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  • Springer Nature  (297,414)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (54,717)
  • 2015-2019  (279,989)
  • 1960-1964  (42,076)
  • 1955-1959  (30,066)
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  • 1
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    South Atlantic paleobathymetry since early Creteceous (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 7(11819)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-24
    Description: We present early Cretaceous to present paleobathymetric reconstructions and quantitative uncertainty estimates for the South Atlantic, offering a strong basis for studies of paleocirculation, paleoclimate and paleobiogeography. Circulation in an initially salty and anoxic ocean, restricted by the topography of the Falkland Plateau, Rio Grande Ridge and Walvis Rise, favoured deposition of thick evaporites in shallow water of the Brazilian-Angolan margins. This ceased as sea oor spreading propagated northwards, opening an equatorial gateway to shallow and intermediate circulation. This gateway, together with subsiding volcano-tectonic barriers would have played a key role in Late Cretaceous climate changes. Later deepening and widening of the South Atlantic, together with gateway opening at Drake Passage would lead, by mid-Miocene (∼15 Ma) to the establishment of modern-style thermohaline circulation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 2
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    Evidence of long-term NAO influence on East-Central Europe winter precipitation from a guano-derived δ15N record (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 7(1), ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-06
    Description: Currently there is a scarcity of paleo-records related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), particularly in East-Central Europe (ECE). Here we report δ15N analysis of guano from a cave in NW Romania with the intent of reconstructing past variation in ECE hydroclimate and examine NAO impacts on winter precipitation. We argue that the δ15N values of guano indicate that the nitrogen cycle is hydrologically controlled and the δ15N values likely reflect winter precipitation related to nitrogen mineralization prior to the growing season. Drier conditions indicated by δ15N values at AD 1848–1852 and AD 1880–1930 correspond to the positive phase of the NAO. The increased frequency of negative phases of the NAO between AD 1940–1975 is contemporaneous with higher δ15N values (wetter conditions). A 4‰ decrease in δ15N values at the end of the 1970’s corresponds to a strong reduction in precipitation associated with a shift from negative to positive phase of the NAO. Using the relationship between NAO index and δ15N values in guano for the instrumental period, we reconstructed NAO-like phases back to AD 1650. Our results advocate that δ15N values of guano offer a proxy of the NAO conditions in the more distant past, helping assess its predictability.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 3
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    Along-shelf connectivity and circumpolar gene flow in Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica) (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific reports, Springer Nature, 8(17856), pp. 1-16
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-04
    Description: The Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica) is a critically important forage species with a circumpolar distribution and is unique among other notothenioid species for its wholly pelagic life cycle. Previous studies have provided mixed evidence of population structure over regional and circumpolar scales. The aim of the present study was to test the recent population hypothesis for Antarctic silverfish, which emphasizes the interplay between life history and hydrography in shaping connectivity. A total of 1067 individuals were collected over 25 years from different locations on a circumpolar scale. Samples were genotyped at fifteen microsatellites to assess population differentiation and genetic structuring using clustering methods, F-statistics, and hierarchical analysis of variance. A lack of differentiation was found between locations connected by the Antarctic Slope Front Current (ASF), indicative of high levels of gene flow. However, gene flow was significantly reduced at the South Orkney Islands and the western Antarctic Peninsula where the ASF is absent. This pattern of gene flow emphasized the relevance of large-scale circulation as a mechanism for circumpolar connectivity. Chaotic genetic patchiness characterized population structure over time, with varying patterns of differentiation observed between years, accompanied by heterogeneous standard length distributions. The present study supports a more nuanced version of the genetic panmixia hypothesis that reflects physical-biological interactions over the life history.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 4
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    An aerobic eukaryotic parasite with functional mitochondria that likely lacks a mitochondrial genome (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 5(4), ISSN: 2375-2548
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Dinoflagellates are microbial eukaryotes that have exceptionally large nuclear genomes; however, their organelle genomes are small and fragmented and contain fewer genes than those of other eukaryotes. The genus Amoebophrya (Syndiniales) comprises endoparasites with high genetic diversity that can infect other dinoflagellates, such as those forming harmful algal blooms (e.g., Alexandrium). We sequenced the genome (~100 Mb) of Amoebophrya ceratii to investigate the early evolution of genomic characters in dinoflagellates. The A. ceratii genome encodes almost all essential biosynthetic pathways for self-sustaining cellular metabolism, suggesting a limited dependency on its host. Although dinoflagellates are thought to have descended from a photosynthetic ancestor, A. ceratii appears to have completely lost its plastid and nearly all genes of plastid origin. Functional mitochondria persist in all life stages of A. ceratii, but we found no evidence for the presence of a mitochondrial genome. Instead, all mitochondrial proteins appear to be lost or encoded in the A. ceratii nucleus.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    Arctic megaslide at presumed rest (2016)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 6(38529), ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-16
    Description: Slope failure like in the Hinlopen/Yermak Megaslide is one of the major geohazards in a changing Arctic environment. We analysed hydroacoustic and 2D high-resolution seismic data from the apparently intact continental slope immediately north of the Hinlopen/Yermak Megaslide for signs of past and future instabilities. Our new bathymetry and seismic data show clear evidence for incipient slope instability. Minor slide deposits and an internally-deformed sedimentary layer near the base of the gas hydrate stability zone imply an incomplete failure event, most probably about 30000 years ago, contemporaneous to or shortly after the Hinlopen/Yermak Megaslide. An active gas reservoir at the base of the gas hydrate stability zone demonstrate that over-pressured fluids might have played a key role in the initiation of slope failure at the studied slope, but more importantly also for the giant HYM slope failure. To date, it is not clear, if the studied slope is fully preconditioned to fail completely in future or if it might be slowly deforming and creeping at present. We detected widespread methane seepage on the adjacent shallow shelf areas not sealed by gas hydrates.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 6
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    Production of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in Arctic Ocean sediments (2016)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, (39213), pp. 1-10
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-05
    Description: Little is known about the production of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in the anoxic oceanic sediments. In this study, sediment pore waters were sampled from four different sites in the Chukchi-East Siberian Seas area to examine the bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and their optical properties. The production of FDOM, coupled with the increase of nutrients, was observed above the sulfate-methane-transition-zone (SMTZ). The presence of FDOM was concurrent with sulfate reduction and increased alkalinity (R2 〉 0.96, p 〈 0.0001), suggesting a link to organic matter degradation. This inference was supported by the positive correlation (R2 〉 0.95, p 〈 0.0001) between the net production of FDOM and the modeled degradation rates of particulate organic carbon sulfate reduction. The production of FDOM was more pronounced in a shallow shelf site S1 with a total net production ranging from 17.9 to 62.3 RU for different FDOM components above the SMTZ depth of ca. 4.1 mbsf, which presumably underwent more accumulation of particulate organic matter than the other three deeper sites. The sediments were generally found to be the sources of CDOM and FDOM to the overlying water column, unearthing a channel of generally bio-refractory and pre-aged DOM to the oceans.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 7
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    Reconciling glacial Antarctic water stable isotopes with ice sheet topography and the isotopic paleothermometer (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 9(3537), ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-17
    Description: Stable water isotope records from Antarctica are key for our understanding of Quaternary climate variations. However, the exact quantitative interpretation of these important climate proxy records in terms of surface temperature, ice sheet height and other climatic changes is still a matter of debate. Here we report results obtained with an atmospheric general circulation model equipped with water isotopes, run at a high-spatial horizontal resolution of one-by-one degree. Comparing different glacial maximum ice sheet reconstructions, a best model data match is achieved for the PMIP3 reconstruction. Reduced West Antarctic elevation changes between 400 and 800 m lead to further improved agreement with ice core data. Our modern and glacial climate simulations support the validity of the isotopic paleothermometer approach based on the use of present-day observations and reveal that a glacial ocean state as displayed in the GLAMAP reconstruction is suitable for capturing the observed glacial isotope changes in Antarctic ice cores.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 8
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    The winter pack-ice zone provides a sheltered but food-poor habitat for larval Antarctic krill (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Ecology & Evolution, Springer Nature, 1, pp. 1853-1861, ISSN: 2397-334X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: A dominant Antarctic ecological paradigm suggests that winter sea ice is generally the main feeding ground for krill larvae. Observations from our winter cruise to the southwest Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean contradict this view and present the first evidence that the pack-ice zone is a food-poor habitat for larval development. In contrast, the more open marginal ice zone provides a more favourable food environment for high larval krill growth rates. We found that complex under-ice habitats are, however, vital for larval krill when water column productivity is limited by light, by providing structures that offer protec- tion from predators and to collect organic material released from the ice. The larvae feed on this sparse ice-associated food during the day. After sunset, they migrate into the water below the ice (upper 20 m) and drift away from the ice areas where they have previously fed. Model analyses indicate that this behaviour increases both food uptake in a patchy food environment and the likelihood of overwinter transport to areas where feeding conditions are more favourable in spring.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 9
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    Submarine slope failures due to pipe structure formation (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 9(1), pp. 715, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-04
    Description: There is a strong spatial correlation between submarine slope failures and the occurrence of gas hydrates. This has been attributed to the dynamic nature of gas hydrate systems and the potential reduction of slope stability due to bottom water warming or sea level drop. However, 30 years of research into this process found no solid supporting evidence. Here we present new reflection seismic data from the Arctic Ocean and numerical modelling results supporting a different link between hydrates and slope stability. Hydrates reduce sediment permeability and cause build-up of overpressure at the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. Resulting hydro-fracturing forms pipe structures as pathways for overpressured fluids to migrate upward. Where these pipe structures reach shallow permeable beds, this overpressure transfers laterally and destabilises the slope. This process reconciles the spatial correlation of submarine landslides and gas hydrate, and it is independent of environmental change and water depth.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 10
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    Tundra landform and vegetation productivity trend maps for the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Data, Springer Nature, 5, pp. 180058, ISSN: 2052-4463
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-15
    Description: Arctic tundra landscapes are composed of a complex mosaic of patterned ground features, varying in soil moisture, vegetation composition, and surface hydrology over small spatial scales (10–100 m). The importance of microtopography and associated geomorphic landforms in influencing ecosystem structure and function is well founded, however, spatial data products describing local to regional scale distribution of patterned ground or polygonal tundra geomorphology are largely unavailable. Thus, our understanding of local impacts on regional scale processes (e.g., carbon dynamics) may be limited. We produced two key spatiotemporal datasets spanning the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska (~60,000 km2) to evaluate climate-geomorphological controls on arctic tundra productivity change, using (1) a novel 30m classification of polygonal tundra geomorphology and (2) decadal-trends in surface greenness using the Landsat archive (1999–2014). These datasets can be easily integrated and adapted in an array of local to regional applications such as (1) upscaling plot-level measurements (e.g., carbon/energy fluxes), (2) mapping of soils, vegetation, or permafrost, and/or (3) initializing ecosystem biogeochemistry, hydrology, and/or habitat modeling.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 11
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    Predictability of Arctic sea ice on weather time scales (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 8(6514), pp. 1-7, ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Description: The field of Arctic sea ice prediction on “weather time scales” is still in its infancy with little existing understanding of the limits of predictability. This is especially true for sea ice deformation along so-called Linear Kinematic Features (LKFs) including leads that are relevant for marine operations. Here the potential predictability of the sea ice pack in the wintertime Arctic up to ten days ahead is determined, exploiting the fact that sea ice-ocean models start to show skill at representing sea ice deformation at high spatial resolutions. Results are based on ensemble simulations with a high-resolution sea ice-ocean model driven by atmospheric ensemble forecasts. The predictability of LKFs as measured by different metrics drops quickly, with predictability being almost completely lost after 4–8 days. In contrast, quantities such as sea ice concentration or the location of the ice edge retain high levels of predictability throughout the full 10-day forecast period. It is argued that the rapid error growth for LKFs is mainly due to the chaotic behaviour of the atmosphere associated with the low predictability of near surface wind divergence and vorticity; initial condition uncertainty for ice thickness is found to be of minor importance as long as LKFs are initialized at the right locations.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 12
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    Functional characterization of the circadian clock in the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 7(17742), ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-08
    Description: Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a key species in Southern Ocean ecosystem where it plays a central role in the Antarctic food web. Available information supports the existence of an endogenous timing system in krill enabling it to synchronize metabolism and behavior with an environment characterized by extreme seasonal changes in terms of day length, food availability, and surface ice extent. A screening of our transcriptome database “KrillDB” allowed us to identify the putative orthologues of 20 circadian clock components. Mapping of conserved domains and phylogenetic analyses strongly supported annotations of the identi ed sequences. Luciferase assays and co-immunoprecipitation experiments allowed us to de ne the role of the main clock components. Our ndings provide an overall picture of the molecular mechanisms underlying the functioning of the endogenous circadian clock in the Antarctic krill and shed light on their evolution throughout crustaceans speciation. Interestingly, the core clock machinery shows both mammalian and insect features that presumably contribute to an evolutionary strategy to cope with polar environment’s challenges. Moreover, despite the extreme variability characterizing the Antarctic seasonal day length, the conserved light mediated degradation of the photoreceptor EsCRY1 suggests a persisting pivotal role of light as a Zeitgeber.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 13
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    Reduced arctic tundra productivity linked with landform and climate change interactions (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 8(1), pp. 2345, ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-15
    Description: Arctic tundra ecosystems have experienced unprecedented change associated with climate warming over recent decades. Across the Pan-Arctic, vegetation productivity and surface greenness have trended positively over the period of satellite observation. However, since 2011 these trends have slowed considerably, showing signs of browning in many regions. It is unclear what factors are driving this change and which regions/landforms will be most sensitive to future browning. Here we provide evidence linking decadal patterns in arctic greening and browning with regional climate change and local permafrost-driven landscape heterogeneity. We analyzed the spatial variability of decadal-scale trends in surface greenness across the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska (~60,000 km²) using the Landsat archive (1999–2014), in combination with novel 30 m classifications of polygonal tundra and regional watersheds, finding landscape heterogeneity and regional climate change to be the most important factors controlling historical greenness trends. Browning was linked to increased temperature and precipitation, with the exception of young landforms (developed following lake drainage), which will likely continue to green. Spatiotemporal model forecasting suggests carbon uptake potential to be reduced in response to warmer and/or wetter climatic conditions, potentially increasing the net loss of carbon to the atmosphere, at a greater degree than previously expected.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 14
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    Competition-induced starvation drives large-scale population cycles in Antarctic krill (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Ecology & Evolution, Springer Nature, 1(0177)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-29
    Description: Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba)—one of the most abundant animal species on Earth—exhibits a five to six year population cycle, with oscillations in biomass exceeding one order of magnitude. Previous studies have postulated that the krill cycle is induced by periodic climatological factors, but these postulated drivers neither show consistent agreement, nor are they supported by quantitative models. Here, using data analysis complemented with modelling of krill ontogeny and population dynamics, we identify intraspecific competition for food as the main driver of the krill cycle, while external climatological factors possibly modulate its phase and synchronization over large scales. Our model indicates that the cycle amplitude increases with reduction of krill loss rates. Thus, a decline of apex predators is likely to increase the oscillation amplitude, potentially destabilizing the marine food web, with drastic consequences for the entire Antarctic ecosystem.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 15
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    An innovative methodology for the non-destructive diagnosis of architectural elements of ancient historical buildings (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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    Publication Date: 2019-03-26
    Description: In the following we present a new non-invasive methodology aimed at the diagnosis of stone building materials used in historical buildings and architectural elements. This methodology consists of the integrated sequential application of in situ proximal sensing methodologies such as the 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanner for the 3D modelling of investigated objects together with laboratory and in situ non-invasive multi-techniques acoustic data, preceded by an accurate petrographical study of the investigated stone materials by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The increasing necessity to integrate different types of techniques in the safeguard of the Cultural Heritage is the result of the following two interdependent factors: 1) The diagnostic process on the building stone materials of monuments is increasingly focused on difficult targets in critical situations. In these cases, the diagnosis using only one type of non-invasive technique may not be sufficient to investigate the conservation status of the stone materials of the superficial and inner parts of the studied structures 2) Recent technological and scientific developments in the field of non-invasive diagnostic techniques for different types of materials favors and supports the acquisition, processing and interpretation of huge multidisciplinary datasets.
    Description: Regione Autonoma della Sardegna (RAS) (Sardinian Autonomous Region), Regional Law 7th August 2007, no. 7, Promotion of scientific research and technological innovation in Sardinia (Italy).
    Description: Published
    Description: 4334
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Non-invasive methodology ; Stone building materials ; Diagnosis ; 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanner ; Non-invasive multi-techniques acoustic data ; Microscopy ; Methodology for the non-destructive diagnosis of architectural elements ; Cultural Heritage
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Figure 1 of: Pelagic sediments (1961)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3New York, American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 17
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    Enhanced North Pacific deep-ocean stratification by stronger intermediate water formation during Heinrich Stadial 1 (2019)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 10(656), ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-16
    Description: The deglacial history of CO2 release from the deep North Pacific remains unresolved. This is due to conflicting indications about subarctic Pacific ventilation changes based on various marine proxies, especially for Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS-1) when a rapid atmospheric CO2 rise occurs. Here, we use a complex Earth System Model to investigate the deglacial North Pacific overturning and its control on ocean stratification. Our results show an enhanced intermediate-to-deep ocean stratification coeval with intensified North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) formation during HS-1, compared to the Last Glacial Maximum. The stronger NPIW formation causes lower salinities and higher temperatures at intermediate depths. By lowering NPIW densities, this enlarges vertical density gradient and thus enhances intermediate-to-deep ocean stratification during HS-1. Physically, this process prevents the North Pacific deep waters from a better communication with the upper oceans, thus prolongs the existing isolation of glacial Pacific abyssal carbons during HS-1.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 18
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    Studying the cardiovascular system of a marine crustacean with magnetic resonance imaging at 9.4 T (2019)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine, Springer Nature, ISSN: 1352-8661
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-27
    Description: An approach is presented for high-field MRI studies of the cardiovascular system (CVS) of a marine crustacean, the edible crab Cancer pagurus, submerged in highly conductive seawater. Structure and function of the CVS were investigated at 9.4 T. Cardiac motion was studied using self-gated CINE MRI. Imaging protocols and radio-frequency coil arrangements were tested for anatomical imaging. Haemolymph flow was quantified using phase-contrast angiography. Signal-to-noise-ratios and flow velocities in afferent and efferent branchial veins were compared with Student’s t test (n = 5). Seawater induced signal losses were dependent on imaging protocols and RF coil setup. Internal cardiac structures could be visualized with high spatial resolution within 8 min using a gradient-echo technique. Variations in haemolymph flow in different vessels could be determined over time. Maximum flow was similar within individual vessels and corresponded to literature values from Doppler measurements. Heart contractions were more pronounced in lateral and dorso-ventral directions than in the anterior–posterior direction. Choosing adequate imaging protocols in combination with a specific RF coil arrangement allows to monitor various parts of the crustacean CVS with exceptionally high spatial resolution despite the adverse effects of seawater at 9.4 T.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 19
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    Magma plumbing system and seismicity of an active mid-ocean ridge volcano (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 7(42949), pp. 1-9
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-23
    Description: At mid-ocean ridges volcanism generally decreases with spreading rate but surprisingly massive volcanic centres occur at the slowest spreading ridges. These volcanoes can host unexpectedly strong earthquakes and vigorous, explosive submarine eruptions. Our understanding of the geodynamic processes forming these volcanic centres is still incomplete due to a lack of geophysical data and the difficulty to capture their rare phases of magmatic activity. We present a local earthquake tomographic image of the magma plumbing system beneath the Segment 8 volcano at the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. The tomography shows a confined domain of partial melt under the volcano. We infer that from there melt is horizontally transported to a neighbouring ridge segment at 35 km distance where microearthquake swarms and intrusion tremor occur that suggest ongoing magmatic activity. Teleseismic earthquakes around the Segment 8 volcano, prior to our study, indicate that the current magmatic spreading episode may already have lasted over a decade and hence its temporal extent greatly exceeds the frequent short-lived spreading episodes at faster opening mid-ocean ridges.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 20
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    Evidence for a palaeo-subglacial lake on the Antarctic continental shelf (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 8, pp. 15591, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: Subglacial lakes are widespread beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet but their control on ice-sheet dynamics and their ability to harbour life remain poorly characterized. Here we present evidence for a palaeo-subglacial lake on the Antarctic continental shelf. A distinct sediment facies recovered from a bedrock basin in Pine Island Bay indicates deposition within a low-energy lake environment. Diffusive-advection modelling demonstrates that low chloride concentrations in the pore water of the corresponding sediments can only be explained by initial deposition of this facies in a freshwater setting. These observations indicate that an active subglacial meltwater network, similar to that observed beneath the extant ice sheet, was also active during the last glacial period. It also provides a new framework for refining the exploration of these unique environments.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
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    West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by Holocene warm water incursions (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Springer Nature, 547(7661), pp. 43-48, ISSN: 0028-0836
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: Glaciological and oceanographic observations coupled with numerical models show that warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) incursions onto the West Antarctic continental shelf cause melting of the undersides of floating ice shelves. Because these ice shelves buttress glaciers feeding into them, their ocean-induced thinning is driving Antarctic ice-sheet retreat today. Here we present a multi-proxy data based reconstruction of variability in CDW inflow to the Amundsen Sea sector, the most vulnerable part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, during the Holocene epoch (from 11.7 thousand years ago to the present). The chemical compositions of foraminifer shells and benthic foraminifer assemblages in marine sediments indicate that enhanced CDW upwelling, controlled by the latitudinal position of the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds, forced deglaciation of this sector from at least 10,400 years ago until 7,500 years ago—when an ice-shelf collapse may have caused rapid ice-sheet thinning further upstream—and since the 1940s. These results increase confidence in the predictive capability of current ice-sheet models.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Erratum to: Distribution, density and abundance of Antarctic ice seals off Queen Maud Land and the eastern Weddell Sea (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, Springer Nature, 40(5), pp. 1167-1168, ISSN: 0722-4060
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Climbing the crustal ladder : magma storage-depth evolution during a volcanic flare-up (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaap7567, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aap7567.
    Description: Very large eruptions (〉50 km3) and supereruptions (〉450 km3) reveal Earth’s capacity to produce and store enormous quantities (〉1000 km3) of crystal-poor, eruptible magma in the shallow crust. We explore the interplay between crustal evolution and volcanism during a volcanic flare-up in the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ, New Zealand) using a combination of quartz-feldspar-melt equilibration pressures and time scales of quartz crystallization. Over the course of the flare-up, crystallization depths became progressively shallower, showing the gradual conditioning of the crust. Yet, quartz crystallization times were invariably very short (〈100 years), demonstrating that very large reservoirs of eruptible magma were transient crustal features. We conclude that the dynamic nature of the TVZ crust favored magma eruption over storage. Episodic tapping of eruptible magmas likely prevented a supereruption. Instead, multiple very large bodies of eruptible magma were assembled and erupted in decadal time scales.
    Description: This work was supported by the NSF (EAR-1151337) and by two Vanderbilt University Discovery Grants.
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    Barium isotope evidence for pervasive sediment recycling in the upper mantle (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaas8675, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aas8675.
    Description: The upper mantle, as sampled by mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs), exhibits significant chemical variability unrelated to mechanisms of melt extraction at ridges. We show that barium isotope variations in global MORBs vary systematically with radiogenic isotopes and trace element ratios, which reflects mixing between depleted and enriched MORB melts. In addition, modern sediments and enriched MORBs share similar Ba isotope signatures. Using modeling, we show that addition of ~0.1% by weight of sediment components into the depleted mantle in subduction zones must impart a sedimentary Ba signature to the overlying mantle and induce low-degree melting that produces the enriched MORB reservoir. Subsequently, these enriched domains convect toward mid-ocean ridges and produce radiogenic isotope variation typical of enriched MORBs. This mechanism can explain the chemical and isotopic features of enriched MORBs and provide strong evidence for pervasive sediment recycling in the upper mantle.
    Description: This study was supported by NSF grants EAR-1119373 and EAR-1427310 to S.G.N.
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    Natural climate solutions for the United States (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaat1869, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat1869.
    Description: Limiting climate warming to 〈2°C requires increased mitigation efforts, including land stewardship, whose potential in the United States is poorly understood. We quantified the potential of natural climate solutions (NCS)—21 conservation, restoration, and improved land management interventions on natural and agricultural lands—to increase carbon storage and avoid greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. We found a maximum potential of 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) Pg CO2e year−1, the equivalent of 21% of current net annual emissions of the United States. At current carbon market prices (USD 10 per Mg CO2e), 299 Tg CO2e year−1 could be achieved. NCS would also provide air and water filtration, flood control, soil health, wildlife habitat, and climate resilience benefits.
    Description: This study was made possible by funding from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation. C.A.W. and H.G. acknowledge financial support from NASA’s Carbon Monitoring System program (NNH14ZDA001N-CMS) under award NNX14AR39G. S.D.B. acknowledges support from the DOE’s Office of Biological and Environmental Research Program under the award DE-SC0014416. J.W.F. acknowledges financial support from the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research program under National Science Foundation grant no. DEB-1237517.
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    Warming of the interior Arctic Ocean linked to sea ice losses at the basin margins (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaat6773, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat6773.
    Description: Arctic Ocean measurements reveal a near doubling of ocean heat content relative to the freezing temperature in the Beaufort Gyre halocline over the past three decades (1987–2017). This warming is linked to anomalous solar heating of surface waters in the northern Chukchi Sea, a main entryway for halocline waters to join the interior Beaufort Gyre. Summer solar heat absorption by the surface waters has increased fivefold over the same time period, chiefly because of reduced sea ice coverage. It is shown that the solar heating, considered together with subduction rates of surface water in this region, is sufficient to account for the observed halocline warming. Heat absorption at the basin margins and its subsequent accumulation in the ocean interior, therefore, have consequences for Beaufort Gyre sea ice beyond the summer season.
    Description: Support was provided by the National Science Foundation Division of Polar Programs under award numbers 1303644, 1350046, and 1603660.
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    Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 3 (2017): e1700782, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700782.
    Description: Plastics have outgrown most man-made materials and have long been under environmental scrutiny. However, robust global information, particularly about their end-of-life fate, is lacking. By identifying and synthesizing dispersed data on production, use, and end-of-life management of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives, we present the first global analysis of all mass-produced plastics ever manufactured. We estimate that 8300 million metric tons (Mt) as of virgin plastics have been produced to date. As of 2015, approximately 6300 Mt of plastic waste had been generated, around 9% of which had been recycled, 12% was incinerated, and 79% was accumulated in landfills or the natural environment. If current production and waste management trends continue, roughly 12,000 Mt of plastic waste will be in landfills or in the natural environment by 2050.
    Description: R.G. was supported by the NSF Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental and Transport Systems grant #1335478.
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    Constraining the rate of oceanic deoxygenation leading up to a Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE-2: ~94 Ma) (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 3 (2017): e1701020, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701020.
    Description: The rates of marine deoxygenation leading to Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events are poorly recognized and constrained. If increases in primary productivity are the primary driver of these episodes, progressive oxygen loss from global waters should predate enhanced carbon burial in underlying sediments—the diagnostic Oceanic Anoxic Event relic. Thallium isotope analysis of organic-rich black shales from Demerara Rise across Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 reveals evidence of expanded sediment-water interface deoxygenation ~43 ± 11 thousand years before the globally recognized carbon cycle perturbation. This evidence for rapid oxygen loss leading to an extreme ancient climatic event has timely implications for the modern ocean, which is already experiencing large-scale deoxygenation.
    Description: We would like to acknowledge support from the NSF grant OCE 1434785 (to J.D.O. and S.G.N.), the NASA Exobiology grant NNX16AJ60G (to J.D.O. and S.G.N.), a WHOI Summer Student Fellowship (to C.M.O.), and an Agouron Postdoctoral Fellowship (to J.D.O.). This material is based on work supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant no. 026257-001.
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    Paleozoic diversification of terrestrial chitin-degrading bacterial lineages (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gruen, D. S., Wolfe, J. M., & Fournier, G. P.. Paleozoic diversification of terrestrial chitin-degrading bacterial lineages. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 19, (2019): 34, doi:10.1186/s12862-019-1357-8.
    Description: Background Establishing the divergence times of groups of organisms is a major goal of evolutionary biology. This is especially challenging for microbial lineages due to the near-absence of preserved physical evidence (diagnostic body fossils or geochemical biomarkers). Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can serve as a temporal scaffold between microbial groups and other fossil-calibrated clades, potentially improving these estimates. Specifically, HGT to or from organisms with fossil-calibrated age estimates can propagate these constraints to additional groups that lack fossils. While HGT is common between lineages, only a small subset of HGT events are potentially informative for dating microbial groups. Results Constrained by published fossil-calibrated studies of fungal evolution, molecular clock analyses show that multiple clades of Bacteria likely acquired chitinase homologs via HGT during the very late Neoproterozoic into the early Paleozoic. These results also show that, following these HGT events, recipient terrestrial bacterial clades likely diversified ~ 300–500 million years ago, consistent with established timescales of arthropod and plant terrestrialization. Conclusions We conclude that these age estimates are broadly consistent with the dispersal of chitinase genes throughout the microbial world in direct response to the evolution and ecological expansion of detrital-chitin producing groups. The convergence of multiple lines of evidence demonstrates the utility of HGT-based dating methods in microbial evolution. The pattern of inheritance of chitinase genes in multiple terrestrial bacterial lineages via HGT processes suggests that these genes, and possibly other genes encoding substrate-specific enzymes, can serve as a “standard candle” for dating microbial lineages across the Tree of Life.
    Description: This work was supported by a National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program Award to DSG., and Simons Collaboration on the Origins of Life Award #339603 and NSF Integrated Earth Systems Program Award #1615426 to GPF. The funding agencies for this study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, or in writing the manuscript.
    Keywords: Horizontal gene transfer ; Chitinase ; Chitin ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Arthropods
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    Superplume mantle tracked isotopically the length of Africa from the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea (2019)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 10(5493), ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-02
    Description: Seismological findings show a complex scenario of plume upwellings from a deep thermo-chemical anomaly (superplume) beneath the East African Rift System (EARS). It is unclear if these geophysical observations represent a true picture of the superplume and its influence on magmatism along the EARS. Thus, it is essential to find a geochemical tracer to establish where upwellings are connected to the deep-seated thermo-chemical anomaly. Here we identify a unique non-volatile superplume isotopic signature (‘C’) in the youngest (after 10 Ma) phase of widespread EARS rift-related magmatism where it extends into the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. This is the first sound evidence that the superplume influences the EARS far from the low seismic velocities in the magma-rich northern half. Our finding shows for the first time that superplume mantle exists beneath the rift the length of Africa from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean offshore southern Mozambique
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Antarctic marine animal forests: three-dimensional communities in Southern Ocean ecosystems (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Marine Animal Forests - The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots, Marine Animal Forests - The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots, Cham, Switzerland, Springer Nature, 29 p., pp. 315-344, ISBN: 978-3-319-21011-7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-19
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Agreement between reconstructed and modeled boreal precipitation of the Last Interglacial (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 5(11), pp. eaax7047, ISSN: 2375-2548
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-25
    Description: The last extended time period when climate may have been warmer than today was during the Last Interglacial (LIG; ca. 129 to 120 thousand years ago). However, a global view of LIG precipitation is lacking. Here, seven new LIG climate models are compared to the first global database of proxies for LIG precipitation. In this way, models are assessed in their ability to capture important hydroclimatic processes during a different climate. The models can reproduce the proxy-based positive precipitation anomalies from the preindustrial period over much of the boreal continents. Over the Southern Hemisphere, proxy-model agreement is partial. In models, LIG boreal monsoons have 42% wider area than in the preindustrial and produce 55% more precipitation and 50% more extreme precipitation. Austral monsoons are weaker. The mechanisms behind these changes are consistent with stronger summer radiative forcing over boreal high latitudes and with the associated higher temperatures during the LIG.
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    Sediment characteristics of a thermokarst lagoon in the northeastern Siberian Arctic (Ivashkina Lagoon, Bykovsky Peninsula) (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Arktos, Springer Nature, 4(13), ISSN: ISSN: 2364-9461
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-25
    Description: Lagoon development in ice-rich permafrost environments such as the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coastline and the Yedoma coastlines of northern Siberia represents a key mechanism of marine inundation of permafrost along the Arctic coastal plains. Here we show lithological, geochronological, and geochemical data from a core drilled in 1999 in Ivashkina Lagoon on the Bykovsky Peninsula in northeastern Siberia. This study extends previous studies of the Ivashkina Lagoon, and provides a first dated geochronological context for sedimentation and lithological characteristics. In addition, we report ground temperature measurements from different borehole sites in and around the lagoon to support our analysis of the thermokarst lagoon environment. Furthermore, a change detection study was carried out using historical aerial photography and modern satellite imagery for the 1982 to 2016 period. Several stages of landscape dynamics were reconstructed, starting with an initial Yedoma Ice Complex that covered the area during the late Pleistocene and which was locally thawed by thermokarst lake development during the Late Glacial with subsequent lacustrine sedimentation. A final stage completed the landscape dynamics during the last few hundreds of years. This stage was characterized by lake drainage and lagoon development, including strong reworking of surface sediments. By extrapolating the organic carbon data from Ivashkina Lagoon to the lagoons of the Bykovsky Peninsula, we estimate that lagoons contain 1.68 ± 0.04 Mt of organic carbon in their upper 6 m.
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    Geodetic measurements reveal similarities between Last Glacial Maximum and present-day mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2(9), pp. e1600931
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-20
    Description: Accurate quantification of the millennial-scale mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) and its contribution to global sea-level rise remain challenging because of sparse in situ observations in key regions. Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) is the ongoing response of the solid Earth to ice and ocean load changes occurring since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~21 thousand years ago) and may be used to constrain the GrIS deglaciation history. We use data from the Greenland Global Positioning System network to directly measure GIA and estimate basin-wide mass changes since the LGM. Unpredicted, large GIA uplift rates of +12 mm/year are found in southeast Greenland. These rates are due to low upper mantle viscosity in the region, from when Greenland passed over the Iceland hot spot about 40 million years ago. This region of concentrated soft rheology has a profound influence on reconstructing the deglaciation history of Greenland. We reevaluate the evolution of the GrIS since LGM and obtain a loss of 1.5-m sea-level equivalent from the northwest and southeast. These same sectors are dominating modern mass loss. We suggest that the present destabilization of these marine-based sectors may increase sea level for centuries to come. Our new deglaciation history and GIA uplift estimates suggest that studies that use the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellite mission to infer present-day changes in the GrIS may have erroneously corrected for GIA and underestimated the mass loss by about 20 gigatons/year.
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    Ocean deoxygenation and zooplankton: Very small oxygen differences matter (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances, 4(12), (2018): eaau5180. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau5180.
    Description: Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), large midwater regions of very low oxygen, are expected to expand as a result of climate change. While oxygen is known to be important in structuring midwater ecosystems, a precise and mechanistic understanding of the effects of oxygen on zooplankton is lacking. Zooplankton are important components of midwater food webs and biogeochemical cycles. Here, we show that, in the eastern tropical North Pacific OMZ, previously undescribed submesoscale oxygen variability has a direct effect on the distribution of many major zooplankton groups. Despite extraordinary hypoxia tolerance, many zooplankton live near their physiological limits and respond to slight (≤1%) changes in oxygen. Ocean oxygen loss (deoxygenation) may, thus, elicit major unanticipated changes to midwater ecosystem structure and function.
    Description: We thank the captain and crew of the R/V Sikuliaq (University of Alaska) and Scripps Institution of Oceanography for additional technical services. Thanks also to D. Ullman and D. Casagrande for Wire Flyer assistance; C. Matson and J. Calderwood for MOCNESS upgrades; S. Gordon (professional photographer, Open Boat Films LLC) for the photographs and movies; and A. Dymowska, J. Ivory, Y. Jin, J. McGreal, and N. Redmond for help at sea. Funding: Funding was provided by the NSF grants OCE1459243 (to K.F.W., C.R., and B.A.S.), OCE1458967 (to C.D.), DGE1244657 (to M.A.B.), and OCE1460819 (URI REU SURFO program to S.R.) plus funding from our respective institutions. Author contributions: K.F.W., B.A.S., C.R., and C.D. conceived the project. K.F.W. led the writing effort, with substantial contributions from all the authors. K.F.W. directed the MOCNESS component including zooplankton abundance and biomass quantification. B.A.S. directed the metabolic experiments and Tucker trawls. C.R. directed the Wire Flyer work. B.A.S., C.D., K.A.S.M., and M.A.B. developed the MI models. D.O., C.T.S., D.M., and S.R. processed and analyzed the zooplankton data. T.J.A. processed the MOCNESS hydrographic data. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Extensive files of continuous hydrographic data from transects are available from C.R. (Wire Flyer) and K.F.W. (MOCNESS). Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.
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    Quantifying population-specific growth in benthic bacterial communities under low oxygen using H218O (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in ISME Journal (2019), doi:10.1038/s41396-019-0373-4.
    Description: The benthos in estuarine environments often experiences periods of regularly occurring hypoxic and anoxic conditions, dramatically impacting biogeochemical cycles. How oxygen depletion affects the growth of specific uncultivated microbial populations within these diverse benthic communities, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we applied H218O quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP) in order to quantify the growth of diverse, uncultured bacterial populations in response to low oxygen concentrations in estuarine sediments. Over the course of 7- and 28-day incubations with redox conditions spanning from hypoxia to euxinia (sulfidic), 18O labeling of bacterial populations exhibited different patterns consistent with micro-aerophilic, anaerobic, facultative anaerobic, and aerotolerant anaerobic growth. 18O-labeled populations displaying anaerobic growth had a significantly non-random phylogenetic distribution, exhibited by numerous clades currently lacking cultured representatives within the Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, Latescibacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Acidobacteria. Genes encoding the beta-subunit of the dissimilatory sulfate reductase (dsrB) became 18O labeled only during euxinic conditions. Sequencing of these 18O-labeled dsrB genes showed that Acidobacteria were the dominant group of growing sulfate-reducing bacteria, highlighting their importance for sulfur cycling in estuarine sediments. Our findings provide the first experimental constraints on the redox conditions underlying increased growth in several groups of “microbial dark matter”, validating hypotheses put forth by earlier metagenomic studies.
    Description: This work was supported by a grant OR 417/1-1 from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and a Junior Researcher Fund grant from LMU Munich to WDO. This work was performed in part, through the Master’s Program in Geobiology and Paleontology (MGAP) at LMU Munich.
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    Formation of the Isthmus of Panama (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 2 (2016): e1600883, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600883.
    Description: The formation of the Isthmus of Panama stands as one of the greatest natural events of the Cenozoic, driving profound biotic transformations on land and in the oceans. Some recent studies suggest that the Isthmus formed many millions of years earlier than the widely recognized age of approximately 3 million years ago (Ma), a result that if true would revolutionize our understanding of environmental, ecological, and evolutionary change across the Americas. To bring clarity to the question of when the Isthmus of Panama formed, we provide an exhaustive review and reanalysis of geological, paleontological, and molecular records. These independent lines of evidence converge upon a cohesive narrative of gradually emerging land and constricting seaways, with formation of the Isthmus of Panama sensu stricto around 2.8 Ma. The evidence used to support an older isthmus is inconclusive, and we caution against the uncritical acceptance of an isthmus before the Pliocene.
    Description: This study was supported by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute to A.O., J.B.C.J., N.K., and H.A.L.; the NSF (EAR 1325683) to A.O., P.G.R.-D., and E.L.G.; the National System of Investigators to A.O.; the Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá) to A.O., H.A.L., and S.E.C.; the U.S. Geological Survey to R.F.S.; and the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina) to A.L.C., G.M.G., E.S., and L.S.
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    Ocean Colour Remote Sensing in the Laptev Sea (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Springer Nature, 15 p., ISBN: 978-3-319-94067-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-16
    Description: The Laptev and Eastern Siberian shelves are the world’s broadest shallow shelf systems. Large Siberian rivers and coastal erosion of up to meters per summer deliver large volumes of terrestrial matter into the Arctic shelf seas. In this chapter we investigate the applicability of Ocean Colour Remote Sensing during the ice-free summer season in the Siberian Laptev Sea region. We show that the early summer river peak discharge may be traced using remote sensing in years characterized by early sea-ice retreat. In the summer time after the peak discharge, the spreading of the main Lena River plume east and north-east of the Lena River Delta into the shelf system becomes hardly traceable using optical remote sensing methods. Measurements of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and coloured dissolved organic matter (cDOM) are of the same magnitude in the coastal waters of Buor Khaya Bay as in the Lena River. Match-up analyses of in situ chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) show that standard Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite-derived Chl-a is not a valid remote sensing product for the coastal waters and the inner shelf region of the Laptev Sea. All MERIS and MODIS-derived Chl-a products are overestimated by at least a factor of ten, probably due to absorption by the extraordinarily high amount of non-algal particles and cDOM in these coastal and inner-shelf waters. Instead, Ocean Colour remote sensing provides information on wide-spread resuspension over shallows and lateral advection visible in satellite-derived turbidity. Satellite Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data clearly show hydrodynamics and delineate the outflow of the Lena River for hundreds of kilometres out into the shelf seas.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Active subseafloor microbial communities from Mariana back-arc venting fluids share metabolic strategies across different thermal niches and taxa (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Trembath-Reichert, E., Butterfield, D. A., & Huber, J. A. Active subseafloor microbial communities from Mariana back-arc venting fluids share metabolic strategies across different thermal niches and taxa. Isme Journal, 13(9), (2019): 2264-2279, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0431-y.
    Description: There are many unknowns regarding the distribution, activity, community composition, and metabolic repertoire of microbial communities in the subseafloor of deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Here we provide the first characterization of subseafloor microbial communities from venting fluids along the central Mariana back-arc basin (15.5–18°N), where the slow-spreading rate, depth, and variable geochemistry along the back-arc distinguish it from other spreading centers. Results indicated that diverse Epsilonbacteraeota were abundant across all sites, with a population of high temperature Aquificae restricted to the northern segment. This suggests that differences in subseafloor populations along the back-arc are associated with local geologic setting and resultant geochemistry. Metatranscriptomics coupled to stable isotope probing revealed bacterial carbon fixation linked to hydrogen oxidation, denitrification, and sulfide or thiosulfate oxidation at all sites, regardless of community composition. NanoSIMS (nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry) incubations at 80 °C show only a small portion of the microbial community took up bicarbonate, but those autotrophs had the highest overall rates of activity detected across all experiments. By comparison, acetate was more universally utilized to sustain growth, but within a smaller range of activity. Together, results indicate that microbial communities in venting fluids from the Mariana back-arc contain active subseafloor communities reflective of their local conditions with metabolisms commonly shared across geologically disparate spreading centers throughout the ocean.
    Description: This work was funded by the NOAA Ocean Exploration and Research (OER) Program, the NSF Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) (OCE-0939564), and NOAA/PMEL and JISAO under NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA15OAR4320063. ETR was supported by a NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship with the NASA Astrobiology Institute and a L’Oréal USA For Women in Science Fellowship. The data collected in this study includes work supported by the Schmidt Ocean Institute during cruise FK161129 aboard R/V Falkor. We thank the captains and crews of the R/V Falkor and ROV SuBastian. Critical support in cruise planning and sampling at sea was carried out by Andra Bobbitt, Bill Chadwick, Bob Embley, Ben Larson, and Kevin Roe. Caroline Fortunato, Connor Skennerton, Rika Anderson, Karthik Anantharaman, Jaclyn Saunders, Hank Yu, Lewis Ward, Elaina Graham, and Ben Tully aided bioinformatics pipeline development and Victoria Orphan and Yunbin Guan aided with NanoSIMS analysis. This is C-DEBI Contribution 470, JISAO Contribution 2018-0173, and PMEL Contribution 4867.
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    Submesoscale-selective compensation of fronts in a salinity-stratified ocean (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): e1701504, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701504.
    Description: Salinity, rather than temperature, is the leading influence on density in some regions of the world’s upper oceans. In the Bay of Bengal, heavy monsoonal rains and runoff generate strong salinity gradients that define density fronts and stratification in the upper ~50 m. Ship-based observations made in winter reveal that fronts exist over a wide range of length scales, but at O(1)-km scales, horizontal salinity gradients are compensated by temperature to alleviate about half the cross-front density gradient. Using a process study ocean model, we show that scale-selective compensation occurs because of surface cooling. Submesoscale instabilities cause density fronts to slump, enhancing stratification along-front. Specifically for salinity fronts, the surface mixed layer (SML) shoals on the less saline side, correlating sea surface salinity (SSS) with SML depth at O(1)-km scales. When losing heat to the atmosphere, the shallower and less saline SML experiences a larger drop in temperature compared to the adjacent deeper SML on the salty side of the front, thus correlating sea surface temperature (SST) with SSS at the submesoscale. This compensation of submesoscale fronts can diminish their strength and thwart the forward cascade of energy to smaller scales. During winter, salinity fronts that are dynamically submesoscale experience larger temperature drops, appearing in satellite-derived SST as cold filaments. In freshwater-influenced regions, cold filaments can mark surface-trapped layers insulated from deeper nutrient-rich waters, unlike in other regions, where they indicate upwelling of nutrient-rich water and enhanced surface biological productivity.
    Description: This work was carried out under the Office of Naval Research’s ASIRI (grants N000141612470 and N000141310451) in collaboration with the Indian Ministry of Earth Science’s OMM initiative supported by the Monsoon Mission
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    Increased fluxes of shelf-derived materials to the central Arctic Ocean (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaao1302, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao1302.
    Description: Rising temperatures in the Arctic Ocean region are responsible for changes such as reduced ice cover, permafrost thawing, and increased river discharge, which, together, alter nutrient and carbon cycles over the vast Arctic continental shelf. We show that the concentration of radium-228, sourced to seawater through sediment-water exchange processes, has increased substantially in surface waters of the central Arctic Ocean over the past decade. A mass balance model for 228Ra suggests that this increase is due to an intensification of shelf-derived material inputs to the central basin, a source that would also carry elevated concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and nutrients. Therefore, we suggest that significant changes in the nutrient, carbon, and trace metal balances of the Arctic Ocean are underway, with the potential to affect biological productivity and species assemblages in Arctic surface waters.
    Description: This work was funded by NSF awards OCE-1458305 to M.A.C. and OCE-1458424 to W.S.M. The Mackenzie River sampling was supported by a Graduate Student Research Award from the North Pacific Research Board to L.E.K. L.E.K. also acknowledges support from a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship. I.G.R. acknowledges funding by the contributors to the U.S. Interagency Arctic Buoy Program, which include the U.S. Coast Guard, the Department of Energy, NASA, the U.S. Navy, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and NSF.
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    Accelerated freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water over the last decade in the Southern Indian Ocean (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 3 (2017): e1601426, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601426.
    Description: Southern Ocean abyssal waters, in contact with the atmosphere at their formation sites around Antarctica, not only bring signals of a changing climate with them as they move around the globe but also contribute to that change through heat uptake and sea level rise. A repeat hydrographic line in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, occupied three times in the last two decades (1994, 2007, and, most recently, 2016), reveals that Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) continues to become fresher (0.004 ± 0.001 kg/g decade−1), warmer (0.06° ± 0.01°C decade−1), and less dense (0.011 ± 0.002 kg/m3 decade−1). The most recent observations in the Australian-Antarctic Basin show a particularly striking acceleration in AABW freshening between 2007 and 2016 (0.008 ± 0.001 kg/g decade−1) compared to the 0.002 ± 0.001 kg/g decade−1 seen between 1994 and 2007. Freshening is, in part, responsible for an overall shift of the mean temperature-salinity curve toward lower densities. The marked freshening may be linked to an abrupt iceberg-glacier collision and calving event that occurred in 2010 on the George V/Adélie Land Coast, the main source region of bottom waters for the Australian-Antarctic Basin. Because AABW is a key component of the global overturning circulation, the persistent decrease in bottom water density and the associated increase in steric height that result from continued warming and freshening have important consequences beyond the Southern Indian Ocean.
    Description: The 2016 I08S cruise and the analysis and science performed at sea, as well as the individual principal investigators were funded through multiple National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and NSF grants including NSF grant OCE-1437015. The research for this article was mainly completed at sea. For land-based work, V.V.M. relied on her postdoctoral funding through NSF grant OCE-1435665, and A.M.M. was supported in part by NSF grant OCE-1356630 and NOAA grant NA11OAR4310063.
    Keywords: Salinity ; AABW ; Changes ; Water masses ; T-S properties ; Iceberg ; Calving ; Antartica ; Abyss ; Climate change
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    Glacial to Holocene changes in trans-Atlantic Saharan dust transport and dust-climate feedbacks (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 2 (2016): e1600445, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600445.
    Description: Saharan mineral dust exported over the tropical North Atlantic is thought to have significant impacts on regional climate and ecosystems, but limited data exist documenting past changes in long-range dust transport. This data gap limits investigations of the role of Saharan dust in past climate change, in particular during the mid-Holocene, when climate models consistently underestimate the intensification of the West African monsoon documented by paleorecords. We present reconstructions of African dust deposition in sediments from the Bahamas and the tropical North Atlantic spanning the last 23,000 years. Both sites show early and mid-Holocene dust fluxes 40 to 50% lower than recent values and maximum dust fluxes during the deglaciation, demonstrating agreement with records from the northwest African margin. These quantitative estimates of trans-Atlantic dust transport offer important constraints on past changes in dust-related radiative and biogeochemical impacts. Using idealized climate model experiments to investigate the response to reductions in Saharan dust’s radiative forcing over the tropical North Atlantic, we find that small (0.15°C) dust-related increases in regional sea surface temperatures are sufficient to cause significant northward shifts in the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone, increased precipitation in the western Sahel and Sahara, and reductions in easterly and northeasterly winds over dust source regions. Our results suggest that the amplifying feedback of dust on sea surface temperatures and regional climate may be significant and that accurate simulation of dust’s radiative effects is likely essential to improving model representations of past and future precipitation variations in North Africa.
    Description: This study was supported, in part, by NSF awards OCE-1030784 (to D.M. and P.B.d.) and OCE-09277247 (to P.B.d.); NASA grant NN14AP38G (to C. Heald, Massachusetts Institute of Technology), which supports D.A.R.; and the Columbia University Center for Climate and Life. A.F. is supported by the NSF grant AGS-1116885 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) grant NA14OAR4310277. S.H. is supported by the NASA Earth and Space Sciences Fellowship. We also acknowledge computational support from the NSF/NCAR Yellowstone Supercomputing Center and the Yale University High Performance Computing Center.
    Keywords: Mineral dust ; North Africa ; Paleoclimate ; African Humid Period
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    Limited contribution of ancient methane to surface waters of the U.S. Beaufort Sea shelf (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaao4842, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao4842.
    Description: In response to warming climate, methane can be released to Arctic Ocean sediment and waters from thawing subsea permafrost and decomposing methane hydrates. However, it is unknown whether methane derived from this sediment storehouse of frozen ancient carbon reaches the atmosphere. We quantified the fraction of methane derived from ancient sources in shelf waters of the U.S. Beaufort Sea, a region that has both permafrost and methane hydrates and is experiencing significant warming. Although the radiocarbon-methane analyses indicate that ancient carbon is being mobilized and emitted as methane into shelf bottom waters, surprisingly, we find that methane in surface waters is principally derived from modern-aged carbon. We report that at and beyond approximately the 30-m isobath, ancient sources that dominate in deep waters contribute, at most, 10 ± 3% of the surface water methane. These results suggest that even if there is a heightened liberation of ancient carbon–sourced methane as climate change proceeds, oceanic oxidation and dispersion processes can strongly limit its emission to the atmosphere.
    Description: The National Science Foundation (PLR-1417149; awarded to J.D.K.) primarily supported this work with additional support provided by the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-FE0028980; awarded to J.D.K.). Atmospheric 14C-CH4 measurements were funded by NASA via the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Earth Ventures project “Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment”) to the University of Colorado under contract 1424124. K.M.S. acknowledges support from the University of Minnesota Grant-in-Aid program.
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    The largest deep-ocean silicic volcanic eruption of the past century (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): e1701121, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701121.
    Description: The 2012 submarine eruption of Havre volcano in the Kermadec arc, New Zealand, is the largest deep-ocean eruption in history and one of very few recorded submarine eruptions involving rhyolite magma. It was recognized from a gigantic 400-km2 pumice raft seen in satellite imagery, but the complexity of this event was concealed beneath the sea surface. Mapping, observations, and sampling by submersibles have provided an exceptionally high fidelity record of the seafloor products, which included lava sourced from 14 vents at water depths of 900 to 1220 m, and fragmental deposits including giant pumice clasts up to 9 m in diameter. Most (〉75%) of the total erupted volume was partitioned into the pumice raft and transported far from the volcano. The geological record on submarine volcanic edifices in volcanic arcs does not faithfully archive eruption size or magma production.
    Description: This research was funded by Australian Research Council Postdoctoral fellowships (DP110102196 and DE150101190 to R. Carey), a short-term postdoctoral fellowship grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (to R. Carey), National Science Foundation grants (OCE1357443 to B.H., OCE1357216 to S.A.S., and EAR1447559 to J.D.L.W.), and a New Zealand Marsden grant (U001616 to J.D.L.W.). J.D.L.W. and A.M. were supported by a research grant and PhD scholarship from the University of Otago. R.W. was supported by NIWA grant COPR1802. J.D.L.W. and F.C.-T. were supported by GNS Science grants CSA-GHZ and CSA-EEZ. M.J. was supported by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) through the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship (NDSEG) Program.
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    Ocean acidification responses in paralarval squid swimming behavior using a novel 3D tracking system (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2019. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer Nature for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Zakroff, C., Mooney, T.A. & Wirth, C. Ocean acidification responses in paralarval squid swimming behavior using a novel 3D tracking system. Hydrobiologia, 808(1),(2018):83-106, doi:10.1007/s10750-017-3342-9.
    Description: Chronic embryonic exposure to ocean acidification (OA) has been shown to degrade the aragonitic statolith of paralarval squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, a key structure for their swimming behavior. This study examined if day-of-hatching paralarval D. pealeii from eggs reared under chronic OA demonstrated measurable impairments to swimming activity and control. This required the development of a novel, cost-effective, and robust method for 3D motion tracking and analysis. Squid eggs were reared in pCO2 levels in a dose-dependent manner ranging from 400 - 2200 ppm. Initial 2D experiments showed paralarvae in higher acidification environments spent more time at depth. In 3D experiments, velocity, particularly positive and negative vertical velocities, significantly decreased from 400 to 1000 ppm pCO2, but showed non-significant decreases at higher concentrations. Activity and horizontal velocity decreased linearly with increasing pCO2, indicating a subtle impact to paralarval energetics. Patterns may have been obscured by notable individual variability in the paralarvae. Responses were also seen to vary between trials on cohort or potentially annual scales. Overall, paralarval swimming appeared resilient to OA, with effects being slight. The newly developed 3D tracking system provides a powerful and accessible method for future studies to explore similar questions in the larvae of aquatic taxa.
    Description: We thank D. Remsen, the MBL Marine Resources Center staff, and MBL Gemma crew for their support in acquiring squid. R. Galat and the facilities staff of the WHOI ESL provided system support. D. McCorkle, KYK Chan, and M. White provided valuable insight on the OA system. E. Moberg, A. Beet, and A. Solow assisted in the development and coding of the 3D model system. We also thank E. Bonk, K. Hoering, M. Lee, D. Weiler, and A. Schlunk for their assistance and input with the experiments. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. 1122374. This project is funded by NSF Grant No. 1220034.
    Keywords: Hypercapnia ; Cephalopod ; Larvae ; Movement analysis ; Stress physiology
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    Parkinson's disease protein DJ-1 regulates ATP synthase protein components to increase neuronal process outgrowth (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Chen, R.; Park, H. A.; Mnatsakanyan, N.; Niu, Y.; Licznerski, P.; Wu, J.; Miranda, P.; Graham, M.; Tang, J.; Boon, A. J. W.; Cossu, G.; Mandemakers, W.; Bonifati, V.; Smith, P. J. S.; Alavian, K. N.; Jonas, E. A. Parkinson's disease protein DJ-1 regulates ATP synthase protein components to increase neuronal process outgrowth. Cell Death & Disease, 10(6), (2019):469, doi:10.1038/s41419-019-1679-x.
    Description: Familial Parkinson’s disease (PD) protein DJ-1 mutations are linked to early onset PD. We have found that DJ-1 binds directly to the F1FO ATP synthase β subunit. DJ-1’s interaction with the β subunit decreased mitochondrial uncoupling and enhanced ATP production efficiency while in contrast mutations in DJ-1 or DJ-1 knockout increased mitochondrial uncoupling, and depolarized neuronal mitochondria. In mesencephalic DJ-1 KO cultures, there was a progressive loss of neuronal process extension. This was ameliorated by a pharmacological reagent, dexpramipexole, that binds to ATP synthase, closing a mitochondrial inner membrane leak and enhancing ATP synthase efficiency. ATP synthase c-subunit can form an uncoupling channel; we measured, therefore, ATP synthase F1 (β subunit) and c-subunit protein levels. We found that ATP synthase β subunit protein level in the DJ-1 KO neurons was approximately half that found in their wild-type counterparts, comprising a severe defect in ATP synthase stoichiometry and unmasking c-subunit. We suggest that DJ-1 enhances dopaminergic cell metabolism and growth by its regulation of ATP synthase protein components.
    Description: The research was supported by NIH (NS081746) to E.A.J., W.M. and V.B. are supported by the Stichting Parkinson Fonds (The Netherlands).
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    Archaea dominate oxic subseafloor communities over multimillion-year time scales (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).. The definitive version was published in Vuillemin, A., Wankel, S. D., Coskun, Ö. K., Magritsch, T., Vargas, S., Estes, E. R., Spivack, A. J., Smith, D. C., Pockalny, R., Murray, R. W., D'Hondt, S., & Orsi, W. D. Archaea dominate oxic subseafloor communities over multimillion-year time scales. Science Advances, 5(6), (2019): eaaw4108, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw4108.
    Description: Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) dominate microbial communities throughout oxic subseafloor sediment deposited over millions of years in the North Atlantic Ocean. Rates of nitrification correlated with the abundance of these dominant AOA populations, whose metabolism is characterized by ammonia oxidation, mixotrophic utilization of organic nitrogen, deamination, and the energetically efficient chemolithoautotrophic hydroxypropionate/hydroxybutyrate carbon fixation cycle. These AOA thus have the potential to couple mixotrophic and chemolithoautotrophic metabolism via mixotrophic deamination of organic nitrogen, followed by oxidation of the regenerated ammonia for additional energy to fuel carbon fixation. This metabolic feature likely reduces energy loss and improves AOA fitness under energy-starved, oxic conditions, thereby allowing them to outcompete other taxa for millions of years.
    Description: This work was supported primarily by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) project OR 417/1-1 granted to W.D.O. Preliminary work was supported by the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations project OCE-0939564 also granted to W.D.O. Publication of the manuscript was supported by the LMU Mentoring Program. The expedition was funded by the US National Science Foundation through grant NSF-OCE-1433150 to A.J.S, S.D., and R.P. R.W.M. led the expedition. This is a contribution of the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO). S.D.W. acknowledges partial support from NASA Exobiology (NNX15AM04G). This is Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) publication number 463. Portions of this material are based on work supported while R.W.M. was serving at the National Science Foundation. A portion of this work was performed as part of the LMU Masters Program “Geobiology and Paleobiology” (MGAP).
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    Using spatial variability in the rate of change of chlorophyll a to improve water quality management in a subtropical oligotrophic estuary (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Millette, N. C., Kelble, C., Linhoss, A., Ashby, S., & Visser, L. Using spatial variability in the rate of change of chlorophyll a to improve water quality management in a subtropical oligotrophic estuary. Estuaries and Coasts, 42(7), (2019): 1792-1803, doi:10.1007/s12237-019-00610-5.
    Description: Anthropogenic eutrophication threatens numerous aquatic ecosystems across the globe. Proactive management that prevents a system from becoming eutrophied is more effective and cheaper than restoring a eutrophic system, but detecting early warning signs and problematic nutrient sources in a relatively healthy system can be difficult. The goal of this study was to investigate if rates of change in chlorophyll a and nutrient concentrations at individual stations can be used to identify specific areas that need to be targeted for management. Biscayne Bay is a coastal embayment in southeast Florida with primarily adequate water quality that has experienced rapid human population growth over the last century. Water quality data collected at 48 stations throughout Biscayne Bay over a 20-year period (1995–2014) were examined to identify any water quality trends associated with eutrophication. Chlorophyll a and phosphate concentrations have increased throughout Biscayne Bay, which is a primary indicator of eutrophication. Moreover, chlorophyll a concentrations throughout the northern area, where circulation is restricted, and in nearshore areas of central Biscayne Bay are increasing at a higher rate compared to the rest of the Bay. This suggests increases in chlorophyll a are due to local nutrient sources from the watershed. These areas are also where recent seagrass die-offs have occurred, suggesting an urgent need for management intervention. This is in contrast with the state of Florida listing of Biscayne Bay as a medium priority impaired body of water.
    Description: Data provided by the SERC-FIU/SFWMD Water Quality Monitoring Network is supported by SFWMD/SERC Cooperative Agreement #4600000352 as well as EPA Agreement #X7-96410603-3. This research was also funded by a NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory grant to the Northern Gulf Institute (award number NA160AR4320199).
    Keywords: Chlorophyll a ; Eutrophication ; Oligotrophic ; Ecological indicators
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    Marine litter: Sea change for plastic pollution (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Springer Nature, 544(7650), pp. 297-297, ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Living on Cold Substrata: New Insights and Approaches in the Study of Microphytobenthos Ecophysiology and Ecology in Kongsfjorden (2019)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Advances in Polar Ecology 2, The Ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Switzerland, Springer Nature, 2, pp. 303-330, ISSN: 2468-5712
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    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Organisms in shallow waters at high latitudes are under pressure due to climate change. These areas are typically inhabited by microphytobenthos (MPB) communities, composed mainly of diatoms. Only sparse information is available on the ecophysiology and acclimation processes within MPBs from Arctic regions. The physico-chemical environment and the ecology and ecophysiology of benthic diatoms in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Norway) are addressed in this review. MPB biofilms cover extensive areas of sediment. They show high rates of primary production, stabilise sediment surfaces against erosion under hydrodynamic forces,and affect the exchange of oxygen and nutrients across the sediment-water interface. Additionally, this phototrophic community represents a key component in the functioning of the Kongsfjorden trophic web, particularly as a major food source for benthic suspension- or deposit-feeders. MPB in Kongsfjorden is confronted with pronounced seasonal variations in solar radiation, low temperatures, and hyposaline (meltwater) conditions in summer, as well as long periods of ice and snow cover in winter. From the few data available, it seems that these organisms can easily cope with these environmental extremes. The underlying physiological mechanisms that allow growth and photosynthesis to continue under widely varying abiotic parameters, along with vertical migration and heterotrophy, and biochemical features such as a pronounced fatty-acid metabolism and silicate incorporation are discussed. Existing gaps in our knowledge of benthic diatoms in Kongsfjorden, such as the chemical ecology of biotic interactions, need to be filled. In addition, since many of the underlying molecular acclimation mechanisms are poorly understood, modern approaches based on transcriptomics, proteomics, and/or metabolomics, in conjunction with cell biological and biochemical techniques, are urgently needed. Climate change models for the Arctic predict other multifactorial stressors, such as an increase in precipitation and permafrost thawing, with consequences for the shallow-water regions. Both precipitation and permafrost thawing are likely to increase nutrient-enriched, turbid freshwater runoff and may locally counteract the expected increase in coastal radiation availability. So far, complex interactions among factors, as well as the full genetic diversity and physiological plasticity of Arctic benthic diatoms, have only rarely been considered. The limited existing information is described and discussed in this review.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Phytoplankton responses to temperature increases are constrained by abiotic conditions and community composition (2016)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Oecologia, Springer Nature, 182(3), pp. 815-827, ISSN: 0029-8549
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-22
    Description: Effects of temperature changes on phytoplankton communities seem to be highly context-specific, but few studies have analyzed whether this context specificity depends on differences in the abiotic conditions or in species composition between studies. We present an experiment that allows disentangling the contribution of abiotic and biotic differences in shaping the response to two aspects of temperature change: permanent increase of mean temperature versus pulse disturbance in form of a heat wave. We used natural communities from six different sites of a floodplain system as well as artificially mixed communities from laboratory cultures and grew both, artificial and natural communities, in water from the six different floodplain lakes (sites). All 12 contexts (2 communities × 6 sites) were first exposed to three different temperature levels (12, 18, 24 °C, respectively) and afterward to temperature pulses (4 °C increase for 7 h day(-1)). Temperature-dependent changes in biomass and community composition depended on the initial composition of phytoplankton communities. Abiotic conditions had a major effect on biomass of phytoplankton communities exposed to different temperature conditions, however, the effect of biotic and abiotic conditions together was even more pronounced. Additionally, phytoplankton community responses to pulse temperature effects depended on the warming history. By disentangling abiotic and biotic effects, our study shows that temperature-dependent effects on phytoplankton communities depend on both, biotic and abiotic constraints.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    The body-size structure of macrobenthos changes predictably along gradients of hydrodynamic stress and organic enrichment (2015)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Marine Biology, Springer Nature, 162(3), pp. 675-685, ISSN: 0025-3162
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    Publication Date: 2023-09-22
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Far-ranging generalist top predators enhance the stability of meta-foodwebs (2019)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 9(1), pp. 12268-12268, ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-25
    Description: Identifying stabilizing factors in foodwebs is a long standing challenge with wide implications for community ecology and conservation. Here, we investigate the stability of spatially resolved meta-foodwebs with far-ranging super-predators for whom the whole meta-foodwebs appears to be a single habitat. By using a combination of generalized modeling with a master stability function approach, we are able to efficiently explore the asymptotic stability of large classes of realistic many-patch meta-foodwebs. We show that meta-foodwebs with far-ranging top predators are more stable than those with localized top predators. Moreover, adding far-ranging generalist top predators to a system can have a net stabilizing effect. These results highlight the importance of top predator conservation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Correction to: Resistance of Arctic phytoplankton to ocean acidification and enhanced irradiance (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, Springer Nature, 41(3), pp. 415-416, ISSN: 0722-4060
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-08
    Description: The authors regret an error in the published article, where incorrect data was used to produce Figure 2, showing the temporal development of pH over the duration of the experiment. The corrected Fig. 2 shows that the error did not affect the interpretation of nor the conclusions drawn from the present dataset. The original article has been corrected.
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    Correction to: Sedimentary and geochemical characteristics of two small permafrost-dominated Arctic river deltas in northern Alaska (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3arktos, Springer Nature, 4(1), pp. 1-1, ISSN: 2364-9453
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Arctic river deltas are highly dynamic environments in the northern circumpolar permafrost region that are affected by fluvial, coastal, and permafrost-thaw processes. They are characterized by thick sediment deposits containing large but poorly constrained amounts of frozen organic carbon and nitrogen. This study presents new data on soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage as well as accumulation rates from the Ikpikpuk and Fish Creek river deltas, two small, permafrost-dominated Arctic river deltas on the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. A soil organic carbon storage of 42.4 ± 1.6 and 37.9 ± 3.5 kg C m− 2 and soil nitrogen storage of 2.1 ± 0.1 and 2.0 ± 0.2 kg N m− 2 was found for the first 2 m of soil for the Ikpikpuk and Fish Creek river delta, respectively. While the upper meter of soil contains 3.57 Tg C, substantial amounts of carbon (3.09 Tg C or 46%) are also stored within the second meter of soil (100–200 cm) in the two deltas. An increasing and inhomogeneous distribution of C with depth is indicative of the dominance of deltaic depositional rather than soil forming processes for soil organic carbon storage. Largely, mid- to late Holocene radiocarbon dates in our cores suggest different carbon accumulation rates for the two deltas for the last 2000 years. Rates up to 28 g C m− 2 year− 1 for the Ikpikpuk river delta are about twice as high as for the Fish Creek river delta. With this study, we highlight the importance of including these highly dynamic permafrost environments in future permafrost carbon estimations.
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    SILVA–Referenzdatensätze für den Nachweis von Mikroorganismen (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3BIOspektrum, Springer Nature, 24(7), pp. 750-751, ISSN: 0947-0867
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Ein neuer Baum des Lebens? (2019)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3BIOspektrum, Springer Nature, 25(1), pp. 50-57, ISSN: 0947-0867
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Gene editing fixes cystic fibrosis gene in mice before birth (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-08
    Print ISSN: 1078-8956
    Electronic ISSN: 1546-170X
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Protein kinase N controls a lysosomal lipid switch to facilitate nutrient signalling via mTORC1 (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-26
    Print ISSN: 1465-7392
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4679
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    EV-TRACK: transparent reporting and centralizing knowledge in extracellular vesicle research (2017)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Print ISSN: 1548-7091
    Electronic ISSN: 1548-7105
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    Biology and evolution of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (2017)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1078-8956
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    Analyzing bacterial extracellular vesicles in human body fluids by orthogonal biophysical separation and biochemical characterization (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2019-11-27
    Print ISSN: 1754-2189
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-2799
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    A new era for solar (2017)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-01
    Print ISSN: 1749-4885
    Electronic ISSN: 1749-4893
    Topics: Physics
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    CRISPR off-targets: a reassessment (2018)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-30
    Print ISSN: 1548-7091
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    Turning point: Industry immigrant (2017)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2017-11-02
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Adaptation of muscle activation after patellar loading demonstrates neural control of joint variables (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-01
    Description: We evaluated whether the central nervous system (CNS) chooses muscle activations not only to achieve behavioral goals but also to minimize stresses and strains within joints. We analyzed the coordination between quadriceps muscles during locomotion in rats before and after imposing a lateral force on the patella. Vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) in the rat produce identical knee torques but opposing mediolateral patellar forces. If the CNS regulates internal joint stresses, we predicted that after imposing a lateral patellar load by attaching a spring between the patella and lateral femur, the CNS would reduce the ratio between VL and VM activation to minimize net mediolateral patellar forces. Our results confirmed this prediction, showing that VL activation was reduced after attaching the spring whereas VM and rectus femoris (RF) activations were not significantly changed. This adaptation was reversed after the spring was detached. These changes were not observed immediately after attaching the spring but only developed after 3–5 days, suggesting that they reflected gradual processes rather than immediate compensatory reflexes. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that the CNS chooses muscle activations to regulate internal joint variables.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Context is everything: aneuploidy in cancer (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Print ISSN: 1471-0056
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-0064
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    Modelling Cryptosporidium infection in human small intestinal and lung organoids (2018)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-25
    Electronic ISSN: 2058-5276
    Topics: Biology
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    Spotlight on Food Science in Japan (2017)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2017-03-30
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Therapeutic cancer vaccine survives biotech bust (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-26
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Chronic oral exposure to field-realistic pesticide combinations via pollen and nectar: effects on feeding and thermal performance in a solitary bee (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-24
    Description: Pesticide use is one of the main causes of pollinator declines in agricultural ecosystems. Traditionally, most laboratory studies on bee ecotoxicology test acute exposure to single compounds. However, under field conditions, bees are often chronically exposed to a variety of chemicals, with potential synergistic effects. We studied the effects of field-realistic concentrations of three pesticides measured in pollen and nectar of commercial melon fields on the solitary bee Osmia bicornis L. We orally exposed females of this species throughout their life span to 8 treatments combining two neonicotinoid insecticides (acetamiprid, imidacloprid) and a triazole fungicide (myclobutanil) via pollen and sugar syrup. We measured pollen and syrup consumption, longevity, ovary maturation and thermogenesis. Although bees consumed larger amounts of syrup than pollen, pesticide intake via syrup and pollen were similar. At the tested concentrations, no synergistic effects emerged, and we found no effects on longevity and ovary maturation. However, all treatments containing imidacloprid resulted in suppressed syrup consumption and drastic decreases in thoracic temperature and bee activity. Our results have important implications for pesticide regulation. If we had measured only lethal effects we would have wrongly concluded that the pesticide combinations containing imidacloprid were safe to O. bicornis. The incorporation of tests specifically intended to detect sublethal effects in bee risk assessment schemes should be an urgent priority. In this way, the effects of pesticide exposure on the dynamics of bee populations in agroecosystems will be better assessed.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Inactivation of Ppp1r15a minimises weight gain and insulin resistance during caloric excess in female mice (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-27
    Description: Phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α within the mediobasal hypothalamus is known to suppress food intake, but the role of the eIF2α phosphatases in regulating body weight is poorly understood. Mice deficient in active PPP1R15A, a stress-inducible eIF2α phosphatase, are healthy and more resistant to endoplasmic reticulum stress than wild type controls. We report that when female Ppp1r15a mutant mice are fed a high fat diet they gain less weight than wild type littermates owing to reduced food intake. This results in healthy leaner Ppp1r15a mutant animals with reduced hepatic steatosis and improved insulin sensitivity, albeit with a possible modest defect in insulin secretion. By contrast, no weight differences are observed between wild type and Ppp1r15a deficient mice fed a standard diet. We conclude that female mice lacking the C-terminal PP1-binding domain of PPP1R15A show reduced dietary intake and preserved glucose tolerance. Our data indicate that this results in reduced weight gain and protection from diet-induced obesity.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Loss of mRNA surveillance pathways results in widespread protein aggregation (2018)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-01
    Description: Eukaryotic cells contain translation-associated mRNA surveillance pathways which prevent the production of potentially toxic proteins from aberrant mRNA translation events. We found that loss of mRNA surveillance pathways in mutants deficient in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), no-go decay (NGD) and nonstop decay (NSD) results in increased protein aggregation. We have isolated and identified the proteins that aggregate and our bioinformatic analyses indicates that increased aggregation of aggregation-prone proteins is a general occurrence in mRNA surveillance mutants, rather than being attributable to specific pathways. The proteins that aggregate in mRNA surveillance mutants tend to be more highly expressed, more abundant and more stable proteins compared with the wider proteome. There is also a strong correlation with the proteins that aggregate in response to nascent protein misfolding and an enrichment for proteins that are substrates of ribosome-associated Hsp70 chaperones, consistent with susceptibility for aggregation primarily occurring during translation/folding. We also identified a significant overlap between the aggregated proteins in mRNA surveillance mutants and ageing yeast cells suggesting that translation-dependent protein aggregation may be a feature of the loss of proteostasis that occurs in aged cell populations.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    ICP4-induced miR-101 attenuates HSV-1 replication (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-17
    Description: Hepes simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an enveloped DNA virus that can cause lytic and latent infection. miRNAs post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and our previous work has indicated that HSV-1 infection induces miR-101 expression in HeLa cells. The present study demonstrates that HSV-1-induced miR-101 is mainly derived from its precursor hsa-mir-101-2 and the HSV-1 immediate early gene ICP4 (infected-cell polypeptide 4) directly binds to the hsa-mir-101-2 promoter to activate its expression. RNA-binding protein G-rich sequence factor 1 (GRSF1) was identified as a new target of miR-101; GRSF1 binds to HSV-1 p40 mRNA and enhances its expression, facilitating viral proliferation. Together, ICP4 induces miR-101 expression, which downregulates GRSF1 expression and attenuates the replication of HSV-1. This allows host cells to maintain a permissive environment for viral replication by preventing lytic cell death. These findings indicate that HSV-1 early gene expression modulates host miRNAs to regulate molecular defense mechanisms. This study provides novel insight into host-virus interactions in HSV-1 infection and may contribute to the development of antiviral therapeutics.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Emissions mitigation opportunities for savanna countries from early dry season fire management (2018)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Savanna fires produce significant emissions globally, but if managed effectively could provide an important mitigation opportunity, particularly in African least developed countries. Here we show global opportunities for emissions reductions through early dry season burning for 37 countries including: 29 countries in Africa (69.1 MtCO2-e yr−1), six countries in South America (13.3 MtCO2-e yr−1), and Australia and Papua New Guinea (6.9 MtCO2-e yr−1). Emissions reduction estimates are based on the successful approach developed in Australia to reduce emissions from savanna fires using global-scale, remotely sensed estimates of monthly emissions. Importantly, 20 least developed countries in Africa account for 74% of the mitigation potential (60.2 MtCO2-e yr−1). More than 1.02 million km2 of savanna dominated protected areas within these countries could be used as pilot sites to test and advance a regional approach to mitigation efforts for savanna fires in Africa. Potential versus actual abatement opportunities are discussed.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Intensifying the response of distributed optical fibre sensors using 2D and 3D image restoration (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-01
    Description: Distributed optical fibre sensors possess the unique capability of measuring the spatial and temporal map of environmental quantities that can be of great interest for several field applications. Although existing methods for performance enhancement have enabled important progresses in the field, they do not take full advantage of all information present in the measured data, still giving room for substantial improvement over the state-of-the-art. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate an approach for performance enhancement that exploits the high level of similitude and redundancy contained on the multidimensional information measured by distributed fibre sensors. Exploiting conventional image and video processing, an unprecedented boost in signal-to-noise ratio and measurement contrast is experimentally demonstrated. The method can be applied to any white-noise-limited distributed fibre sensor and can remarkably provide a 100-fold improvement in the sensor performance with no hardware modification.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Brainstem and spinal cord MRI identifies altered sensorimotor pathways post-stroke (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-06
    Description: Damage to the corticospinal tract is widely studied following unilateral subcortical stroke, whereas less is known about changes to other sensorimotor pathways. This may be due to the fact that many studies investigated morphological changes in the brain, where the majority of descending and ascending brain pathways are overlapping, and did not investigate the brainstem where they separate. Moreover, these pathways continue passing through separate regions in the spinal cord. Here, using a high-resolution structural MRI of both the brainstem and the cervical spinal cord, we were able to identify a number of microstructurally altered pathways, in addition to the corticospinal tract, post stroke. Moreover, decreases in ipsi-lesional corticospinal tract integrity and increases in contra-lesional medial reticulospinal tract integrity were correlated with motor impairment severity in individuals with stroke.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    CRISPR knockout screening identifies combinatorial drug targets in pancreatic cancer and models cellular drug response (2018)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-15
    Description: Predicting the response and identifying additional targets that will improve the efficacy of chemotherapy is a major goal in cancer research. Through large-scale in vivo and in vitro CRISPR knockout screens in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells, we identified genes whose genetic deletion or pharmacologic inhibition synergistically increase the cytotoxicity of MEK signaling inhibitors. Furthermore, we show that CRISPR viability scores combined with basal gene expression levels could model global cellular responses to the drug treatment. We develop drug response evaluation by in vivo CRISPR screening (DREBIC) method and validated its efficacy using large-scale experimental data from independent experiments. Comparative analyses demonstrate that DREBIC predicts drug response in cancer cells from a wide range of tissues with high accuracy and identifies therapeutic vulnerabilities of cancer-causing mutations to MEK inhibitors in various cancer types.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Age-dependent carry-over effects in a long-distance migratory bird (2019)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-19
    Description: Migratory birds usually respond to climate change by modifying breeding and/or wintering areas, as well as by reproducing earlier. In addition, changes in winter habitat use or breeding phenology could have important carry-over effects on subsequent breeding success. Here, we studied age- and sex-dependent carry-over effects from wintering to the breeding stage of a small aerial insectivorous long-distance migratory bird, the barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) breeding in Denmark during 1984–2013. First, we used stable isotope analyses combined with ringing recoveries to identify wintering areas. Second, we found that environmental conditions as inferred by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) have improved at the wintering grounds. Third, we used confirmatory path analysis to quantify the indirect effect of winter conditions on subsequent breeding success. Males delayed onset of breeding and raised fewer fledglings in the first brood when ecological conditions during the previous winter improved. This response was age dependent, since yearlings did not respond to this environmental cue but the response was increasingly stronger as males aged. Females showed a similar response to winter conditions, although not statistically significant. These results highlight the importance of studying carry-over effects within the context of climate change, especially in relation to age of individuals.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Adaptable surfactant-mediated method for the preparation of anisotropic metal chalcogenide nanomaterials (2018)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-12
    Description: The hot injection synthesis of nanomaterials is a highly diverse and fundamental field of chemical research, which has shown much success in the bottom up approach to nanomaterial design. Here we report a synthetic strategy for the production of anisotropic metal chalcogenide nanomaterials of different compositions and shapes, using an optimised hot injection approach. Its unique advantage compared to other hot injection routes is that it employs one chemical to act as many agents: high boiling point, viscous solvent, reducing agent, and surface coordinating ligand. It has been employed to produce a range of nanomaterials, such as CuS, Bi2S3, Cu2-xSe, FeSe2, and Bi4Se3, among others, with various structures including nanoplates and nanosheets. Overall, this article will highlight the excellent versatility of the method, which can be tuned to produce many different materials and shapes. In addition, due to the nature of the synthesis, 2D nanomaterial products are produced as monolayers without the need for exfoliation; a significant achievement towards future development of these materials.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    A simple and robust real-time qPCR method for the detection of PIK3CA mutations (2018)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-09
    Description: PIK3CA mutations are seemingly the most common driver mutations in breast cancer with H1047R and E545K being the most common of these, accounting together for around 60% of all PIK3CA mutations and have promising therapeutic implications. Given the low sensitivity and the high cost of current genotyping methods we sought to develop fast, simple and inexpensive assays for PIK3CA H1047R and E545K mutation screening in clinical material. The methods we describe are based on a real-time PCR including a mutation specific primer combined with a non-productive oligonucleotide which inhibits wild-type amplification and a parallel internal control reaction. We demonstrate consistent detection of PIK3CA H1047R mutant DNA in genomic DNA extracted from frozen breast cancer biopsies, FFPE material or cancer cell lines with a detection sensitivity of approximately 5% mutant allele fraction and validate these results using both Sanger sequencing and deep next generation sequencing methods. The detection sensitivity for PIK3CA E545K mutation was approximately 10%. We propose these methods as simple, fast and inexpensive diagnostic tools to determine PIK3CA mutation status.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
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    Novel Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithms for Spatial Prediction of Floods (2018)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2018-10-18
    Description: Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) includes two novel GIS-based ensemble artificial intelligence approaches called imperialistic competitive algorithm (ICA) and firefly algorithm (FA). This combination could result in ANFIS-ICA and ANFIS-FA models, which were applied to flood spatial modelling and its mapping in the Haraz watershed in Northern Province of Mazandaran, Iran. Ten influential factors including slope angle, elevation, stream power index (SPI), curvature, topographic wetness index (TWI), lithology, rainfall, land use, stream density, and the distance to river were selected for flood modelling. The validity of the models was assessed using statistical error-indices (RMSE and MSE), statistical tests (Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests), and the area under the curve (AUC) of success. The prediction accuracy of the models was compared to some new state-of-the-art sophisticated machine learning techniques that had previously been successfully tested in the study area. The results confirmed the goodness of fit and appropriate prediction accuracy of the two ensemble models. However, the ANFIS-ICA model (AUC = 0.947) had a better performance in comparison to the Bagging-LMT (AUC = 0.940), BLR (AUC = 0.936), LMT (AUC = 0.934), ANFIS-FA (AUC = 0.917), LR (AUC = 0.885) and RF (AUC = 0.806) models. Therefore, the ANFIS-ICA model can be introduced as a promising method for the sustainable management of flood-prone areas.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
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    High diversity stabilizes the thermal resilience of pollinator communities in intensively managed grasslands (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-12
    Description: Article How variation in species responses to climate may influence the resilience of ecological communities to environmental change is not fully understood. Here, the authors characterize the thermal niches of insect pollinator communities and show that resilience increases along a gradient of land-use intensity. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8989 Authors: Sara Kühsel, Nico Blüthgen
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Oestrogen sulfotransferase ablation sensitizes mice to sepsis (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-12
    Description: Article Sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response to bacterial infection, can lead to organ failure and death. Here, Chai et al. investigate the mechanisms behind the septic response and identify the role of oestrogen sulfotransferase in this process in mice. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8979 Authors: Xiaojuan Chai, Yan Guo, Mengxi Jiang, Bingfang Hu, Zhigang Li, Jie Fan, Meihong Deng, Timothy R. Billiar, Heidi R. Kucera, Nilesh W. Gaikwad, Meishu Xu, Peipei Lu, Jiong Yan, Haiyan Fu, Youhua Liu, Lushan Yu, Min Huang, Su Zeng, Wen Xie
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    DNA/RNA heteroduplex oligonucleotide for highly efficient gene silencing (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-12
    Description: Article Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can repress the expression of specific genes. Here, the authors show that a DNA/RNA heteroduplex oligonucleotide (HDO) with a structure different from ASOs is more potent in suppressing target gene expression, and causes a less adverse effect in mouse liver. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8969 Authors: Kazutaka Nishina, Wenying Piao, Kie Yoshida-Tanaka, Yumiko Sujino, Tomoko Nishina, Tsuyoshi Yamamoto, Keiko Nitta, Kotaro Yoshioka, Hiroya Kuwahara, Hidenori Yasuhara, Takeshi Baba, Fumiko Ono, Kanjiro Miyata, Koichi Miyake, Punit P. Seth, Audrey Low, Masayuki Yoshida, C. Frank Bennett, Kazunori Kataoka, Hidehiro Mizusawa, Satoshi Obika, Takanori Yokota
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Two enzymes with redundant fructose bisphosphatase activity sustain gluconeogenesis and virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-12
    Description: Article Mycobacterium tuberculosis feeds on host fatty acids during infection, a process that requires a fructose bisphosphatase (FBPase) enzyme for gluconeogenesis. Here, Ganapathy et al. show that the bacterium has two different FBPases and that this enzymatic activity is required for full virulence. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8912 Authors: Uday Ganapathy, Joeli Marrero, Susannah Calhoun, Hyungjin Eoh, Luiz Pedro Sorio de Carvalho, Kyu Rhee, Sabine Ehrt
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Deficient angiogenesis in redox-dead Cys17Ser PKARIα knock-in mice (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-12
    Description: Article The regulatory subunits (RI) of protein kinase A (PKA) form a disulfide bond in response to cellular hydrogen peroxide. Here the authors show that disulfide-activation of PKARIa regulates VEGF-induced angiogenesis in mice and may represent a new therapeutic target in diseases with abnormal angiogenesis. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8920 Authors: Joseph R. Burgoyne, Olena Rudyk, Hyun-ju Cho, Oleksandra Prysyazhna, Natasha Hathaway, Amanda Weeks, Rachel Evans, Tony Ng, Katrin Schröder, Ralf P. Brandes, Ajay M. Shah, Philip Eaton
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Experimental superposition of orders of quantum gates (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-09
    Description: Article It has been conjectured that not only states but also quantum operations can be placed in a superposition of causal order. Here, the authors use a qubit superpose the order in which two photonic gates are applied, which is shown to enable a more efficient detection of their commutation relations. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8913 Authors: Lorenzo M. Procopio, Amir Moqanaki, Mateus Araújo, Fabio Costa, Irati Alonso Calafell, Emma G. Dowd, Deny R. Hamel, Lee A. Rozema, Časlav Brukner, Philip Walther
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Coupling of individual quantum emitters to channel plasmons (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-09
    Description: Article The confined surface plasmon-polariton modes in plasmonic waveguides are a promising platform for single-photon manipulation in small, coplanar architectures. Here, Bermúdez Ureña et al . demonstrate efficient coupling of a single quantum emitter to the supported modes of a V-groove plasmonic waveguide. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8883 Authors: Esteban Bermúdez-Ureña, Carlos Gonzalez-Ballestero, Michael Geiselmann, Renaud Marty, Ilya P. Radko, Tobias Holmgaard, Yury Alaverdyan, Esteban Moreno, Francisco J. García-Vidal, Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi, Romain Quidant
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Diastereomeric liquid crystal domains at the mesoscale (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-09
    Description: Article Helical nanofilaments—composed of achiral, bent core molecules—have been shown to assemble into left- and right-handed structures. Here, the authors show diastereomeric interactions on the mesocale between chiral liquid crystal guest compounds and helical nanofilament-based pores. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8763 Authors: Dong Chen, Michael R. Tuchband, Balazs Horanyi, Eva Korblova, David M. Walba, Matthew A. Glaser, Joseph E. Maclennan, Noel A. Clark
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Nanometre-scale probing of spin waves using single-electron spins (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-09
    Description: Article Exploring magnetic excitations and spin textures on the nanoscale may lead to new spintronic technologies and new understanding of condensed matter. Here, the authors demonstrate the potential of single-electron spins in diamond to image such excitations by characterizing spin waves in a ferromagnetic microdisc. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8886 Authors: Toeno van der Sar, Francesco Casola, Ronald Walsworth, Amir Yacoby
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Superhydrophobic-like tunable droplet bouncing on slippery liquid interfaces (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-09
    Description: Article The impact of drops on surfaces is highly relevant to our daily life and many industrial applications, such as self-cleaning and ink printing. Here, Hao et al . show the transition from superhydrophobic-like drop bouncing, due to a trapped air layer, to substrate-dependent bouncing on a liquid thin film. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8986 Authors: Chonglei Hao, Jing Li, Yuan Liu, Xiaofeng Zhou, Yahua Liu, Rong Liu, Lufeng Che, Wenzhong Zhou, Dong Sun, Lawrence Li, Lei Xu, Zuankai Wang
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Improved binding site assignment by high-resolution mapping of RNA–protein interactions using iCLIP (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-13
    Description: Article Individual-nucleotide resolution crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP) can map RNA binding sites of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Here, the authors report an analysis tool that improves the binding site assignment for some RBPs that have length-dependent broader distribution for their iCLIP fragments. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8921 Authors: Christian Hauer, Tomaz Curk, Simon Anders, Thomas Schwarzl, Anne-Marie Alleaume, Jana Sieber, Ina Hollerer, Madhuri Bhuvanagiri, Wolfgang Huber, Matthias W. Hentze, Andreas E. Kulozik
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    IL10-driven STAT3 signalling in senescent macrophages promotes pathological eye angiogenesis (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-13
    Description: Article Pathological neovascularization causes blinding eye disease. Here the authors show that IL10 activates STAT3 signalling in the macrophages in the ageing eye, promoting their polarization towards a pro-angiogenic phenotype; interfering with this pathway reverses the pathology in a mouse model. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8847 Authors: Rei Nakamura, Abdoulaye Sene, Andrea Santeford, Abdelaziz Gdoura, Shunsuke Kubota, Nicole Zapata, Rajendra S. Apte
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
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    Divergent sorting of a balanced ancestral polymorphism underlies the establishment of gene-flow barriers in Capsella (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Article A hybrid incompatibility between Capsella plant species is due to an interaction between two immune regulators. Here, the authors show that highly divergent haplotypes result from balancing selection in the ancestral lineage and their sorting into derived lineages facilitated the evolution of the incompatibility. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8960 Authors: Adrien Sicard, Christian Kappel, Emily B. Josephs, Young Wha Lee, Cindy Marona, John R. Stinchcombe, Stephen I. Wright, Michael Lenhard
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
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    Bacterial physiology: Hip persisters (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Nature Reviews Microbiology 13, 526 (2015). doi:10.1038/nrmicro3538 Author: Cláudio Nunes-Alves Persisters are dormant bacterial populations that contribute to multidrug tolerance (MDT) because they are able to escape treatment with most antibiotics, which target metabolically active cells. A new study now characterizes the molecular basis for persister generation involving HipA, a kinase that inhibits protein synthesis
    Print ISSN: 1740-1526
    Electronic ISSN: 1740-1534
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Unveiling the pathogen behind the vacuole (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Nature Reviews Microbiology 13, 589 (2015). doi:10.1038/nrmicro3504 Authors: Peter Liehl, Vanessa Zuzarte-Luis & Maria M. Mota Many clinically relevant pathogens, including certain bacteria and protozoan parasites, have developed an intracellular lifestyle that enables them to nestle in customized vacuoles. Although these pathogens are protected from extracellular defences, recent findings indicate that host cells have evolved multiple strategies to unmask the pathogen
    Print ISSN: 1740-1526
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Mapping molecules in scanning far-field fluorescence nanoscopy (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Article Mapping the distribution of fluorescence molecules, rather than just their emission intensity, can improve super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Here, the authors present a general solution for rendering the number of fluorescent molecules recorded by confocal or STED microscopy. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8977 Authors: Haisen Ta, Jan Keller, Markus Haltmeier, Sinem K. Saka, Jürgen Schmied, Felipe Opazo, Philip Tinnefeld, Axel Munk, Stefan W. Hell
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Memory programming in CD8+ T-cell differentiation is intrinsic and is not determined by CD4 help (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Article Persistent antigen stimulation can cause exhaustion and unresponsiveness of CD8 cells, impairing the immune response. Here the authors show that increasing the number of CD8 cells, decreasing the antigen load or providing CD4 help can overcome the exhaustion and establish a memory response. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms8994 Authors: Juhyun Kim, Su Jeong Ryu, Keunhee Oh, Ji-Min Ju, Ji Yeong Jeon, Giri Nam, Dong-Sup Lee, Hang-Rae Kim, Joo Young Kim, Jun Chang, Thomas Sproule, Kyungho Choi, Derry Roopenian, Eun Young Choi
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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