 15 ka being mixed, in most cases, with the other two components. One of these other components is best recognized in the Minopoli 2 magma, first erupted 10 ka ago. Minopoli 2 magma is shoshonitic in composition and is the most enriched in radiogenic Sr (87Sr/86Sr of ca. 0.70860) and unradiogenic Nd and Pb (143Nd/144Nd ratio of ca. 0.51236, 206Pb/204Pb of ca. 18.90), and is characterised by δ11B value of ca. –7.32‰. The third component is trachytic in composition and has higher 206Pb/204Pb (ca. 19.08), lower 87Sr/86Sr (ca. 0.70726) and δ11B (−9.8‰) and higher 143Nd/144Nd (ca. 0.51250), with respect to the NYT component. This third component is best recognized in the Astroni 6 magma and did not appear until ca. 4 ka. The identified isotopically distinct magmatic components were erupted in different sectors of the CFc. During both I (b14.9–9.5 ka) and II (8.6–8.2 ka) epochs of volcanic activity,magmas similar to the NYT component, and those resulting from mixing between Minopoli 2 and NYT components were erupted from vents located mostly on the marginal faults of the NYT caldera. During the III epoch (4.8–3.8 ka) magmas either similar to NYT, or resulting from mixing between Astroni 6 and NYT components were erupted from vents located along faults bordering the La Starza resurgent block and, subordinately, the NYT caldera. Moreover, magmas resulting from mixing betweenMinopoli 2 and NYT components were erupted fromvents located along NE–SW regional faults activated during caldera resurgence. The inferred present structure of the feeding system is characterised by a deep reservoir, whose top is at about 8 kmdepth, that hosts shoshonitic–trachyticmagmas. Remnants of the NYT magma reside at shallower depth in different sectors of the crust underlying CFc, and were sometimes intercepted by volatile-rich magmas of deep provenance during the three epochs of CFc volcanic activity.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 227-241
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Campi Flegrei caldera ; Magmatic system ; Caldera structure ; Geochemistry ; Isotopes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.10. Stratigraphy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 31
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    Defining high-detail hazard maps by a cellular automata approach: application to Mount Etna (Italy) (2011)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The individuation of areas that are more likely to be affected by new events in volcanic regions is of fundamental relevance for the mitigation of the possible consequences, both in terms of loss of human life and material properties. Here, we describe a methodology for defining flexible high-detail lava-hazard maps and a technique for the validation of the results obtained. The methodology relies on: (i) an accurate analysis of the past behavior of the volcano; (ii) a new version of the SCIARA model for lava-flow simulation (based on the macroscopic cellular automata paradigm); and (iii) high-performance parallel computing for increasing computational efficiency. The new release of the SCIARA model introduces a Bingham-like rheology as part of the minimization algorithm of the differences for the determination of outflows from a generic cell, and an improved approach to lava cooling. The method is here applied to Mount Etna, the most active volcano in Europe, and applications to landuse planning and hazard mitigation are presented.
    Beschreibung: This study was sponsored by the Italian National Civil Defence Department and the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), project V3_6/09 "V3_6 – Etna".
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 568-578
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): volcanic risk ; cellular automata ; Algorithms and implementation ; Statistical analysis ; Data processing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.01. Data processing ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 32
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    Structural analysis of the eruptive fissures at Mount Etna (Italy) (2011)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-24
    Beschreibung: Mount Etna produces frequent eruptions from its summit craters and from fissures on its flanks. The flank fissures trend approximately radially to the summit, and are mainly concentrated in three rift zones that are located on the NE, S and W flanks. Many flank eruptions result from lateral magma transfer from the central conduit into fractures intersecting the flanks, although some eruptions are fed through newly formed conduits that are not directly linked to the central conduit. We analyzed the structural features of eruptions from 1900 to the present, one of the most active periods in the documented eruptive history of Etna, which comprised 35 summit and 33 flank events. Except for a small eruption on the W flank in 1974, all of the flank eruptions in this interval occurred on or near the NE and S rifts. Eruptions in the NE sector were generally shorter, but their fissure systems developed more rapidly and were longer than those in the S sector. In contrast, summit eruptions had longer mean durations, but generally lower effusion rates (excluding paroxysmal events characterized by very high effusion rates that lasted only a few hours). This database was examined considering the main parameters (frequency and strike) of the eruptive fissures that were active over the last ~2 ka. The distribution in time and space of summit and flank eruptions appears to be closely linked to the dynamics of the unstable E to S flank sector of Etna, which is undergoing periodic displacements induced by subvolcanic magma accumulation and gravitational pull. In this framework, magma accumulation below Etna exerts pressure against the unbuttressed E and S flanks, which have moved away from the rest of the volcano. This has caused an extension to the detachment zones, and has facilitated magma transfer from the central conduit into the flanks.
    Beschreibung: This work was sponsored by the Italian National Civil Defence Department and INGV (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia), project V3-LAVA (RU01–Team 01C).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 464-479
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 5.3. TTC - Banche dati vulcanologiche
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): dike ; magmas ; tectonics ; structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 33
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    The Miocene Costa Giardini diatreme, Iblean Mountains, southern Italy: Model for maar-diatreme formation on a submerged carbonate platform (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-24
    Beschreibung: In this paper we present a model for the growth of a maar-diatreme complex in a shallow marine environment. The Miocene-age Costa Giardini diatreme near Sortino, in the region of the Iblei Mountains of southern Sicily, has an outer tuff ring formed by the accumulation of debris flows and surge deposits during hydromagmatic eruptions. Vesicular lava clasts, accretionary lapilli and bombs in the older ejecta indicate that initial eruptions were of gas-rich magma. Abundant xenoliths in the upper, late-deposited beds of the ring suggest rapid magma ascent, and deepening of the eruptive vent is shown by the change in slope of the country rock. The interior of the diatreme contains nonbedded breccia composed of both volcanic and country rock clasts of variable size and amount. The occurrence of bedded hyaloclastite breccia in an isolated outcrop in the middle-lower part of the diatreme suggests subaqueous effusion at a low rate following the end of explosive activity. Intrusions of nonvesicular magma, forming plugs and dikes, occur on the western side of the diatreme, and at the margins, close to the contact between breccia deposits and country rock; they indicate involvement of volatile-poor magma, possibly during late stages of activity. We propose that initial hydromagmatic explosive activity occurred in a shallow marine environment and the ejecta created a rampart that isolated for a short time the inner crater from the surrounding marine environment. This allowed explosive activity to draw down the water table in the vicinity of the vent and caused deepening of the explosive center. A subsequent decrease in the effusion rate and cessation of explosive eruptions allowed the crater to refill with water, at which time the hyaloclastite was deposited. Emplacement of dikes and plugs occurred nonexplosively while the breccia sediment was mostly still soft and unconsolidated, locally forming peperites. The sheltered, low-energy lagoon filled with marine limestones mixed with volcaniclastic material eroded from the surrounding ramparts. Ultimately, lagoonal sediments accumulated in the crater until subsidence or erosion of the tuff ring caused a return to normal shallow marine conditions.
    Beschreibung: LT thanks the Faculty Research Committee of Le Moyne College for providing travel funds that made this collaboration possible.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 557–576
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Iblean Mountains ; explosive eruptions ; diatremes ; shallow water environment ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 34
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    40Ar–39Ar dating of volcanogenic products from the AND-2A core (ANDRILL Southern McMurdo Sound Project, Antarctica): correlations with the Erebus Volcanic Province and implications for the age model of the core (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The AND-2A drillcore (Antarctic Drilling Program—ANDRILL) was successfully completed in late 2007 on the Antarctic continental margin (Southern McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea) with the aim of tracking ice proximal to shallow marine environmental fluctuations and to document the 20-Ma evolution of the Erebus Volcanic Province. Lava clasts and tephra layers from the AND-2A drillcore were investigated from a petrographic and stratigraphic point of view and analyzed by the 40Ar–39Ar laser technique in order to constrain the age model of the core and to gain information on the style and nature of sediment deposition in the Victoria Land Basin since Early Miocene. Ten out of 17 samples yielded statistically robust 40Ar–39Ar ages, indicating that the AND-2A drillcore recovered ≤230 m of Middle Miocene (∼128–358 m below sea floor, ∼11.5–16.0 Ma) and 〉780 m of Early Miocene (∼358–1093 m below sea floor, ∼16.0–20.1 Ma). Results also highlight a nearly continuous stratigraphic record from at least 358 m below sea floor down hole, characterized by a mean sedimentation rate of ∼19 cm/ka, possible oscillations of no more than a few hundreds of ka and a break within ∼17.5–18.1 Ma. Comparison with available data from volcanic deposits on land, suggests that volcanic rocks within the AND-2A core were supplied from the south, possibly with source areas closer to the drill site for the upper core levels, and from 358 m below sea floor down hole, with the “proto-Mount Morning” as the main source.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 487-505
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): ANDRILL SMS ; 40Ar–39Ar geochronology ; Erebus volcanic province ; McMurdo Sound ; Lava clasts ; Sedimentation rate ; Tephra layers ; Victoria Land Basin ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.02. Geochronology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 35
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    Dynamics of ash-dominated eruptions at Vesuvius: the post-512 AD AS1a event (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Recent stratigraphic studies at Vesuvius have revealed that, during the past 4,000 years, long lasting,moderate to low-intensity eruptions, associated with continuous or pulsating ash emission, have repeatedly occurred. The present work focuses on the AS1a eruption, the first of a series of ash-dominated explosive episodes which characterized the period between the two Subplinian eruptions of 472 AD and 1631 AD. The deposits of this eruption consist of an alternation of massive and thinly laminated ash layers and minor well sorted lapilli beds, reflecting the pulsatory injection into the atmosphere of variably concentrated ash-plumes alternating with Violent Strombolian stages. Despite its nearly constant chemical composition, the juvenile material shows variable external clast morphologies and groundmass textures, reflecting the fragmentation of a magma body with lateral and/or vertical gradients in both vesicularity and crystal content. Glass compositions and mineralogical assemblages indicate that the eruption was fed by rather homogeneous phonotephritic magma batches rising from a reservoir located at ~ 4 km (100 MPa) depth, with fluctuations between magma delivery and magma discharge. Using crystal size distribution (CSD) analyses of plagioclase and leucite microlites, we estimate that the transit time of the magma in the conduit was on the order of ~ 2 days, corresponding to an ascent rate of around 2× 10−2 ms−1. Accordingly, assuming a typical conduit diameter for this type of eruption, the minimum duration of the AS1a event is between about 1.5 and 6 years. Magma fragmentation occurred in an inertially driven regime that, in a magma with low viscosity and surface tension, can act also under conditions of slow ascent.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Ash emission activity ; Tephrite ; Vesuvius ; Stratigraphy ; Textural analyses ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 36
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    The distal segment of Etna’s 2001 basaltic lava flow (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Etna’s 2001 basaltic lava flow provided a good example of the distal flow segment between the flow front and stable channel, across which the flow evolves from channel-contained to dispersed. This zone was mapped with meter precision using LIDAR data collected during 2004 and 2005. These data, supported by field mapping, show that the flow front comprised eight lobes each 10 to 20 m high. The flow front appears to have advanced not as a single unit, but as a series of lobes moving forward one lobe at a time. Primary lobes were centered on the channel axis and marginal lobes were off-axis. The lobes advanced as breakouts of low-yield-strength lava from the flow core of the stalled flow front. Marginal lobes were abandoned and contributed to marginal levees flanking the transitional channel. For Etna’s 2001 flow, the transitional channel is 140 m wide, 700 m long and fed a 240-m-long zone of dispersed flow; the change from stable to transitional channel occurred at a major reduction in slope. Above this, the stable channel is 5.2 km long, 55 to 105 m wide and bounded by 15- to 25-m-high levees, and the stable channel is located over a previous channel. In a final stage of activity, lava ponding at the break-in-slope that marks the terminus of the stable channel put pressure on the eastern levee, causing it to fail. Liberated lava then fed a final break-out to the east. Similar flow front-features occur at other volcanoes, indicating that similar processes are characteristic of dispersed flow zones.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 119-127
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Basalt lava ; Channelised lava flow ; Flow front ; Zone of dispersed flow ; Flow dynamics ; LIDAR ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 37
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    The pre-eruptive volatile contents of recent basaltic and pantelleritic magmas at Pantelleria (Italy) (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Pantelleria Island, located in the Sicily Channel Rift Zone (Italy), is the type locality for the peralkaline rhyolitic rocks called pantellerites. In the last 50 ka, after the large Green Tuff caldera-forming eruption, volcanic activity at Pantelleria has consisted of effusive and explosive eruptions mostly vented inside and along the rim of the caldera and producing silicic lava flows, lava domes and poorly dispersed pantelleritic pumice fall deposits. Basaltic cinder cones and lava flows are only present outside the caldera in the NW sector of the island. The most recent basaltic (Cuddie Rosse, 20 ka) and pantelleritic (Cuddia Randazzo and Cuddia del Gallo, 6 ka) pyroclastic products were sampled to investigate magmatic volatile contents through the study of melt inclusions. The melt inclusions in pyroxene and olivine phenocrysts of Cuddie Rosse scoriae have an alkali basalt composition. The dissolved volatiles comprise 0.9–1.6 wt.% H2O, several hundred ppm of CO2, 1600–2000 ppm of sulphur and 500–900 ppm of chlorine. The water–carbon dioxide couple gives a confining pressure 2 kbar prior to the eruption. This result indicates that episodes of magma ponding and crystallization occurred in the upper crust prior to eruption. The melt inclusions in feldspar, fayalite and aenigmatite phenocrysts of Cuddia del Gallo and Cuddia Randazzo pumice have a pantelleritic composition (Agpaitic Indices 1.3–2.1), up to 4.4 wt.% H2O, 8700 ppm Cl, 6000 ppm F, and CO2 below the detection limit. Sulphur averaging 420 ppm has been measured in Cuddia Randazzo melt inclusions. These data indicate relatively high volatile contents for these low-energy Strombolian-type eruptions. Melt inclusions in Cuddia del Gallo pumice show the most evolved composition (Agpaitic Indices 2–2.1) and the highest volatile content, in agreement with fluid saturation conditions in the magma chamber prior to the eruption. This implies a confining pressure of 1 kbar for the top of the pantelleritic reservoir. The composition of melt inclusions and mineralogical assemblage of Cuddia Randazzo pumice indicate that it has a lower evolutionary degree (Agpaitic Indices 1.3–1.8) and lower pre-eruptive Cl and H2O contents than Cuddia del Gallo pumice. An increase in pressure due to the exsolution of volatiles in the upper part of the pantelleritic reservoir may have triggered the Cuddia del Gallo explosive eruption. Evidence of widespread pre-eruptive mingling between trachytes and pantellerites suggests that the intrusion of trachytic magma into the pantelleritic reservoir likely played a major role in destabilizing the magma system just prior to the Cuddia Randazzo event.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 191-201
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Pantelleria ; peralkaline ; volatiles ; melt inclusions ; eruptive style ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 38
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    Influence of thermal and mechanical cracks on permeability and elastic wave velocities in a basalt from Mt. Etna volcano subjected to elevated pressure (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We report simultaneous laboratory measurements of seismic velocities and fluid permeability on lava flow basalt from Etna (Italy). Results were obtained for dry and saturated samples deformed under triaxial compression. During each test, the effective pressure was first increased up to 190 MPa to investigate the effect of pre-existing crack closure on seismic properties. Then, the effective pressure was unloaded down to 20 MPa, a pressure which mirrors the stress field acting under a lava pile of approximately 1.5–2 km thick, and deviatoric stress was increased until failure of the specimens. Using an effective medium model, the measured elastic wave velocities were inverted in terms of two crack densities: ρi the crack density of the pre-existing thermal cracks and ρv the crack density of the stress-induced cracks. In addition a link was established between elastic properties (elastic wave velocities Vp and Vs) and permeability using a statistical permeability model. Our results show that the velocities increase with increasing hydrostatic pressure up to 190 MPa, due to the closure of the pre-existing thermal cracks. This is interpreted by a decrease of the crack density ρi from ~1 to 0.2. The effect of pre-existing cracks closure is also highlighted by the permeability evolution which decreases of more than two orders of magnitude. Under deviatoric loading, the velocities signature is interpreted, in the first stage of the loading, by the closure of the pre-existing thermal cracks. However, with increasing deviatoric loading newly-formed vertical cracks nucleate and propagate. This is clearly seen from the velocity signature and its interpretation in term of crack density, the location of the acoustic emission sources, and from microstructural observations. This competition between pre-existing cracks closure and propagation of vertical cracks is also seen from the permeability evolution, and our study shows that mechanically-induced cracks has lesser influence on permeability change than pre-existing thermal cracks.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Elastic wave velocity, Permeability, Acoustic emission, Fracture, Basalt ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 39
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    Spatio-temporal evolution of volcano seismicity: A laboratory study (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We report a laboratory and microstructural study of a suite of deformation experiments in which basalt from Mount Etna volcano is deformed and fractured at an effective confining pressure representative of conditions under a volcanic edifice (40 MPa). Particular attention was paid to the formation of a fracture and damage zone with which to stimulate coupled hydro-mechanical interactions that create the various types of seismicity recorded on volcanic edifices, and which usually precede eruption. Location of AE events through time shows the formation of a fault plane during which waveforms exhibit the typical high frequency characteristics of volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes. We found that these VT earthquakes were particularly pronounced when generated using dry samples, compared to samples saturated with a pore fluid (water). VT events generated during deformation of water saturated sample are characterised by a distinctive high frequency onset and a longer, low frequency coda exhibiting properties often seen in the field as hybrid events. We present evidence that hybrid events are, in fact, the common type of volcanic seismic event with either VT or low frequency (LF) events representing end members, and whose proportion depend on pore fluid being present in the rock type being deformed, as well as how close the rock is to failure. We find a notable trend of reducing instances of hybrid events leading up to the failure stage in our experiments, suggesting that during this stage, the pore fluid present in the rock moves sufficiently quickly to provide a resonance, seen as a LF coda. Our data supports recent modeling and field studies that postulate that hybrid events generated in volcanic areas are likely to be generated through the interaction of hydrothermal fluids moving through a combination of pre-existing microcrack networks and larger faults, such as those we observe in forensic (post-test) examination.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 315-323
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): volcano-tectonics, acoustic emission, rock physics, seismology, hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 40
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    The feeding system of Agnano–Monte Spina eruption (Campi Flegrei, Italy): Dragging the past into present activity and future scenarios (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Magmatic processes triggering eruptions at Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) and their relationships with the widespread emissions of fluids and caldera unrest episodes, are poorly constrained. The 4.1 ka B.P. Agnano–Monte Spina eruption, the reference event for a future large-size explosive eruption at Campi Flegrei, was investigated to shed light, through melt inclusion and isotope analyses, on the geochemical processes operating in the plumbing system. Chemical and isotopic data on whole rocks and glasses suggest that at least two magma batches mixed during the course of the eruption. Melt inclusion data highlight the pre-eruption storage conditions of two magmatic end-members. One end-member is like the less differentiated (shoshonitic) Campi Flegrei erupted magma, while the other could be a residual of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff magma. Mixing between these two components was driven by a large gas phase which sustained the ascent of magmas of deep provenance. The H2O and CO2 contents in pyroxene-hosted melt inclusions yield entrapment pressures between 107 and 211 MPa, corresponding to depths between 4 and 8 km. The degassing trends reveal two extreme patterns. One pattern, already documented in the literature, is the volatile signature of poorly differentiated magmas ascending from more than 8 km depth, while the other is related to a gas-dominated magma, flushed by a CO2-rich gas phase partly released from the deep reservoir. This study provides a conceptual frame for unrest phases at Campi Flegrei, such as the 1982–84 event. Uplift phases can be related to closed-system ascent of magmas and fluids from more than 8 km depth, and their emplacement at shallow levels. This leads the shallow system to store, and then progressively release, the accumulated gas. In this view, both unrest episodes and eruptions could be strongly influenced by both the achievement of a critical upper limit of gas storage in the shallow magmatic reservoir and the stress and fracturing state of the roof rocks. The present results help to constrain the preeruptive conditions expected at Campi Flegrei caldera in case of a future large-size eruptive event.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 135–147
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Sr and Nd isotopes ; Melt inclusions ; Gas flushing ; Magma mixing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 41
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    The regular shape of stratovolcanoes: A DEM-based morphometrical approach (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We studied the shape of the most regular-shaped stratovolcanoes of the world to mathematically define the form of the ideal stratovolcano. Based on the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data we selected 19 of the most circular and symmetrical volcanoes, which incidentally all belong to subduction-related arcs surrounding the Pacific. The selection of volcanoes benefitted from the introduction of a new definition of circularity which is more robust than previous definitions, being independent of the erosional dissection of the cone. Our study on the shape of stratovolcanoes was based on the analysis of the radial elevation profiles of each volcano. The lower half section of the volcanoes is always well fitted by a logarithmic curve, while the upper half section is not, and falls into two groups: it is fitted either by a line (“C-type”, conical upper part) or by a parabolic arc (“P-type”, parabolic/concave upper part). A quantitative discrimination between these groups is obtained by fitting their upper slope with a linear function: C-type volcanoes show small, whereas P-type volcanoes show significant negative angular coefficient. The proposed threshold between the two groups is − 50 × 10− 4°/m. Chemical composition of eruptive products indicates higher SiO2 and/or higher H2O content for C-type volcanoes, which could imply a higher incidence of mildly explosive (e.g. strombolian) eruptions. We propose that this higher explosivity is responsible for forming the constant uppermost slopes by the deposition of ballistic tephra and its subsequent stabilisation at a constant angle. By contrast, P-type volcanoes are characterized by a smaller SiO2 and H2O content, which can be responsible for a higher incidence of effusive events and/or a lower incidence of upper flank-forming (i.e. mild) explosive eruptions. Therefore, the concave upper flanks of these volcanoes may be shaped typically by lava flows. Based on this hypothesis, we propose that the morphometric analysis of the elevation profile of stratovolcanoes can provide insights into their dominant eruptive style.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 171-181
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): stratovolcano ; SRTM ; shape analysis ; elevation profile ; circularity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 42
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    Subaqueous volcanism in the Etnean area: evidence for hydromagmatic activity and regional uplift inferred from the Castle Rock of Acicastello (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The subalkaline rocks outcropping at the Acicastello Castle Rock, Catania, Sicily, and on its abrasion platforms, are related to the oldest Etnean volcanism 500–300 ka; Here, submarine lavas with pillows closely packed onto each other are associated with heterogeneous and poorly sorted volcaniclastic breccia levels with sub-vertical sharp w boundaries. The present-day attitude was previously interpreted as due to a local tilt or to the seaward sliding of the entire eastern Etnean flank , on the assumption of originally horizontal boundaries. On the contrary, our observations do not match the hypothesis of a significantly tilted succession and lead us to conclude that, apart from the strong regional uplift, the present Castle Rock exposure did not suffer any substantial change of its attitude.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 209-225
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): pillow-lavas ; volcaniclastic deposits ; hydromagmatic activity ; Mount Etna ; eruption depth ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 43
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    Understanding stress and deformation in active volcanoes (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-06-15
    Beschreibung: No eruption, no caldera collapse, and no landslide can take place in a volcano unless its state of stress is suitable for the associated type of rock failure. The state of stress, in turn, results in deformation, and both stress and deformation depend on the mechanical properties of the rocks that constitute the volcano. Understanding stress and deformation in volcanoes is thus of fundamental importance for understanding unrest periods and for accurate forecasting volcano failure, such as may result in large-scale lateral and vertical collapses and eruptions.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1-3
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): stress, deformation, volcano tectonics, physical propertie of volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 44
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    Shifting styles of basaltic explosive activity during the 2002-03 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The 2002–03 flank eruption of Etna was characterized by two months of explosive activity that produced copious ash fallout, constituting a major source of hazard and damage over all eastern Sicily. Most of the tephra were erupted from vents at 2750 and 2800 m elevation on the S flank of the volcano, where different eruptive styles alternated. The dominant style of explosive activity consisted of discrete to pulsing magma jets mounted by wide ash plumes, which we refer to as ash-rich jets and plumes. Similarly, ash-rich explosive activity was also briefly observed during the 2001 flank eruption of Etna, but is otherwise fairly uncommon in the recent history of Etna. Here, we describe the features of the 2002–03 explosive activity and compare it with the 2001 eruption in order to characterize ash-rich jets and plumes and their transition with other eruptive styles, including Strombolian and ash explosions, mainly through chemical, componentry and morphology investigations of erupted ash. Past models explain the transition between different styles of basaltic explosive activity only in terms of flow conditions of gas and liquid. Our findings suggest that the abundant presence of a solid phase (microlites) may also control vent degassing and consequent magma fragmentation and eruptive style. In fact, in contrast with the Strombolian or Hawaiian microlite-poor, fluidal, sideromelane clasts, ash-rich jets and plumes produce crystal-rich tachylite clasts with evidence of brittle fragmentation, suggesting that high groundmass crystallinity of the very top part of the magma column may reduce bubble movement while increasing fragmentation efficiency.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 110-122
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Etna ; basaltic explosive activity ; ash-rich jet and plume ; tachylite ; sideromelane ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 45
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    Unbekannt
    Quantification of the gas mass emitted during single explosions on Stromboli with the SO2 imaging camera (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We performed measurements using an SO2 imaging camera of the SO2 gas mass emitted during five discrete explosive events on Stromboli volcano on 3 October 2006. The SO2 gas mass released during discrete explosions was 15–40 kg per explosion, producing 3–8% of the total daily SO2 gas emission, demonstrating that in terms of gas flux Strombolian explosions are a second-order phenomenon compared with quiescent degassing. Using the typical gas composition measured with OP-FTIR allows us to determine the total gas mass released during an explosion as 360–960 kg with a volume of 1500–4100 m3 at 1 bar. At the probable source pressure of gas slug formation of 75 MPa this gas amount would occupy a volume equivalent to a sphere with a radius of 0.8–1 m, comparable with estimates of Stromboli's conduit geometry.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 395-400
    Beschreibung: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): magmatic degassing ; remote sensing ; gas imaging ; Stromboli ; Strombolian explosions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 46
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Large-eddy simulation of pyroclastic density currents (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We investigate the dynamics of turbulent pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) by adopting a 3D, Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase flow model, in which solid particles are treated as a continuum and the grain-size distribution is simplified by assuming two particulate phases. The turbulent sub-grid stress of the gas phase is modelled within the framework of Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) by means of a eddy-viscosity model together with a wall closure. Despite the significant numerical diffusion associated to the upwind method adopted for the Finite-Volume discretization, numerical simulations demonstrate the need of adopting a Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) model, while revealing the complex interplay between the grid and the SGS filter sizes. We also analyse the relationship between the averaged flow dynamic pressure and the action exerted by the PDC on a cubic obstacle, to evaluate the impact of a PDC on a building. Numerical results suggest that the average flow dynamic pressure can be used as a proxy for the force per unit surface acting on the building envelope (Fig. 5), even for such steeply stratified flows. However, it is not possible to express such roportionality as a constant coefficient such as the drag coefficient in a steady-state current. The present results indeed indicate that the large epistemic and aleatory uncertainty on initial and boundary conditions has an impact on the numerical redictions which is comparable to that of grid resolution.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Beschreibung: (10)
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Large-Eddy Simulation ; pyroclastic density currents ; numerical simulation ; multiphase flows ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: book chapter
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  • 47
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    Unbekannt
    Active degassing structures of Stromboli and variations in diffuse CO2 output related to the volcanic activity (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The main CO2 diffuse degassing structures (DDS) of Stromboli were identified through extensive CO2 soil flux investigations, with 3600 measurements by an accumulation chamber. These DDS extend from the nearby crater area of Pizzo sopra la Fossa (Pizzo) to the coastal area of Pizzillo and are all associated with NE–SW deep fractures, corresponding to the main volcano-tectonic axis of the island, some of which produced flank eruptions in prehistoric times. In each of the four main DDS, a target area was defined covering the zone with the highest CO2 soil flux, where periodic CO2 flux surveys were carried out. The highest CO2 release was observed during the 2007 eruption and high flux values were recorded at both Pizzo and Pizzillo also in moments of high prolonged Strombolian activity (high number of daily explosions observed from the craters and/or high frequency of VLP seismic events). In order to better investigate the rate of diffuse CO2 degassing in relation to volcanic activity, an automatic station hourly measuring CO2 soil flux and environmental parameters (atmospheric T, P and humidity, soil moisture and T, wind speed and direction) was installed in March 2007 at Nel Cannestrà and Rina Grande DDS. Unusual positive correlations were found at Nel Cannestrà between gas flux and SE wind speed and at Rina Grande between gas flux and soil moisture, which are explained by the local conditions, which favour respectively a Venturi effect and the increase in gas flux toward the station during rains. Ten months of continuous recording confirmed the strong influence of environmental conditions on the CO2 soil flux, but statistical data processing made it possible to recognize clear positive anomalies expressing high rates of deep magmatic CO2 degassing. Comparison with seismic data indicates that high CO2 fluxes are apparently correlated with increases in volcanic activity, such as higher explosion frequency and VLP amplitude. Particularly promising is the temporal coincidence of highest recorded flux anomaly with a major explosion that occurred during the observation period. Data confirm that the two continuously monitored DDS are preferentially deep degassing sites, where anomalous increases of CO2 release could represent a geochemical precursor for either high energy explosions from the craters or the opening of flank eruptive fissures that might threaten the village of Stromboli.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 231–245
    Beschreibung: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Stromboli volcano ; degassing structures ; diffuse CO2 fluxes ; geochemical volcanic precursors ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 48
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    Unbekannt
    Evolution of an active lava flow field using a multitemporal LIDAR acquisition (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-03
    Beschreibung: Application of light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology in volcanology has 7 developed rapidly over the past few years, being extremely useful for the generation 8 of high‐spatial‐resolution digital elevation models and for mapping eruption products. 9 However, LIDAR can also be used to yield detailed information about the dynamics of 10 lava movement, emplacement processes occuring across an active lava flow field, and the 11 volumes involved. Here we present the results of a multitemporal airborne LIDAR survey 12 flown to acquire data for an active flow field separated by time intervals ranging from 13 15 min to 25 h. Overflights were carried out over 2 d during the 2006 eruption of Mt. Etna, 14 Italy, coincident with lava emission from three ephemeral vent zones to feed lava flow in 15 six channels. In total 53 LIDAR images were collected, allowing us to track the volumetric 16 evolution of the entire flow field with temporal resolutions as low as ∼15 min and at a 17 spatial resolution of 〈1 m. This, together with accurate correction for systematic errors, 18 finely tuned DEM‐to‐DEM coregistration and an accurate residual error assessment, 19 permitted the quantification of the volumetric changes occuring across the flow field. We 20 record a characteristic flow emplacement mode, whereby flow front advance and channel 21 construction is fed by a series of volume pulses from the master vent. Volume pulses 22 have a characteristic morphology represented by a wave that moves down the channel 23 modifying existing channel‐levee constructs across the proximal‐medial zone and building 24 new ones in the distal zone. Our high‐resolution multitemporal LIDAR‐derived DEMs 25 allow calculation of the time‐averaged discharge rates associated with such a pulsed flow 26 emplacement regime, with errors under 1% for daily averaged values.
    Beschreibung: This work was partially funded by the Italian 930 Dipartimento della Protezione Civile in the frame of the 2007–2009 Agree- 931 ment with Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia–INGV. A.F. 932 benefited from the MIUR‐FIRB project “Piattaforma di ricerca multi‐disci- 933 plinare su terremoti e vulcani (AIRPLANE)” n. RBPR05B2ZJ. S.T. 934 benefited from the project FIRB “Sviluppo di nuove tecnologie per la prote- 935 zione e difesa del territorio dai rischi naturali (FUMO)” funded by the Italian 936 Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B11203
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): LIDAR ; lava flow ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 49
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Large mafic eruptions at Alban Hills Volcanic District (Central Italy): Chronostratigraphy, petrography and eruptive behavior (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Despite its ultra-potassic, basic geochemistry (40≤SiO2≤50 wt.%), the Alban Hills Volcanic District was characterized by a highly explosive phase of activity, the Tuscolano–Artemisio phase, which emplaced very large volumes (several tens of km3 each cycle) of pyroclastic-flow deposits, mafic in composition (SiO2≤45 wt.%) in the time span 600–350 ka. In contrast to the abundance of pyroclastic-flow deposits, very scarce basal Plinian deposits and, more in general, fallout deposits are associated to these products. While some of the pyroclastic-flow deposits have been described in previous literature, no specific work on the Tuscolano–Artemisio phase of activity has been published so far. In particular, very little is known on the products of the early stages, as well as of the final, post-caldera activity of each eruptive cycle. Here we present a comprehensive stratigraphic and geochronologic study of the Tuscolano–Artemisio phase of activity, along with new textural and petrographic data. We describe the detailed stratigraphy and petrography of five reference sections, where the most complete suites of products of the eruptive cycles, comprising the initial through the final stages, are exposed.We assess the geochronology of these sections by means of 18 new 40Ar/39Ar age determinations, integrating them with 16 previously performed, aimed to describe the eruptive behavior of the Alban Hills Volcanic District during this phase of activity, and to assess the recurrence time and the duration of the dormancies. The overall explosive activity appears to be strictly clustered in five eruptive cycles, fairly regularly spaced in time and separated by very long dormancies, in the order of several ten of kyr, during which no volumetrically appreciable eruption occurred, as the lack of deposits dated to this time-interval testify.We propose a volcanotectonic model that explains this peculiar eruptive behavior, unparalleled in the other coeval volcanic districts of the Tyrrhenian margin of Italy, as related to the local transpressive tectonic regime.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 217-232
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Alban Hills 40Ar/39Ar geochronology explosive eruptions K-alkaline magmas pyroclastic-flow deposits volcanotectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 50
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Predicting the impact of lava flows at Mount Etna, Italy (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Forecasting the time, nature, and impact of future eruptions is difficult at volcanoes such as Mount Etna, in Italy, where eruptions occur from the summit and on the flanks, affecting areas distant from each other. Nonetheless, the identification and quantification of areas at risk from new eruptions are fundamental for mitigating potential human casualties and material damage. Here, we present new results from the application of a methodology to define flexible high‐resolution lava invasion susceptibility maps based on a reliable computational model for simulating lava flows at Etna and on a validation procedure for assessing the correctness of susceptibility mapping in the study area. Furthermore, specific scenarios can be extracted at any time from the simulation database, for land use and civil defense planning in the long term, to quantify, in real time, the impact of an imminent eruption, and to assess the efficiency of protective measures.
    Beschreibung: This work was sponsored by the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research, FIRB project RBAU01RMZ4 “Lava flow simulations by Cellular Automata,” and by the National Civil Defense Department and INGV (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology), project V3_6/09 “V3_6 – Etna.”
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B04203
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): lava flows ; volcanic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 51
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    Unbekannt
    Vesiculation in magmas from Stromboli and implications for normal Strombolian activity and paroxysmal explosions in basaltic systems (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We performed a series of X-ray tomographic experiments and lattice Boltzmann permeability simulations on pyroclastic products from explosive activity at Stromboli between December 2004 and May 2006. We reconstructed the 3-D textures of vesicles to investigate the relationship between the nature of vesiculation in the erupted products and the dynamics of gas transport in the shallow conduit in order to derive implications for the eruptive behavior of basaltic volcanoes. Scoriae from normal Strombolian explosions display remarkably consistent vesicle volume distributions fit by power laws with an exponent of 1 (±0.2). We ascribe the origin of such distributions to the combined effect of coalescence and continuous nucleation events in the steady state, shallow magma system that supplies normal Strombolian activity. Volume distributions and textures of vesicles in pumice clasts from the 5 April 2003 and 15 March 2007 paroxysmal activity are markedly different from those in the scoriae. Besides a power law function with a higher exponent, portions of these distributions can be also fit by an exponential function, suggesting the attempt of the system to reach near-equilibrium conditions. The investigated pumice clasts also lack the large, connecting vesicles responsible for the development of degassing pathways in the Stromboli magma that erupts the scoriae. This testifies to a decreased degassing efficiency of the magma associated with paroxysmal explosions and potential overpressure buildup at depth. By comparison with degassing experiments on basaltic melts, we derive a time constraint on the order of minutes to hours for the incubation of paroxysms at Stromboli.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B01206
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): basaltic explosions ; vesicle textures ; third dimension ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 52
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    Unbekannt
    The role of syn-eruptive vesiculation on explosive basaltic activity at Mt. Etna, Italy (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We investigated the dynamics of explosive activity at Mt. Etna between 31 August and 15 December 2006 by combining vesicle studies in the erupted products with measurements of the gas composition at the active, summit crater. The analysed scoria clasts present large, connected vesicles with complex shapes and smaller, isolated, spherical vesicles, the content of which increases in scoriae from the most explosive events. Gas geochemistry reports CO2/SO2 and SO2/HCl ratios supporting a deep-derived gas phase for fire-fountain activity. By integrating results from scoria vesiculation and gas analysis we find that the highest energy episodes of Mt. Etna activity in 2006 were driven by a previously accumulated CO2-rich gas phase but we highlight the lesser role of syn-eruptive vesicle nucleation driven by water exsolution during ascent. We conclude that syn-eruptive vesiculation is a common process in Etnean magmas that may promote a deeper conduit magma fragmentation and increase ash formation.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 265-269
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Etna ; fire-fountains ; vesicle textures ; volcanic degassing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 53
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    Unbekannt
    Anatomy of an unstable volcano from InSAR: Multiple processes affecting flank instability at Mt. Etna, 1994–2008 (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-03
    Beschreibung: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union.
    Beschreibung: Volcano deformation may occur under different conditions. To understand how a volcano deforms, as well as relations with magmatic activity, we studied Mt. Etna in detail using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from 1994 to 2008. From 1994 to 2000, the volcano inflated with a linear behavior. The inflation was accompanied by eastward and westward slip on the eastern and western flanks, respectively. The portions proximal to the summit showed higher inflation rates, whereas the distal portions showed several sectors bounded by faults, in some cases behaving as rigid blocks. From 2000 to 2003, the deformation became nonlinear, especially on the proximal eastern and western flanks, showing marked eastward and westward displacements, respectively. This behavior resulted from the deformation induced by the emplacement of feeder dikes during the 2001 and 2002–2003 eruptions. From 2003 to 2008, the deformation approached linearity again, even though the overall pattern continued to be influenced by the emplacement of the dikes from 2001 to 2002. The eastward velocity on the eastern flank showed a marked asymmetry between the faster sectors to the north and those (largely inactive) to the south. In addition, from 1994 to 2008 part of the volcano base (south, west, and north lower slopes) experienced a consistent trend of uplift on the order of ∼0.5 cm/yr. This study reveals that the flanks of Etna have undergone a complex instability resulting from three main processes. In the long term (103–104 years), the load of the volcano is responsible for the development of a peripheral bulge. In the intermediate term (≤101 years, observed from 1994 to 2000), inflation due to the accumulation of magma induces a moderate and linear uplift and outward slip of the flanks. In the short term (≤1 year, observed from 2001 to 2002), the emplacement of feeder dikes along the NE and south rifts results in a nonlinear, focused, and asymmetric deformation on the eastern and western flanks. Deformation due to flank instability is widespread at Mt. Etna, regardless of volcanic activity, and remains by far the predominant type of deformation on the volcano.
    Beschreibung: ESA provided the SAR data (Cat‐1 no. 4532 and GEO Supersite initiative). The DEM was obtained from the SRTM archive, while the ERS‐1/2 orbits are courtesy of the TU‐Delft, The Netherlands. This work was partially funded by INGV and the Italian DPC (DPCINGV project V4 “Flank”), the Italian DPC (under special agreement with IREA‐CNR), and the Italian Space Agency under contract “sistema rischio vulcanico (SRV).” The authors thank Francesco Casu, Paolo Berardino, and Riccardo Lanari for their support and Geoff Wadge and Michael Poland for their helpful and constructive review of the manuscript.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: B10405
    Beschreibung: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Flank instability ; InSAR ; volcanoes ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest::05.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 54
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Predicting the impact of lava flows at Mount Etna (Italy) (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Forecasting the time, nature and impact of future eruptions is difficult at volcanoes such as Mount Etna, in Italy, where eruptions occur from the summit and on the flanks, affecting areas distant from each other. Nonetheless, the identification and quantification of areas at risk from new eruptions is fundamental for mitigating potential human casualties and material damage. Here, we present new results from the application of a methodology to define flexible high-resolution lava invasion susceptibility maps based on a reliable computational model for simulating lava flows at Etna and on a validation procedure for assessing the correctness of susceptibility mapping in the study area. Furthermore, specific scenarios can be extracted at any time from the simulation database, for land-use and civil defence planning in the long-term, to quantify, in real-time, the impact of an imminent eruption, and to assess the efficiency of protective measures.
    Beschreibung: This work was sponsored by the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research, FIRB project n° RBAU01RMZ4 “Lava flow simulations by Cellular Automata”, and by the National Civil Defence Department and INGV (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology), project V3_6/09 “V3_6 – Etna”.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): lava flows ; Etna ; hazard evaluation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 55
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Hydrothermal instability and ground displacement at the Campi Flegrei caldera (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-10-10
    Beschreibung: Ground deformation is commonly observed at active volcanoes, where it represents a reliable sign of unrest and a potential precursor of eruptive activity. The source of deformation, however, is not always unequivocally constrained. Magma ascent and differentiation are generally involved, but hydrothermal fluids may play a role, due to thermal expansion and pore pressure acting on rocks. The identification of mechanisms driving ground displacement bears important consequences for hazard evaluation. The aim of this work is to evaluate mechanical effects associated with pressurization and heating of hydrothermal fluids. We first simulate the heat and fluid flow driven by the arrival of magmatic fluids from greater depth. Then, we calcu- late the rock deformation arising from simulated pressure and temperature changes within a shallow hydrothermal system. We employ a mathematical model, based on the linear theory of thermo-poro-elasticity and on a system of distributed equivalent forces. Results show that stronger degassing of a magmatic source may cause several centimeters of uplift.
    Beschreibung: INGV-DPC Project V1 Unrest
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 155-161
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrothermal system ; ground deformation ; poro-elasticity ; volcanic unrest ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 56
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    The Miocene Costa Giardini diatreme, Iblean Mountains, southern Italy: Model for maar-diatreme formation on a submerged carbonate platform (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-24
    Beschreibung: In this paper we present a model for the growth of a maar-diatreme complex in a shallow marine environment. The Miocene-age Costa Giardini diatreme near Sortino, in the region of the Iblei Mountains of southern Sicily, has an outer tuff ring formed by the accumulation of debris flows and surge deposits during hydromagmatic eruptions. Vesicular lava clasts, accretionary lapilli and bombs in the older ejecta indicate that initial eruptions were of gas-rich magma. Abundant xenoliths in the upper, late-deposited beds of the ring suggest rapid magma ascent, and deepening of the eruptive vent is shown by the change in slope of the country rock. The interior of the diatreme contains nonbedded breccia composed of both volcanic and country rock clasts of variable size and amount. The occurrence of bedded hyaloclastite breccia in an isolated outcrop in the middle-lower part of the diatreme suggests subaqueous effusion at a low rate following the end of explosive activity. Intrusions of nonvesicular magma, forming plugs and dikes, occur on the western side of the diatreme, and at the margins, close to the contact between breccia deposits and country rock; they indicate involvement of volatile-poor magma, possibly during late stages of activity. We propose that initial hydromagmatic explosive activity occurred in a shallow marine environment and the ejecta created a rampart that isolated for a short time the inner crater from the surrounding marine environment. This allowed explosive activity to draw down the water table in the vicinity of the vent and caused deepening of the explosive center. A subsequent decrease in the effusion rate and cessation of explosive eruptions allowed the crater to refill with water, at which time the hyaloclastite was deposited. Emplacement of dikes and plugs occurred nonexplosively while the breccia sediment was mostly still soft and unconsolidated, locally forming peperites. The sheltered, low-energy lagoon filled with marine limestones mixed with volcaniclastic material eroded from the surrounding ramparts. Ultimately, lagoonal sediments accumulated in the crater until subsidence or erosion of the tuff ring caused a return to normal shallow marine conditions.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): maar ; diatreme ; volcaniclastic ; hyaloclastite ; Iblean plateau ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 57
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Detachment depth revealed by rollover deformation: An integrated approach at Mount Etna (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Flank instability is common at volcanoes, even though the subsurface structures, including the depth to a detachment fault, remain poorly constrained. Here, we use a multidisciplinary approach, applicable to most volcanoes, to evaluate the detachment depth of the unstable NE flank of Mt. Etna. InSAR observations of Mount Etna during 1995–2008 show a trapdoor subsidence of the upper NE flank, with a maximum deformation against the NE Rift. The trapdoor tilt was highest in magnitude in 2002–2004, contemporaneous with the maximum rates of eastward slip along the east flank. We explain this deformation as due to a general eastward displacement of the flank, activating a rotational detachment and forming a rollover anticline, the head of which is against the NE Rift. Established 2D rollover construction models, constrained by morphological and structural data, suggest that the east‐dipping detachment below the upper NE flank lies at around 4 km below the surface. This depth is consistent with seismicity that clusters above 2–3 km below sea level. Therefore, the episodically unstable NE flank lies above an east‐dipping rotational detachment confined by the NE Rift and Pernicana Fault. Our approach, which combines short‐term (InSAR) and long‐term (geological) observations, constrains the 3D geometry and kinematics of part of the unstable flank of Etna and may be applicable and effective to understand the deeper structure of volcanoes undergoing flank instability or unrest.
    Beschreibung: This work was partially funded by INGV and the DPC‐INGV project “Flank”, and partially by the ASI (SRV project).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L16304
    Beschreibung: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): flank instability ; fault ; InSAR ; Etna ; rollover ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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