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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of delaying flood and preflood nitrogen application on dry-seeded rice (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen ; rice ; soil N ; N fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the southern U.S. rice belt it is recommended that rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in the dry-seeded, delayed flood cultural system have the preflood N fertilizer applied and the field flooded at the fourth to fifth leaf stage of plant development. The objective of this field study was to determine if delaying the flood and preflood N application past the fifth leaf stage was detrimental to rice total N and fertilizer15N uptake, total dry matter, and grain yield. This study was conducted on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs) and a Perry clay (Vertic Haplaquepts). The preflood N fertilizer and flood were delayed 0, 7, 14, or 21 d past the fourth to fifth leaf stage, after which time a permanent flood was established and maintained until maturity. All treatments received 20.5 g N m−2 as15N-labeled urea in three topdress applications. All plant and soil samples were taken at maturity. Harvest index increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed past the 4 to 5 leaf stage. Total N in the grain + straw either decreased or showed a decreasing trend as the N and flood were delayed. Similarly, uptake of native soil N decreased as flood was delayed. Conversely, percent recovery of fertilizer N in the rice plant and the plant-soil system increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed. Rice grain yield was not significantly affected by delaying the preflood N and flood up to 21 d.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054394
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urea-rubber matrices as slow-release fertilizers (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; slow-release ; rubber matrix ; urea ; rice ; ammonia volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy of a prototype slow-release fertilizer, urea-rubber matrix (URM) was assessed under flooded rice conditions. URM cuboids of size 0.5 × 1.0 × 0.4 cm were applied in comparison with prilled urea at levels of 50, 130 and 200 kg N ha−1. URM was placed at the soil/solution interface in intimate association with rice seedlings whereas prilled urea was broadcast into the floodwater to simulate the normal application method of South East Asian farmers. URM cuboid sizes of 0.25 × 0.5 × 0.4 cm, 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.4 cm and 1.0 × 1.0 × 0.4 cm were similarly evaluated at a single rate of 130 kg N ha−1; a broadcast URM treatment was also included. Different methods of prilled urea application including deep placement and split application were also studied at a single rate of 130 kg N ha−1. It was found that the build-up of floodwater N (urea + NH 4 + ) from URM during the 13 days following application was almost negligible irrespective of level or method of application. This was thought to result in low losses of N through ammonia volatilization as shown by higher rice grain yields in comparison with prilled urea at all levels of application. Deep-placed urea gave a comparable grain yield to that of broadcast URM. There was no significant difference in grain yield between URM applied by placement and by broadcast, suggesting that URM can be effectively applied either in intimate association with rice seedlings or by broadcasting to the rice field before, or after, planting. An attempt to predict the release of urea from URM was made using a diffusion-based simulation model. It was found that the model underestimated the actual release of urea from URM within the rhizosphere, probably due to the extensive penetration by rice roots of the URM cuboids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054397
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foliar urea fertilization of cereals: A review (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 209-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Wheat ; maize ; barley ; rice ; foliar urea ; grain yield ; breadmaking quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that there are several potential benefits of providing nitrogen to cereals via the foliage as urea solution. These include: reduced nitrogen losses through denitrification and leaching compared with nitrogen fertilizer applications to the soil; the ability to provide nitrogen when root activity is impaired e.g., in saline or dry conditions, and uptake late in the season to increase grain nitrogen concentration. Factors that influence the degree of foliar absorption in field conditions have not, however, been clearly defined and losses to the atmosphere and soil can occur. Foliar urea applications may also hinder crop productivity although the explanations for this vary, and include desiccation of leaf cells, aqueous ammonia and urea toxicity, biuret contamination and the disruption of carbohydrate metabolism. It has not yet been determined which one, or combinations, of these mechanisms are most important in field situations. When damage has not been severe, foliar urea applications have increased grain yield, particularly when applied before flag leaf emergence and when nitrogen availability is limiting. Increases in grain nitrogen content are often larger when applications of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil are reduced, and when the urea solution is sprayed either at anthesis or during the following two weeks. It is during this period that foliar urea sprays can be of greater benefit than soil applications with regard to nitrogen utilization by the crop. Increases in wheat grain nitrogen concentration following urea application can improve breadmaking quality. Responses in loaf quality may, however, be variable particularly when increases in grain nitrogen content have been large, and/or when the nitrogen: sulphur ratio in the grain is increased. These circumstances have lead to alterations in the proportions of the different protein fractions which influence breadmaking potential. To exploit the full potential benefits of foliar urea application to cereals, more needs to be known about the mechanisms, and thus how to prevent losses of nitrogen from the foliage, and to reduce the phytotoxic influences of sprays. More information is also required to exploit the reported effects that urea may have on limiting the development of cereal diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048783
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of fertilizer price on feasibility of efficiency improvement: Case study for an urea injector for lowland rice (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Economic analysis ; fertilizer subsidies ; nitrogen use efficiency ; optimization ; price policy ; rice ; yield model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Efficiency improving techniques, such as the introduction of a urea injector for lowland rice production, appear to lead to higher yields, lower fertilizer use and less environmental pollution at the same time. If farmers are free to decide on the amount of fertilizer they use, economic rationality leads to a choice between using the improved technique for saving fertilizer while obtaining the same yield, for increasing yield (at the same fertilizer rate) or for a mixed strategy (a slightly higher yield and a different fertilizer rate). The ‘economic optimum fertilizer rate’ was calculated with a simple yield model for a low and a high fertilizer application efficiency to predict which strategy would be best for the farmer. Calculations for a ‘standard’ data set for lowland rice show that the greatest benefit from an increase in application efficiency by urea deep placement instead of broadcast application can be expected when a marginal efficiency of about 9 kg rice per kg fertilizer N is used for determining the fertilizer rate. For a marginal efficiency of less than 6, savings on fertilizer are the main benefit of efficiency improvement; for higher marginal efficiencies yield increases become the main component of total benefit; for marginal efficiencies above 9, fertilizer use will increase when a more efficient technique is used, but increased yields compensate for their costs. In the four countries where a manually operated pneumatic urea injector was tested (Togo, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Ivory Coast) the price ratio of rice and fertilizer N ranged from 1.1 to 2.5. Even when a ‘risk-avoidance’ multiplier of 2 is used, we may conclude that fertilizer prices were too low relative to rice to make optimum use of the existing techniques for efficiency improvement. An equation is derived for estimating the price ratio at which the probability of farmer acceptance of techniques for improving fertilizer use efficiency is highest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750151
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of modified forms of urea and nitrogen levels on weed growth and grain yield of lowland rice (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 28 (1991), S. 315-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Modified urea ; weed growth ; grain yield ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The growth of weeds and their subsequent reduction of rice yield as affected by N source neem cake coated urea (NCU), dicyandiamide coated urea (DCU), rock phosphate coated urea (RPCU), urea supergranules (USG) and prilled urea (PU) was studied on a clay loam soil at Coimbatore, India. Experiments were conducted in northeast monsoon (NEM) 1981, summer 1982, and southwest monsoon (SWM) 1982 seasons. The crop was associated with eleven weed species, and the dominant weeds wereEchinochloa crus-galli, Cyperus difformis andMarsilea quadrifolia. The weed flora varied between seasons. Deep placement of USG reduced the dry weight of weeds in NEM and summer seasons at 60, 90 and 120 Kg N ha−1 whereas it increased the dry weight at 60 and 90 but not 120 Kg N ha−1 in SWM season. The dry weight of weeds decreased with increased N rates for all N sources during NEM and summer seasons. In SWM season, dry weight of weeds increased with increased N rates for all N sources except USG. The grain yield of rice was drastically reduced with the deep placement of USG at 60 but not 120 Kg N ha−1 in SWM season. The differential effect of the N sources between seasons was due to the change of the weed flora. Dominance ofE. crus-galli during SWM season had greater influence on weed dry weight and grain yield of rice. Nitrogen uptake by weeds was frequently greater in unfertilized plots, particularly in NEM and summer seasons. In SWM season, the apparent fertilizer N recovery by weeds was high for USG. It decreased from 53% for 60 Kg USG-N ha−1 to 4% for 120 Kg USG-N ha−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054332
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of silicon on the growth and phosphorus uptake of rice (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: inorganic P ; organic P ; P/Fe ; P/Mn ratios ; phosphorus ; rice ; silicon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to measure the effect of silicon on phosphorus uptake and on the growth of rice at different P levels. Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Akebono) was cultured in Kimura B nutrient solution without and with silicon (1.66 mM Si) and with three phosphorus levels (0.014 mM P, low; 0.21 mM, medium; and 0.70 mM, high). Shoot dry weight with Si (+Si) in solution increased with increasing P level, while shoot weight without Si (−Si) was maximum at 0.21 mM P, suggesting that +Si raised the optimum P level for rice. +Si increased shoot weight more when P was low or high than when P was medium. The concentration and amount of inorganic P in shoots increased with increasing P level. +Si did not significantly decrease P uptake by rice at 0.014 mM P, however, uptake at 0.21 and 0.70 mM P was 27 and 30 percent less than uptake with −Si, respectively. In −Si with 0.21 and 0.70 mM P, inorganic P in shoots was more than double the concentration in shoots grown in +Si solutions. The Si concentration in shoots decreased slightly with increasing P level, although Si uptake was not significantly affected by P. +Si decreased the uptake of Fe and Mn by an average of 20 and 50 percent, respectively, thus P/Mn and P/Fe ratios increased in the shoot when P was low. From the results above, the beneficial effect of Si on the growth of rice was clearly shown when P was low or high. This effect may have resulted from decreased Mn and Fe uptake, and thus increased P availability within P deficient plants, or from reduced P uptake when P was high.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041376
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of silicic acid on rice in a P-deficient soil (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 121-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: P adsorption ; P desorption ; P/Mn ratio ; rice ; silicic acid ; Yakuno soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to analyze the effect of silicon on the growth of rice grown in a P-deficient soil and on P availability in the soil. Silicic acid was used, rather than a silicate salt, to avoid the complication of changes in soil pH. Shoot dry weight on silicic acid treated soil (0.47 mg Si g−1 soil) increased significantly under both nonflooded and flooded conditions. Shoot Si concentration also increased although P concentration did not. Mn concentration decreased with silicic acid, resulting in a higher P/Mn ratio in shoots. An adsorption and desorption experiment showed that silicic acid did not displace P nor decrease the ability of the soil to adsorb P. In contrast, Si desorption increased with increasing P concentration in the solution, and Si adsorption was reduced when P was applied first. These results suggest that silicic acid does not increase P availability in soil. Increased dry weight may be attributed to a higher P/Mn ratio in the shoot, which may improve P utilization in the plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041377
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil physical behaviour and crop responses to tillage in lowland rice soils of varying clay content (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; root length density ; soil impedance ; tillage ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of various tillage methods on two wetland rice soils in the Philippines is reported. The soils differed principally in clay content, 38% for the clay loam (clayey, mixed isohyperthermic Entic Hapludoll) while 56% for the clay (clayey, mixed noncalcareous, isohyperthermic Andaqueptic Haplaquoll). This had a marked effect on their response to tillage and varying water regime. The clay soil, under field conditions, showed little change in pore size distribution or soil water behaviour with different tillage methods. Crop (Rice, Oryza sativa L., var. IR20) yields were unaffected by tillage. In contrast, tillage effects were very marked in the clay loam soil, which consisted of a greenhouse and a field trial. In the greenhouse, which experienced severe dry periods, wet tillage not only increased the moisture retentivity but also the soil impedance at soil matric potential (ψ)〈−0.01 MPa. Seasonal average ψ was 〈−1 MPa. Root length density decreased by 39% with dry tillage and by 56% with wet tillage compared with zero tillage. Grain yield however, did not vary with soil treatment. In the field, which experienced moderate dry spells, ψ varied between −0.13 and −0.48 MPa. Root length density was significantly reduced at soil impedance 〉0.75 MPa. Wet tillage increased soil moisture storage which minimized the soil impedance during the dry cycle more effectively than did dry tillage. The crop performed best under wet tillage and least under zero tillage. Wet tillage in this soil was more effective under moderate than under severe water stress conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012826
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of saline soil on grain quality of rices differing in salinity tolerance (1990)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 40 (1990), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: soil salinity ; grain quality ; rice ; protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four varieties of rice, differing in salinity tolerance and grown in saline soil (electrical conductivity 5–6 dS/m) at Sadhoke, Punjab, Pakistan, had lighter grain and higher Na content than control samples. Grains of three out of the four rices grown on saline soils had higher brown rice protein (higher nutritional value), less translucent grain, lower starch and amylose content, and lower K than their control samples, but these differences were not related to salinity tolerance. Alkali spreading value and gel consistency were not affected by culture in saline soil. Cooked rice Instron hardness increased in saline culture in two higher-protein samples of the four rices. Amylograph peak viscosity was suppressed by saline culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02193777
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nitrogen fertilizer treatment and source and season on grain quality of IR64 rice (1990)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 40 (1990), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: rice ; grain quality ; inorganic and organic N fertilizers ; protein and lysine content ; season effect ; IR64
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of nitrogen fertilizer treatment and source (prilled urea, urea supergranule, fresh azolla, rice straw or sesbania or rice straw compost and their combinations) on grain quality were studied in the 1987 crops of variety IR64 at IRRI. Although fertilizer application improved grain yield, it improved protein content only in the case of urea supergranule, azolla and rice straw. Lysine contents of brown rice protein were similar in samples with no N fertilizer and those with the highest protein content in both seasons. Fertilizer treatment regardless of source tended to decrease weight and increase translucency of brown rice in both seasons. Effects on other grain properties were not consistent in both seasons. Season affected more grain properties than fertilizer treatment did, particularly translucency which was higher in the dry season than in the wet season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02193769
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proteins and amino acids of some local varieties of rice seeds (Oryza Sativa L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 40 (1990), S. 309-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: rice ; PAGE ; amino acid composition ; hydrophobicity index value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Proteins and amino acids in four local rice (Oryza Sativa L.) varieties were identified. Albumin and globulin were extracted from rice seeds, and the major promoters of these proteins were investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to show their patterns. Amino acid composition of the rice seed were determined quantitatively and qualitatively, and classified according to their acidic, basic and uncharged polar groups. Essential amino acids for each variety were determined, and the hydrophobicity index value of Amber 33 was (0.6078), Mishkhab 1 (0.63372), Hybrid 2 (0.6523) and Hwazawi (0.7411).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02193855
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of stubble and N fertilization management on N availability and uptake under successive rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: crop residues ; nitrogen accumulation ; nitrogen management ; nitrogen mineralization ; rice ; soil fertility ; stubble ; tillage management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted in fields which had a history of nil to four rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops during the previous four summers. Incorporating stubble after each harvest reduced soil nitrate-N content between crops, but increased soil N mineralization potential. During the fourth successive crop, plots where stubble had been incorporated after the previous three harvests had an average 21% more soil NH4N and 22% more N uptake than plots where stubble had been burnt. Soil fertility fell rapidly with increasing numbers of crops, and the unfertilized fifth crop accumulated approximately half the N (60 kg N ha-1) found in the unfertilized first crop (116 kg). Fertilizer N alleviated the effects of annual cropping; the application of 210 kg N ha-1 to the fifth crop (uptake of 156 kg N ha-1) resulted in similar N uptake to the first crop fertilized with 50 kg N ha-1 (154 kg N ha-1). Applying N at sowing had no significant effect on soil NH4-N concentration after permanent flood (PF), while N application at PF resulted in increased NH4-N concentration and N uptake until panicle initiation (PI). N applied at PI increased soil NH4-N concentration at least until the microspore stage. Management factors such as stubble incorporation and increasing N application rate, maintained N supply and enabled successive rice crops to accumulate similar quantities of N at maturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013092
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulating nitrogen response of irrigated rice (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: model optimization ; shoot nitrogen concentration ; time of N supply ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A dynamic model to simulate the growth and yield of irrigated, transplanted rice in relation to daily solar radiation, mean temperature and shoot nitrogen concentration was applied to rice crops in western Java, Indonesia. Observations of shoot nitrogen concentration throughout the life-cycles of experimental crops were used as input to the simulation. The experiments consisted of 23 treatments representing different forms of nitrogen fertilizer, and different rates, times and methods of application. The model accurately fitted the growth and yield of 12 of these treatments and was successfully tested on the 11 treatments which were not involved in the filting. The parts of the model dealing with nitrogen simulate daily growth as a non-linear function of nitrogen concentration of non-grain shoot tissue relative to upper and lower limits. During the grain-filling phase the model simulates the competition for plant nitrogen between grain and assimilating tissue. The model was used to simulate the effects of increases in nitrogen status of a rice crop in the environmental conditions of western Java. Simulations with the model suggest an interaction between the timing and amount of nitrogen accumulation in plant tissue, with little effect of timing on yield for small increases in nitrogen status, but an advantage for early over late application for large increases in nitrogen status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014429
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of controlled redox conditions on metal solubility in acid sulfate soils (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 281-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Eh ; flooded soils ; geochemistry ; iron reduction ; pyrite ; redox potential ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) yields are constrained by Fe and Al toxicity and P deficiency on acid sulfate soils. In order to delineate the effects of pH and redox potential on metal availability in these soils, one or both of these parameters must be held constant. The objective of this study was to investigate metal behavior in acid sulfate soils in redox controlled suspensions. Three acid sulfate soils, Rangsit Very Acid (Rsa), Rangsit (Rs), and Mahaphot (Ma); a potential acid sulfate soil, Bang Pakong (Bg); and a non-acid marine soil, Bangkok (Bk) from Thailand were utilized. After pre-incubating the soils under anaerobic conditions, the soils were oxidized in 100 mV increments in a stepwise fashion (oxidation cycle). Afterwards, the oxidized soils were reduced in the same manner (reduction cycle). The pH's of all the soils decreased during the oxidation cycle and increased upon re-reduction. Water-soluble Fe decreased in all the soils (except Bg) as the Eh was increased in the oxidation cycle, whereas Fe increased in the reduction cycle when the Eh was decreased until -50 mV, at which time Fe sulfide precipitation was believed to occur. In the Bg soil, pyrite oxidation (which evidently started at +50 mV) brought about large increases in soluble Fe under oxidizing conditions, and soil pH decreased to 2.0. The influence of the redox status on Mn varied. Soluble Al increased with increases in Eh (due to decreases in pH) and vice versa in most of the soils. Water-soluble P decreased under oxidizing conditions and increased under reducing conditions. Ammonium acetate-extractable Fe and P were highly correlated (r=0.88), indicating that Fe plays an important role in P availability in acid sulfate soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009200
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Old tree root channels in acid soils in the humid tropics: Important for crop root penetration, water infiltration and nitrogen management (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cassava ; Guelph permeameter ; leaching ; maize ; methylene blue ; rice ; rooting depth ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Under high rainfall conditions on acid soils with shallow crop root systems the rate of N leaching is high. A simple model predicts nitrogen uptake efficiency as a function of the amount of rainfall in excess of evapotranspiration, rooting depth and degree to which N leaching is retarded in comparison with water transport. Field observations on acid soils in S.E. Nigeria and S. Sumatera (Indonesia) showed that this model should be amended to include the role of old tree root channels. Crop roots can follow these channels, which are coated with partly decayed organic matter, into the acid subsoil. Measurements of water infiltration with a Guelph permeameter and a methylene blue dye showed that such channels form the major infiltration sites during rainstorms. Implications for nitrogen use efficiency and cropping pattern are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010715
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of NPK on growth and nitrogen fixation of Sesbania rostrata as a green manure for lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: green manure ; nitrogen fixation ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; Sesbania rostrata ; stem nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The stem-nodulating tropical legume Sesbania rostrata is a promising green manure species for low input rice-farming systems in lowland areas. However, its success as biofertilizer depends on its biomass production and N2 fixation. Nutrient imbalances and soils low in available nutrients can considerably affect biofertilizer production. Use of mineral N, P, and K fertilizers in growing S. rostrata as biofertilizer for lowland rice was therefore evaluated in pot experiments, and in the fields in Central Luzon, Philippines. Two soils low in Olsen P (3–7.3 mg kg−1) and exchangeable K (0.05–0.08 meq 100g-1) were used. Increasing amounts of N (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg kg-1), P (0, 50, and 100 mg kg-1), and K (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg kg-1) were applied to S. rostrata grown in the greenhouse, whereas small amounts of N, P, and K fertilizers (30, 15, and 33 kg ha-1, respectively) were applied in the field. Mineral N application depressed nodulation and N2 fixation in roots. It however, stimulated nodulation and N2 fixation in stems. Applying 30 kg N ha-1 as urea increased total N accumulation by S. rostrata and yield of the subsequent rice crop (IR64). Applied P and K both stimulated growth, nodulation, and N2 fixation of S. rostrata. Nitrogen accumulation in P- and K-fertilized S. rostrata was about 40% higher than that in nonfertilized green manure. Thus integration of mineral N, P, and K fertilizers in a green manure-based rice-farming system can considerably improve biofertilizer production and increase rice grain yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011021
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    The influence of chemical form and concentration of arsenic on rice growth and tissue arsenic concentration (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arsenic ; phytotoxicity ; speciation ; rice ; straighthead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Arsenic absorption by rice (Oryza sativa, L.) in relation to the chemical form and concentration of arsenic added in nutrient solution was examined. A 4 × 3 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted with treatments consisting of four arsenic chemical forms [arsenite, As(III); arsenate, As(V); monomethyl arsenic acid, MMAA; and dimethyl arsenic acid, DMAA], three arsenic concentrations [0.05, 0.2, and 0.8 mg As L-1], and two cultivars [Lemont and Mercury] with a different degree of susceptibility to straighthead, a physiological disease attributed to arsenic toxicity. Two controls, one for each cultivar, were also included. Arsenic phytoavailability and phytotoxicity are determined primarily by the arsenic chemical form present. Application of DMAA increased total dry matter production. While application of As(V) did not affect plant growth, both As(III) and MMAA were phytotoxic to rice. Availability of arsenic to rice followed the trend: DMAA〈As(V)〈MMAA〈As(III). Upon absorption, DMAA was readily translocated to the shoot. Arsenic(III), As(V), and MMAA accumulated in the roots. With increased arsenic application rates the arsenic shoot/root concentration decreased for the As(III) and As(V) treatments. Monomethyl arsenic acid (MMAA), however, was translocated to the shoot upon increased application. The observed differential absorption and translocation of arsenic chemical forms by rice is possibly responsible for the straighthead disorder attributed to arsenic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009308
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  • 18
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    Managing native and legume-fixed nitrogen in lowland rice-based cropping systems (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 141 (1992), S. 69-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological nitrogen fixation ; denitrification ; fallow ; flooded soil ; leaching ; legume ; nitrate ; nitrogen balance ; nitrogen loss ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lowlands comprise 87% of the 145 M ha of world rice area. Lowland rice-based cropping systems are characterized by soil flooding during most of the rice growing season. Rainfall distribution, availability of irrigation water and prevailing temperatures determine when rice or other crops are grown. Nitrogen is the most required nutrient in lowland rice-based cropping systems. Reducing fertilizer N use in these cropping systems, while maintaining or enhancing crop output, is desirable from both environmental and economic perspectives. This may be possible by producing N on the land through legume biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), minimizing soil N losses, and by improved recycling of N through plant residues. At the end of a flooded rice crop, organic- and NH4-N dominate in the soil, with negligible amounts of NO3. Subsequent drying of the soil favors aerobic N transformations. Organic N mineralizes to NH4, which is rapidly nitrified into NO3. As a result, NO3 accumulates in soil during the aerobic phase. Recent evidence indicates that large amounts of accumulated soil NO3 may be lost from rice lowlands upon the flooding of aerobic soil for rice production. Plant uptake during the aerobic phase can conserve soil NO3 from potential loss. Legumes grown during the aerobic phase additionally capture atmospheric N through BNF. The length of the nonflooded season, water availability, soil properties, and prevailing temperatures determine when and where legumes are, or can be, grown. The amount of N derived by legumes through BNF depends on the interaction of microbial, plant, and environmental determinants. Suitable legumes for lowland rice soils are those that can deplete soil NO3 while deriving large amounts of N through BNF. Reducing soil N supply to the legume by suitable soil and crop management can increase BNF. Much of the N in legume biomass might be removed from the land in an economic crop produce. As biomass is removed, the likelihood of obtaining a positive soil N balance diminishes. Nonetheless, use of legumes rather than non-legumes is likely to contribute higher quantities of N to a subsequent rice crop. A whole-system approach to N management will be necessary to capture and effectively use soil and atmospheric sources of N in the lowland rice ecosystem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011311
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  • 19
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    Non-structural carbohydrate: Analysis by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and its importance as an indicator of plant growth (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fructans ; NIR ; nitrogen ; non-structural carbohydrates ; rice ; starch ; stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant shoot samples are frequently analysed to assess if crops require additional nitrogen or mineral elements to maintain satisfactory growth. If plant growth is limited by temperature, water stress, disease, lodging or a mineral deficiency, non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) may be accumulated in, or depleted from, tissues especially those in the lower stems. Plant testing laboratories do not routinely analyse NSC to assist in the identification of plant stress probably because skilled technicians and time are required for the wet chemical determination. In this paper we report that routine determination of NSC is possible using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy; the errors of determination are comparable with traditional chemical methods. The concentration of NSC in the shoots of rice grown in south eastern Australia ranges from 1.6 to 22.8%, as starch. In the shoots of wheat grown in eastern Australia the range is from 2.4 to 35.2%, as fructans. In both crops the NSC content is highly inversely correlated with the shoot nitrogen content. Based on data from commercial wheat and rice crops we suggest that the ratio between nitrogen and NSC can be used to identify crops in which growth has been limited by a stress other than nitrogen and so are unlikely to show the predicted response to an application of nitrogen fertilizer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025029
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    Glutelin accumulation and changes in the levels of its mRNA in the superior and inferior spikelets of rice ear during ripening (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 211-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: accumulation ; glutelin ; glutelin mRNA ; inferior spikelet ; Oryza sativa L. ; rice ; ripening ; superior spikelet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Glutelin accumulation in the apical spikelet of the top primary branch (superior spikelet) and the second spikelet of the lowest secondary branch (inferior spikelet) of the ear of the rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) was characterized during grain filling. In the superior spikelet, the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen started immediately after flowering and rapidly reached the maturation level by 20 days after heading (DAH). At 7 DAH, total RNA content had already reached its maximum level and glutelin mRNA content 70% of its maximum. The increase in glutelin mRNA was followed by a rapid increase in glutelin between 7 and 16 DAH. In the inferior spikelet dry matter, nitrogen and glutelin accumulation were low immediately after flowering and increased only after grain filling of the superior spikelet was almost complete. Total RNA and glutelin mRNA increased much later at slower rates than in the superior spikelet. It is very likely that the retardation of dry matter, total nitrogen and glutelin accumulation in the inferior spikelet is due to retardation of differentiation and development of endosperm tissue, and to glutelin gene expression in endosperm cells. It is suggested that the delayed development resulted from limited partitioning of nutrients to the inferior spikelet at the early stage of ripening.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025021
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  • 21
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    Nitrogen and yield potential of irrigated rice (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 391-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; rice ; simulation ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Yield potential of modern rice varieties and implications for N management were evaluated in a series of field studies that provided data for validation of an eco-physiological simulation model for rice. We tested the hypothesis that N was the major factor limiting yield potential of irrigated rice. The simulation model ORYZA1 was used to evaluate the observed yield differences between varieties grown with different N management and in different environments. The model explained differences in yield of the treatments resonably well on the basis of differences in radiation, temperature, leaf N content and variety coefficients for phenological development. It was demonstrated by the model and experimental data that yield levels of 6 t ha-1 in the wet season and 10 t ha-1 in the dry season can be obtained in the tropics with the current short duration varieties only when the N supply from soil and fertilizer is adequately maintained at key growth stages. Yield probabilities for rice crops were simulated for different environments using long term weather data at two Philippine sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025065
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  • 22
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    Genetic divergence among cold tolerant rices (Oryza sativa L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 95-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa L. ; rice ; cold tolerance ; genetic divergence ; isozymes ; F1 sterility ; varietal classification ; rice breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetic divergence was investigated among 17 rice varieties known to possess some degree of cold tolerance at different growth stages. The 17 varieties and their 102 F1 hybrids with 6 male testers were studied for isozyme variation at 15 loci, spikelet fertility, and degree of cold tolerance at various stages. Multivariate analyses of the data provided several schemes of divergence based on various sources of evidence. All schemes gave similar results, and separated the varieties into japonica and indica groups. The japonica group displayed specific isozymes, a low F1 fertility with indica testers, and a high degree of cold tolerance which was expressed in the F1 progenies. The indica group displayed contrasting specific isozymes, a high F1 fertility with indica testers, and a moderate to low degree of cold tolerance which was not expressed in the F1 progenies. One variety, ARC 6000, displayed unique traits in most schemes and was classified into a distinct type based on the isozymes. The results emphasize that cold tolerance is a major trait for classification of rice into two varietal groups and that proper characterization of potential donors is essential in breeding. Isozyme studies are useful tools for this purpose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033276
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    Inheritance of resistance to whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) in some rice cultivars (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Sogatella furcifera ; whitebacked planthopper ; insect resistance ; allelic relationship ; inheritance of resistance ; genetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The genetics of resistance to whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) in ten resistant cultivars was studied. The reactions of the F1, F2 and F3 populations of resistant varieties with Taichung Native 1, a suspectible check, showed that WBPH resistance is monogenic in nature and governed by dominant gene(s) in Ptb 19 and IET 6288 and recessive gene in eight cultivars viz. ARC 5838, ARC 6579, ARC 6624, ARC 10464, ACR 11321, ARC 11320, Balamawee and IR 2415-90-4-3. Allelic relationship of resistance gene(s) in the test cultivars revealed recessive gene in IR 2415-90-4-3, ARC 5838 and ARC 11324 to be allelic but it was non allelic to the resistance gene in ARC 6624. Cultivars ARC 6579, ARC 11321 and Balamawee have identical gene among themselves but their relationship with IR 2415-90-4-3, ARC 5838, ARC 11324 and ARC 6624 is unknown. The recessive gene in ARC 10464 is non-identical to all other cultivars having the recessive gene except ARC 6624 with which its relationship needs further investigation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022302
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    Inheritance of aroma in rice (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 157-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; aroma ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of an aroma was worked out in crosses between ‘Brimful’ from Nepal as an aromatic rice and leading Japanese varieties ‘Koshihikari’ and ‘Nipponbare’ as non-aromatic ones. The F2 pattern of segregation for aroma to non-aroma was 3:13 indicating one dose gene for aroma and one dose inhibitor gene in two crosses. This ratio was confirmed by genetic behavior of F3 populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022309
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    Harvest index and evoluation of major food crop cultivars in the tropics (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Manihot esculenta ; cassava ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; selection ; competition ; yield ; biomass yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Relative importance of harvest index (I) and total biomass yield (B) to economic yield (Y) was assessed in several food crops at different levels of environmental productivity. Importance of B is generally higher in low than high yielding environments, while that of I is higher in high than low yielding environments. In some crops B is important throughout different yield levels while in others I is important even in low yielding environments. Past efforts by anonymous farmers have consummated a good part of genetic improvement of crop yields through improvement in B. Many venerable land cultivars of grain crops, adapted to unimproved, limited-input cultural conditions, evolved through this process. The same process may not have thoroughly exhausted the yield improvement opportunity through improving I. Success in yield improvement by modern breeding has been limited mainly to high-input cultural conditions characterized by higher soil fertility and irrigation mainly through improvement in I. Varietal improvement possibility for less productive environments is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027218
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    Analysis of ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase in F1 hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; ATPase ; succinic dehydrogenase ; heterosis ; correlation ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Activities of ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase were assessed in three F1 hybrids of rice and their parental lines during boot leaf stage, flowering, on 10th and 20th days after flowering. ATPase activity showed increase at the flowering and on 20th day after flowering. Succinic dehydrogenase activity continued to rise till 10th day after flowering and declined on 20th day after flowering. Hybrids with high yield were generally endowed with more positive heterosis for these two enzymes. Correlation coefficient of grain yield per panicle was significantly positive with ATPase activity at all the stages studied. Heterosis for ATPase activity might serve a reliable criterion for the selection of efficient F1 combinations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037185
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    Clonal propagation of rice through proliferation of axillary shoots (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; clonal propagation ; cytokinins ; shoot proliferation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Shoot base segments have been explanted from seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. Japonica, cv. Arborio) and grown on agar-solidified MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of four cytokinins: kinetin, BAP, 2iP and zeatin. After one month, segments were explanted from proliferated shoots and subcultured on their respective media. BAP was by far the most effective in inducing shoot proliferation. Highest rates were achieved at the higher concentration used: 5 mg 1−1. Shoot base segments were subcultured fifteen times consecutively on seven different concentrations of BAP. Shoots grown in the presence of 5 mg 1−1 of BAP proliferated an average of 12 normal shoots for each base segment throughout the fifteen subcultures. The shoots rooted easily on hormone-free medium. The technique does not require any particular skill, it is very effective and, therefore, can be suggested as suitable for clonal propagation of rice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037191
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    Effects of cytoplasm on heterosis and combining ability for agronomic traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; cytoplasmic effects ; heterosis ; combining ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effect of sterilizing (‘WA’) cytoplasm on heterosis and combining ability for days to flowering, plant height and grain yield in rice was studied in 70 crosses and their reciprocals produced by 10 cytoplasmic male sterile (A), their maintainer (B) and seven restorer (R) lines following line x tester design. The materials consisting of 140 hybrids (70 A/R and their reciprocal 70 R/B) plus 17 parental lines (10 B + 7 R) were evaluated under six environments, created by growing in three fields with different fertilizer doses (0, 60, 120 kg N/ha) and 2 seasons (dry and wet) during 1986 at IRRI farm. Reciprocal cross effect (A/R vs R/B) were highly significant for all the three traits. Interaction of reciprocal cross effects with environments were also highly significant for yield and days to flowering. Cytoplasmic effect for yield, days to flowering and plant height were estimated by comparing A/R and R/B combination and testing the significance of difference with LSD value. In order to avoid confounding effect of spikelet sterility on yields, twenty crosses showing normal spikelet fertility were selected. Both positive and negative cytoplasmic effects were observed for the three traits. The effects were modified by environments, except for plant height. Heterosis for all three traits was also affected by cytoplasm, however, manifestation of cytoplasmic effects was higher for heterosis for days to flower than in heterosis for yield and plant height. Effect of cytoplasm was more pronounced on general combining ability effects of parents than specific combining ability effects of crosses. Among the parents two CMS lines A4 (IR54752A) and A8 (IR22107-113-3-3A) and two R lines: R2 (IR46) and R7 (IR9761-19-1) showed consistent positive effect of cytoplasm on general combining ability. These lines have given several good heterotic combinations. The study indicated the usefulness of evaluating diverse cytoplasmic sources in various nuclear genotypes bred for hybrid rice breeding program.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037198
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    New sources of cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility in cultivated indica rices (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 215-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; indica rice ; cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four indica cultivars viz. Kalinga-I, Ptb. 10, IR 27280-13-3-3-3 and Co. 41 were found to possess male sterile cytoplasm with fertility restoring genes while the cultivar Krishna was found to maintain the male sterility in all the cases. All the plants in the F1 of Kalinga-I × Krishna were observed to be completely male sterile and continued to show complete pollen sterility in subsequent backcross generations when backcrossed with recurring pollen parent, Krishna. Thus, it was posible to develop a new cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile line in indica rice (Krishna A) with Kalinga-I male sterile cytoplasm and this male sterile cytoplasm was found to be genetically different from others. Further, the newly developed male sterile line (Krishna A) was observed to be tolerant for low temperature at seedling stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023652
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    The electrofocusing composition of the Large and Small Sub-unit polypeptides of Fraction-1-Protein in rice x wheat and rice x sorghum hybrids (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Sorghum bicolor ; sorghum ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; Fraction-1-Protein inheritance ; Isoelectric focusing ; intergeneric hybrids ; Large and small sub-units ; rice × sorghum ; rice × wheat hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The polypeptide composition of Fraction-1-Protein (F1P) from rice × sorghum, rice × wheat hybrids and their respective parents have been analyzed by a microelectrofocusing method. The large sub-unit (LSU) is composed of three polypeptides and the small sub-unit (SSU) of two polypeptides in rice and sorghum parents and rice × sorghum hybrids. Similarly, LSU is composed of three polypeptides in the rice and wheat parents and rice × wheat hybrids. Two polypeptides occur in the SSU of rice parent and rice × wheat hybrids where as only one polypeptide in the wheat parent. These polypeptides also differ in their isoelectric points. Based on the previous reports of F1P inheritance in hybrids in other crops, F1P analysis of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids does not seem to be an important marker to identify such intergeneric hybrids. Since this is first such report of F1P inheritance in hybrids between distantly related plants, its implication in different modes of inheritance are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023653
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    Comparison of selection indices to screen lowland rice for drought resistance (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 253-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; drought resistance ; screening methods ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Although many selection indices have been used to screen rices (Oryza sativa L.) for drought resistance, there has been little comparison of the relative merits of these indices. Research was conducted to compare drought resistance as estimated from grain yields, canopy-temperature-based stress indices, visual scoring, and uprooting force for 30 rice genotypes grown in the field with a puddled Maahas clay (Typic Tropaquept) and to evaluate traits related to drought resistance from nonstressed plants grown in the field and in aeroponic culture. Water deficit was imposed in the field by withholding irrigation from 45 to 75 days after transplanting compared to a continuously flooded control. Grain yields in the stress treatment were most strongly correlated with visual assessment of drought stress symptoms according to a standard evaluation system (r = 0.66). Canopy-temperature-based indices were also significantly correlated with grain yields of the stress treatment (r from −0.55 to −0.63). No trait of aeroponically grown plants was correlated with traits of stressed plants in the field. We conclude that visual scoring of stressed plants was the best method of screening for drought resistance, but if controlled water deficit cannot be imposed, then drought resistance may be estimated by measuring both uprooting force and grain yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023658
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    Heterosis in rice over environments (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 51 (1990), S. 87-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; heterosis ; heterobeltiosis ; standard heterosis ; heterosis x environment interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten CMS (A) lines and their maintainers (B) and seven restorers (R) were used to make 70 crosses (A/R) and 70 reciprocals (R/B) following line x tester design. The 140 crosses and 17 parents (10 B + 7 R lines) were evaluated in six environments created by three nitrogen fertility levels (0, 60, 120 kg N/ha) and two seasons wet (WS) and dry (DS). Hybrids (both A/R and R/B) were superior to their parents in yield. Hybrids flowered earlier and were taller than the parents. Substantial heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were observed in different environments. Extent of heterosis was higher in WS (stress environment) than in DS (favorable environment). Twenty four hybrids outyielded the standard check (IR46) significantly. Most of them were derived from crosses with parental lines: IR54752A/B, IR58057A/B, IR46 and IR54. For days to flowering, the overall mean heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were all negative values. Heterosis for plant height did not change the plant type of hybrids from semi-dwarf to tall because the parents possessed same dwarfing gene. With proper choice of parents hybrids possessing higher yield potential, early maturity and semi-dwarf plant type can be developed for the tropics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022896
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    Development of new cytoplasmic genetic male sterile lines through Indica × Japonica hybridization in rice (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 51 (1990), S. 127-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile line ; Indica cytoplasm ; Japonica rice ; reciprocal differences in pollen sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary From 28 Indica-Japonica crosses, two Indica cultivars, V.20B and Sattari were identified to possess male sterile cytoplasm with fertility restoring genes. It was possible to develop a new Japonica cytoplasmic genetic male sterile line (Zhunghua-1) on Indica male sterile cytoplasm (V 20B) by repeated backcrossing the complete pollen sterile plants of V 20B x Zhunghua-1 to the recurring male parent, Zhunghua-1. The study indicated that it would be possible to develop male sterile lines rom indica-japonica crosses only when there is sufficient amount of reciprocal differences with respect to pollen sterility. Further, it was inferred that it would be easier to develop Japonica male sterile lines on Indica cytoplasm than developing Indica male sterile line with japonica cytoplasm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022443
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    Genetic analysis of, and selection for, factors affecting quantitative resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae in rice (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 53 (1991), S. 235-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae ; bacterial blight ; quantitative resistance ; polygenic resistance ; transgressive segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four cultivars moderately resistant to Philippine isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae races 2, 3, 5 and 6 and highly resistant to race 1 were crossed with two susceptible cultivars and with each other. The F1 populations were as or more susceptible than the least resistant parent cultivar when assessed for lesion length (cm) by clip-inoculating booting plants with two race 2 and one race 6 isolates of X.c. oryzae. The F2 populations showed continuous distributions when assessed with the race 6 isolate PX099, although populations from crosses between moderately resistant cultivars were positively skewed. Mean broad-sense heritability in the F2 was 0.50. Selection for varying levels of resistance was carried out in the F2 and F3 generations. F3 lines selected from the F2 population modes had variances and ranges equal to those selected from the F2 population extremes and larger than the variances of the parent cultivars. Line selection in the F3 generation was more effective than plant selection in the F3 and in the F2. Realized h2 was 0.39 for line selection in the F3 but only 0.24 for plant selection. A number of lines more resistant than both parents were recovered in crosses between moderately resistant cultivars. Lines more susceptible than both parents were also recovered in crosses between moderately resistant cultivars, but few of these lines were as susceptible as the susceptible cultivars. This indicates that the moderately resistant cultivars had some resistance factor(s) in common. All test cultivars, including the susceptible cultivars, carry few to several factors for quantitative resistance. A model based on nine minor resistance factors is proposed to explain the pattern of transgression found in crosses between the six cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023275
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    Genetics of fertility restoration of ‘Wild Abortive’ cytoplasmic male sterility in rice, Oryza sativa L. (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; male fertility restoration ; genetics ; cytoplasmic male sterility ; epistasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetics of fertility restoration To avoid tedious repetitions we refer to male fertility and male sterility as fertility and sterility, respectively. in six varieties and breeding lines of rice was studied in ‘Wild Abortive’ cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system using cytoplasmic male sterile lines V 20 A and IR 54752 A. Fertility evaluation of the plants in F2 and testcross populations of the crosses of V 20 A with PR 103, PR 106 and PAU 502-94-1, and IR 54752 A with PAU 1124-36-1 and PAU 1126-1-1 revealed that fertility restoration in PR 103, PR 106, PAU 502-94-1, PAU 1124-36-1 and PAU 1126-1-1 was controlled by two independently segregating dominant genes. The two genes appeared to have additive effects; one of them being stronger than the other in imparting fertility restoration. Data on spikelet fertility of the plants in F2 and testcross populations of V 20 A/UPR 82-1-1 cross showed that fertility restoration in UPR 82-1-1 was controlled by two independently segregating dominant genes which exhibited recessive epistatic interaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042364
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    Gene banks and their contribution to the breeding of disease resistant cultivars (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic resources ; gene bank ; pearl millet ; Pennisetum glaucum ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; rice ; Oryza sativa ; cotton ; Gossypium spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetic variation in crop species and their wild relatives holds the key to the successful breeding of improved crop cultivars with durable resistance to disease. The importance of the conservation, characterization and utilization of plant genetic resources nationally and internationally has been recognised, though much remains to be done. Gene banks have now been established in many countries and at most of the international crop research centres. Cell and tissue culture techniques and biotechnological aids have done much to ensure the creation and safe transfer of healthy germplasm around the world. Multidisciplinary, international research and collaboration are essential to the successful breeding of improved disease resistant cultivars. Examples are given of the effective use of genetic resources in breeding disease resistant cultivars of a number of crops, including cotton, rice, potatoes and pearl millet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023909
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    Anther culture of tropical japonica × indica hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 62 (1992), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: rice ; Oryza sativa L. ; japonica × indica ; sterility ; anther culture ; doubled haploids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nine japonica × indica F1 hybrids of rice involving 6 indica and 3 japonica tropical varieties, were large scale anther cultured. The frequency of callusing anthers averaged 18.7%. The microspore-derived calli produced green plants with a mean frequency of 8.7%. Albino plants represented 61% of the shoot forming calli. Monitoring of the green and albino plant regenerating capabilities of calli arising between week 4 and week 8 of incubation of the anthers showed no increase of the albino/green ratio and a slow decrease of the shoot forming ability of the transferred calli after the sixth week of culture. Spontaneous doubled haploids (SDH) represented 46% of the regenerated green plants in 4 hybrids. However, a high frequency of partially sterile regenerants was noticed among 132 SDH plants generated from a hybrid.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041756
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    Durable resistance to rice blast disease-environmental influences (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: environmental influence ; Oryza sativa ; Pyricularia grisea ; P. oryzae ; rice ; rice blast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Blast is one of the most serious diseases of rice worldwide. The pathogen,Pyricularia grisea, can infect nearly all parts of the shoot and is commonly found on the leaf blade and the panicle neck node. Host resistance is the most desirable means of managing blast, especially in developing countries. Rice cultivars with durable blast resistance have been recognized in several production systems. The durable resistance of these cultivars is associated with polygenic partial resistance that shows no evidence of race specificity. This partial resistance is expressed as fewer and smaller lesions on the leaf blade but latent period does not appear to be an important component. Partial resistance to leaf blast is positively correlated with partial resistance to panicle blast, although some cultivars have been found showing leaf-blast susceptibility and panicle-blast resistance. A diverse set of environmental factors can influence the expression of partial resistance, including temperature, duration of leaf-wetness, nitrogen fertilization, soil type, and water deficit. Because of the great diversity of rice-growing environments, resistance that proves durable in one system may or may not prove useful in another. In highly blast-conducive environments, other means of disease management must be applied to assist host-plant resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023917
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    Effect of phosphorus application on transformation of zinc fraction in soil and on the zinc nutrition of lowland rice (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 115-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: interaction ; moisture regimes ; phosphorus applications ; rice ; zinc uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have studied in the laboratory the effect of different levels of P application on the transformation on native as well as of applied zinc in a rice-growing soil under two moisture regimesviz., flooded and nonflooded. Application of P caused a decrease in the water soluble plus exchangeable and organic complexed with a concomitant increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms of native soil zinc. Application of P also caused a decrease in the transformation of applied Zn into the water soluble plus exchangeable and organically complexed and an increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms of zinc. The above effects of P were more pronounced in soil under flooded than under nonflooded moisture regimes. The water soluble plus exchangeable and the organically complexed forms of Zn are considered to play an important role in Zn nutrition of lowland rice, while the role of the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms are less important in this regard. The results of greenhouse experiments showed that P application caused a progressive decrease in the Zn concentration in shoot and root. This was attributed at least partly to the decrease in the water soluble plus exchangeable and organically complexed forms of Zn and an increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms in soil due to P application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444111
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    Studies on the availability of Azolla N and urea N for rice growth using 15N (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 128 (1990), S. 209-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azolla pinnata var. pinnata ; dry season ; 15N recovery ; residual effect ; rice ; succeeding crop ; wet season
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments (20 m2 plots) were conducted to compare Azolla and urea as N sources for rice (Oryza sativa L.) in both the wet and dry seasons. Parallel microplot (1 m2) experiments were conducted using 15N. A total of approximately 60 kg N ha-1 was applied as urea, Azolla, or urea plus Azolla. Urea or Azolla applied with equal applications of 30 kg N ha-1 at transplanting (T) and at maximum tillering (MT) were equally effective for increasing rice grain yields in both seasons. Urea at 30 kg N ha-1 at T and Azolla 30 kg N ha-1 at MT was also equally effective. Urea applied by the locally recommended best split (40 kg at T and 20 kg at MT) gave a higher yield in the wet season, but an equal yield in the dry season. The average yield increase was 23% in the wet season, and 95% in the dry season. The proportion of the N taken up by the rice plants which was derived from urea (%NdfU) or Azolla (%NdfAz) was essentially identical for the treatments receiving the same N split. Recovery of 15N in the grain plus straw was also very similar. Positive yield responses to residual N were observed in the succeeding rice crop following both the wet and dry seasons, but the increases were not always statistically significant. Recovery of residual 15N ranged from 5.5 to 8.9% for both crops in succeeding seasons. Residual recovery from the urea applications was significantly higher than from Azolla in the crop succeeding the dry season crop. Azolla was equally effective as urea as an N source for rice production on a per kg N basis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011111
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    Plant-induced changes in the redox potentials of rice rhizospheres (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 143 (1992), S. 55-60 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: oxidizing power ; platinum microelectrode ; rice ; rhizosphere ; soil reducing capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Redox potentials in microsites of the rhizosphere of flooded rice were continuously measured for several days. Close to the root tips redox potential markedly increased. The highest increase was measured in the rhizosphere of the tips of short lateral roots. Aerobic redox conditions were reached there, except in a very strongly reduced soil. Both the extension of the oxidation zone around the root tips and the maximum redox potential reached were influenced by the reducing capacity of the soil. The radius of the redox rhizosphere varied from less than 1 mm in a strongly reduced soil up to 4 mm in a weakly reduced one. The root-induced oxidation processes in the rhizosphere depended on the atmospheric oxygen supply to the roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009128
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    Comparative effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources applied to a flooded soil on rice yield and availability of N (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: added N interaction ; flooded soil ; nitrogen availability ; 15N ; priming effect ; rice ; soil nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic and inorganic nitrogen (N) sources on the yield and N uptake of rice from applied and native soil-N. The residual effect of these N sources on a succeeding wheat crop was also studied. Organic N was applied in the form of 15N-labelled Sesbania aculeata L., a legume, and inorganic N in the form of 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate. The two sources were applied to the soil separately or together at the time of transplanting rice. Recovery of N by rice from both the applied sources was quite low but both sources caused significant increases in biomass and N yield of rice. Maximum increase was recorded in soil treated with organic N. The residual value of the two materials as source of N for wheat was not significant; the wheat took up only a small fraction of the N initially applied. Loss of N occurred from both applied N sources, the losses being more from inorganic N. Both applied N sources caused a substantial increase in the availability of soil-N to rice and wheat; most of this increase was due to organic N and was attributed to the so-called ‘priming’ effect or ANI (added nitrogen interaction) of the applied material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010664
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    Gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply in different growth stages (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aeration ; aerenchyma ; carnation ; cucumber ; gerbera ; maize ; oxygen stress ; oxygen transport ; redox dye ; rice ; rose ; sugar beet ; sweet pepper ; tomato ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply was tested for a range of edible and ornamental crops: rice, maize, wheat, sugar beet, tomato, cucumber, sweet pepper, carnation, gerbera and rose. In a first experiment, the roots of tomato, maize and gerbera had a higher gas-filled root porosity, Ep (% v/v), when grown permanently in a non-aerated instead of aerated solution. The Ep of roots increased during two weeks when half the root system of a young plant was transferred to a non-aerated solution; in older plants this response was not seen. Carnation had a negligible gas-filled porosity in all treatments. In a second experiment, a comparison was made between high (20 kPa) and low (about 2 kPa) O2 partial pressure in a recirculating nutrient solution. Half of the root system was transferred to low O2 at various growth stages. In most species older plants did not increase Ep on exposure to low O2. For tomato, sweet pepper and rose, Ep was normally in the range 3–8% (v/v). Young plants of cucumber, wheat and sugar beet also had an Ep in that range, but in older plants values ranged from 1 to 3%. Transverse root sections examined by light microscopy showed, on average, 60% more intercellular spaces in the root cortex than the measurements of gas-filled porosity, probably because some gaps and spaces in the cortex were not gas-filled. This effect was most pronounced in tomato. A negative pressure in the cortex may be needed for gaps to be gas-filled. An exodermis may increase the effectiveness of gas spaces in the cortex by closing the gas channels and, by offering some resistance to water uptake, allowing a negative pressure head in the cortex which keeps gaps gas-filled. A redox dye method was developed to study the length of root which is effectively supplied with oxygen, as a function of Ep. Results indicated that for every percent Ep the root can remain aerated over at least 1 cm in a non-aerated medium under the conditions of the test.
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    Potassium nutrition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties under NaCl salinity (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cations ; NaCl salinity ; nutrient ratios ; potassium nutrition ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; rice ; yield ; yield attributes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A salt-tolerant (Pokkali) and a salt-sensitive (IR28) variety of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were grown in a phytotron to investigate the effect of K (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg K kg−1 soil) application on their salt tolerance. Potassium application significantly increased potential photosynthetic activity (Rfd value), percentage of filled spikelets, yield and K concentration in straw. At the same time, it also significantly reduced Na and Mg concentrations and consequently improved the K/Na, K/Mg and K/Ca ratios. IR28 responded better to K application than Pokkali. Split application of K failed to exert any beneficial effect over basal application.
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    Genetics of tolerance to iron chlorosis in rice (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: inheritance ; iron chlorosis ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetics of tolerance to iron chlorosis was investigated in eight crosses involving parents distinctly different in their level of tolerance. The segregating populations with parents and F1s were screened under actual stress conditions in the field. Also, selected crosses were studied for Fe3+ uptake capacity. Tolerance/moderate tolerance to Fe chlorosis was dominant over susceptibility and it was controlled by two sets of nonallelic genes with complementary interaction. Gene Ic 1 has been found to be basic and in complementation with Ic 3 it confers tolerance. Likewise, Ic 2 with Ic 4 confers tolerance. The basic genes Ic 1 and Ic 2 are nonallelic and, in the absence of their respective complementary genes Ic 3 and 4 , ineffective, which results in susceptibility. Of tolerant cultivars, ARC 10372 and Cauvery have been tentatively assigned the genotype of Ic 1 , Ic 2 , Ic 3 , Ic 4 , and moderately tolerant IET 7613, Prasanna and Akashi Ic 1 , 2 Ic 3 Ic 4 . The susceptible ARC 5723 has been assigned Ic 1 , 2 , Ic 3 , Ic 4 , and IET 9829, Ic 1 , 2 Ic 3 Ic 4 . IET 7614 is susceptible, due to the presence of inhibitory genes I-Ic 1 , I-Ic 2 together with ic 1 pt〉, ic 2 , Ic 3 , Ic 4 . Further, the gene Pc for purple coleoptile shows linkage with one of the complementary genes with a crossover value of 15.26%, while the gene(s) for seedling height Ts with Ic 1 with a crossover value of 1.7%. It is possible that the gene(s) for iron chlorosis tolerance might belong to the second linkage group, where genes for purple leaf were located.
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    Phosphorus sorption characteristics in acid sulfate soils of Thailand: Effect of uncontrolled and controlled soil redox potential (Eh) and pH (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 227-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Oryza saliva L. ; phosphorus deficiency ; rice ; sorption isotherm ; sulfic tropaquepts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two laboratory experiments were conducted to study phosphorus sorption characteristics in acid sulfate soils (para- and actual-acid sulfate soils) of Thailand. In one experiment the soils were subjected to oxidized and reduced conditions, in another they were maintained under different controlled pH (4.0, 5.0, and 6.0) and Eh (+600, +400, +300, +200, +100, and 0 mV) conditions. In both experiments the soils were kept in stirred suspensions with a soil to 0.01 M CaCl2 solution ratio of 1:7 for 6 weeks. After the incubation period, the soil suspensions were equilibrated with KH2PO4 ranging from 0 to 500 mg P kg−1 soil. Sorption isotherms were described by the classical Langmuir equation. The results from the first experiment showed that more native insoluble P was released under reduced than oxidized conditions, with more being released from para-acid sulfate soil than from actual acid sulfate soils. Soil reduction also caused an increase in P-sorption. Less P-sorption occurred under both conditions in para-acid sulfate soil than in actual acid sulfate soils. In the second experiment, the P-sorption of both actual and para-acid sulfate soils was significantly affected by soil Eh, pH, and their interactions. The P-sorption increased significantly with increasing pH and decreasing Eh. At pH 4.0, a considerable increase in P-sorption occurred as Eh decreased from +400 to +300 mV, whereas at pH 5.0 and 6.0 an obvious change in P-sorption occurred when Eh decreased from +300 mV to +200 mV. The actual acid sulfate soil sorbed more P than did para-acid sulfate soil. Significant correlation between P-sorption parameters and iron-oxides indicated the primary role of iron-oxides in P-sorption of acid sulfate soils of Thailand. Aluminum-oxides seemed to play a secondary role in P-sorption of these soils. Manganese also showed a significant effect on P-sorption.
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    Iron toxicity and other chemical soil constraints to rice in highland swamps of Burundi (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 109-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fe toxicity ; highland swamp ; Histosol ; Mn ; leaf mineral content ; organic carbon ; peat ; rice ; soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Iron toxicity is suspected to be a major nutritional disorder in rice cropping systems established on flooded organic soils that contain reductible iron. A pot trial was carried out to assess Fe toxicity to rice in flooded Burundi highland swamp soils with a wide range of organic carbon contents. Soil and leaf analyses were performed and total grain weight was determined. Clear Fe toxicity was diagnosed, based on leaf Fe content at panicle differentiation. Leaf Fe contents higher than 250 μg g−1 dry matter induced lower Mg (and probably Mn) uptake, and a 50% total grain weight reduction. These features were associated with exchangeable Fe equivalent fractions higher than 86%. Besides, several non-Fe toxic soils exhibited an Mg-Mn imbalance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185487
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    Redox conditions and iron chemistry in highland swamps of Burundi (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 165-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; exchange complex ; highland swamp ; Histosol ; iron oxides ; iron toxicity ; peat ; redox potential ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Iron toxicity is a major soil constraint to rice (Oryza sative L.) cropping in highland swamps of Burundi. These swamps have a wide range of carbon content. This study aims at determining the influence of carbon content and redox conditions on the release of iron from Fe-bearing minerals. The pe-pH pairs distribution and oxalate dissolution data strongly suggest a control of Fe2+ activity by a pool of poorly crystallized ferric oxides. Flooding results in high values of KCl-extractable Fe (up to 22 cmolc kg-1) being released from that pool. The iron release is positively correlated with organic matter. On the other hand, highly organic, peaty soils have large CEC and their adsorbed Fe fraction remains relatively low. As the exchangeable Fe fraction has previously been correlated with Fe toxicity to rice, we may conclude that very organic (〉 25% C), peaty soils exhibit a lower Fe toxicity hazard than soils with intermediate carbon content (10–25%).
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    Genetic effect on uptake of selected nutrients in some rice (O. sativa L.) varieties in phosphorus deficient soils (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: diallel cross ; gene effects ; heterotic effect ; ion uptake ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of genes on the uptake by rice plants of certain macro- and micronutrients (calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese and zinc) was studied, by diallel (7 × 7) analysis, in P deficient upland soil. Both additive and dominant gene effects, with a preponderance of the former, were found to be responsible for the uptake of all the elements studied. Local varieties were found to be not only good yielders but also much more efficient in element uptake. Heterotic effects were observed in various crosses with respect to the uptake of all the aforementioned nutrients. Statistical analysis indicated that while the uptake of iron and zinc were negatively correlated, the uptake of manganese and calcium, manganese and zinc, calcium and magnesium and calcium and zinc were positively correlated.
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    Genotypical differences among graminaceous species in release of phytosiderophores and uptake of iron phytosiderophores (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; chlorosis resistance ; cucumber ; genotypical differences ; grasses ; iron mobilization ; iron uptake ; maize ; microorganisms ; oat ; phytosiderophores ; rice ; root exudates ; root growth ; rye ; sorghum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Graminaceous species can enhance iron (Fe) acquisition from sparingly soluble inorganic Fe(III) compounds by release of phytosiderophores (PS) which mobilize Fe(III) by chelation. In most graminaceous species Fe deficiency increases the rate of PS release from roots by a factor of 10–20, but in some species, for example sorghum, this increase is much less. The chemical nature of PS can differ between species and even cultivars. The various PS are similarly effective as the microbial siderophore Desferal (ferrioxamine B methane sulfonate) in mobilizing Fe(III) from a calcareous soil. Under the same conditions the synthetic chelator DTPA (diaethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) is ineffective. The rate of Fe(III)PS uptake by roots of graminaceous species increases by a factor of about 5 under Fe deficiency. In contrast, uptake of Fe from both synthetic and microbial Fe(III) chelates is much lower and not affected by the Fe nutritional status of the plants. This indicates that in graminaceous species under Fe deficiency a specific uptake system for FePS is activated. In contrast, the specific uptake system for FePS is absent in dicots. In a given graminaceous species the uptake rates of the various FePS are similar, but vary between species by a factor of upto 3. In sorghum, despite the low rate of PS release, the rate of FePS uptake is particularly high. The results indicate that release of PS and subsequent uptake of FePS are under different genetic control. The high susceptibility of sorghum to Fe deficiency (‘lime-chlorosis’) is most probably caused by low rates of PS release in the early seedling stage. Therefore in sorghum, and presumably other graminaceous species also, an increase in resistance to ‘lime chlorosis’ could be best achieved by breeding for cultivars with high rates of PS release. In corresponding screening procedures attention should be paid to the effects of iron nutritional status and daytime on PS release as well as on rapid microbial degradation of PS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011260
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    Effects of N fertilization on N2 fixation and N balances of soybean grown after lowland rice (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 235-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: humid tropics ; N balance ; N2 fixation ; N fertilizer ; nodulation ; rice ; rotation ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We report a study in northern Thailand to examine the effects of fertilizer N, applied both to paddy rice and to a subsequent soybean crop on symbiotic and yield characteristics of soybean and on the differences between inputs of fixed N2 and the removal of N as harvested product. Treatments were a factorial arrangement of 0, 100 and 300 kg N ha-1 applied to the rice (designated R0, R100 and R300, respectively), and 0,25 and 50 kg N ha-1, applied as ‘starter’ fertilizer to the soybean (S0, S25 and S50, respectively). Nitrogen applied to the rice increased rice yields by up to 74% but proportions recovered by the rice were low (45% [R100] and 14% [R300]). The rice N treatments had only marginal effects on soybean nodulation (up to 17% reduction in early growth) and above-ground dry matter (up to 9% increase). Effects on soybean seed yield and total N2 fixed were insignificant. Starter N, applied to the soybean at sowing, also marginally reduced nodulation and enhanced above-ground dry matter. Total N2 fixed was unaffected but seed yield was increased by up to 6%. For all treatments, total above-ground N ranged from 145 to 179 kg ha-1 with 72 to 85% (122 and 140 kg ha-1) derived from N2 fixation. When harvested product consisted of seed only, differences between inputs of fixed N2 and removals of seed N were close to zero (-10 to+9 kg N ha-1) with little effect of fertilizer N. The N balances were reduced by an average of 18 kg N ha-1 when straw was included as harvested product. We concluded that N applied to the rice and to the following soybean was inefficiently used by those crops and had only marginal effects of symbiotic activity of the soybean. Furthermore, the benefit of the N2 fixing soybean in this system was to slow the decline of, rather than enhance, the N fertility of the soil
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029075
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    Interaction between calcium and silicon in water-cultured rice plants (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 148 (1993), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcium ; rice ; silica body ; silicon ; soft X-ray irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between Ca and Si in water-cultured rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Akebono) was investigated in terms of uptake. The effect of Ca levels in the solution on Si chemical forms and on the formation of silica bodies in the leaf blades was also examined using soft X-ray irradiation for detection of silica bodies. Si addition (1.66 mM Si) decreased both Ca content of the shoot and uptake at each Ca level. This might mainly result from a decreased transpiration rate caused by Si. Si uptake was not affected when the Ca levels were increased. The results of Si forms showed that silica sol constituted more than 90% of the total Si in the leaf blades regardless of Si and Ca levels, and soluble silica and/or polysilicic acid seems to gel physically over 8.0 mM Si within the plants. Significant difference in the numbers of silica bodies on the third leaf blade was not found between different Ca levels at the same Si level. The content of Si in the leaf blade seems to be a determining factor for the formation of silica bodies. ei]H. Marschner
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185390
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    Ethylene production in rice bronzing leaves induced by ferrous iron (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bronzing ; iron ; ethylene ; peroxidase ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bronzing, a nutritional disorder of rice plants which is widely distributed in tropical lowlands, was induced by dipping the cut end of rice leaves into FeSO4 solution (pH 3.5). Ethylene production; the activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; and the effects of Co2+, aminoethoxyvinylglycine, Ag+, cycloheximide, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, were investigated in the course of bronzing development. It was found that ethylene production could be stimulated up to about 20 times that of the control by Fe2+, and a peak could be reached at about 24 h after incubation. The Fe2+-treated leaves also had 10-fold higher peroxidase activity than the control, whereas in vitro enzyme activity was inhibited by Fe2+. Cycloheximide retarded in vivo stimulation of peroxidase, indicating that in vivo stimulation resulted from inducing de novo synthesis of the enzyme. No changes in the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase were observed. The results, obtained from the incubation of leaves with Co2+, aminoethoxyvinylglycine, Ag+, cycloheximide, or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, showed that ethylene production was the effect of Fe2+ stress and that it was not involved in the process of bronzing development, which is probably an acclimation process to enable plants to cope with stress. The accelerated peroxidase activity may be associated with bronzing development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016613
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    Effect of salt stress on plant gene expression: A review (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; gene expression ; ice plant ; rice ; salt stress ; tobacco ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil salinity is an important agricultural problem, particularly since the majority of crop plants have low salt tolerance. The identification of genes whose expression enables plants to adapt to or tolerate salt stress is essential for breeding programs, but little is known about the genetic mechanisms for salt tolerance. Recent research demonstrates that salt stress modulates the levels of a number of gene products. Although the detection of gene products that respons specifically to salt stress is a significant finding, they must be identified, functions assigned, and their relation to salt tolerance determined. This article focuses on a few of the salt-responsive proteins and mRNAs that have been discovered and the methods employed to identify and characterize them.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012007
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    A gametocidal factor of Oryza glaberrima Steud. in O. sativa L. (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Oryza glaberrima ; non-glutinous pollen ; glutinous pollen ; semi-sterility ; gametocidal factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Recurrent backcrossing has been carried out with a view to transfer a gene for non-glutinous endosperm from two strains of O. glaberrima (Wx g /Wx g ) to glutinous japonica and indica varieties (wx/wx) of Oryza sativa. In the course of backcrosses Wx g /wx segregants were crossed with each of the two glutinous varieties of sativa as the respective recurrent male parent. The wx/wx and Wx g /wx segregants in the successive generations were consistently fully fertile and semi-sterile, respectively. The semi-sterility of Wx g /wx plants was attributable to abortion of most of the pollen grains carrying the gene wx. The nucleus but not cytoplasm was related to the semi-sterility. The Wx g /Wx plants having the gene for non-glutinous endosperm of a glaberrima strain and a japonica variety of sativa were also semi-sterile. Both wx- and Wx-megaspores in the plants heterozygous for the gene Wx g were deleteriously affected. The results could be explained by assuming that a factor tightly linked with the gene Wx g of glaberrima sterilizes gametes not carrying it in the heterozygotes and that the gametocidal action is exerted when combined with the sativa nucleus by the recurrent backcross method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032984
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    Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight disease of rice (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 49 (1990), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae ; bacterial blight ; disease ; inheritance of esistance ; dominant ; recessive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of resistance to the Punjab isolate of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae of bacterial blight disease of rice was studied in seven breeding lines resistant to the disease. The results revealed that resistance in breeding lines PAU 122-73-1-4-1, PAU 164-102-1-2-1-1-1, KJT 24, IR 5657-33-2-1-2 and IR 22082-41-2-2 was controlled by single dominant genes allelic to the dominant gene which confers resistance to the Punjab isolate in Patong 32. Resistance to the Punjab isolate in breeding lines IET 7172 and RP 2151-40-1 was found to be controlled by single recessive resistance genes allelic to one of the recessive resistance genes present in BJ 1. The two genes are independently inherited and are being used to develop bacterial blight resistant varieties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027263
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    Choosing rice germplasm for evaluation (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; germplasm ; genetic resources ; conservation ; rice pests ; rice pathogens ; core collections ; search strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Using the evaluation database on the world collection of rice, Oryza sativa, conserved at the International Rice Research Institute, different sampling strategies for choosing germplasm were compared. Random, stratified, sequential and analysed sets of germplasm were chosen and the frequency of finding resistance to different rice pests, the brown planthopper, green leafhopper and whitebacked planthopper, and diseases, bacterial blight and blast were compared. The frequency of the geographically restricted javanica race of rice was also compared in the different germplasm sets. The results indicate that where no prior information is available to choose germplasm for evaluation, for the same sample number, germplasm representing broad genetic diversity are preferable to other sampling strategies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039601
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    Assessment of quantitative resistance of rice cultivars to Xanthomonas campestris pv. Oryzae: a comparison of inoculation methods (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae ; bacterial blight ; rice ; Oryza sativa ; clip inoculation ; spray inoculation ; quantitative resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Lesion size and lesion number were measured on cultivars of rice inoculated by clipping or spraying with virulent isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae. Mean percentage diseased leaf area (%DLA) gave a similar ranking for the two inoculation methods but differences in lesion size among cultivars were much more evident after clip than after spray inoculation. Correlation between the methods was high (r=0.82**), but some cultivars responded differently with the two techniques. Cultivars which had low scores following spray inoculation showed low disease progress during the first nine weeks after transplanting into a screen-house experiment. Assessment after clip inoculation measures resistance due to spread of bacteria within the leaf xylem system, an important component of quantitative resistance. Assessment after spray inoculation measures all resistance, including resistance to entrance of bacteria into the leaf. In order to select rice entries with improved quantitative resistance to X. c. oryzae based on both components, a screening based on lesion length after clip inoculation, followed by a test for lesion number after spray inoculation, is advised.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039604
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    Genetic analysis of male sterility in rice mutants with environmentally influenced levels of fertility (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chemical mutagenesis ; male sterility ; Oryza sativa ; pollen ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty-six male sterile plants grown in the field were recovered in the M7 generation from ethyl methane sulfonate-treated material of the rice cultivar M-201. Fertility increased five-fold when ratooned plants from the field were grown in a growth chamber with a 12 hour daylength. Crosses between mutant and normal fertile cultivars produced fertile F1 plants. Female fertility was normal as judged by percent seed set from unbagged panicles of parental and recombinant lines. Transgressive segregation for fertility was observed for all crosses in the F2 and F3 generations. Five of 37 F3 male sterile plants showed moderate levels of seed fertility under winter greenhouse conditions and reduced seed set when transplanted to summer field plots. Fertility data from reciprocal crosses suggested cytoplasmic factors had little or no effect on levels of male sterility in the mutant lines. Chi-squared analyses of F2 and F3 generation results indicated male sterility of the mutants is conditioned by two nuclear genes with epistatic effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025231
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    Residual effects of the Xa-4 resistance gene in three rice cultivars when exposed to a virulent isolate of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae ; bacterial blight ; ghost gene ; quantitative resistance ; residual resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary F2 plants of five, and F3 plants of three, crosses between genotypes carrying the race-specific resistance gene Xa-4 and genotypes not carrying this gene were inoculated with two isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae. Half the tillers of each plant received isolate PX061, avirulent on the Xa-4 gene, the other half of the tillers received isolate PX099, virulent for the Xa-4 gene. The F2 and F3 populations segregated for a single dominant resistance gene, Xa-4. The parental, F2 and F3 genotypes not carrying Xa-4 had mean lesion lengths between 28 and 29 cm for both isolates. The Xa-4 carrying parents showed a mean lesion length of 2.7 cm with the avirulent isolate and of 12.4 cm with the virulent isolate. The Xa-4 carrying F2 and F3 genotypes had mean lesion lengths of 5.2 and 20.1 cm for the two isolates, respectively. These observations strongly indicate that the Xa-4 gene, carried by the rice genotypes studied (IR28, Cisadane and BR51-282-8), had a considerable residual effect when exposed to virulent isolate PXO99.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025232
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    Phytochrome dependent decrease of gibberellin-sensitivity (1993)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 12 (1993), S. 195-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: rice ; cell elongation ; gibberellin ; microtubules ; Oryza sativa L. ; phytochrome ; sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Exogenous gibberellin removes the genetical suppression of mesocotyl elongation in dark-grown seedlings of the rice cultivar ‘Nihon Masari’ (japonica type). This gibberellin effect can be cancelled by light. All light effects can be accounted for by phytochrome. Dose-response and fluence-response studies show that phytochrome induces a reduction of the sensitivity to exogenous gibberellins. A cytological analysis of cell elongation and cortical microtubules led to a model where gibberellin and red light regulate mesocotyl elongation by controlling microtubule orientation in the epidermis of the mesocotyl. This causes corresponding changes of cellular extension growth, which can account for a large part of the observed growth responses. Comparative studies involving antimicrotubular drugs and gibberellin-synthesis inhibitors in the rice cultivar ‘Kasarath’ (indica type) and a hybrid cultivar suggest that some of the differences between the cultivars are due to differences in gibberellin-sensitivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027199
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    Changes in putrescine accumulation induced by agents affecting cytosolic pH in detached rice leaves (1993)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 13 (1993), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: cytosolic pH ; Oryza sativa ; putrescine ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of compounds that influenced cytosolic pH on the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves were examined. Permeant weak acids, isobutyric acid and propionic acid, increased the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves. Procaine and trisodium citrate, known to be permeant weak bases, on the other hand, decreased the level of putrescine. It seems possible that the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves is regulated by the cytosolic pH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024255
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    Inhibition of tillering in cereals by substituted 2-phenoxypropionic acids (1991)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 10 (1991), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: tillering ; wheat ; barley ; rice ; 2-phenoxypropionic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The properties of various mono- and di-substituted analogues of 2-phenoxypropionic acid as inhibitors of tillering were investigated on wheat, barley and rice. Highest levels of activity were shown by (R)2-Cl,5-Cl, (R)2-Cl,5-F, and (R)2-Cl,5-methyl analogues. Few or no signs of phytotoxic effects (leaf chlorosis or necrosis) were evident on wheat or barley following spray application of these compounds. Rice was both more susceptible to inhibition of tillering and phytotoxic effects. However, almost complete inhibition of tillering was achieved by application of some compounds to rice with little or no phytotoxicity. Comparisons were made between the properties of these compounds and commercially used phenoxyacetic and phenoxypropionic herbicides and plant growth regulators. Dichlorprop inhibited tillering in rice, fenoprop in wheat and rice, and fluroxypyr in wheat, all without phytotoxic effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024411
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    Polyamines, indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in rice phloem sap (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 15 (1994), S. 125-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: rice ; Oryza sativa ; phloem sap ; polyamine ; abscisic acid ; auxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Putrescine, spermidine, spermine and cadaverine have been identified and quantified in rice phloem sap and shoot extracts by HPLC. It is suggested that diamines, putrescine and cadaverine, easily migrate into the phloem, while movement of a triamine, spermidine, and a tetramine, spermine, tend to be restricted. Spermine especially seems to be the most immobile among polyamines. Thus it is indicated that movement of polyamines into phloem is decreased with increasing number of amino groups. Indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in rice phloem sap were also analyzed by HPLC and it is suggested that indole-3-acetic acid is transported freely into phloem, while abscisic acid is much more actively exuded into phloem.
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    Improving fertilizer recommendations for subsistance farmers in West Africa: The use of agro-economic analysis of on-farm trials (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 333-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; on-farm trials ; rice ; maize ; groundnuts ; Senegal ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A large number of zero, half and full rate fertilizer trials were conducted on-farm in Southern Senegal with rainfed lowland rice (n = 24), maize (n = 48), and groundnuts (n = 18). Trial sites were located according to farmer selected criteria: soil texture in the case of rice; compound garden versus outer field in the case of maize; and, previous cropping history in the case of groundnuts. Quadratic fertilizer response curves using all the cases explained only 16–29% of the variance. Subsequent stratification of the fields by soil organic matter, texture, and pH permitted the identification of fertilizer responsive and non-responsive fields. Response curves using only the tests conducted on soils without a limiting constraint explained 36 to 47% of the variance. At half rate fertilization levels VCR's of 3.8 (maize), 5.8 (rice) and 6.9 (groundnuts) resulted. Within productive fields, level of weed control, percent barrenness and final stand at harvest explained much of the remaining variation in yields for rice (82%), maize (61%) and groundnuts (76%) respectively. Response curves were then used in an economic analysis to address on-farm fertilizer allocation issues. Based on survey results and field trial data, partial budgets for small and medium-sized farms were developed. This analysis showed marginal rates of return of 400 and 165 percent to half and full rate fertilization, respectively. This type of fertilizer validation program, conducted on farmer-selected sites, improved targeting of recommendations, and helped to identify agronomic practices that should result in reduced economic risk and increased fertilizer adoption by farmers.
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    Modelling water control needs for diversified cropping (1990)
    Springer
    Irrigation and drainage systems 4 (1990), S. 215-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: crop diversification ; irrigation ; management ; rice ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The background and concepts of water control for crop diversification in rice-based irrigation systems are discussed. Water control is described in terms of the irrigation event volumes and intervals between irrigation events. The development of the WACCROD model to simulate these water control parameters under selected agroclimatic conditions is described. The simulation model can recommend irrigation event volumes and intervals for various dry season cropping patterns in rice-based irrigation systems. Also, the application of the model to a general situation at field level of a ‘typical’ rice based irrigation system is reported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01117743
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    Ongoing performance assessment — a case study of Kraseio Project, Thailand (1991)
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 5 (1991), S. 31-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: irrigation scheduling ; rice ; performance monitoring ; management ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The introduction of computer assisted irrigation scheduling to a 20,000 ha smallholder rice and sugarcane irrigation project in Thailand has provided an opportunity for continuous performance assessment. The provision of weekly information on performance is exerting an influence on the management of the system thus enabling timely response to operational problems. Kraseio Project has been operating with an improved water management system for two seasons, incorporating simple performance indicators, namely: actual versus targetted supply, along with equity, reliability and adequacy measures. Over these seasons the value of regular feedback of performance information has been demonstrated, in terms of increased awareness by project staff of operating constraints and their ability to quantify project performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01102775
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    Irrigation water management for crop diversification: Application of the WACCROD model (1991)
    Springer
    Irrigation and drainage systems 5 (1991), S. 277-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: crop diversification ; Indonesia ; irrigation ; management ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The actual water management practices, in terms of the volumes and intervals of delivery, are examined in a rice-based irrigation subsystem where crop diversification is practised. A simulation model (WACCROD) is used to generate the hypothetical water requirements of the changing crop mixture at quartenary and tertiary levels. Crops other than rice were planted in the dry season to reduce the need for water. Then, as the available water supplies diminished, the volume and timing of water deliveries changed based on the time, hydraulic location and relative importance of the crop.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01112504
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    New water consumption pattern of rice under water-saving irrigation (1994)
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 8 (1994), S. 97-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: rice ; water-saving ; water consumption ; soil moisture ; irrigation ; stoma aperture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since 1982 tests of rice irrigation technique of controlled soil moisture content have been carried out at the Mairendian Testing Station of Hohai University and Jining Water Conservancy Bureau. The results prove that the water consumption (including ecological and physiological consumption) and output of rice vary considerably according to the different irrigation techniques used. In this paper, the water-saving effects are explained in terms of correlation between the varieties of ecological environment of rice growing and physiological indices such as soil moisture, soil air, soil temperature, leaf area index and stoma aperture etc., and rice root growth and a formation of an ideal colony. This irrigation technique makes watering quota most economical and efficient. The water consumption is reduced by 41% and only 46.8% of water are required for flooding irrigation. Rice yield increases by 15%. Not only are interplant evaporation and field seepage greatly reduced but also transpiration is greatly reduced under controlled irrigation. New water consumption pattern of rice growing is thus formed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00881178
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    Irrigation crop coefficients for lowland rice (1994)
    Springer
    Irrigation and drainage systems 8 (1994), S. 159-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: crop coefficients ; evapotranspiration ; irrigation ; regression model ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Meteorological and lysimetric data for a period of nine years were used to develop crop coefficients for rice grown under lowland conditions in a sub-humid tropical climate in India. The estimated crop coefficients were found to be higher than those values recommended by FAO. A crop coefficient model with basal coefficient, moisture availability coefficient and surface wetness coefficient terms has been proposed and found suitable. On most counts, the moisture availability coefficient was found to be near unity and the wetness coefficient was found to be significant. The basal crop coefficients for lowland rice have also been presented for practical use with the proposed models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00881016
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    Effects of trees on paddy bund on soil fertility and rice growth in Northeast Thailand (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 18 (1992), S. 213-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: trees ; paddy ; rice ; soil fertility ; Northeast Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted in Northeast Thailand on six rice paddy fields on a farm with similar soil (Aquic Quartzipsamments) and with a single tree on the paddy bund. There were 4 tree species: Parinarium anamense, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, D. intricatus, and Samanea saman. Samples of soil (0–10 cm depth) and rice were collected at 3 positions (1, 5–7, and 9–11 m) away from the tree base in 3 replicated tree-soil trasects in each paddy field. Significantly higher pH, organic matter, and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) were found in paddy fields with S. saman (a legume tree) but grain yield and biomass of rice were significantly lower. Higher soil fertility was found in the positions closer to tree base while grain yields, biomass, and number of tillers were lower, and rice was taller and had more unfilled grain. Shading was deduced to be the key factor responsible for the depressed rice yields and growth at positions closer to tree base especially in the highly shading S. saman.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123318
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    Mitochondrial DNA RFLP in genus Oryza and cultivated rice (1992)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 39 (1992), S. 125-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: genetic resources ; mitochondrial inheritance ; mitochondrial DNA RFLP ; Oryza ; phylogeny ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ninety-three accessions representing 23 species from the genus Oryza were surveyed for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in mitochondrial (mt) DNA by probing total DNA with 15 known mt sequences cloned in plasmids from higher plants, and five mt genomic cosmid clones from maize. Very low levels of intra-specific and even intra-cytologically-defined nuclear genome mt DNA RFLP were found. High between-genome differentiation appeared, suggesting phylogenetic relationships consistent with data from previous nuclear and chloroplast (cp) DNA studies. Parallel inheritance of cp and mt DNA was found. There was one major exception: the mt DNA of the allotetraploid CD genome is apparently equally related to two putative diploid progenitors, which is suggestive of an interspecific recombination. RRLP in mt DNA was also probed in 82 cultivars, with four plasmid probes. Some bands not seen in the wild species appeared in O. sativa, with intra-specific polymorphism relatively higher than in the wild species. The pattern of variation paralleled that at the cp DNA level between the indica and japonica subspecies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051926
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    Effect of leaf age on components of partial resistance in rice to leaf blast (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 271-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leaf blast ; Magnaporthe grisea ; Oryza sativa ; partial resistance ; Pyricularia oryzae ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten rice genotypes were inoculated with a virulent isolate of Magnaporthe grisea to study the effect of leaf age on components of partial resistance, and evaluate associations between these components. The number of sporulating lesions per cm2 leaf declined with increase of leaf age in all genotypes. The number of lesions per cm2 leaf area in one week old leaves was about 25% that of the number in very young leaves in the susceptible cultivar CO39, but less than 2% in the more resistant cultivars IR36, IR60 and IR62. Large differences between genotypes were found for the number of sporulating lesions that developed, and this factor was closely related to the period that leaves remained susceptible after appearance. The number of lesions in the most susceptible cultivar CO39 was about 7 times that in the cultivars IR60 and IR64. Differences between genotypes were also found for lesion size. The effect of aging on average lesion size was less pronounced than on lesion density. Lesion size and lesion density were positively correlated, but a rapid decline of density was not necessarily accompanied by a rapid decline of size. No apparent differences between genotypes were observed for latent period. Genotypes with leaves that became highly resistant soon after appearance expressed higher levels of partial resistance in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024554
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    Genetic effects determining rice grain weight and grain density (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 161-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; grain weight ; grain density ; genetic effects ; heritability ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Increasing grain weight is one means of increasing rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yields. Selection for increased density of filled grains may offer an approach to increasing rice grain weight. Before rice breeding programs can begin effectively selecting for higher grain density, the nature and amount of the genetic variation present must be evaluated. A Design II mating plant with two sets was constructed using 16 parents. The 16 parents were representative of cultivars and elite breeding material available to breeders of long-grain rice in the southern U.S. The parents and 32 F1 hybrids were evaluated in 1990 at two Arkansas locations: Stuttgart and Marianna. Additive variation was essentially zero for grain density as indicated by nonsignificant general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares and a narrowsense heritability estimate −0.04 (±0.07). Increasing rice grain weight through increased grain density would not be feasible in U.S. southern long-grain rice unless new germplasm with higher filled grain densities is introduced. Genetic variation for grain weight was predominately additive and complemented with additive x additive epistatic variation, indicating that selection for increased grain weight could be practiced in segregating generations. The small proportion of epistatic variation to additive variation would not justify delaying selection until epistatic combinations are fixed in the homozygous line. Midparent grain weight means would serve as an adequate indicator of progeny performance for cross appraisal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046044
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    Comparison of fertility between the F1, F2 and anther derived lines in the crosses of indica/japonica and japonica/indica in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 19-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; indica-japonica interracial hybrids ; haploid regeneration ; fertility restoration ; doubled haploid line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Response of anthers in in vitro culture was examined in the indica-japonica hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Significant genotypic differences were observed for callus induction and regeneration among the different interracial hybrids of indica-japonica races. Induction frequency of haploids ranged from 57.7 to 72.9 per cent and doubled haploid androgenic lines ranged from 27.1 to 42.3 per cent in the anther culture of the different hybrids. The indica-japonica hybrids recorded partial pollen grain and spikelet fertility in F1 (29.9 to 41.5% and 19.4 to 48.7% respectively) as well as in F2 (42.7 to 50.6% and 37.1 to 54.4% respectively). In contrast, the androgenic doubled haploid lines recorded significant increase and the pollen grain and spikelet fertility was 76.3 and 78.6 per cent respecitively. The results suggested that the sterility barriers for realising genetic recombinants and fixation of fertile homozygous lines in indica-japonica hybridization programme could be overcome through F1 anther culture technique.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023504
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    Latent period to leaf blast in rice and its importance as a component of partial resistance (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leaf blast ; Magnaporthe grisea ; Oryza sativa ; partial resistance ; Pyricularia oryzae ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In many pathosystems, a prolonged latent period is an important component of partial resistance. Latent period in rice to leaf blast was assessed in cultivars representing a fairly wide range of partial resistance under various conditions that are known to influence the expression of partial resistance considerably. The latent period was slightly more than four days and varied only little between treatments, with a maximum difference of only eight hours between cultivars. The very small differences in latent period were not associated with differences in partial resistance due to cultivar, nitrogen, or leaf age effects. It was concluded that the latent period is of no importance as a component of partial resistance to leaf blast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022364
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    Genetic analysis of mesocotyl length and its relationship with other agronomic characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: mesocotyl ; diallel cross ; rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Mesocotyl length is an important character in promoting seedling emergence of direct-seeded rice. Genetic analysis of rice mesocotyl length was conducted using a six parent diallel cross. Generation mean analysis was carried out on parents (P), F1, F2 and backcrosses (B) of three crosses to complement the genetic information from the diallel analysis. Both analyses demonstrated the presence of significant additive and dominance effects. Duplicate type of non-allelic interaction was detected by the generation mean analysis and two crosses showed significant negative dominance gene effect. Dominance was partial and the narrow sense heritability estimate for mesocotyl length was high, indicating the preponderance of the additive effects. Mesocotyl length was negatively but weakly correlated with the coleoptile length and length of the second internode L2. There was no correlation between mesocotyl length and other mature plant characters such as plant height and internode lengths L1, (L1 being the peduncle with subsequent internodes to the base of the plant). Selection for mesocotyl length can therefore be carried out independent of these plant characters and semidwarf rice varieties with long mesocotyl can be developed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034157
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    Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Australian rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 179-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic diversity ; polymerase chain reaction ; rice ; random amplified polymorphic DNA ; Oryza sativa variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The genetic relationships between rice varieties were analysed by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with arbitrary oligonucleotide primers in the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. PCR with 22 arbitrary primers applied to 37 varieties produced 144 useful markers, of which 67% were polymorphic. Thus, with selected primers sufficient polymorphism could be detected to allow identification of individual varieties. Visual examination of electrophoresis gels and analysis of banding patterns confirmed that commercial Australian and USA lines and their relatives were very closely related, with similarity indices of 88–97%. Three varieties originating from more distant geographical centres were easily distinguished, producing variety-specific amplification profiles and expressing a lower similarity index of 80% to all other varieties tested. PCR offers a potentially simple, rapid and reliable method for rice genotype identification and recognition of lines that could contribute genetic diversity to new commercial varieties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039649
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    Effect of phosphorus application on transformation of zinc fraction in soil and on the zinc nutrition of lowland rice (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: interaction ; moisture regimes ; phosphorus applications ; rice ; zinc uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have studied in the laboratory the effect of different levels of P application on the transformation on native as well as of applied zinc in a rice-growing soil under two moisture regimes viz., flooded and nonflooded. Application of P caused a decrease in the water soluble plus exchangeable and organic complexed with a concomitant increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms of native soil zinc. Application of P also caused a decrease in the transformation of applied Zn into the water soluble plus exchangeable and organically complexed and an increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms of zinc. The above effects of P were more pronounced in soil under flooded than under nonflooded moisture regimes. The water soluble plus exchangeable and the organically complexed forms of Zn are considered to play an important role in Zn nutrition of lowland rice, while the role of the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms are less important in this regard. The results of greenhouse experiments showed that P application caused a progressive decrease in the Zn concentration in shoot and root. This was attributed at least partly to the decrease in the water soluble plus exchangeable and organically complexed forms of Zn and an increase in the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxide bound forms in soil due to P application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013104
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    Effects of stubble and N fertilization management on N availability and uptake under successive rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: crop residues ; nitrogen accumulation ; nitrogen management ; nitrogen mineralization ; rice ; soil fertility ; stubble ; tillage management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted in fields which had a history of nil to four rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops during the previous four summers. Incorporating stubble after each harvest reduced soil nitrate-N content between crops, but increased soil N mineralization potential. During the fourth successive crop, plots where stubble had been incorporated after the previous three harvests had an average 21% more soil NH4N and 22% more N uptake than plots where stubble had been burnt. Soil fertility fell rapidly with increasing numbers of crops, and the unfertilized fifth crop accumulated approximately half the N (60 kg N ha-1) found in the unfertilized first crop (116 kg). Fertilizer N alleviated the effects of annual cropping; the application of 210 kg N ha-1 to the fifth crop (uptake of 156 kg N ha-1) resulted in similar N uptake to the first crop fertilized with 50 kg N ha-1 (154 kg N ha-1). Applying N at sowing had no significant effect on soil NH4-N concentration after permanent flood (PF), while N application at PF resulted in increased NH4-N concentration and N uptake until panicle initiation (PI). N applied at PI increased soil NH4-N concentration at least until the microspore stage. Management factors such as stubble incorporation and increasing N application rate, maintained N supply and enabled successive rice crops to accumulate similar quantities of N at maturity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444099
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    Effect of silicate on phosphate availability for rice in a P-deficient soil (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: pH effect ; P adsorption ; P desorption ; P/Mn ration ; rice ; silicate ; Yakuno soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a pot experiment the effect of silicate on P availability for rice grown in a P-deficient soil with and without flooding was analyzed. Treatments were designed as follows: C (control: Yakuno soil), SS (sodium silicate application, at 0.47 mg Si g-1 soil) and SC (sodium carbonate application). In order to separate pH effect from Si effect, SC was adjusted to the same pH as SS. Soil pH of SS and SC increased by 1.0 unit. Shoot dry weight of SC plants, and more so of SS plants, increased under both nonflooded and flooded conditions. P concentrations in the shoots were not increased under either condition of SS and SC. With SS, Si concentration in the shoots significantly increased, Mn concentration significantly decreased, resulting in a higher P/Mn ratio in the shoot, but not with SC. Both SS and SC increased N concentration in the shoots nearly two times compared with control under both conditions. Adsorption experiments showed that neither SS nor SC decreased P adsorption by soil. SS also could not displace the adsorbed P in soil samples which had previously either received P or not. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of silicate on rice growth do not result from increasing P availability in soil. The Si effect may be attributed to decreasing Mn uptake, thus indirectly improving P utilization in the plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009187
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    Biological N2 Fixation in wetland rice fields: Estimation and contribution to nitrogen balance (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 141 (1992), S. 41-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reducing activity ; ARA ; Azolla ; cyanobacteria ; green manure ; heterotrophic BNF ; methods ; N2 fixation ; review ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper 1) reviews improvements and new approaches in methodologies for estimating biological N2 fixation (BNF) in wetland soils, 2) summarizes earlier quantitative estimates and recent data, and 3) discusses the contribution of BNF to N balance in wetland-rice culture. Measuring acetylene reducing activity (ARA) is still the most popular method for assessing BNF in rice fields. Recent studies confirm that ARA measurements present a number of problems that may render quantitative extrapolations questionable. On the other hand, few comparative measures show ARA's potential as a quantitative estimate. Methods for measuring photodependent and associative ARA in field studies have been standardized, and major progress has been made in sampling procedures. Standardized ARA measurements have shown significant differences in associative N2 fixation among rice varieties. The 15N dilution method is suitable for measuring the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere (% Ndfa) in legumes and rice. In particular, the 15N dilution technique, using available soil N as control, appears to be a promising method for screening rice varieties for ability to utilize biologically fixed N. Attempts to adapt the 15N dilution method to aquatic N2 fixers (Azolla and blue-green algae [BGA]) encountered difficulties due to the rapid change in 15N enrichment of the water. Differences in natural 15N abundance have been used to show differences among plant organs and species or varieties in rice and Azolla, and to estimate Ndfa by Azolla, but the method appears to be semi-quantitative. Recent pot experiments using stabilized 15N-labelled soil or balances in pots covered with black cloth indicate a contribution of 10–30 kg N ha-1 crop-1 by heterotrophic BNF in flooded planted soil with no or little N fertilizer used. Associative BNF extrapolated from ARA and 15N incorporation range from 1 to 7 kg N ha-1 crop-1. Straw application increases heterotrophic and photodependent BNF. Pot experiments show N gains of 2–4 mg N g-1 straw added at 10 tons ha-1. N2 fixation by BGA has been almost exclusively estimated by ARA and biomass measurements. Estimates by ARA range from a few to 80 kg N ha-1 crop-1 (average 27 kg). Recent extensive measurements show extrapolated values of about 20 kg N ha-1 crop-1 in no-N plots, 8 kg in plots with broadcast urea, and 12 kg in plots with deep-placed urea. Most information on N2 fixed by Azolla and legume green manure comes from N accumulation measurements and determination of % Ndfa. Recent trials in an international network show standing crops of Azolla averaging 30–40 kg N ha-1 and the accumulation of 50–90 kg N ha-1 for two crops of Azolla grown before and after transplanting rice. Estimates of % Ndfa in Azolla by 15N dilution and delta 15N methods range from 51 to 99%. Assuming 50–80% Ndfa in legume green manures, one crop can provide 50–100 kg N ha-1 in 50 days. Few balance studies in microplots or pots report extrapolated N gains of 150–250 kg N ha-1 crop-1. N balances in long-term fertility experiments range from 19 to 98 kg N ha-1 crop-1 (average 50 kg N) in fields with no N fertilizer applied. The problems encountered with ARA and 15N methods have revived interest in N balance studies in pots. Balances are usually highest in flooded planted pots exposed to light and receiving no N fertilizer; extrapolated values range from 16 to 70 kg N ha-1 crop-1 (average 38 kg N). A compilation of balance experiments with rice soil shows an average balance of about 30 kg N ha-1 crop-1 in soils where no inorganic fertilizer N was applied. Biological N2 fixation by individual systems can be estimated more or less accurately, but total BNF in a rice field has not yet been estimated by measuring simultaneously the activities of the various components in situ. As a result, it is not clear if the activities of the different N2-fixing systems are independent or related. A method to estimate in situ the contribution of N2 fixed to rice nutrition is still not available. Dynamics of BNF during the crop cycle is known for indigenous agents but the pattern of fixed N availability to rice is known only for a few green manure crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011309
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    Iron, zinc and manganese nutrition of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) on a gypsum amended sodic soil (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 477-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: gypsum ; iron ; zinc and manganese nutrition ; rice ; sodic soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three levels of Fe and two levels of Zn, and their combinations, on the growth, yield and Fe, Zn, and Mn nutrition of rice on a zinc deficient sodic soil amended with gypsum. Iron and zinc were supplied as sulphates. Application of Zn significantly enhanced the yield of rice and available soil and plant Zn irrespective of Fe application. Maximum response of rice to Zn was obtained when Fe was applied at the highest rate. While Fe application brought about a significant improvement in available soil and plant Fe and Mn, it decreased significantly Zn content of the crop. After crop harvest, recovery of added Fe was 20% and Zn 12%. Results suggest that benefits of Fe application to rice in sodic soils can only be realised if it is applied along with Zn.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025087
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    Prediction of nitrogen availability and rice yield in lowland soils: Nitrogen mineralization parameters (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 160 (1994), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: logistic model lowland soils ; mineralization parameters ; N availability ; N supplying power ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted under flooded soil conditions using Maahas clay amended with urea and rice straw-sesbania mixtures during the wet and dry seasons. Parallel laboratory incubation tests were done. The objectives were 1) to determine N mineralization patterns and establish the relationship between mineralization parameters and either N availability or grain yield, and 2) to correlate the results of organic N mineralization studies in the laboratory with data from field experiments. The N mineralization patterns of flooded soils in the laboratory followed a logistic function. In laboratory studies, mineralization potential was positively correlated with extractable soil NH4 +-N at the end of the incubation period (cumulative available N). Likewise, mineralization potential calculated from laboratory studies was positively correlated with N uptake and grain yield from field studies. Extractable (NH4 ++NO3 −)-N in the field correlated positively with extractable NH4 +-N in the laboratory. The extractable NH4 +-N from laboratory incubations at 14 days after transplanting, panicle initiation, and maturity was also highly and positively correlated with grain yield from field experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00150354
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    Variation and inheritance of sodium transport in rice (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Oryza sativa L ; plant breeding ; rice ; salinity ; selection ; sodium transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sodium transport in rice is characterised by large variability between individual plants, and large environmental interaction. As a result of these two factors, plant sodium content is a continuous variable which is not distributed normally. This applies both to the quantity of sodium in the plant and to the concentration of sodium on a unit fresh or dry weight basis. This variability is in part because the transpirational by-pass flow, dependent upon root anatomy and development, contributes to sodium uptake. Variability in sodium content within designated cultivars is heritable and line selections diverge during recurrent selection, suggesting that selection is working on residual heterozygosity rather than on a family of homozygous lines. Varieties differ in average sodium uptake into the plant but the direct correlation of this with survival is weak. This is because other independent characters are important (and these have not been combined by natural selection nor by chance) and because overall performance is confounded by the spurious advantage of the tall (non-dwarf) plant type. This advantage is spurious because much of it is due to plant size rather than to any genetic information for salt tolerance. The benefit deriving from plant size will not be heritable in crosses with genotypes of the improved (dwarf), high-yielding plant type because the dwarfing genes are dominant. Sodium transport is heritable in crosses, and the results presented show that both low sodium transport and low sodium to potassium ratio can be selected independently of plant type. This allows the selection of dwarf plants (which are agronomically desirable) with low sodium transport (which will improve salt tolerance).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012002
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    Desorption and plant-availability of phosphate sorbed by some important minerals (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 89-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: desorption ; phosphorus ; rice ; variable-charge mineral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to study the desorption characteristics and plant-availability of phosphate sorbed by some important variable-charge minerals including kaolinite, goethite and amorphous Al oxide. Phosphate desorption from the complexes of goethite-P, kaolinite-P and Al oxide-P by equilibration with 0.02M KCl, resin or some commonly used chemical extractants was slow compared to desorption from a permanent-charge mineral (montmorillonite). However, rice plants were not observed under P deficiency in a pot trial with a phosphate-mineral complex as the only P source for both the permanent-charge mineral and the variable-charge minerals at either 50% or 100% sorption saturation with the exception of goethite-P at 50% saturation. In the exceptional goethite-P treatment, plant P concentration (1.0 g kg−1) was on the threshold of P deficiency. From 15% to 31% of the applied P was recovered by the plants within a growing period of three months, depending on sorption saturation and mineral type. Both the dry matter yield and P uptake decreased with decreasing sorption saturation for all the tested complexes except for Al oxide-P100 (100% saturation). In the case of Al oxide-P100, Al toxicity may have occurred, for poor root growth and high Al concentration in the plants were observed. The effect of sorption saturation on the yield and P uptake of plant was obvious for kaolinite and goethite but not very significant for montmorillonite. Based on the recovery of applied P, the plant-availability decreased in the following order: kaolinite-P100 〉 goethite-P100 〉 Al oxide-P50 〉 montmorillonite-P100 〉 montmorillonite-P50 〉 kaolinite-P50 〉 goethite-P50. Fractionation of the sorbed P before and after plant uptake showed that most of the P uptake originated from the resin-exchangeable P fraction in montmorillonite-P complex, but came mainly from NaOH-extractable fractions in goethite-P complex, whereas all the resin-P, NaHCO3-P and NaOH-P fractions in kaolinite- and amorphous Al oxide-P complex made a contribution to P uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01416093
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    Soil redox-pH stability of arsenic species and its influence on arsenic uptake by rice (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 245-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arsenic ; phytoavailability ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Arsenic absorption by rice (Oryza sativa, L.) in relation to As chemical form present in soil solution was examined. Rice plants were grown in soil suspensions equilibrated under selected conditions of redox and pH, affecting arsenic solubility and speciation. A decrease in pH led to higher dissolved arsenic concentrations. When the soil redox potential dropped below 0 mV, most of the arsenic was present as As(III). Under more oxidizing conditions both As(III) and As(V) are present. Chemical speciation of As in the watersoluble fraction affected its phytoavailability. Most indigenous arsenic taken up by the plants remained in the root. Plant arsenic availability increased with increasing arsenic concentration in solution (lower soil pH) and with increasing amounts of soluble As(III) (lower soil redox). We also studied the uptake of monomethyl arsenic acid (MMAA), a widely used defoliant and herbicide, as affected by soil redox-pH condition. Amended MMAA was approximately two times more phytoavailable than the indigenous inorganic As forms and increased with decreasing pH and redox.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029094
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    Wide compatibility in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; wide crosses ; hybrid sterility ; wide compatibility genes ; genetic analysis ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wide compatible varieties (WCVs) show normal spikelet fertility in crosses with Indica and Japonica rice varieties. Crosses of Indica and Japonica varieties frequently show high spikelet sterility which prevents exploitation of heterosis for grain yield. We screened 41 rice varieties for the wide compatibility trait by crossing each with three Indica and three Japonica testers. Varieties giving fertile F1 hybrids with both groups of testers were classified as WCVs. Seven varieties viz., BPI-76 (Indica); N 22; Lambayeque-1 and Dular (Aus); Moroberekan, Palawan and Fossa HV (Japonicas), were identified as WCVs. The frequency of WCVs was higher among Aus and Japonicas. The wide compatibility trait in varieties: Dular and Moroberekan was controlled by a single dominant gene linked with the Est-2 and Amp-3 loci (mean recombination 32.0%). Est-2 and Amp-3 showed complete linkage. Pgi-2 was found to be linked with Est-2 and Amp-3 (mean recombination 16.1%). Est-2 and Amp-3, showed a tighter linkage with C + (mean recombination 4.1%). Pgi-2 showed a lower linkage with C + (mean recombination 17.3%). The recombination values between the WC gene in Dular and C + was much higher than those reported in Japan for the WC gene (S5 n) from Ketan Nangka. It is possible that the WC gene from Dular is different from that in Ketan Nangka. Linkage intensities with the WC gene were not strong enough to be of use for indirect selection for the wide compatibility trait. A search for a more closely linked isozyme or DNA marker was proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023540
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    Small differential interactions for partial resistance in rice cultivars to virulent isolates of the blast pathogen (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 143-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: blast ; Magnaporthe grisea ; Pyricularia oryzae ; Oryza sativa ; race-non-specific resistance ; face-specific resistance ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Six rice genotypes, differing in partial resistance, were exposed to three isolates of the blast pathogen. Of the variance due to host and pathogen genotypes, 39% was due to host genotype effects, 60% was due to isolate effects, and only 1% was due to host genotype × isolate interactions. Although small, this interaction variance was highly significant and mainly due to the IR50 × W6-1 and IR37704 × JMB8401-1 combinations. Although behaving largely as race-non-specific (large main effects only), the partial resistance cannot be classified as race-non-specific. The results suggest that minor genes for partial resistance operate in a gene for gene relationship with minor genes in the pathogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023548
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  • 90
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    Effect on leaf photosynthetic rate by leaf blast for rice cultivars with different types and levels of resistance (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leaf blast ; Oryza sativa ; photosynthesis ; Pyricularia oryzae ; rice ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of an inoculation with Pyricularia oryzae (isolate P06-6) on net leaf photosynthetic rate of rice (Oryza sativa) was studied with four cultivars. Measurements were taken on the sixth leaf of the main culm of plants in the early tillering stage. On cultivars CO39, IR50 and IR64 a susceptible infection type developed, but a clear difference in relative infection efficiency of the cultivars was observed. The highest number of lesions developed on leaves of CO39, whereas the lowest number was found on leaves of IR64. For all three cultivars the effect of a single lesion on the reduction in net leaf photosynthetic rate was found to be equal to a reduction in leaf area of three times the area occupied by the visible lesion. On IR68, a cultivar with complete resistance, brown specks of pinpoint size appeared without any effect on net leaf photosynthetic rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023511
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    Correlation between α-amylase gene expression and seedling vigor in rice (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: α-amylase enzyme activity ; α-amylase mRNA levels ; cold temperature ; differential gene expression ; Oryza sativa ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This report examines the relationship between seedling vigor, α-amylase enzyme activity and α-amylase mRNA accumulation in ten varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown at two temperatures (15°C and 30°C). A significant, positive correlation was observed between seedling vigor, α-amylase enzyme activity, and the accumulation of mRNA from one rice α-amylase gene (RAmy1A) at both temperature regimens. The results of this study support previous experiments which have correlated α-amylase enzyme activity to seedling vigor. We have extended this correlation to the expression of one of ten genes that comprise the rice α-amylase multigene family. These results suggest that the expression of α-amylase gene RAmy1A is an important, and possibly rate-limiting factor in determining seedling vigor in rice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025299
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    Rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm suitable for direct sowing under flooded soil surface (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: direct sowing ; flooded soil ; germplasm ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; seedling establishment ; seedling growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Screening for rice germplasm which can establish seedling from flooded soil was conducted using 256 accessions of conserved germplasm from the International Rice Germplasm Center (IRGC) and 404 accessions from the International Network for Genetic Evaluation for Rice (INGER), IRRI. IRGC germplasm represented broad genetic diversity while INGER germplasm involved desirable agronomic characters. Seeds germinated for 2 d were planted at 25 mm depth in seedling trays. The trays were then submerged to a depth of 30–50 mm. Seedling establishment was evaluated by analyzing leaf development, seedling height, and percentage establishment 15 d after planting. Eight percent and 2% of IRGC and INGER germplasm, respectively, were identified statistically as superior to the control semidwarf IR varieties. Among the superior germplasm were those from Northeast India and Bangladesh which were adapted to deepwater and early summer rainfed lowland cultures. These could be utilized as parents in breeding programs which aim to develop varieties suitable for direct seeding technology (i.e., germinated seeds are sown under the surface of flooded soil).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040619
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    Pollen tube growth in crosses between Porteresia coarctata and Oryza sativa (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Porteresia coarctata ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; intergeneric cross ; fluorescent microscopy ; pollen tube ; callose ; postzygotic barrier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Comparative study with fluorescence microscopy revealed that the pollen tubes of the self-pollinated rice variety BR-9 reached the ovary within 75 min after pollination. In P. coarctata it took 150 min. In the cross between P. coarctata and BR-9, pollen tubes reached the ovary in 165 min but seed setting was not observed. In the cross between BR-9 and P. coarctata, small and deformed pollen tubes were formed and they failed to grow through the stylodium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021736
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    Inhibition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling elongation by a Pseudomonas fuscovaginae toxin (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bacterial brown sheat rot ; germination ; Oryza sativa ; Pseudomonas fuscovaginae ; rice ; screening for toxin tolerance ; seedling growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of a Pseudomonas fuscovaginae toxin, on germination, root formation and seedling elongation, after soaking rice grains in the toxin prior to sowing, was investigated. The toxin enhanced germination, but had no apparent effect on the number of roots of the seedlings. It induced a drastic inhibition of seedlings elongation correlated to varieties susceptibility to the disease in the rice field. After denaturation of the bioactive compounds of the extract, all the previously observed effects were lost. Using the toxin and the present test, could be a reliable tool for screening genotype susceptibility to P. fuscovaginae disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024032
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    Acceptance of eggs ofRivula atimeta, Naranga aenescens [Lep.: Noctuidae] andHydrellia philippina [Dipt.: Ephydridae] by insect predators on rice (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: rice ; predation ; biological control ; predator effectiveness ; riz ; prédation ; lutte biologique ; efficacité prédatrice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Huit insectes prédateurs communs dans l'écosystème du riz aux Philippines ont été comparés au laboratoire pour leur capacité à se nourrir sur les œufs de la chenilleRivula atimeta Swinhoe. Une échelle basée sur les taux de prédation a été établie:Metioche vittaticollis (Stal) (Gryllidae) était le prédateur le plus vorace suivi parAnaxipha longipennis (Serville)(Gryllidae), Ophionea nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel)(Carabidae), Micraspis nr.crocea (Mulsant) (Coccinellidae) etConocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Tettigonidae). Le petit Miride,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, se nourrissait aussi facilement sur les œufs.Paederus fuscipes (Curtis) (Staphilinidae) etCoccinella repanda (Thunberg) (Coccinellidae) se nourrissait dans une mesure très limitée.Metioche vittaticollis etCyrtorhinus lividipennis ont été aussi testés vis-à-vis des œufs de la NoctuelleNaranga aenescens Moore et de la Mineuse du Riz,Hydrellia philippina Ferino. Le taux de prédation deM. vitaticollis était identique sur les trois proies, maisC. lividipennis manifestait un taux de prédation plus élevé sur les œufs deN. aenescens. Dans les cages de plein air, de 1,6 m2, on permettait à différentes densités deM. vittaticollis et d'O. nigrofasciata de se nourrir sur des œufs deR. atimeta exposés durant deux jours.Metioche vittaticollis consommait 13 et 26 œufs aux densités respectives de 1 et 2 prédateurs par cage, mais la prédation n'était pas beaucoup plus élevée à la densité de 8. La prédation due àO. nigrofasciata n'était pas significative.
    Notes: Abstract Eight insect predators common in the rice ecosystem in the Philippines were compared in the laboratory on their ability as to feed on the eggs of green hairy caterpillar,Rivula atimeta Swinhoe. A ranking, based on feeding rates was made:Metioche vittaticollis (Stål) (Gryllidae) was the most voracious predator, followed byAnaxipha longipennis (Serville)(Gryllidae), Ophionea nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel)(Carabidae), Micraspis nr.crocea (Mulsant) (Coccinellidae) andConocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Tettigoniidae). Also the smallCyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (Miridae), readily fed upon the eggs.Paederus fuscipes Curtis (Staphilinidae) andCoccinella repanda (Thunberg) (Coccinellidae) fed to a very limited extent.Metioche vittaticollis andCyrtorhinus lividipennis were also tested on eggs of green semilooper,Naranga aenescens Moore, and rice whorl maggot,Hydrellia philippina Ferino. The feeding rate ofM. vittaticollis was similar on the 3 different preys, butC. lividipennis had a higher feeding rate onN. aenescens eggs. In 1.6 m2 field cages, different densities ofM. vittaticollis andO. nigrofasciata were allowed to feed on exposedR. atimeta eggs during 2 days.Metioche vittaticollis consumed 13 and 26 eggs at predator densities of 1 and 2 per cage respectively, but was not much higher at density 8. Predation byO. nigrofasciata was not significant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372970
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