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  • Articles  (80)
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  • 2010-2014  (63)
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  • Articles  (80)
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  • 1
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    The Economics of Information, Deep Capture, and the Obesity Debate (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: The economic theory of regulatory capture predicts that industry groups will attempt to influence their regulators (for example, by lobbying for rules that exclude competition). It has been suggested that the same logic applies to any powerful institution with the ability to affect industry profits. When the aim of industry is to alter the public’s perception of its product (for example, by disseminating favorable messages to the news media or via an advertising campaign, or by funding industry-friendly scientific research), the end result has been dubbed deep capture. We develop a formal model of deep capture, in which consumers have imperfect information about product quality, and a dominant producer is able to increase his profits by altering the parameters of the consumer’s search problem. We demonstrate the empirical relevance of the phenomenon with a discussion of the food industry response to the obesity epidemic.
    Keywords: D18 - Consumer Protection, D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, L15 - Information and Product Quality ; Standardization and Compatibility, L51 - Economics of Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    The Effects of Experience on Preferences: Theory and Empirics for Environmental Public Goods (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This article develops a choice model for environmental public goods, which allows for consumers to learn about their preferences through consumption experiences. We develop a theoretical model of Bayesian updating, perform comparative statics over the model, and show how the theoretical model can be consistently incorporated into a reduced form econometric model. Our main findings are that in a random utility model (RUM) discrete choice model, a subject's scale should increase and the variability of scale should decrease with experience if subjects are Bayesians. We then estimate the model using field data regarding preferences for one particular public good, water quality. We find strong evidence that additional experience increases scale, thereby making consumer preferences more predictable from the econometrician's perspective. We find supportive but less convincing evidence that experience decreases the variability of scale across subjects.
    Keywords: C51 - Model Construction and Estimation, D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, H43 - Project Evaluation ; Social Discount Rate, Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    The path- and place-dependent nature of scientific knowledge production in biotech 1986-2008 (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: This study explores the worldwide spatial evolution of scientific knowledge production in biotechnology in the period 1986–2008. We employ new methodology that identifies new key topics in biotech on the basis of frequent use of title worlds in major biotech journals as an indication of new cognitive developments within this scientific field. Our analyses show that biotech is subject to a path- and place-dependent process of knowledge production. We observed a high degree of re-occurrences of similar key topics in biotech in consecutive years. Furthermore, slow growth cities in biotech are characterized by topics that are less technologically related to other topics, while high growth cities in biotech contribute to topics that are more related to the entire set of existing topics. Slow growth and stable growth cities in biotech introduced more new topics, while fast growth cities in biotech introduced more promising topics. Slow growth cities also showed low levels of research collaboration, as compared with stable and high growth cities.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L65 - Chemicals ; Rubber ; Drugs ; Biotechnology, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Accessing remote knowledge--the roles of trade fairs, pipelines, crowdsourcing and listening posts (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: Work on clusters during the last few decades convincingly demonstrates enhanced opportunities for local growth and entrepreneurship, but external upstream knowledge linkages are often overlooked or taken for granted. This article is an attempt to remedy this situation by investigating why and how young, single-site firms search for distant sources of complementary competences. The discussion is positioned within a comprehensive framework that allows a systematic investigation of the approaches available to firms engaged in globally extended learning. By utilizing the distinction between problem awareness (what remote knowledge is needed?) and source awareness (where does this knowledge reside?) the article explores the relative merits and inherent limitations of pipelines, listening posts, crowdsourcing and trade fairs to acquire knowledge and solutions from geographically and relationally remote sources.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    How controversial innovation succeeds in the periphery? A network perspective of BASF Argentina (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: This article builds elements of a theory of peripheral innovation in transnational corporations. Although subsidiaries at the geographical periphery of the global economy and at the organizational periphery of their headquarters often contribute a negligible amount to the corporate global revenues, this article provides evidence on the role of these peripheries in knowledge creation and in enforcing controversial innovations. Based on an embedded and mixed-method case study of the Argentinean subsidiary of the chemical corporation BASF that uses qualitative interviews and a social network survey of knowledge sharing among employees, this article develops three sets of propositions about contextual and network opportunities for creating and enforcing innovations in the periphery of transnational corporations.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    The creation of knowledge: local building, global accessing and economic development--toward an agenda (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: This article argues that local knowledge building and global (nonlocal) knowledge-accessing practices in economic development are intrinsically interwoven. They generate fundamental feedback loops, which are channeled through and lead to ongoing knowledge circulation. To better understand the nature of the specific mechanisms and conditions underlying these processes, three key areas of research are identified for current and future research. These are related to (i) creative agents and the nature of local creative processes, (ii) community formation and local creativity from ideas to market penetration and (iii) temporary gatherings as translocal knowledge platforms.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L23 - Organization of Production, M21 - Business Economics, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Global temporary networks of clusters: structures and dynamics of trade fairs in Asian economies (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-10
    Description: Acting as temporary clusters, trade fairs can turn into trans-local learning spaces in global industrial communities. However, up to now, how temporary gatherings are related to regional/national economies has not yet been systematically investigated. This article approaches the question with an international comparative study of trade fairs in Asian economies. Generally, consistent with a dynamic interpretation of temporary clusters, trade fairs exhibit a more diverse configuration of participants, being a setting more compatible for knowledge creation, in more developed Asian economies. However, structures of trade fairs are also influenced by organizational features of embedded economies. Further, seven flagship electronics fairs suggest an architecture of global temporary networks of clusters for high-end learning processes in the global knowledge economy.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, O53 - Asia including Middle East, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Distinguishing beliefs from preferences in food choice (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-02
    Description: In the past two decades, there has been an explosion of studies eliciting consumer willingness-to-pay for food attributes; however, this work has largely refrained from drawing a distinction between preferences for health, safety and quality on the one hand and consumers' subjective beliefs that the products studied possess these attributes, on the other. Using data from three experimental studies, along with structural economic models, we show that controlling for subjective beliefs can substantively alter the interpretation of results and the ultimate implications derived from a study. The results suggest the need to measure subjective beliefs in studies of consumer choice and to utilise the measures when making policy and marketing recommendations.
    Keywords: C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior, D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Universities challenged (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 16;514(7522):273. doi: 10.1038/514273a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25318484" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Diffusion of Innovation ; Faculty ; Internationality ; Internet/utilization ; Knowledge ; Learning ; Students/statistics & numerical data ; Universities/economics/*organization & administration/*trends
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 10
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    Communication: Spontaneous scientists (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bernstein, Rachel -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jan 2;505(7481):121-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24386670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Communication ; Curriculum ; Drama ; Games, Experimental ; Learning ; Professional Competence ; *Research Personnel/education
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 11
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    The university experiment: Campus as laboratory (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 16;514(7522):288-91. doi: 10.1038/514288a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25318505" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Communication ; Curriculum/trends ; Education/methods/trends ; Germany ; Great Britain ; Internet ; Learning ; Republic of Korea ; South Africa ; Teaching/*methods ; Universities/economics/organization & administration/*trends
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 12
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    The cultural evolution of mind reading (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-21
    Description: It is not just a manner of speaking: "Mind reading," or working out what others are thinking and feeling, is markedly similar to print reading. Both of these distinctly human skills recover meaning from signs, depend on dedicated cortical areas, are subject to genetically heritable disorders, show cultural variation around a universal core, and regulate how people behave. But when it comes to development, the evidence is conflicting. Some studies show that, like learning to read print, learning to read minds is a long, hard process that depends on tuition. Others indicate that even very young, nonliterate infants are already capable of mind reading. Here, we propose a resolution to this conflict. We suggest that infants are equipped with neurocognitive mechanisms that yield accurate expectations about behavior ("automatic" or "implicit" mind reading), whereas "explicit" mind reading, like literacy, is a culturally inherited skill; it is passed from one generation to the next by verbal instruction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heyes, Cecilia M -- Frith, Chris D -- 091593/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 20;344(6190):1243091. doi: 10.1126/science.1243091.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉All Souls College and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4AL, UK. cecilia.heyes@all-souls.ox.ac.uk. ; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24948740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Autistic Disorder/psychology ; Brain/physiology ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition ; *Cultural Evolution ; Dyslexia/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; *Nonverbal Communication ; *Telepathy ; *Theory of Mind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 13
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    Genomics. Bird genomes give new perches to old friends (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 12;346(6215):1275-6. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6215.1275.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504693" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds/classification/*genetics/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genome ; Genomics ; *Introns ; Learning ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Vocalization, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 14
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    Helping robots see the big picture (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 10;346(6206):186-7. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6206.186.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25301616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Learning ; *Neural Networks (Computer) ; Robotics/*instrumentation ; *Vision, Ocular ; *Visual Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 15
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    Human cognition. Foundations of human reasoning in the prefrontal cortex (2014)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-31
    Description: The prefrontal cortex (PFC) subserves reasoning in the service of adaptive behavior. Little is known, however, about the architecture of reasoning processes in the PFC. Using computational modeling and neuroimaging, we show here that the human PFC has two concurrent inferential tracks: (i) one from ventromedial to dorsomedial PFC regions that makes probabilistic inferences about the reliability of the ongoing behavioral strategy and arbitrates between adjusting this strategy versus exploring new ones from long-term memory, and (ii) another from polar to lateral PFC regions that makes probabilistic inferences about the reliability of two or three alternative strategies and arbitrates between exploring new strategies versus exploiting these alternative ones. The two tracks interact and, along with the striatum, realize hypothesis testing for accepting versus rejecting newly created strategies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Donoso, Mael -- Collins, Anne G E -- Koechlin, Etienne -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 27;344(6191):1481-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1252254. Epub 2014 May 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (U960), 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France. Department d'Etudes Cognitives (DEC), Ecole Normale Superieure, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France. Centre de Neuro-imagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France. ; Department d'Etudes Cognitives (DEC), Ecole Normale Superieure, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France. Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. ; INSERM, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (U960), 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France. Department d'Etudes Cognitives (DEC), Ecole Normale Superieure, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France. Centre de Neuro-imagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France. etienne.koechlin@upmc.fr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876345" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Algorithms ; Basal Ganglia/physiology ; Bayes Theorem ; Behavior ; Brain Mapping ; *Cognition ; Computer Simulation ; Female ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Humans ; Learning ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory ; Models, Neurological ; Prefrontal Cortex/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Probability ; *Thinking ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 16
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    The Impact of Information Provision on Agglomeration Bonus Performance: An Experimental Study on Local Networks (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-23
    Description: The agglomeration bonus is an incentive mechanism to induce adjacent landowners to spatially coordinate their land use for the delivery of ecosystem services from farmland. This paper uses laboratory experiments to explore the performance of the agglomeration bonus in achieving the socially optimal land management configuration in a local network environment where the information available to subjects varies and the strategic setting is unfavorable for efficient coordination. The experiments indicate that if subjects are informed about both their direct and indirect neighbors’ actions, they are more likely to produce the socially optimal configuration. Thus effectiveness of the policy can be improved by implementing information dissemination exercises among landowners. However given the adverse strategic setting, increased game experience leads to coordination failure and optimal land choices only at the localized level independent of the information available to subjects. Thus success of the agglomeration bonus scheme on real landscapes will have to take account of the roles of both information and experience on participant behavior.
    Keywords: C72 - Noncooperative Games, C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior, C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior, D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory, Q25 - Water, Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 17
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    Modelling interdependent participation incentives: dynamics of a voluntary livestock disease control programme (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-02
    Description: With focus on seedstock herds selling replacements and a qualified class of diseases, this paper models producers' interdependent incentives to participate in a voluntary livestock disease control programme. Under strategic complementarity among participation decisions, momentum can build such that market premium for participation and participation rate increase sequentially. Non-participation, partial participation and full participation can all be Nash equilibria. Participation cost heterogeneity will dispose the outcome towards incomplete participation. We find plausible conditions under which temporary government subsidies cause tipping towards full participation. Applying parameters from the literature on Johne's disease, we illustrate factors that may affect participation.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, I15 - Health and Economic Development, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 18
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    Understanding neurocognitive developmental disorders can improve education for all (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-20
    Description: Specific learning disabilities (SLDs) are estimated to affect up to 10% of the population, and they co-occur far more often than would be expected, given their prevalences. We need to understand the complex etiology of SLDs and their co-occurrences in order to underpin the training of teachers, school psychologists, and clinicians, so that they can reliably recognize SLDs and optimize the learning contexts for individual learners.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Butterworth, Brian -- Kovas, Yulia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 19;340(6130):300-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1231022.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK. b.butterworth@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599478" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Attention Deficit Disorder with ; Hyperactivity/diagnosis/physiopathology/psychology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition Disorders/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*etiology/genetics ; Education, Medical/methods ; Education, Special/methods ; Faculty ; Humans ; Learning ; Learning Disorders/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*etiology/genetics ; Nerve Net/*abnormalities/growth & development ; Physicians ; Prevalence ; Psychology/education ; Teaching/*methods
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 19
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    Experimental evidence for the influence of group size on cultural complexity (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-15
    Description: The remarkable ecological and demographic success of humanity is largely attributed to our capacity for cumulative culture. The accumulation of beneficial cultural innovations across generations is puzzling because transmission events are generally imperfect, although there is large variance in fidelity. Events of perfect cultural transmission and innovations should be more frequent in a large population. As a consequence, a large population size may be a prerequisite for the evolution of cultural complexity, although anthropological studies have produced mixed results and empirical evidence is lacking. Here we use a dual-task computer game to show that cultural evolution strongly depends on population size, as players in larger groups maintained higher cultural complexity. We found that when group size increases, cultural knowledge is less deteriorated, improvements to existing cultural traits are more frequent, and cultural trait diversity is maintained more often. Our results demonstrate how changes in group size can generate both adaptive cultural evolution and maladaptive losses of culturally acquired skills. As humans live in habitats for which they are ill-suited without specific cultural adaptations, it suggests that, in our evolutionary past, group-size reduction may have exposed human societies to significant risks, including societal collapse.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Derex, Maxime -- Beugin, Marie-Pauline -- Godelle, Bernard -- Raymond, Michel -- England -- Nature. 2013 Nov 21;503(7476):389-91. doi: 10.1038/nature12774. Epub 2013 Nov 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Montpellier II, Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24226775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Biological Evolution ; Cultural Diversity ; *Cultural Evolution ; Ecosystem ; *Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Knowledge ; Learning ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Theoretical ; *Population Density ; Random Allocation ; Time Factors ; Video Games ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 20
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    IBI* series winner. An inquiry into the water around us (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saitta, Erin K H -- Legron-Rodriguez, Tamra -- Bowdon, Melody A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 30;341(6149):971-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1230000.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Karen L. Smith Faculty Center for Teaching and Learning, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990552" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Engineering/*education ; Learning ; Mathematics/*education ; Schools ; Science/*education ; Technology/*education ; Water/*chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Grand challenge: undergraduate teaching. Transformation is possible if a university really cares (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 19;340(6130):292-6. doi: 10.1126/science.340.6130.292.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599476" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Engineering/*education ; Faculty ; Learning ; Mathematics/*education ; Models, Educational ; Nobel Prize ; Science/*education ; Teaching/*methods ; Technology/*education ; *Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The challenge of education and learning in the developing world (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-20
    Description: Across many different contexts, randomized evaluations find that school participation is sensitive to costs: Reducing out-of-pocket costs, merit scholarships, and conditional cash transfers all increase schooling. Addressing child health and providing information on how earnings rise with education can increase schooling even more cost-effectively. However, among those in school, test scores are remarkably low and unresponsive to more-of-the-same inputs, such as hiring additional teachers, buying more textbooks, or providing flexible grants. In contrast, pedagogical reforms that match teaching to students' learning levels are highly cost effective at increasing learning, as are reforms that improve accountability and incentives, such as local hiring of teachers on short-term contracts. Technology could potentially improve pedagogy and accountability. Improving pre- and postprimary education are major future challenges.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kremer, Michael -- Brannen, Conner -- Glennerster, Rachel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 19;340(6130):297-300. doi: 10.1126/science.1235350.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599477" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Developing Countries ; Educational Measurement ; *Faculty/organization & administration/standards/supply & distribution ; Humans ; Learning ; Schools/*economics ; Teaching/*economics/*methods ; Training Support
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Global cluster networks--foreign direct investment flows from Canada to China (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-19
    Description: Using a network perspective of multinational firms, this article develops conceptions of global cluster networks and global city-region networks that are based on foreign direct investment (FDI) activities. The article first formulates a global cluster-network hypothesis suggesting that multinational cluster firms are more likely to set up new foreign affiliates in other, similarly specialized clusters to keep up with global industry dynamics. Conversely, it is suggested that non-cluster firms are more likely to avoid cluster destinations in their FDIs. Second, it is hypothesized that cluster networks generate connections between city-regions in different countries that are horizontal and vertical in character and thus shape global city-region networks. To test these hypotheses, the spatial patterns of 299 FDI cases from Canada to China between 2006 and 2010 are investigated, generally supporting the hypotheses developed.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Distance as asset? Knowledge collaboration in hybrid virtual communities (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-19
    Description: This article takes issue with the reification of proximity in the current debates about the geographies of knowledge production. It aims at developing a more differentiated view on the spatialities of learning by focussing on knowledge practices in which neither physical nor relational proximity are available. More specifically, the article explores on the basis of a ‘netnographic approach’ interactive knowledge collaboration in nine ‘hybrid virtual communities’ that reflect a broad spectrum of organizational set-ups from firm hosted over firm related to independent communities. Our empirical analysis reveals that hybrid virtual communities even in the absence of physical or relational proximity are able to produce economically useful knowledge; that despite the low importance of proximity the physical and material conditions play a crucial role for knowledge collaboration in hybrid virtual communities; and that hybrid virtual communities afford unique technical opportunities and social dynamics that foster learning processes unattainable in face-to-face contexts.
    Keywords: D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L17 - Open Source Products and Markets
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Memory's penumbra: episodic memory decisions induce lingering mnemonic biases (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-28
    Description: How do we decide if the people we meet and the things we see are familiar or new? If something is new, we need to encode it as a memory distinct from already stored episodes, using a process known as pattern separation. If familiar, it can be used to reactivate a previously stored memory, by a process known as pattern completion. To orchestrate these conflicting processes, current models propose that the episodic memory system uses environmental cues to establish processing biases that favor either pattern separation during encoding or pattern completion during retrieval. To assess this theory, we measured how people's memory formation and decisions are influenced by their recent engagement in episodic encoding and retrieval. We found that the recent encoding of novel objects improved subsequent identification of subtle changes, a task thought to rely on pattern separation. Conversely, recent retrieval of old objects increased the subsequent integration of stored information into new memories, a process thought to rely on pattern completion. These experiments provide behavioral evidence that episodic encoding and retrieval evoke lingering biases that influence subsequent mnemonic processing.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527841/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3527841/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duncan, Katherine -- Sadanand, Arhanti -- Davachi, Lila -- R01 MH074692/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 27;337(6093):485-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1221936.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22837528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cues ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Learning ; *Memory ; *Memory, Episodic ; *Mental Recall
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cuckoos combat socially transmitted defenses of reed warbler hosts with a plumage polymorphism (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-04
    Description: In predator-prey and host-parasite interactions, an individual's ability to combat an opponent often improves with experience--for example, by learning to identify enemy signals. Although learning occurs through individual experience, individuals can also assess threats from social information. Such recognition could promote the evolution of polymorphisms if socially transmitted defenses depend on enemy morph frequency. This would allow rare variants to evade detection. Female brood parasitic common cuckoos, Cuculus canorus, are either gray or rufous. The gray morph is a Batesian mimic whose hawk-like appearance deters host attack. Hosts reject this disguise through social learning, increasing their own defenses when they witness neighbors mobbing a cuckoo. Our experiments reveal that social learning is specific to the cuckoo morph that neighbors mob. Therefore, while neighbors alert hosts to local cuckoo activity, frequency-dependent social information selects for a cuckoo plumage polymorphism to thwart host detection. Our results suggest that selection for mimicry and polymorphisms comes not only from personal experience but also from social learning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thorogood, Rose -- Davies, Nicholas B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 3;337(6094):578-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1220759.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. rt303@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22859487" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Feathers/*anatomy & histology ; Female ; Learning ; *Nesting Behavior ; *Pigmentation ; *Social Behavior ; Songbirds/*anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Theory and simulation in neuroscience (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-09
    Description: Modeling work in neuroscience can be classified using two different criteria. The first one is the complexity of the model, ranging from simplified conceptual models that are amenable to mathematical analysis to detailed models that require simulations in order to understand their properties. The second criterion is that of direction of workflow, which can be from microscopic to macroscopic scales (bottom-up) or from behavioral target functions to properties of components (top-down). We review the interaction of theory and simulation using examples of top-down and bottom-up studies and point to some current developments in the fields of computational and theoretical neuroscience.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gerstner, Wulfram -- Sprekeler, Henning -- Deco, Gustavo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 5;338(6103):60-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1227356.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Computer and Communication Sciences and Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. wulfram.gerstner@epfl.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23042882" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior ; *Computer Simulation ; Decision Making ; Humans ; Learning ; Memory ; *Models, Neurological ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Neurosciences/*methods ; Reward
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolution: Adapted to culture (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pagel, Mark -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 15;482(7385):297-9. doi: 10.1038/482297a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, UK. m.pagel@reading.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22337031" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Altruism ; Animals ; *Communication/history ; *Cultural Evolution/history ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Knowledge ; *Language/history ; Learning ; *Social Behavior/history ; Social Justice/psychology ; Survival
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Mysteries of the brain. Can we make our brains more plastic? (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 5;338(6103):36-7, 39. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6103.36.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23042868" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/cytology/*physiology ; Humans ; Learning ; Mice ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/*physiology ; Recognition (Psychology)
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Depression and hippocampal neurogenesis: a road to remission? (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-09
    Description: Adult-generated hippocampal neurons are required for mood control and antidepressant efficacy, raising hopes that someday we can harness the power of new neurons to treat mood disorders such as depression. However, conflicting findings from preclinical research--involving stress, depression, and neurogenesis--highlight the complexity of considering neurogenesis as a road to remission from depression. To reconcile differences in the literature, we introduce the "neurogenic interactome," a platform from which to consider the diverse and dynamic factors regulating neurogenesis. We propose consideration of the varying perspectives--system, region, and local regulation of neurogenesis--offered by the interactome and exchange of ideas between the fields of learning and memory and mood disorder research to clarify the role of neurogenesis in the etiology and treatment of depression.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756889/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756889/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eisch, Amelia J -- Petrik, David -- K02 DA023555/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA016765/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 5;338(6103):72-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1222941.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9070, USA. amelia.eisch@utsouthwestern.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23042885" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Depressive Disorder, Major/*pathology/*physiopathology/psychology ; Hippocampus/*growth & development/pathology/*physiopathology ; Humans ; Learning ; Memory ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; *Neurogenesis ; Neurons/pathology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Generation of a synthetic memory trace (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-24
    Description: We investigated the effect of activating a competing, artificially generated, neural representation on encoding of contextual fear memory in mice. We used a c-fos-based transgenic approach to introduce the hM(3)D(q) DREADD receptor (designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug) into neurons naturally activated by sensory experience. Neural activity could then be specifically and inducibly increased in the hM(3)D(q)-expressing neurons by an exogenous ligand. When an ensemble of neurons for one context (ctxA) was artificially activated during conditioning in a distinct second context (ctxB), mice formed a hybrid memory representation. Reactivation of the artificially stimulated network within the conditioning context was required for retrieval of the memory, and the memory was specific for the spatial pattern of neurons artificially activated during learning. Similar stimulation impaired recall when not part of the initial conditioning.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3956300/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3956300/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garner, Aleena R -- Rowland, David C -- Hwang, Sang Youl -- Baumgaertel, Karsten -- Roth, Bryan L -- Kentros, Cliff -- Mayford, Mark -- R01 DA028300/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA028300-04/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH057368/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH057368-14/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01DA028300/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01MH057368/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U19MH82441/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 23;335(6075):1513-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1214985.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442487" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/physiology ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Brain/*physiology ; CA1 Region, Hippocampal/physiopathology ; Clozapine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; Electroshock ; *Fear ; Genes, fos ; Learning ; *Memory ; Mental Recall ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Receptor, Muscarinic M3/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Animal cognition. 'Killjoys' challenge claims of clever animals (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 2;335(6072):1036-7. doi: 10.1126/science.335.6072.1036.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22383823" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Birds ; *Cognition ; Empathy ; Humans ; Learning ; Pan troglodytes ; Rats ; Theory of Mind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Identification of the social and cognitive processes underlying human cumulative culture (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: The remarkable ecological and demographic success of humanity is largely attributed to our capacity for cumulative culture, with knowledge and technology accumulating over time, yet the social and cognitive capabilities that have enabled cumulative culture remain unclear. In a comparative study of sequential problem solving, we provided groups of capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees, and children with an experimental puzzlebox that could be solved in three stages to retrieve rewards of increasing desirability. The success of the children, but not of the chimpanzees or capuchins, in reaching higher-level solutions was strongly associated with a package of sociocognitive processes-including teaching through verbal instruction, imitation, and prosociality-that were observed only in the children and covaried with performance.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4676561/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4676561/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dean, L G -- Kendal, R L -- Schapiro, S J -- Thierry, B -- Laland, K N -- 232823/European Research Council/International -- RR-15090/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U42 RR015090/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 2;335(6072):1114-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1213969.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Queen's Terrace, St. Andrews, Fife, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22383851" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Altruism ; Animals ; Cebus ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition ; Communication ; *Cultural Evolution ; Female ; Humans ; Imitative Behavior ; Interpersonal Relations ; Learning ; *Mental Processes ; Pan troglodytes ; *Problem Solving ; Reward ; *Social Behavior ; Teaching
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Neural basis of a pollinator's buffet: olfactory specialization and learning in Manduca sexta (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-12
    Description: Pollinators exhibit a range of innate and learned behaviors that mediate interactions with flowers, but the olfactory bases of these responses in a naturalistic context remain poorly understood. The hawkmoth Manduca sexta is an important pollinator for many night-blooming flowers but can learn--through olfactory conditioning--to visit other nectar resources. Analysis of the flowers that are innately attractive to moths shows that the scents all have converged on a similar chemical profile that, in turn, is uniquely represented in the moth's antennal (olfactory) lobe. Flexibility in visitation to nonattractive flowers, however, is mediated by octopamine-associated modulation of antennal-lobe neurons during learning. Furthermore, this flexibility does not extinguish the innate preferences. Such processing of stimuli through two olfactory channels, one involving an innate bias and the other a learned association, allows the moths to exist within a dynamic floral environment while maintaining specialized associations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Riffell, Jeffrey A -- Lei, Hong -- Abrell, Leif -- Hildebrand, John G -- R01-DC-02751/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 11;339(6116):200-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1225483. Epub 2012 Dec 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-800, USA. jriffell@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23223454" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/physiology ; Brain/physiology ; Electrophysiological Processes ; Feeding Behavior ; *Flowers ; Learning ; Male ; Manduca/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Octopamine/pharmacology/*physiology ; Odors ; Olfactory Pathways ; *Plant Nectar ; Pollination ; Smell/physiology ; Volatile Organic Compounds
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Consumer choices for nano-food and nano-packaging in France and Germany (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-28
    Description: An experiment with different information treatments was conducted in France and Germany to evaluate consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for food nanotechnology focusing on two applications: nano-fortification with vitamins and nano-packaging. Results show that many consumers in both countries are reluctant to accept nanotechnology in food. Being confronted with general information on nanotechnology, econometric estimations of WTP reveal that French consumers are more reluctant to accept nano-packaging, whereas German consumers are less inclined to accept nano-fortification compared with the respective other application. More detailed information on nanotechnology has a negative impact when voluntary access to relevant information is assured.
    Keywords: C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior, D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, I10 - General
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    The food crisis, mass media and the political economy of policy analysis and communication (2011)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-24
    Description: Few years ago, the widely shared view was that low food prices were a curse to developing countries. The dramatic increase in food prices in 2006–2008 appears to have fundamentally altered this view. The vast majority of analyses and reports in 2008 and 2009 state that high food prices have a devastating effect on developing countries. In this paper, we (i) document these changes in perspective; (ii) develop a model of policy communication to explain the cause of the change in views; and (iii) review the policy recommendations of the organisations that shifted their communication.
    Keywords: D23 - Organizational Behavior ; Transaction Costs ; Property Rights, D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, E31 - Price Level ; Inflation ; Deflation, L31 - Nonprofit Institutions ; NGOs, P16 - Political Economy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Early tagging of cortical networks is required for the formation of enduring associative memory (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-19
    Description: Although formation and stabilization of long-lasting associative memories are thought to require time-dependent coordinated hippocampal-cortical interactions, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we present evidence that neurons in the rat cortex must undergo a "tagging process" upon encoding to ensure the progressive hippocampal-driven rewiring of cortical networks that support remote memory storage. This process was AMPA- and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent, information-specific, and capable of modulating remote memory persistence by affecting the temporal dynamics of hippocampal-cortical interactions. Post-learning reinforcement of the tagging process via time-limited epigenetic modifications resulted in improved remote memory retrieval. Thus, early tagging of cortical networks is a crucial neurobiological process for remote memory formation whose functional properties fit the requirements imposed by the extended time scale of systems-level memory consolidation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lesburgueres, Edith -- Gobbo, Oliviero L -- Alaux-Cantin, Stephanie -- Hambucken, Anne -- Trifilieff, Pierre -- Bontempi, Bruno -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 18;331(6019):924-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1196164.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut des Maladies Neurodegeneratives, CNRS UMR 5293, Universites Bordeaux 1 et 2, Talence, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21330548" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Animals ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Food Preferences ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Histones/metabolism ; Learning ; Male ; *Memory, Long-Term ; Neural Pathways ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/cytology/*physiology ; Odors ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Signal Transduction ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Behavioral ecology. Why do parrots talk? Venezuelan site offers clues (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, Virginia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 22;333(6041):398-400. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6041.398.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21778375" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Imitative Behavior ; Learning ; Male ; Nesting Behavior ; *Parrots ; Venezuela ; *Vocalization, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Schema-dependent gene activation and memory encoding in neocortex (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-09
    Description: When new learning occurs against the background of established prior knowledge, relevant new information can be assimilated into a schema and thereby expand the knowledge base. An animal model of this important component of memory consolidation reveals that systems memory consolidation can be very fast. In experiments with rats, we found that the hippocampal-dependent learning of new paired associates is associated with a striking up-regulation of immediate early genes in the prelimbic region of the medial prefrontal cortex, and that pharmacological interventions targeted at that area can prevent both new learning and the recall of remotely and even recently consolidated information. These findings challenge the concept of distinct fast (hippocampal) and slow (cortical) learning systems, and shed new light on the neural mechanisms of memory assimilation into schemas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tse, Dorothy -- Takeuchi, Tomonori -- Kakeyama, Masaki -- Kajii, Yasushi -- Okuno, Hiroyuki -- Tohyama, Chiharu -- Bito, Haruhiko -- Morris, Richard G M -- G0700447/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 12;333(6044):891-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1205274. Epub 2011 Jul 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21737703" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cues ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics ; Early Growth Response Protein 1/genetics ; *Genes, Immediate-Early ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Learning ; Male ; *Memory ; *Mental Recall ; Neocortex/*physiology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Rats ; Receptors, AMPA/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; *Transcriptional Activation ; Up-Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Assessing performance through understanding (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cintas, Pedro -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 11;331(6018):673. doi: 10.1126/science.331.6018.673-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21310983" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Education/*standards ; Educational Measurement ; European Union ; Humans ; Learning ; Mathematics/*education ; Science/*education ; Spain ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Adult neural function requires MeCP2 (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-04
    Description: Rett syndrome (RTT) is a postnatal neurological disorder caused by mutations in MECP2, encoding the epigenetic regulator methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2). The onset of RTT symptoms during early life together with findings suggesting neurodevelopmental abnormalities in RTT and mouse models of RTT raised the question of whether maintaining MeCP2 function exclusively during early life might protect against disease. We show by using an inducible model of RTT that deletion of Mecp2 in adult mice recapitulates the germline knock-out phenotype, underscoring the ongoing role of MeCP2 in adult neurological function. Moreover, unlike the effects of other epigenetic instructions programmed during early life, the effects of early MeCP2 function are lost soon after its deletion. These findings suggest that therapies for RTT must be maintained throughout life.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150190/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150190/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGraw, Christopher M -- Samaco, Rodney C -- Zoghbi, Huda Y -- F31-NS073317/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- HD024064/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NS057819/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD024064/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD024064-22/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS057819/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS057819-05/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32-NS043124/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 8;333(6039):186. doi: 10.1126/science.1206593. Epub 2011 Jun 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21636743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Learning ; Male ; Memory ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; *Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; Rett Syndrome/genetics/*physiopathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    U.S. science education. Report alters definition of what students should learn (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):510. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6042.510.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798905" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; *Curriculum ; Humans ; Learning ; National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; Science/*education ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-20
    Description: To be successful takes creativity, flexibility, self-control, and discipline. Central to all those are executive functions, including mentally playing with ideas, giving a considered rather than an impulsive response, and staying focused. Diverse activities have been shown to improve children's executive functions: computerized training, noncomputerized games, aerobics, martial arts, yoga, mindfulness, and school curricula. All successful programs involve repeated practice and progressively increase the challenge to executive functions. Children with worse executive functions benefit most from these activities; thus, early executive-function training may avert widening achievement gaps later. To improve executive functions, focusing narrowly on them may not be as effective as also addressing emotional and social development (as do curricula that improve executive functions) and physical development (shown by positive effects of aerobics, martial arts, and yoga).〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159917/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159917/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Diamond, Adele -- Lee, Kathleen -- DA19685/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH 071893/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA019685/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA019685-20/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH071893/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH071893-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 19;333(6045):959-64. doi: 10.1126/science.1204529.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of British Columbia and Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada. adele.diamond@ubc.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21852486" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Child, Preschool ; Computers ; Curriculum ; Emotions ; *Executive Function ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; Martial Arts/education ; Memory, Short-Term
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Npas4 regulates a transcriptional program in CA3 required for contextual memory formation (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-24
    Description: The rapid encoding of contextual memory requires the CA3 region of the hippocampus, but the necessary genetic pathways remain unclear. We found that the activity-dependent transcription factor Npas4 regulates a transcriptional program in CA3 that is required for contextual memory formation. Npas4 was specifically expressed in CA3 after contextual learning. Global knockout or selective deletion of Npas4 in CA3 both resulted in impaired contextual memory, and restoration of Npas4 in CA3 was sufficient to reverse the deficit in global knockout mice. By recruiting RNA polymerase II to promoters and enhancers of target genes, Npas4 regulates a learning-specific transcriptional program in CA3 that includes many well-known activity-regulated genes, which suggests that Npas4 is a master regulator of activity-regulated gene programs and is central to memory formation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4038289/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4038289/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramamoorthi, Kartik -- Fropf, Robin -- Belfort, Gabriel M -- Fitzmaurice, Helen L -- McKinney, Ross M -- Neve, Rachael L -- Otto, Tim -- Lin, Yingxi -- MH091220-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH091220/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 23;334(6063):1669-75. doi: 10.1126/science.1208049.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22194569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/*genetics/*metabolism ; CA3 Region, Hippocampal/cytology/*physiology ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Fear ; Gene Deletion ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Immediate-Early ; Learning ; *Memory ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/physiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Education: time to teach (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smaglik, Paul -- England -- Nature. 2011 Sep 22;477(7365):499-501.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Education, Graduate/methods ; Learning ; Mentors ; Research Personnel/*education/*standards ; Science/*education ; Students/psychology ; Teaching/*standards ; Time Management ; Video Recording
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neocortical excitation/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-29
    Description: Severe behavioural deficits in psychiatric diseases such as autism and schizophrenia have been hypothesized to arise from elevations in the cellular balance of excitation and inhibition (E/I balance) within neural microcircuitry. This hypothesis could unify diverse streams of pathophysiological and genetic evidence, but has not been susceptible to direct testing. Here we design and use several novel optogenetic tools to causally investigate the cellular E/I balance hypothesis in freely moving mammals, and explore the associated circuit physiology. Elevation, but not reduction, of cellular E/I balance within the mouse medial prefrontal cortex was found to elicit a profound impairment in cellular information processing, associated with specific behavioural impairments and increased high-frequency power in the 30-80 Hz range, which have both been observed in clinical conditions in humans. Consistent with the E/I balance hypothesis, compensatory elevation of inhibitory cell excitability partially rescued social deficits caused by E/I balance elevation. These results provide support for the elevated cellular E/I balance hypothesis of severe neuropsychiatric disease-related symptoms.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4155501/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4155501/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yizhar, Ofer -- Fenno, Lief E -- Prigge, Matthias -- Schneider, Franziska -- Davidson, Thomas J -- O'Shea, Daniel J -- Sohal, Vikaas S -- Goshen, Inbal -- Finkelstein, Joel -- Paz, Jeanne T -- Stehfest, Katja -- Fudim, Roman -- Ramakrishnan, Charu -- Huguenard, John R -- Hegemann, Peter -- Deisseroth, Karl -- DP1 OD000616/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH075957/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH086373/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS006477/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS034774/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jul 27;477(7363):171-8. doi: 10.1038/nature10360.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. ofer.yizhar@weizmann.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21796121" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autistic Disorder/physiopathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; HEK293 Cells ; Hippocampus/cytology ; Humans ; Learning ; Mental Disorders/physiopathology ; Mice ; *Models, Neurological ; Motor Activity ; Neural Inhibition/*physiology ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Opsins/metabolism ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology/*physiopathology ; Schizophrenia/physiopathology ; *Social Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Dyscalculia: from brain to education (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-28
    Description: Recent research in cognitive and developmental neuroscience is providing a new approach to the understanding of dyscalculia that emphasizes a core deficit in understanding sets and their numerosities, which is fundamental to all aspects of elementary school mathematics. The neural bases of numerosity processing have been investigated in structural and functional neuroimaging studies of adults and children, and neural markers of its impairment in dyscalculia have been identified. New interventions to strengthen numerosity processing, including adaptive software, promise effective evidence-based education for dyscalculic learners.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Butterworth, Brian -- Varma, Sashank -- Laurillard, Diana -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 27;332(6033):1049-53. doi: 10.1126/science.1201536.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Educational Neuroscience and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK. b.butterworth@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617068" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain/*physiopathology ; Brain Mapping ; Child ; Cognition ; Humans ; Learning ; *Learning Disorders/epidemiology/physiopathology/psychology ; *Mathematical Concepts ; Mathematics/*education ; Parietal Lobe/*physiopathology ; Software ; Teaching
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Big and mighty: preverbal infants mentally represent social dominance (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-29
    Description: Human infants face the formidable challenge of learning the structure of their social environment. Previous research indicates that infants have early-developing representations of intentional agents, and of cooperative social interactions, that help meet that challenge. Here we report five studies with 144 infant participants showing that 10- to 13-month-old, but not 8-month-old, infants recognize when two novel agents have conflicting goals, and that they use the agents' relative size to predict the outcome of the very first dominance contests between them. These results suggest that preverbal infants mentally represent social dominance and use a cue that covaries with it phylogenetically, and marks it metaphorically across human cultures and languages, to predict which of two agents is likely to prevail in a conflict of goals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860821/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860821/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomsen, Lotte -- Frankenhuis, Willem E -- Ingold-Smith, McCaila -- Carey, Susan -- 2 R01 HD038338/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD038338/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 28;331(6016):477-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1199198.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Developmental Studies, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, William James Hall, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. lthomsen@fas.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21273490" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analysis of Variance ; Attention ; *Cognition ; Cues ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Learning ; Male ; *Social Dominance ; *Social Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The visual impact of gossip (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-21
    Description: Gossip is a form of affective information about who is friend and who is foe. We show that gossip does not influence only how a face is evaluated--it affects whether a face is seen in the first place. In two experiments, neutral faces were paired with negative, positive, or neutral gossip and were then presented alone in a binocular rivalry paradigm (faces were presented to one eye, houses to the other). In both studies, faces previously paired with negative (but not positive or neutral) gossip dominated longer in visual consciousness. These findings demonstrate that gossip, as a potent form of social affective learning, can influence vision in a completely top-down manner, independent of the basic structural features of a face.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141574/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141574/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, Eric -- Siegel, Erika H -- Bliss-Moreau, Eliza -- Barrett, Lisa Feldman -- DP1 OD003312/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD003312-04/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1OD003312/OD/NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 17;332(6036):1446-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1201574. Epub 2011 May 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21596956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; *Communication ; Dominance, Ocular ; *Face ; *Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; *Social Behavior ; Vision, Binocular ; *Visual Perception ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Educational interventions to advance children's scientific thinking (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-20
    Description: The goal of science education interventions is to nurture, enrich, and sustain children's natural and spontaneous interest in scientific knowledge and procedures. We present taxonomy for classifying different types of research on scientific thinking from the perspective of cognitive development and associated attempts to teach science. We summarize the literature on the early--unschooled--development of scientific thinking, and then focus on recent research on how best to teach science to children from preschool to middle school. We summarize some of the current disagreements in the field of science education and offer some suggestions on ways to continue to advance the science of science instruction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klahr, David -- Zimmerman, Corinne -- Jirout, Jamie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 19;333(6045):971-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1204528.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21852489" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition ; Exploratory Behavior ; Humans ; Infant ; Learning ; Science/*education ; *Teaching ; *Thinking
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Education ambivalence (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 3;465(7298):525-6. doi: 10.1038/465525b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20520663" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Learning ; Professional Competence ; *Research Personnel/education/standards ; Reward ; Science/*education ; Students ; Teaching/methods/*standards ; Universities/standards
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Chimpanzee research today. The spread of culture, primitive as it is (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 2;328(5974):34-5. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5974.34.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Culture ; Learning ; *Pan troglodytes ; *Social Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neuroscience. A new viewpoint on faces (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Connor, Charles E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 5;330(6005):764-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1198348.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. connor@jhu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051621" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; *Face ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Learning ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neurons/*physiology ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; Temporal Lobe/cytology/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/physiology ; Visual Pathways/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Social science. The benefits of multilingualism (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Diamond, Jared -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 15;330(6002):332-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1195067.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geography Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1524, USA. jdiamond@geog.ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947754" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Aging ; Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology ; Brain/*physiology ; Child ; *Cognition ; *Executive Function ; Humans ; Infant ; Learning ; *Multilingualism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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    Next-generation assessments (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shepard, Lorrie A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Nov 12;330(6006):890. doi: 10.1126/science.1199897.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21071634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Child ; Education/standards ; *Educational Measurement ; Humans ; Learning ; Mathematics/*education ; Science/*education ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Chimpanzee research today. Boxed about the ears, ape language research field is still standing (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 2;328(5974):38-9. doi: 10.1126/science.328.5974.38.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Behavioral Research ; *Hominidae ; *Language ; Learning ; Pan paniscus ; Pongo ; Vocabulary
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neuroscience. A Kantian view of space (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palmer, Linda -- Lynch, Gary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jun 18;328(5985):1487-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1191527.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. lcpalmer@uci.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20558692" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Exploratory Behavior ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; Learning ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neural Pathways ; Neurons/*physiology ; Orientation ; Philosophy ; Rats ; *Space Perception ; Spatial Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Differential sensitivity to human communication in dogs, wolves, and human infants" (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-10
    Description: Topal et al. (Reports, 4 September 2009, p. 1269) showed that dogs, like infants but unlike wolves, make perseverative search errors that can be explained by the use of ostensive cues from the experimenter. We suggest that a simpler learning process, local enhancement, can account for errors made by dogs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall-Pescini, S -- Passalacqua, C -- Valsecchi, P -- Prato-Previde, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 9;329(5988):142; author reply 142. doi: 10.1126/science.1187748.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy. sarah.marshall@unimi.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616251" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cognition ; *Communication ; Cues ; *Dogs ; Humans ; Infant ; Learning ; *Nonverbal Communication ; Research Design ; *Social Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    SPORE series winner. Using video to build learning contexts online (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schneps, Matthew H -- Griswold, Alex -- Finkelstein, Nancy -- McLeod, Michele -- Schrag, Daniel P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 28;328(5982):1119-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1186934.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Visual Learning, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. mschneps@cfa.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20508122" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Computer-Assisted Instruction ; Ecology/*education ; Humans ; *Internet ; Learning ; Online Systems ; *Video Recording
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Science education and literacy: imperatives for the developed and developing world (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-24
    Description: This article explores current language-based research aimed at promoting scientific literacy and examines issues of language use in schools, particularly where science teaching and learning take place in teachers' and learners' second language. Literature supporting the premise that promoting reading, writing, and talking while "doing science" plays a vital role in effective teaching and learning of the subject is highlighted. A wide range of studies suggest that, whether in homogenous or language-diverse settings, science educators can make a significant contribution to both understanding science and promoting literacy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webb, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 23;328(5977):448-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1182596.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Educational Research, Technology and Innovation, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6001, South Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20413487" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; *Educational Status ; Humans ; *Language ; Learning ; Models, Educational ; Multilingualism ; Reading ; Science/*education ; *Teaching ; Writing
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    How learning to read changes the cortical networks for vision and language (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-13
    Description: Does literacy improve brain function? Does it also entail losses? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured brain responses to spoken and written language, visual faces, houses, tools, and checkers in adults of variable literacy (10 were illiterate, 22 became literate as adults, and 31 were literate in childhood). As literacy enhanced the left fusiform activation evoked by writing, it induced a small competition with faces at this location, but also broadly enhanced visual responses in fusiform and occipital cortex, extending to area V1. Literacy also enhanced phonological activation to speech in the planum temporale and afforded a top-down activation of orthography from spoken inputs. Most changes occurred even when literacy was acquired in adulthood, emphasizing that both childhood and adult education can profoundly refine cortical organization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dehaene, Stanislas -- Pegado, Felipe -- Braga, Lucia W -- Ventura, Paulo -- Nunes Filho, Gilberto -- Jobert, Antoinette -- Dehaene-Lambertz, Ghislaine -- Kolinsky, Regine -- Morais, Jose -- Cohen, Laurent -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 3;330(6009):1359-64. doi: 10.1126/science.1194140. Epub 2010 Nov 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France. stanislas.dehaene@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21071632" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Brazil ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; *Educational Status ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; *Language ; Learning ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Occipital Lobe/physiology ; Portugal ; *Reading ; Regression Analysis ; *Speech Perception ; Temporal Lobe/physiology ; *Visual Perception ; Writing
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Newsmaker interview: Carl Wieman. Nobelist 'coach' takes on U.S. science education. Interview by Jeffrey Mervis (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wieman, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 29;330(6004):572. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6004.572.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21030616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Faculty/standards/supply & distribution ; Humans ; Learning ; Science/*education ; Teaching ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Epigenetics. A role for epigenetics in cognition (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 2;329(5987):27. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5987.27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20595593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Aging ; Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy/psychology ; Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics ; *Cognition ; *DNA Methylation ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Hippocampus/*metabolism ; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Histone Deacetylases/metabolism ; Histones/*metabolism ; Humans ; Learning ; Memory ; Mice
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Learning and discrimination of coloured papers in the walking blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1989), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Fly ; Behaviour ; Learning ; Colour vision ; Colour discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new training and testing paradigm for walking sheep blowflies, Lucilia cuprina, is described. A fly is trained by presenting it with a droplet of sugar solution on a patch of coloured paper. After having consumed the sugar droplet, the fly starts a systematic search. While searching, it is confronted with an array of colour marks consisting of four colours displayed on the test cardboard (Fig. 1). Colours used for training and test include blue, green, yellow, orange, red, white and black. Before training, naive flies are tested for their spontaneous colour preferences on the test array. Yellow is visited most frequently, green least frequently (Table 2). Spontaneous colour preferences do not simply depend on subjective brightness (Table 1). The flies trained to one of the colours prefer this colour significantly (Figs. 5 and 9–11). This behaviour reflects true learning rather than sensitisation (Figs. 6–7). The blue and yellow marks are learned easily and discriminated well (Figs. 5, 9, 11). White is also discriminated well, although the response frequencies are lower than to blue and yellow (Fig. 11). Green is discriminated from blue but weakly from yellow and orange (Figs. 5, 9, 10). Red is a stimulus as weak as black (Figs. 8, 9). These features of colour discrimination reflect the spectral loci of colours in the colour triangle (Fig. 14). The coloured papers seem to be discriminated mainly by the hue of colours (Fig. 12), but brightness may also be used to discriminate colour stimuli (Fig. 13).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190210
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability in the development of mother-infant relationships among free-ranging Japanese macaques (1989)
    Springer
    Primates 30 (1989), S. 477-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Macaca fuscata ; Mother-infant relationships ; Learning ; Parity ; Maternal care ; Allomothering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mother-infant relationships were studied during the infant's first year in free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Three possible factors controlling the mother-infant relationships were examined using multivariate analysis. Parity was determined to exert the strongest influence on mother-infant relationships. Specifically, during month 1, multiparous mothers showed greater maternal suckling rejection than primiparous mothers, and primparae and multiparae differed in their responses to suckling behavior. During month 6, multiparous mothers prompted independence of their offspring more than primiparous mothers. By month 8, however, parity differences in maternal behavior were substantially reduced. Maternal rank was a less important factor, although during month 1, high-ranking mothers showed greater maternal restriction than low-ranking ones. In the present study, infant gender appeared to have no effect on mother-infant relationships. That most differences were due to parity indicates that mother-infant relations were largely determined by the mothers. This observation conflicts with the “learning-to-mother” hypothesis. Allo-mothering of neonates by nulliparae is rare among Japanese macaques. Primiparous mothers learned appropriate suckling care from handling their own infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380875
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    Electronic Resource
    Molecular genetics of dopa decarboxylase and biogenic amines in Drosophila (1989)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 10 (1989), S. 232-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Transcriptional regulation ; Alternate splicing ; Neurotransmitters ; Learning ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The gene Ddc encodes two isoforms of the enzyme dopa decarboxylase in Drosophila. These gene products catalyze the final steps in the synthesis of the biogenic amines sero-tonin and dopamine. This article summarizes recent progress in understanding the tissue- and cell-specific regulation of Ddc, which occurs at both the transcription and alternate splicing levels. In addition, results that are pertinent to understanding the roles of biogenic amines in the neurophysiology of Drosophila are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020100312
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  • 67
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    The effect of prior adult experience on components of habitat preference in the apple maggot fly (Rhagoletis pomonella) (1988)
    Springer
    Oecologia 76 (1988), S. 538-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Learning ; Genetic variation ; Sympatric speciation ; Habitat selection ; Host preference ; Foraging behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Numerous authors have suggested that genetic subdivision within a population in a heterogeneous environment is more likely if individuals tend, through prior experience, to breed in the same habitat in which they developed. Under semi-field conditions we demonstrate that prior adult experience alters habitat preference in the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Tephritidae), a frugivorous parasitic insect thought to have undergone sympatric divergence in host use in historical times. Females exposed to a particular host fruit species — apple (Malus pumila) or hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) — in a field cage oviposited at a higher rate in test fruit of that species than did inexperienced females or females exposed to the other species. Females exposed to a particular host fruit species also tended to remain longer in test trees harboring fruit of that species than did inexperienced females or females exposed to the other species. Prior adult experience thus alters two components of habitat preference in the apple maggot fly: oviposition preference and habitat fidelity. We discuss how these effects of experience on habitat preference should increase the likelihood that individuals mate assortatively and may further increase the likelihood that apple maggot populations become genetically subdivided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397866
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    Soar: a unified theory of cognition? (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-07-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Waldrop, M M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Jul 15;241(4863):296-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3291119" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Artificial Intelligence ; *Cognition ; Humans ; Learning ; Memory
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    A graph-dynamic model of the power law of practice and the problem-solving fan-effect (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-10-21
    Description: Numerous human learning phenomena have been observed and captured by individual laws, but no unified theory of learning has succeeded in accounting for these observations. A theory and model are proposed that account for two of these phenomena: the power law of practice and the problem-solving fan-effect. The power law of practice states that the speed of performance of a task will improve as a power of the number of times that the task is performed. The power law resulting from two sorts of problem-solving changes, addition of operators to the problem-space graph and alterations in the decision procedure used to decide which operator to apply at a particular state, is empirically demonstrated. The model provides an analytic account for both of these sources of the power law. The model also predicts a problem-solving fan-effect, slowdown during practice caused by an increase in the difficulty of making useful decisions between possible paths, which is also found empirically.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shrager, J -- Hogg, T -- Huberman, B A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Oct 21;242(4877):414-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA 94304.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3175664" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Decision Making ; Humans ; Learning ; Mathematics ; *Models, Psychological ; *Problem Solving
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Effect of neonatal handling on age-related impairments associated with the hippocampus (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-02-12
    Description: In rats, an environmental manipulation occurring early in life resulted in changes in the adrenocortical axis that persisted throughout the entire life of the animals and attenuated certain deficits associated with aging. Rats handled during infancy had a permanent increase in concentrations of receptors for glucocorticoids in the hippocampus, a critical region in the negative-feedback inhibition of adrenocortical activity. Increased receptor concentrations led to greater hippocampal sensitivity to glucocorticoids and enhanced negative-feedback efficacy in the handled rats. Thus, at all ages tested, rats that were not handled secreted more glucocorticoids in response to stress than did handled rats. At later ages, nonhandled rats also showed elevated basal glucocorticoid levels, with the result that there was a greater cumulative exposure to glucocorticoids in nonhandled rats. Increased exposure to adrenal glucocorticoids can accelerate hippocampal neuron loss and cognitive impairments in aging. Hippocampal cell loss and pronounced spatial memory deficits emerged with age in the nonhandled rats, but were almost absent in the handled rats. Previous work showed that glucocorticoid hypersecretion, hippocampal neuron death, and cognitive impairments form a complex degenerative cascade of aging in the rat. The present study shows that a subtle manipulation early in life can retard the emergence of this cascade.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meaney, M J -- Aitken, D H -- van Berkel, C -- Bhatnagar, S -- Sapolsky, R M -- AG-06633/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Feb 12;239(4841 Pt 1):766-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3340858" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Dexamethasone/metabolism ; *Handling (Psychology) ; Hippocampus/*growth & development/physiology/physiopathology ; Learning ; Memory ; Rats ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Synthesizing a color algorithm from examples (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-01-29
    Description: A lightness algorithm that separates surface reflectance from illumination in a Mondrian world is synthesized automatically from a set of examples, which consist of pairs of input (intensity signal) and desired output (surface reflectance) images. The algorithm, which resembles a new lightness algorithm recently proposed by Land, is approximately equivalent to filtering the image through a center-surround receptive field in individual chromatic channels. The synthesizing technique, optimal linear estimation, requires only one assumption, that the operator that transforms input into output is linear. This assumption is true for a certain class of early vision algorithms that may therefore be synthesized in a similar way from examples. Other methods of synthesizing algorithms from examples, or "learning," such as back-propagation, do not yield a significantly better lightness algorithm.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hurlbert, A C -- Poggio, T A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Jan 29;239(4839):482-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3340834" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Algorithms ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *Color Perception ; Humans ; Learning ; *Light
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 72
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    Genetic differences and phenotypic plasticity as causes of variation in oviposition preference in Battus philenor (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 74 (1987), S. 24-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Phenotypic plasticity ; Genetic variability ; Learning ; Host-selection behavior ; Foraging behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bradshaw (1965) proposed that phenotypic plasticity would be more common than adaptive genetic variability in species for which environmental fluctuations occur over periods roughly equal to that species' generation time. In an effort to examine this notion, sources of seasonal variation in two components of oviposition behavior in an east Texas population of pipevine swallowtail butterflies (Battus philenor) were investigated under natural and seminatural conditions. Variability in a visually-based prealighting component involving orientation to leaf shape was primarily due to phenotypic plasticity in the form of adult learning; no seasonally-based genotypic differences in leaf-shape discrimination behavior were observed. By contrast, a chemotactile post-alighting component involving elicitation of oviposition after landing on the host plant was not phenotypically plastic, i.e., not susceptible to learning. In addition, only slight and nonsignificant seasonally-based differences in post-alighting responses to different host species were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377341
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  • 73
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    Electronic Resource
    Effects of metals on fish behavior: a review (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 18 (1987), S. 11-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Behavioral toxicology ; Bioassay ; Toxicity ; Heavy metals ; Locomotion ; Avoidance ; Ventilation ; Cough rate ; Learning ; Feeding ; Predator avoidance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Behavioral toxicity tests, if properly designed, can be used in conjunction with standard acute lethality tests, chronic full or partial life cycle tests, and early life stage toxicity tests to add ecological realism to toxicant assessments and the regulations made as an outgrowth of these assessments. Changes in certain fish behaviors, especially cough rate and avoidance reactions, are very sensitive indicators of sublethal exposure to metals. Other tests involving predator avoidance, feeding behavior, learning, social interactions, and a variety of locomotor behaviors show promise but have been insufficiently studied to judge their sensitivity or utility. No behavioral tests have been standardized and few have been verified in the field. We discuss the behavioral tests that have been used with metals, examine their sensitivity compared with standard laboratory toxicity tests, and assess the potential ecological significance of the behavioral changes observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002324
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    The cerebellum and memory storage (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bloedel, J R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Dec 18;238(4834):1728-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 36013.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3686013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cerebellum/*physiology ; Learning ; *Memory ; Purkinje Cells/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Academy helps Army be all that it can be (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-12-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Dec 11;238(4833):1501-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3685990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Government Agencies ; Humans ; Learning ; *Military Personnel ; Research ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 76
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phytochemical basis of learning inRhagoletis pomonella and other herbivorous insects (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1125-1143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Learning ; phytochemistry ; host preference ; herbivorous insects ; Rhagoletis pomonella ; Diptera ; Tephritidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Examples of phytochemically-based learning of host preference in herbivorous insects are reviewed in the context of traditionally important issues: the number and kinds of chemicals involved; which sensory modalities are affected; whether peripheral or central nervous processing is altered; and whether learning is associative or not. A fifth issue addressed here— whether experience enhances a feeding or ovipositing insect's propensity to accept familiar chemical stimuli or to reject novel chemical stimuli-has been ignored in previous studies. Following the review, evidence is presented indicating that female apple maggot flies (Ragoletis pomonella) learn to reject both novel physical and novel chemical stimuli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01639000
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  • 77
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    Foraging behaviour in fishes: perspectives on variance (1986)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 16 (1986), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Optimal foraging ; Prey selection ; Learning ; Memory ; Perception ; Cognition ; Neuroethology ; Salmo salar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The positive relationship between size of prey and frequency of ingestion by predators has been a focal point of investigations in foraging ecology. Field studies compare the frequency distribution of prey sizes in the predator's gut with that in the environment. Laboratory and field (enclosure) studies are based upon comparison of the frequency distributions of prey sizes in controlled environments, before and after the introduction of a predator. ‘Optimal’ caloric return for foraging effort (i.e. the theory of optimal foraging) has been widely used as a guiding principle in attempts to explain what a fish consumes. There is a body of information, however, which seems to indicate that the perceptual potentialities and cognitive abilities of a predator can account for both the direction of the prey size versus ingestion frequency relationship and the variance surrounding it. Part of this variance may be evidence of ‘systematic ambiguity’, a property of cognitive skills causing predators to respond to the same stimulus in different ways and to different stimuli in the same way. More extensive examination of cognitive skills (minimally defined as learning, remembering and forgetting) in fish may permit causal interpretations (immediate and ultimate) of variance in predatory skills. In such a paradigm of foraging behaviour, environmental stimulus is not taken as the predator's object of response (percept); a cognitive representation connects mind to stimulus and this is the criterion for the act of perception. Cognition, here considered as a formal system which acts upon representations, connects mind to response and thus to adaptation. Studies of the relationships among rates of learning, long and short-term memory, rates of forgetting, prey behavior, size and population turnover rates, lateralization of brain functions, diel fluctuations in predator activity levels and sleep, experience, and ‘critical periods’ in the development of the predator's nervous system should be examined in relation to foraging behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005157
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    Electronic Resource
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    Feeding rate and attack specialization: the roles of predator experience and energetic tradeoffs (1986)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 16 (1986), S. 113-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Foraging ; Optimal diet ; Learning ; Behavior ; Freshwater ; Fish ; Gambusia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Individual mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, can adopt a broad range of attack selectivities. In part, this variation can be explained by the past experiences of a fish. Individuals selected the more profitable Ceriodaphnia dubia (Cladocera) over less profitable cyclopoid copepods to a greater degree after being exposed to both prey types than did individuals experienced with only one of the prey types. Feeding rate (biomass ingested per unit time) declined with increased attack specialization on the profitable prey (Ceriodaphnia) when such prey were scarce, a result in agreement with assumptions of optimal diet theory. When profitable prey were abundant feeding rate was a bimodal function of the intensity of specialization on profitable prey; fish that specialized on cyclopoid copepods (the less profitable prey type) fed at higher rates than did generalists. This may be the result of antagonistic learning that precluded feeding efficiently on more than one type of prey at a time. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that rejection of unsuitable prey involves a time cost. The two preceeding aspects of foraging behavior, which are absent from most optimal diet models, could lead to failure in predicting the attack specialization of some predators, An additional aspect of the results was the generally weak relationship between feeding efficiency and specialization behavior. This suggests that feeding rate may not have been as tightly linked to the specialization behavior a predator adopts as is assumed by current foraging theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005164
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    From genes to cognition (1986)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barnes, D M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Mar 7;231(4742):1066-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3945818" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cognition ; *Genes ; Humans ; Learning ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons/physiology ; Synapses/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 80
    Electronic Resource
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    A further food-washing tradition in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) (1985)
    Springer
    Primates 26 (1985), S. 491-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Macaca fuscata ; Food-washing behaviour ; Learning ; Social transmission ; Tradition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A case of food-washing tradition is reported in a captive group of Japanese macaques. Two techniques are employed, with one or both hands being used to wash food under water flowing from watering spouts. Processes of diffusion of the behaviour in the group follow the patterns previously described by Japanese scientists observing this species. It is suggested that development of such a behaviour could be related to particular environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382463
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