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  • Other Sources  (208)
  • Taylor & Francis  (107)
  • Oxford Univ. Press  (64)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Cambridge University Press
  • 2015-2019  (176)
  • 1980-1984  (32)
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  • 1
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    Seismic Wave Propagation in Stratified Media (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Cambridge, 342 pp., Cambridge University Press, vol. 13, no. XVI:, pp. 227-235, (ISBN 3-540-43528-X)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Waves
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Exploration Seismology Vol. 1, History, Theory and Data Acquisition (1982)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Boston, 227 pp., Cambridge University Press, vol. Developments in Petroleum Science vol. 15B, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 9, (ISBN 0-521-66023-8 hc (0-521-66953-7 pb))
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismics (controlled source seismology)
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Exploration Seismology Vol. 2, Data-Processing and Interpretation (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Boston, 227 pp., Cambridge University Press, vol. Developments in Petroleum Science vol. 15B, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 9, (ISBN 0-521-66023-8 hc (0-521-66953-7 pb))
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismics (controlled source seismology)
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Key impacts of climate engineering on biodiversity and ecosystems, with priorities for future research (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 13 (2-4). pp. 103-128.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-23
    Description: Climate change has significant implications for biodiversity and ecosystems. With slow progress towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, climate engineering (or ‘geoengineering’) is receiving increasing attention for its potential to limit anthropogenic climate change and its damaging effects. Proposed techniques, such as ocean fertilization for carbon dioxide removal or stratospheric sulfate injections to reduce incoming solar radiation, would significantly alter atmospheric, terrestrial and marine environments, yet potential side-effects of their implementation for ecosystems and biodiversity have received little attention. A literature review was carried out to identify details of the potential ecological effects of climate engineering techniques. A group of biodiversity and environmental change researchers then employed a modified Delphi expert consultation technique to evaluate this evidence and prioritize the effects based on the relative importance of, and scientific understanding about, their biodiversity and ecosystem consequences. The key issues and knowledge gaps are used to shape a discussion of the biodiversity and ecosystem implications of climate engineering, including novel climatic conditions, alterations to marine systems and substantial terrestrial habitat change. This review highlights several current research priorities in which the climate engineering context is crucial to consider, as well as identifying some novel topics for ecological investigation.
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  • 5
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    A solid phase extraction based non-disruptive sampling technique to investigate the surface chemistry of macroalgae (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 32 (2). pp. 145-153.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The surface chemistry of aquatic organisms determines their biotic interactions. Metabolites in the spatially limited laminar boundary layer mediate processes, such as antifouling, allelopathy and chemical defense against herbivores. However, very few methods are available for the investigation of such surface metabolites. An approach is described in which surfaces are extracted by means of C18 solid phase material. By powdering wet algal surfaces with this material, organic compounds are adsorbed and can be easily recovered for subsequent liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) investigations. The method is robust, picks up metabolites of a broad polarity range and is easy to handle. It is more universal compared to established solvent dipping protocols and it does not cause damage to the test organisms. A protocol is introduced for the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus, Caulerpa taxifolia and Gracilaria vermiculophylla, but it can be easily transferred to other aquatic organisms.
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  • 6
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    Predator and prey: the role of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus in the western Baltic (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Biology Research, 13 (2). pp. 188-197.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-02
    Description: Different studies on the position of the non-indigenous species Neogobius melanostomus within the coastal food web of the Pomeranian Bay (western Baltic) were performed, resulting in a quantitative and qualitative species list of prey organisms found in the stomachs of the invader and an estimation concerning the importance of round goby as prey for different resident predators. It seems that the colonization process is not fully completed yet, but the results reveal that the species is already established in the food web 16 years after the first observation within the study area. The results show that N. melanostomus feed upon a wide range of different resident organisms. While a direct predation effect on native fish species appears rather unlikely, indirect effects such as competition cannot yet be excluded. In addition, our results reveal an ontogenetic diet shift and that the round goby itself already serves as an important prey for piscivorous fish and seabirds. Finally, we formulate different hypotheses based on our results which will require further research.
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  • 7
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    Subduction initiation and ophiolite crust: new insights from IODP drilling (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Geology Review, 59 (11). pp. 1439-1450.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 352 recovered a high-fidelity record of volcanism related to subduction initiation in the Bonin fore-arc. Two sites (U1440 and U1441) located in deep water nearer to the trench recovered basalts and related rocks; two sites (U1439 and U1442) located in shallower water further from the trench recovered boninites and related rocks. Drilling in both areas ended in dolerites inferred to be sheeted intrusive rocks. The basalts apparently erupted immediately after subduction initiation and have compositions similar to those of the most depleted basalts generated by rapid sea-floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, with little or no slab input. Subsequent melting to generate boninites involved more depleted mantle and hotter and deeper subducted components as subduction progressed and volcanism migrated away from the trench. This volcanic sequence is akin to that recorded by many ophiolites, supporting a direct link between subduction initiation, fore-arc spreading, and ophiolite genesis.
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  • 8
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    Male reproductive maturity in the octopus, Eledone cirrhosa (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) (1984)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 64 . pp. 573-579.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: Males of Eledone cirrhosa grow to a size little over 600 g and normally have well-developed, and presumably active, reproductive organs from about 200 g upwards. Total weight of the genital bag is well correlated with total body weight (r= 0·906). Growth of the testis precedes that of the spermatophoric sac, and the size of neither of these reproductive components is predictable from body weight. The sizes of these organs and the estimated number and length of stored spermatophores are given for 100 g intervals of total body weight. No evidence was obtained for a seasonal trend in male maturity.
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  • 9
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    Inhibitory potential of strepthonium A against Shiga toxin production in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strain EDL933 (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Natural Product Research, 31 (23). 2818-2823 .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The production of shiga toxin (Stx) is a critical step in the establishment and progress of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections. The possible release of Stx from dead and dying bacteria, and the risk of resistance development have restricted the usage of antibiotics against EHEC. The chlorinated quaternary ammonium compound, strepthonium A, was isolated from the culture of Streptomyces sp. SBT345 that was cultivated from the Mediterranean sponge Agelas oroides. The structure was elucidated and confirmed by spectroscopic analyses including 1D and 2D NMR, ESI-HRMS, as well as ESI-HRMS2. Strepthonium A follows Lipinski's rule of five with respect to its molecular weight, CLogP values and the number of hydrogen acceptors and donors. Verotoxin ELISA assay demonstrated that Strepthonium A reduced the Stx production in EHEC strain EDL933 at 80 μM concentration without growth inhibition. This study demonstrates the potential of strepthonium A in restraining the production of Stx in EHEC infections.
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  • 10
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    Urbanization dynamics of Tehran city (1975–2015) using artificial neural networks (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Maps, 13 (1). pp. 24-30.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Land-use dynamic is a major challenge for town and country planners especially in developing countries such as Iran. Iran has been under rapid urban expansion and population growth for past three decades which led to lack of resources, environmental deterioration and haphazard landscape development. In this paper, an attempt has been made to map the urbanization dynamics of Tehran in 40 years based on remote sensing imagery and by means of artificial neural networks. The presented scheme could be taken into consideration when planning initiatives aimed at surveying, monitoring, managing and sustainable development of the territory. Moreover, it can serve the experts in the fields of geography, urban studies and planning as a background for number of geographical analyses.
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  • 11
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    Caught in the act: Anatomy of an ongoing benthic-planktonic transition in a marine protist (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 39 (3). pp. 436-449.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The transition from benthos to plankton requires multiple adaptations, yet so far it remains unclear how these are acquired in the course of the transition. To investigate this process, we analyzed the genetic diversity and distribution patterns of a group of foraminifera of the genus Bolivina with a tychopelagic mode of life (same species occurring both in benthos and plankton). We assembled a global sequence data set for this group from single-cell DNA extractions and occurrences in metabarcodes from pelagic environmental samples. The pelagic sequences all cluster within a single monophyletic clade within Bolivina. This clade harbors three distinct genetic lineages, which are associated with incipient morphological differentiation. All lineages occur in the plankton and benthos, but only one lineage exhibits no limit to offshore dispersal and has been shown to grow in the plankton. These observations indicate that the emergence of buoyancy regulation within the clade preceded the evolution of pelagic feeding and that the evolution of both traits was not channeled into a full transition into the plankton. We infer that in foraminifera, colonization of the planktonic niche may occur by sequential cooptation of independently acquired traits, with holoplanktonic species being recruited from tychopelagic ancestors
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  • 12
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    A new flow-through bioassay for testing low-emission antifouling coatings (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 33 (8). pp. 613-623.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Current antifouling (AF) technologies are based on the continuous release of biocides into the water, and consequently discharge into the environment. Major efforts to develop more environmentally friendly coatings require efficient testing in laboratory assays, followed by field studies. Barnacles are important fouling organisms worldwide, increasing hydrodynamic drag on ships and damaging coatings on underwater surfaces, and thus are extensively used as models in AF research, mostly in static, laboratory-based systems. Reliable flow-through test assays for the screening of biocide-containing AF paints, however, are rare. Herein, a flow-through bioassay was developed to screen for diverse low-release biocide paints, and to evaluate their effects on pre- and post-settlement traits in barnacles. The assay distinguishes between the effects from direct surface contact and bulk-water effects, which are crucial when developing low-emission AF coatings. This flow-through bioassay adds a new tool for rapid laboratory-based first-stage screening of candidate compounds and novel AF formulations.
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  • 13
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    Trichocitrin, a new fusicoccane diterpene from the marine brown alga-endophytic fungusTrichoderma citrinoviridecf-27 (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Natural Product Research, 30 (14). pp. 1605-1610.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: One new diterpene, trichocitrin (1), and four known secondary metabolites, nafuredin (2), 5-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-7-methoxychromone (3), 24-methylenecycloartanol (4) and citrostadienol (5), were isolated from the culture of marine brown alga-endophytic Trichoderma citrinoviride cf-27. Trichocitrin (1) represents the first Trichoderma-derived and furan-bearing fusicoccane diterpene, and its structure and relative configuration were identified by analysis of 1D/2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited 8.0- and 9.5-mm inhibition zones, respectively, against Escherichia coli at 20 μg/disc and 54.1 and 36.7% growth inhibition, respectively, of Prorocentrum donghaiense at 80 μg/mL.
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  • 14
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    Seasonal variations of the sea surface microlayer at the Boknis Eck Times Series Station (Baltic Sea) (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 39 (6). pp. 943-961.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the uppermost layer of the water column that links the ocean and atmosphere. It accumulates a variety of biogenic surface-active and buoyant substances, including gelatinous material, such as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie stainable particles (CSP), potentially affecting air–sea exchange processes. Here, we studied the influence of the annual cycle of phytoplankton production on organic matter (OM) accumulation in the SML relative to the subsurface water (SSW). Sampling was performed monthly from April 2012 to November 2013 at the Boknis Eck Time Series Station (Baltic Sea). For SML sampling, we used the Garrett screen, while SSW samples were collected by Niskin bottles at 1 m depth. Samples were analyzed for carbohydrates, amino acids, TEP, CSP, chlorophyll a (SSW only) and bacterial abundance. Our data showed that the SML reflected the SSW during most parts of the year, with changes mainly responding to bloom formation and decay. OM composition during phytoplankton blooms clearly differed from periods of higher bacterial abundance. Of all components investigated, only the enrichment of total carbohydrates in the SML was inversely related to the wind speed indicating that wind-driven mixing also affected the accumulation of OM in the SML during our study.
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  • 15
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    The Chiloé Mw 7.6 earthquake of 25 December 2016 in Southern Chile and its relation to the Mw 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake (2018)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Geophysical Journal International, 213 (1). pp. 210-221.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: On 25 December 2016, a Mw 7.6 earthquake broke a portion of the Southern Chilean subduction zone south of Chiloé Island, located in the central part of the Mw 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake. This region is characterized by repeated earthquakes in 1960 and historical times with very sparse interseismic activity due to the subduction of a young (~15 Ma), and therefore hot, oceanic plate. We estimate the co-seismic slip distribution based on a kinematic finite fault source model, and through joint inversion of teleseismic body waves and strong motion data. The coseismic slip model yields a total seismic moment of 3.94×1020 Nm that occurred over ~30 s, with the rupture propagating mainly downdip, reaching a peak-slip of ~4.2 m. Regional moment tensor inversion of stronger aftershocks reveals thrust type faulting at depths of the plate interface. The fore- and aftershock seismicity is mostly related to the subduction interface with sparse seismicity in the overriding crust. The 2016 Chiloé event broke a region with increased locking and most likely broke an asperity of the 1960 earthquake. The updip limit of the main event, aftershocks, foreshocks and interseismic activity are spatially similar, located ~15 km offshore and parallel to Chiloé Islands west coast. The coseismic slip model of the 2016 Chiloé earthquake suggests a peak slip of 4.2 m that locally exceeds the 3.38 m slip deficit that has accumulated since 1960. Therefore, the 2016 Chiloé earthquake possibly released strain that has built up prior to the 1960 Valdivia earthquake.
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  • 16
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    Depositional setting, provenance, and tectonic-volcanic setting of Eocene–Recent deep-sea sediments of the oceanic Izu–Bonin forearc, northwest Pacific (IODP Expedition 352) (2018)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Geology Review, 60 (15). pp. 1816-1854.
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: New biostratigraphical, geochemical, and magnetic evidence is synthesized with IODP Expedition 352 shipboard results to understand the sedimentary and tectono-magmatic development of the Izu–Bonin outer forearc region. The oceanic basement of the Izu–Bonin forearc was created by supra-subduction zone seafloor spreading during early Eocene (c. 50–51 Ma). Seafloor spreading created an irregular seafloor topography on which talus locally accumulated. Oxide-rich sediments accumulated above the igneous basement by mixing of hydrothermal and pelagic sediment. Basaltic volcanism was followed by a hiatus of up to 15 million years as a result of topographic isolation or sediment bypassing. Variably tuffaceous deep-sea sediments were deposited during Oligocene to early Miocene and from mid-Miocene to Pleistocene. The sediments ponded into extensional fault-controlled basins, whereas condensed sediments accumulated on a local basement high. Oligocene nannofossil ooze accumulated together with felsic tuff that was mainly derived from the nearby Izu–Bonin arc. Accumulation of radiolarian-bearing mud, silty clay, and hydrogenous metal oxides beneath the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) characterized the early Miocene, followed by middle Miocene–Pleistocene increased carbonate preservation, deepened CCD and tephra input from both the oceanic Izu–Bonin arc and the continental margin Honshu arc. The Izu–Bonin forearc basement formed in a near-equatorial setting, with late Mesozoic arc remnants to the west. Subduction-initiation magmatism is likely to have taken place near a pre-existing continent–oceanic crust boundary. The Izu–Bonin arc migrated northward and clockwise to collide with Honshu by early Miocene, strongly influencing regional sedimentation.
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  • 17
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    Revision of the Ocinebrina aciculata species complex (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae) in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea (2018)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 84 (1). pp. 19-29.
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: We used a molecular phylogenetic approach to investigate species delimitation and diversification in the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean musseldrills of the Ocinebrina aciculata complex, based on molecular data from topotypical material of many of the nominal taxa. The complex is shown to consist of at least five species: Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822) from the Atlantic and western Mediterranean; O. cf. corallina (Scacchi, 1836) from the central Mediterranean Sea; O. reinai Bonomolo & Crocetta, 2012 from the Tyrrhenian Sea; O. corallinoides Pallary, 1912 from the Gulf of Gabès; and O. aegeensis n. sp. currently known from the Aegean Sea only. The new species is differentiated from the other taxa by very subtle morphological diagnostic features, although it is clearly identified by genetic distance and apomorphic DNA-sequence characters. The identity of Murex corallinus Scacchi, 1836 (type species of Ocinebrina Jousseaume, 1880) could not be defined with certainty, pending genetic comparison of specimens of the â €? large Tyrrhenian morphotype' (corresponding to the neotype, but not assayed herein) with the assayed â €? small morphotype'.
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  • 18
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    The influence of temperature, sex and chela size in the foraging strategy of the shore crab,Carcinus maenas(L.) (1980)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Behaviour and Physiology, 7 (1). pp. 15-24.
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-18
    Description: Foraging rate was highly variable among shore crabs of the same size category and for individual crabs from day to day. Possible physiological reasons for this variability are discussed. Shore crab foraging rate, both in terms of mussels eaten per day and energy intake per day, was estimated to be higher at 17°C than at 10°C. The shape of diet curves and their mode for male shore crabs at 17°C closely resembled those for 10°C, indicating that the temperature increase had no effect on their previously demonstrated optimal foraging strategy. Female and certain male shore crabs showed a preference for prey smaller than for other equivalent sized males. These suboptimally feeding male and female crabs attained a relatively higher prédation rate (mussels day‐1), although their energy intake (KJ day‐1) remained lower than that of optimally feeding males. Preferred mussel size, number of mussels eaten per day and energy intake were strongly related to master chela height. The diet curves for female and suboptimally feeding male shore crabs could be explained by these crabs’ proportionately smaller master chelae.
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  • 19
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    Metagenomic binning reveals versatile nutrient cycling and distinct adaptive features in alphaproteobacterial symbionts of marine sponges (2018)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 94 (6). fiy074.
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Marine sponges are early-branched metazoans known to harbor dense and diverse microbial communities. Yet the role of the so far uncultivable alphaproteobacterial lineages that populate these sessile invertebrates remains unclear. We applied a sequence composition-dependent binning approach to assemble one Rhodospirillaceae genome from the Spongia officinalis microbial metagenome and contrast its functional features with those of closely related sponge-associated and free-living genomes. Both symbiotic and free-living Rhodospirillaceae shared a suite of common features, possessing versatile carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus metabolisms. Symbiotic genomes could be distinguished from their free-living counterparts by the lack of chemotaxis and motility traits, enrichment of genes required for the uptake and utilization of organic sulfur compounds—particularly taurine—, higher diversity and abundance of ABC transporters, and a distinct repertoire of genes involved in natural product biosynthesis, plasmid stability, cell detoxification and oxidative stress remediation. These sessile symbionts may more effectively contribute to host fitness via nutrient exchange, and also host detoxification and chemical defense. Considering the worldwide occurrence and high diversity of sponge-associated Rhodospirillaceae verified here using a tailored in silico approach, we suggest that these organisms are not only relevant to holobiont homeostasis but also to nutrient cycling in benthic ecosystems.
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  • 20
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    Zoning in highly alkaline magma bodies (1984)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Geological Magazine, 121 (6). pp. 563-575.
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-31
    Description: We present chemical data on magmatically heterogeneous pyroclastic deposits of late Quaternary age erupted from zoned magma systems underlying Tenerife (Canary Islands), Sao Miguel and Faial (Azores), and Vesuvius. The most fractionated magmas present at each centre are respectively Na-rich phonolite, trachyte, and K-rich phonolite. Within any one deposit, chemical variation is either accompanied by changes in the phenocryst assemblage (petrographic zonation) or is largely manifested in trace element abundances, unaccompanied by any petrographic change (occult zonation). Zoning is analogous to that in calc-alkaline systems where the most fractionated products are high-silica rhyolites. When a range of magma types are considered, a correlation emerges between roofward depletion of trace elements (especially REE) in the zoned system and compatability of those same trace elements in the accessory phenocryst phases present. Thus, allanite- or chevkinite-bearing rhyolitic systems are light-REE depleted roofwards, the sphene-bearing Tenerife system is middle-REE depleted roofwards, the melanite-bearing Vesuvius system is heavy-REE depleted roofwards, while the Azores systems, which lack these phases, display roofward REE enrichment. Therefore, the behaviour of trace elements may in each case be explained by fractionation of observed phenocryst assemblages. The resemblance between features of zoned magma systems and published work on the dynamic consequences of cooling saturated aqueous solutions prompts us to suggest that sidewall crystallization and consequent boundary-layer uprise to form a capping layer at top of the system may be a plausible mechanism for the generation of both petrographic and occult zonation. Reverse zoning occurs among the first-erupted tephra of some deposits, demonstrating that the most highly differentiated magma available is not always the first to be tapped during an eruption from a zoned system.
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  • 21
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    The female reproductive cycle of the octopus, Eledone cirrhosa (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 63 . pp. 71-83.
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: Changes in the relative size of the ovary, oviducal glands and eggs are described for Eledone cirrhosa captured from the North Sea off Aberdeen over a 3 year period (N = 488). The analysis is based only on freshly caught animals, excluding those held in aquarium conditions (〉 5 days). Ovary enlargement and egg size estimates are used as indices of sexual maturity. Between 0–15% and 18–95% of total body weight is contributed by the ovary. Maximum egg length in the ovary ranges up to 7 mm. On these criteria, sexual maturation typically occurs at body sizes between 400–1000 g although some animals of 1000–1200 g are found showing no evidence of ovary enlargement. The majority of the monthly sample is always immature but maturation can apparently occur at almost any time of the year. Increase in mean ovary index and mean values for egg size are strongly seasonal and indicate a peak incidence of sexual maturity over 2–3 months in the July-September period. Spawning is presumed to follow within 1 month. Estimates of the fecundity of the females, based on the egg sample from the ovary, range from 2·2 × 103 to 55 × 10 3 eggs with a mean of 11 × 10 3 and a mode of 7·5 × 10 3 eggs.
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  • 22
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    Reproductive maturity in fresh and aquarium-held Eledone cirrhosa (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) (1984)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 64 . pp. 581-585.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: Female Eledone cirrhosa held in aquarium conditions for periods of time of five daysand over show relatively enlarged ovary sizes. Values for ovary index considerably exceed thoseof freshly caught animals and the incidence of the final stage of maturity, in which eggs pack the oviducts, is greater. A comparison of maturity indices for fresh and aquarium males was inconclusive. The range of factors associated with aquarium conditions is briefly reviewed and it is concluded that studies of cephalopod reproductive maturation must distinguish fresh and aquarium animals. Introduction External factors effective in inducing sexual maturation in cephalopods have been suggested several times. The influence of the absence of light has been implicated since the experiments of Wells & Wells (1959) showed that blinded Octopus vulgar is matured precociously. An effect of short day length in stimulating the optic glands of Sepia has been found by Defretin & Richard (1967) and Richard (1967) but this is not clearly the case for Octopus (Buckley, 1977). Octopuses kept in aquarium conditions for lengthy periods are said to have larger relative gonad sizes than those fresh from the sea (Wells & Wells, 1975). One of the factors associated with aquarium conditions is often a degree of starvation, and this circumstance alone is held to be a factor in inducing precocious sexual maturation in Eledone (Mangold & Boucher-Rodoni, 1973). In the course of recent studies on the growth and reproduction of Eledone cirrhosa from the North Sea (Boyle & Knobloch, 1982,1983,1984) animals which had remained in aquarium conditions for 5 days or over were separated from the analysis.
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    Biological and chemical diversity in Antarctica: from new species to new natural products (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biodiversity, 17 (1-2). pp. 5-11.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-31
    Description: Antarctica is a still unexplored area in many respects, among which biological diversity and, even more so, chemical diversity are important challenges. Over recent years, our research group has been studying marine benthic ecosystems in different Antarctic areas. These studies yielded several interesting discoveries, including species new to science, as well as new natural products never seen before. Overall, we have been trying to unravel the complex network of interactions that exist between marine benthic organisms in these cold and hardly accessible ecosystems. We present here an overview of our recent results regarding the biological and the chemical diversity of these organisms. In fact, these ecosystems are as complex as many other marine environments on the planet, and indeed, many questions remain yet to be answered.
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  • 24
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    The missing half of the subduction factory: shipboard results from the Izu rear arc, IODP Expedition 350 (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Geology Review, 59 (13). pp. 1677-1708.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: IODP Expedition 350 was the first to be drilled in the rear part of the Izu-Bonin, although several sites had been drilled in the arc axis to fore-arc region; the scientific objective was to understand the evolution of the Izu rear arc, by drilling a deep-water volcaniclastic section with a long temporal record (Site U1437). The Izu rear arc is dominated by a series of basaltic to dacitic seamount chains up to ~100-km long roughly perpendicular to the arc front. Dredge samples from these are geochemically distinct from arc front rocks, and drilling was undertaken to understand this arc asymmetry. Site U1437 lies in an ~20-km-wide basin between two rear arc seamount chains, ~90-km west of the arc front, and was drilled to 1804 m below the sea floor (mbsf) with excellent recovery. We expected to drill a volcaniclastic apron, but the section is much more mud-rich than expected (~60%), and the remaining fraction of the section is much finer-grained than predicted from its position within the Izu arc, composed half of ashes/tuffs, and half of lapilli tuffs of fine grain size (clasts 〈3 cm). Volcanic blocks (〉6.4 cm) are only sparsely scattered through the lowermost 25% of the section, and only one igneous unit was encountered, a rhyolite peperite intrusion at ~1390 mbsf. The lowest biostratigaphic datum is at 867 mbsf (~6.5 Ma), the lowest palaeomagnetic datum is at ~1300 mbsf (~9 Ma), and the rhyolite peperite at ~1390 mbsf has yielded a U–Pb zircon concordia intercept age of (13.6 + 1.6/−1.7) Ma. Both arc front and rear arc sources contributed to the fine-grained (distal) tephras of the upper 1320 m, but the coarse-grained (proximal) volcaniclastics in the lowest 25% of the section are geochemically similar to the arc front, suggesting arc asymmetry is not recorded in rocks older than ~13 Ma.
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    The biology of Isancistrum subulatae n.sp., a monogenean parasitic on the squid, Alloteuthis subulata, at Plymouth (1984)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 64 (02). pp. 285-302.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: A new species of a monogenean Isancistrum subulatae (Gyrodactylidae) has been discovered on the arms and tentacles of the cephalopod mollusc Alloteuthis subulata at Plymouth and I. loliginis, on the gills of the same host, has been re-discovered for the first time since its original description in 1912. I. subulatae, like other gyrodactylids, is viviparous, and has been shown by experiments to transfer to new hosts by contagion. In nature such transfers probably take place during copulation of the hosts and since the parasite may occur in numbers of several thousands per host, it may thereby constitute a venereal disease.
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    Challenges and strategies for the visual exploration of complex environmental data (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Journal of Digital Earth, 10 (10). pp. 1070-1076.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: In this opinion paper, we, a group of scientists from environmental-, geo-, ocean- and information science, argue visual data exploration should become a common analytics approach in Earth system science due to its potential for analysis and interpretation of large and complex spatio-temporal data. We discuss the challenges that appear such as synthesis of heterogeneous data from various sources, reducing the amount of information and facilitating multidisciplinary, collaborative research. We argue that to fully exploit the potential of visual data exploration, several bottlenecks and challenges have to be addressed: providing an efficient data management and an integrated modular workflow, developing and applying suitable visual exploration concepts and methods with the help of effective and tailored tools as well as generating and raising the awareness of visual data exploration and education. We are convinced visual data exploration is worth the effort since it significantly facilitates insight into environmental data and derivation of knowledge from it.
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  • 27
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    Resolving the fine-scale velocity structure of continental hyperextension at the Deep Galicia Margin using full-waveform inversion (2018)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Geophysical Journal International, 212 (1). pp. 244-263.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Continental hyperextension during magma-poor rifting at the Deep Galicia Margin is characterised by a complex pattern of faulting, thin continental fault blocks, and the serpentinisation, with local exhumation, of mantle peridotites along the S-reflector, interpreted as a detachment surface. In order to understand fully the evolution of these features, it is important to image seismically the structure and to model the velocity structure to the greatest resolution possible. Travel-time tomography models have revealed the long-wavelength velocity structure of this hyperextended domain, but are often insufficient to match accurately the short-wavelength structure observed in reflection seismic imaging. Here we demonstrate the application of two-dimensional (2D) time-domain acoustic full-waveform inversion to deep water seismic data collected at the Deep Galicia Margin, in order to attain a high resolution velocity model of continental hyperextension. We have used several quality assurance procedures to assess the velocity model, including comparison of the observed and modelled waveforms, checkerboard tests, testing of parameter and inversion strategy, and comparison with the migrated reflection image. Our final model exhibits an increase in the resolution of subsurface velocities, with particular improvement observed in the westernmost continental fault blocks, with a clear rotation of the velocity field to match steeply dipping reflectors. Across the S-reflector there is a sharpening in the velocity contrast, with lower velocities beneath S indicative of preferential mantle serpentinisation. This study supports the hypothesis that normal faulting acts to hydrate the upper mantle peridotite, observed as a systematic decrease in seismic velocities, consistent with increased serpentinisation. Our results confirm the feasibility of applying the full-waveform inversion method to sparse, deep water crustal datasets.
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    Origin and Evolution of Silicic Magmas in Oceanic Arcs; an in situ Study from St Lucia, Lesser Antilles (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Petrology, 58 (7). pp. 1279-1318.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Processes linked with the genesis, evolution and emplacement of silicic complexes in arcs are still poorly constrained. Of particular interest are the depth of magma production, the relative contribution of crystal fractionation versus crustal partial melting and the timescales involved. The Soufrière Volcanic Complex (SVC) on St Lucia is one of the largest silicic centres in the Lesser Antilles arc. Here we present the results of a detailed mineralogical study, including in situ Sr isotopes in plagioclase and in situ δ18O in dated zircons, of both SVC and Pre-SVC volcanic rocks to place constraints on the processes intrinsic to the development and evolution of the silicic complex. These data suggest that the production of silicic magma in the SVC occurs in two stages. The first stage involves differentiation of mafic magma by crustal assimilation and mineral fractionation in the middle–lower crust of the arc to produce magmas with intermediate compositions. These intermediate magmas are water-rich (∼7 wt %) and have high 87Sr/86Sr, Ba, Sr and La/Sm (∼5) compared with Pre-SVC lavas. Near-constant trace element and isotopic compositions throughout the SVC lifespan indicate that the same process was persistent over the last 600 kyr. In the second stage, the intermediate magmas are transferred to a shallower and more differentiated chamber (∼6 km depth). During ascent, any crystals or xenocrysts residual from stage one in the deeper chamber become fully resorbed and the magma crystallizes calcic amphibole microphenocrysts, followed by anorthite-rich plagioclase close to or at the water saturation depth. During mixing upon recharge within the shallow chamber, anorthite-rich plagioclase from the recharging magma is partially resorbed; so are the crystals in equilibrium with the resident differentiated magma. The recharge event probably causes chamber-wide convection. Mixing is thought to trigger eruption of the silicic complex magmas.
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    Determination of Soil Parameters to Analyze Mechanical Behavior Using Lade's Double-Surface Work-Hardening Model (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 34 (5). pp. 465-473.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: In this study, Lade's double-surface work-hardening constitutive model was adopted which uses the elasto-plasticity model as a basic conceptual framework. The model can analyze work hardening and work softening of nonlinear stress-strain behavior, and is regarded as superior to other elasto-plasticity constitutive models in terms of estimation. In the double-surface work-hardening constitutive model, 14 soil parameters are needed to estimate soil behaviors. To determine them, laboratory tests—isotropical consolidation test and conventional compression test—were conducted. Determining of soil parameters is highly complicated and time-consuming; randomness cannot be ruled out in determining parameters that are sensitive to stress-strain estimation, and error may occur. For this reason, a linear and nonlinear regression analysis was used to determine soil parameters. In estimation of undrained behavior, the estimated stress-strain behavior based on the two constitutive models largely overlapped with the test results. However, in estimating drained behavior, the outcome of the two models and the test results were mostly the same, but between the two models, the double-surface work-hardening constitutive model had a sharper slope in initial stress state, and a smaller maximum deviatoric stress.
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  • 30
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    Coordination in a diphyid siphonophore (1983)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Behaviour and Physiology, 9 (2). pp. 139-170.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-22
    Description: The behaviour of Chelophyes has been analysed from the point of view of coordination between stem and nectophores, and an electron microscope study of the effectors and conducting elements has been carried out. Coordination between the stem and anterior nectophore involves two pathways, one epithelial and the other nervous. The nervous link consists of a bundle of small neurites and a single giant axon. There is some evidence that this mediates rapid escape behaviour. After the nerves have been cut, coordination is maintained via the epithelial route. Impulses can jump from epithelial cells into nerves but the transmission process is unclear. Neuro‐epithelial transmission involves conventional synapses. As in physonectid siphonophores, the stem has two nervous systems each with its own giant fibre, and a slow system, the endodermal epithelium. In the nectophore, marginal nerve centres generate a swimming rhythm. Conduction in the subumbrellar muscle is myoid. The exumbrellar epithelium and the subumbrellar endoderm are conducting tissues. Histological study reveals synapses in the predicted locations and gives details of myo‐epithelial organization and nervous layout. Novel histological features include elements resembling steroid‐secreting cells, which ensheath nerves and are innervated by them, and innervated giant non‐nervous cells lying between the nerve ring and the hydroecium. The subumbrellar muscle cells are shown to have sarcolemmal invaginations reminiscent of the f‐tubule system of vertebrate muscle.
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  • 31
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    Genetic diversity and evolution in eukaryotic phytoplankton: revelations from population genetic studies (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 39 (2). pp. 165-179.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Eukaryotic phytoplankton exhibit an enormous species richness, displaying a range of phylogenetic, morphological and physiological diversity. Yet, until recently, very little was known about the diversity, genetic variation and evolutionary processes within species and populations. An approach to explore this diversity and to understand evolution of phytoplankton is to use population genetics as a conceptual framework and methodology. Here, we discuss the patterns, processes and questions that population genetic studies have revealed in eukaryotic phytoplankton. First, we describe the main biological processes generating genetic variation. We specifically discuss the importance of life-cycle complexity for genetic and phenotypic diversity and consider how such diversity can be maintained during blooms when rapid asexual proliferation dominates. Next, we explore how genetic diversity is partitioned over time and space, with a focus on the processes shaping this structure, in particular selection and genetic exchange. Our aim is also to show how population genetics can be used to make inferences about realized dispersal and sexual recombination, as these processes are so difficult to study directly. Finally, we highlight important open questions and suggest promising avenues for future studies that will be made possible by new sequencing technologies
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    Spatial prediction of demersal fish diversity in the Baltic Sea: comparison of machine learning and regression-based techniques (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 74 (1). pp. 102-111.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Marine spatial planning (MSP) is considered a valuable tool in the ecosystem-based management of marine areas. Predictive modelling may be applied in the MSP framework to obtain spatially explicit information about biodiversity patterns. The growing number of statistical approaches used for this purpose implies the urgent need for comparisons between different predictive techniques. In this study, we evaluated the performance of selected machine learning and regression-based methods that were applied for modelling fish community indices. We hypothesized that habitat features can influence fish assemblage and investigated the effect of environmental gradients on demersal fish diversity (species richness and Shannon–Weaver Index). We used fish data from the Baltic International Trawl Surveys (2001–2014) and maps of six potential predictors: bottom salinity, depth, seabed slope, growth season bottom temperature, seabed sediments and annual mean bottom current velocity. We compared the performance of six alternative modelling approaches: generalized linear models, generalized additive models, multivariate adaptive regression splines, support vector machines, boosted regression trees and random forests. We applied repeated 10-fold cross-validation, using accuracy as the measure of model quality. Finally, we selected random forest as the best performing algorithm and implemented it for the spatial prediction of fish diversity from the Baltic Proper to the Kattegat. To obtain information on the data reliability and confidence of the developed models, which are essential for MSP, we estimated the uncertainty of predictions with standard deviation of predictions obtained from all the trees in the ensemble random forest method. We showed how state-of-the-art predictive techniques, based on easily available data and simple Geographic Information System tools, can be used to obtain reliable spatial information about fish diversity. Our comparative work highlighted the potential of machine learning method to reduce prediction error in modelling of demersal fish diversity in the framework of MSP.
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    Components of body pattern displays in the octopus Eledone cirrhosa (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) (1981)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Behaviour and Physiology, 8 (2). pp. 135-148.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-14
    Description: The major light and dark components of body displays are described and classified for the octopus Eledone cirrhosa (Lamarck) under aquarium conditions. Comparisons are made with Octopus vulgaris and Eledone moschata. Upon the basic similarity of white display components in the three species is superimposed a trend of modification. Dark components are less various in Eledone cirrhosa and although the chromatophores are organised with leucophores into chromatic units these are not clearly limited morphologically by “grooves”. The mottle patterns of Eledone seem to be arranged along the longitudinal and latitudinal (radial) axes of the animal, the grade of mottle does not respond to grade of background contrast.
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    The Mozambique Ridge: a document of massive multistage magmatism (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Geophysical Journal International, 208 (1). pp. 449-467.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The Mozambique Ridge, a prominent basement high in the southwestern Indian Ocean, consists of four major geomorphological segments associated with numerous phases of volcanic activity in the Lower Cretaceous. The nature and origin of the Mozambique Ridge have been intensely debated with one hypothesis suggesting a Large Igneous Province origin. High-resolution seismic reflection data reveal a large number of extrusion centres with a random distribution throughout the southern Mozambique Ridge and the nearby Transkei Rise. Intrabasement reflections emerge from the extrusion centres and are interpreted to represent massive lava flow sequences. Such lava flow sequences are characteristic of eruptions leading to the formation of continental and oceanic flood basalt provinces, hence supporting a Large Igneous Province origin of the Mozambique Ridge. We observe evidence for widespread post-sedimentary magmatic activity that we correlate with a southward propagation of the East African Rift System. Based on our volumetric analysis of the southern Mozambique Ridge we infer a rapid sequential emplacement between ∼131 and ∼125 Ma, which is similar to the short formation periods of other Large Igneous Provinces like the Agulhas Plateau.
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  • 35
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    Effects of temperature on total phenolic compounds inCystoseira amentacea(C. Agardh) Bory (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) from southern Mediterranean Sea (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 150 (1). pp. 152-160.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The aim of this study was to test the effects of temperature on phenolic content of the brown seaweed Cystoseira amentacea. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites involved in different protection mechanisms as, for example, against grazers, epiphytes and UV radiation. Seasonal variations of phenolic content in C. amentacea were analysed and laboratory experiments, in which C. amentacea was exposed to an increase of temperature (25°C and 30°C), were performed. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined colorimetrically with the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. In C. amentacea, a seasonal pattern in TPC was observed, with a maximum value in winter-spring. C. amentacea responded significantly to the temperature treatments with a consistent decrease in TPC after 48 h.
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    Population genetics and reproductive strategies of two Notostraca (Crustacea) species from winter ponds in Israel (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Zoology in the Middle East, 62 (4). pp. 331-341.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Fluorescent-amplified fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP) fingerprinting assay was used to compare the genetic diversity within and between tadpole shrimps (Notostraca) populations of Lepidurus apus (n=7) and Triops cancriformis (n=2) from rain pools in Israel. Each ephemeral water body has revealed a unique fingerprint pattern with an entailed genetic drift between nearby ponds. High similarity of genotypic diversity within each geographic area led to three clusters of water bodies, north, south and center of Israel. FAFLP assays on several newly hatched individuals of T. cancriformis revealed high identity amongst kin, as compared to L. apus where newly hatched from the same maternal source showed high diversity. Results indicate that T. cancriformis populations from Israel are probably parthenogenetic as indicated by clonal structures. The higher genetic variability in the L. apus populations and in laboratory-hatched specimens indicates the existence of sexual reproduction.
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  • 37
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    Length-weight relationships of Ponto-Caspian gammarids that have overcome the salinity barrier of the southern Baltic Sea coastal waters (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 49 (6). pp. 407-413.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-09
    Description: Gammarids from the Caspian complex have invaded many European waters along the rivers and canals of the inland migration corridors. The species examined in this work are well known as invaders of European freshwater environments, so the colonization of brackish habitats is a phenomenon inviting more detailed investigation. The aim of this study was to determine the condition of the Ponto-Caspian gammarids Pontogammarus robustoides (G.O. Sars, 1894), Obesogammarus crassus (G.O. Sars, 1894), Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Eichwald, 1841) and Dikerogammarus villosus (Sowinsky, 1894) as expressed by the relationship between total length and the wet weight of specimens in the brackish waters of the Gulf of Gdansk (Poland). The relationships can be regarded as responses to a newly expanded habitat after they overcome the salinity barrier of the southern Baltic Sea coastal waters. All these Ponto-Caspian gammarids demonstrated an increase in weight with increasing total length: P. robustoides (b = 2.852), O. crassus (b = 3.3477), D. haemobaphes (b = 3.7855) and D. villosus (b = 2.6917). The results are an indicator of the relatively good condition of the organisms and indicate that the brackish environment of the Gulf of Gdansk affords them excellent possibilities for growth.
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    Magmatic Evolution and Source Variations at the Nifonea Ridge (New Hebrides Island Arc) (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Petrology, 58 (3). pp. 473-494.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The Nifonea submarine volcano rises 1000 m above the seafloor of the Vate Trough back-arc basin behind the New Hebrides island arc. This large volcanic edifice has a caldera of ∼8 km diameter and is connected to two ∼20 km long volcanic rift zones in the back-arc basin. We present new chemical and isotope data for volcanic glasses and whole-rocks from both the volcano and its rift zones. Lavas from Nifonea volcano show an evolution towards more incompatible element enrichment, with the most enriched lavas being the youngest eruption products on the caldera floor. These are products of significant fractional crystallization, show minor contamination by hydrothermal fluids (〈0·3%) and reflect mixing of melts derived from depleted upper mantle and melts from an enriched source similar to those occurring in the North Fiji Basin. The enrichment in Nb of these lavas is comparable with that of some lavas from the New Hebrides island arc (e.g. Mota Lava island), where these coexist with typical island arc basalts. The lavas erupted along the rift zones in the Vate Trough back-arc basin are relatively depleted in incompatible elements, indicating melting of depleted upper mantle with a minor addition of a sediment-derived fluid. Our observations suggest that the mantle beneath Vate Trough is heterogeneous on a small scale (〈20 km) and that the occurrence of these enriched and fertile mantle portions has a stronger control on melting processes than the influx from the subducting slab, as all samples were recovered at a similar distance from the trench.
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    Identification of rosmarinic acid and sulfated flavonoids as inhibitors of microfouling on the surface of eelgrass Zostera marina (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 10 . pp. 867-880.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: A bioassay-guided approach was used to identify defense compounds that are present on the surface of Zostera marina and which inhibit settlement of microfoulers at natural concentrations. Moderately polar eelgrass surface extracts inhibited the settlement of seven marine bacteria and one yeast that originated from non-living substrata. In contrast, five other bacterial strains that had been directly isolated from eelgrass surfaces were all insensitive, which suggested a selective effect of surface metabolites on the microbial communities present on eelgrass. Bioassay-guided isolation of active compounds from the extracts in combination with UPLC-MS and 1H-NMR spectroscopy resulted in the identification of rosmarinic acid, luteolin-7-sulfate and diosmetin-7-sulfate or its isomer chrysoeriol-7-sulfate. All three compounds are nontoxic repellents, as they did not inhibit bacterial growth, but prevented bacterial settlement in a dose-dependent manner. Between 15.6 and 106.8 μg ml−1 of rosmarinic acid were present on the eelgrass surface, enough for half maximal settlement inhibition of bacteria.
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  • 40
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    Overwintering effects on the spring bloom dynamics of phytoplankton (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 39 (5). pp. 772-780.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The influence of winter on the selection of dominant taxa for the phytoplankton spring bloom was studied in batch culture experiments. Different natural phytoplankton assemblages from different phases of the temperate zone winter were exposed to varying periods of darkness (0, 6/7, 13 and 19 weeks) followed by a re-exposure to saturating light intensity for 14 days to experimentally simulate the onset of spring. The results showed that dark incubation has a strong effect on shaping the phytoplankton community composition. Many taxa disappeared in the absolute darkness. Dark survival ability might be an important contributing factor for the success of diatoms in spring. Different phytoplankton starting assemblages were dominated by the same bloom-forming diatoms, Skeletonema marinoi and Thalassosira spp., after dark incubation for only 6 weeks, irrespective of the high dissimilarities between phytoplankton communities. The growth capacity of surviving phytoplankton is almost unimpaired by darkness. Similar growth rates as that before darkness could be resumed for the surviving taxa with a potential lag time of 1–7 days dependent on taxon and the duration of darkness.
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    Winter–spring climate effects on small-sized copepods in the coastal Baltic Sea (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 74 (7). pp. 1855-1864.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The general positive effect of warmer winters on the abundance of small-sized zooplankton in the following spring and early summer has been reported from different parts of the Baltic Sea, but the mechanism of this link is not clear. Although causal links cannot be deduced with confidence from observational data, sufficiently detailed analyses can nevertheless provide insights to the potential mechanisms. We present an example of such an analysis, scrutinizing the effects of winter and spring hydroclimate on the abundance of small-sized dominant calanoid copepods (Eurytemora affinis and Acartia spp.), using data from 2080 zooplankton samples collected over 55 years (1957–2012) from a shallow coastal habitat (Pärnu Bay, Gulf of Riga) in the Baltic Sea. Our results indicated that the milder winters brought about higher abundances, and reduced seasonality of small-sized copepods, whereas ambient sea surface temperature (SST) mostly affected the relative abundance of adult stages. The sliding window correlation tests revealed temporal shifts in the effects of controlling variables: with the continuous increase in SST, the effect of winter temperature on the abundance of Acartia spp. weakened. In contrast, E. affinis was consistently affected by SST, but the effect of winter temperature was more pronounced during the period of on average colder winters.
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  • 42
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    Integrating population genomics and biophysical models towards evolutionary-based fisheries management (2018)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 75 (4). pp. 1245-1257.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Overfishing and rapid environmental shifts pose severe challenges to the resilience and viability of marine fish populations. To develop and implement measures that enhance species’ adaptive potential to cope with those pressures while, at the same time, ensuring sustainable exploitation rates is part of the central goal of fisheries management. Here, we argue that a combination of biophysical modelling and population genomic assessments offer ideal management tools to define stocks, their physical connectivity and ultimately, their short-term adaptive potential. To date, biophysical modelling has often been confined to fisheries ecology whereas evolutionary hypotheses remain rarely considered. When identified, connectivity patterns are seldom explored to understand the evolution and distribution of adaptive genetic variation, a proxy for species’ evolutionary potential. Here, we describe a framework that expands on the conventional seascape genetics approach by using biophysical modelling and population genomics. The goals are to identify connectivity patterns and selective pressures, as well as putative adaptive variants directly responding to the selective pressures and, ultimately, link both to define testable hypotheses over species response to shifting ecological conditions and overexploitation.
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    An evaluation of corallophelia pertusamucus as an analytical matrix for environmental monitoring: A preliminary proteomic study (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 79 (13-15). pp. 647-657.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: For the environmental monitoring of coral, mucus appears to be an appropriate biological matrix due to its array of functions in coral biology and the non-intrusive manner in which it can be collected. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using mucus of the stony coral Lophelia pertusa (L. pertusa) as an analytical matrix for discovery of biomarkers used for environmental monitoring. More specifically, to assess whether a mass-spectrometry-based proteomic approach can be applied to characterize the protein composition of coral mucus and changes related to petroleum discharges at the seafloor. Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) screening analyses of orange and white L. pertusa showed that the mucosal protein composition varies significantly with color phenotype, a pattern not reported prior to this study. Hence, to reduce variability from phenotype difference, L. pertusa white individuals only were selected to characterize in more detail the basal protein composition in mucus using liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In total, 297 proteins were identified in L. pertusa mucus of unexposed coral individuals. Individuals exposed to drill cuttings in the range 2 to 12 mg/L showed modifications in coral mucus protein composition compared to unexposed corals. Although the results were somewhat inconsistent between individuals and require further validation in both the lab and the field, this study demonstrated preliminary encouraging results for discovery of protein markers in coral mucus that might provide more comprehensive insight into potential consequences attributed to anthropogenic stressors and may be used in future monitoring of coral health.
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    Bonding degradation and stress–dilatancy response of weakly cemented sands (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 12 (4). pp. 221-233.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-17
    Description: The progressive bond breakage of artificially cemented sands induced by shear straining was investigated through conventional isotropically consolidated drained triaxial compression tests. Sand specimens were prepared with a low degree of cementation by adopting a chemical grout. Test results were interpreted in terms of two stress–dilatancy theories for cohesive-frictional materials proposed in literature. The influence of debonding on the stress–dilatancy behaviour of cemented sands was analysed with particular emphasis on the ‘delayed dilatancy’ phenomenon. A bonding degradation curve was determined for each test relating the interparticle cohesion (c) to the magnitude of the total plastic strain vector (εd) and a bond degradation rate factor (Dc) was assessed from each curve. The maximum value of interparticle cohesion (c0) before the onset of bond degradation under shearing was found to correspond with a sharp decrease in the soil stiffness of the specimens. The influence of the effective confining stress (p′c)on both c0 and Dc parameters gathered from each test was also ascertained.
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  • 45
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    A new approach for estimating stock status from length frequency data (2018)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 75 (6). pp. 2004-2015.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: This study presents a new method (LBB) for the analysis of length frequency data from commercial catches. LBB works for species that grow throughout their lives, such as most commercially-important fish and invertebrates, and requires no input in addition to length frequency data. It estimates asymptotic length, length at first capture, relative natural mortality, and relative fishing mortality. Standard fisheries equations can then be used to approximate current exploited biomass relative to unexploited biomass. In addition, these parameters allow the estimation of length at first capture that would maximize catch and biomass for a given fishing effort, and estimation of a proxy for the relative biomass capable of producing maximum sustainable yields. Relative biomass estimates of LBB were not significantly different from the “true” values in simulated data and were similar to independent estimates from full stock assessments. LBB also presents a new indicator for assessing whether an observed size structure is indicative of a healthy stock. LBB results will obviously be misleading if the length frequency data do not represent the size composition of the exploited size range of the stock or if length frequencies resulting from the interplay of growth and mortality are masked by strong recruitment pulses.
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  • 46
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    Nautilus Growth and Longevity: Evidence from Marked and Recaptured Animals (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 224 (4652). pp. 990-992.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-19
    Description: Study of Nautilus belauensis i its natural habitat in Palau, West Caroline Islands, shows that growth is slow (0.1 millimeter of shell per day on the average) and decreases as maturity is approached and that individuals may live at least 4 years beyond maturity. Age estimates for seven animals marked and recaptured between 45 and 355 days after release range from 14.5 to 17.2 years. These data indicate that the life-span of Nautilus may exceed 20 years and that its life strategy is very different from that of other living cephalopods.
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  • 47
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    The role of high-pressure flow-through experiments for evaluating the mechanical behaviour of gas hydrate-bearing soils (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  In: Energy Geotechnics. , ed. by Wuttke, F., Bauer, S. and Sanchez, M. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 437-443. ISBN 978-1-138-03299-6
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-27
    Description: Results from two recent field trials, onshore in the Alaska permafrost and in the Nankai Trough offshore Japan, suggest that natural gas could be produced from marine gas hydrate reservoirs at compatible yields and rates. However, both field trials were accompanied by different technical issues, the most striking problems resulting from un-predicted geomechanical behaviour, sediment destabilization and catastrophic sand production. So far, there is a lack of experimental data which could help to understand relevant mechanisms and triggers for potential soil failure in gas hydrate production, to guide model development for simulation of soil behaviour in large-scale production, and to identify processes which drive or, further, mitigate sand production. We use high-pressure flow-through systems in combination with different online and in situ monitoring tools (e.g. Raman microscopy, MRI) to simulate relevant gas hydrate production scenarios. Key components for soil mechanical studies are triaxial systems with ERT (Electric resistivity tomography) and high-resolution localstrain analysis. Sand production control and management is studied in a novel hollow-cylinder-type triaxial setup with a miniaturized borehole which allows fluid and particle transport at different fluid injection and flow conditions. We further apply a novel large-scale high-pressure flow-through triaxial test system equipped with μ-CT to evaluate soil failure modes and triggers relevant to gas hydrate production and slope stability. The presentation will emphasize an in-depth evaluation of our experimental approach, and it is our concern to discuss important issues of translating laboratory results to gas hydrate reservoirs in nature. We will present results from high-pressure flow-through experiments which are designed to systematically compare soil mechanical behaviour of gas hydrate-bearing sediments in relevant production scenarios focusing on depressurization and CO2 injection. Experimental datasets are analyzed based on numerical models which are able to simulate coupled process dynamics during gas hydrate formation and gas production.
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    Ocean iron fertilization: time to lift the research taboo (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  In: Climate Change Geoengineering Philosophical Perspectives, Legal Issues. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 242-262. ISBN 9781107502635
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Introduction. Today, most countries have accepted a 2 degrees Celsius temperature increase above preindustrial levels as the maximum tolerable limit for global warming. An exceedance probability of below 20 percent for this limit implies an emission budget of less than 250 GtC from 2000 until 2049, however, extrapolating from current global CO2 emissions, this budget will only last until 2024. This sobering math should wake us up to the reality that all options, including climate engineering, need to be considered to address climate change. Climate engineering options can be classified broadly into two categories: solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal measures. Solar radiation management schemes seek to decrease the incoming solar radiation or to increase the reflection of incoming solar radiation. These approaches can generate fast climate responses, but do not immediately address the cause of the problem. Carbon dioxide removal measures seek to decrease atmospheric carbon concentrations by enhancing or substituting natural carbon sinks. The terrestrial carbon sink can be enhanced by means of forestation; the oceanic sink may, in some regions, be enhanced by means of fertilization, for example by artificially enhanced upwelling of macronutrients or by purposeful addition of the micronutrient iron; the mineral carbon sink can be enhanced by means of chemically accelerated weathering. Some analysts have expressed doubts about the potential of mitigating climate change by sink enhancement, because of concerns about whether carbon can be stored permanently. Nevertheless, terrestrial vegetation sinks have entered the Kyoto Protocol (KP) as offsets for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, but ocean sinks have not.
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    Estimation of Manganese Nodule Coverage Using Multi-Beam Amplitude Data (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 33 (4). pp. 283-288.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-19
    Description: Manganese nodule coverage is estimated based on multi-beam and deep-towed video nodule survey profiles of about 1,700 km in the China Pioneer Area of Eastern Pacific. Two statistical equations for estimating nodule coverage are derived separately from the multi-beam normal incidence amplitude data and angular amplitude data based on theoretical analysis of influence factors on multi-beam amplitude data. Predictions generated by the normal incidence amplitude model fall within 5% of real nodule coverage, and theoretically calculated angular amplitude data fits well with the original multi-beam amplitudes at incident angles larger than 20° according to nodule coverage estimated from the deep-towed video data.
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  • 50
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    Retrieval of suspended particulate matter from turbidity – model development, validation, and application to MERIS data over the Baltic Sea (2016)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  International Journal of Remote Sensing . pp. 1-21.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Suspended particulate matter (SPM) causes most of the scattering in natural waters and thus has a strong influence on the underwater light field, and consequently on the whole ecosystem. Turbidity is related to the concentration of SPM which usually is measured gravimetrically, a rather time-consuming method. Measuring turbidity is quick and easy, and therefore also more cost-effective. When derived from remote sensing data the method becomes even more cost-effective because of the good spatial resolution of satellite data and the synoptic capability of the method. Turbidity is also listed in the European Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive as a supporting monitoring parameter, especially in the coastal zone. In this study, we aim to provide a new Baltic Sea algorithm to retrieve SPM concentration from in situ turbidity and investigate how this can be applied to satellite data. An in situ dataset was collected in Swedish coastal waters to develop a new SPM model. The model was then tested against independent datasets from both Swedish and Lithuanian coastal waters. Despite the optical variability in the datasets, SPM and turbidity were strongly correlated (r = 0.97). The developed model predicts SPM reliably from in situ turbidity (R2 = 0.93) with a mean normalized bias (MNB) of 2.4% for the Swedish and 14.0% for the Lithuanian datasets, and a relative error (RMS) of 25.3% and 37.3%, respectively. In the validation dataset, turbidity ranged from 0.3 to 49.8 FNU (Formazin Nephelometric Unit) and correspondingly, SPM concentration ranged from 0.3 to 34.0 g m–3 which covers the ranges typical for Baltic Sea waters. Next, the medium-resolution imaging spectrometer (MERIS) standard SPM product MERIS Ground Segment (MEGS) was tested on all available match-up data (n = 67). The correlation between SPM retrieved from MERIS and in situ SPM was strong for the Swedish dataset with r = 0.74 (RMS = 47.4 and MNB = 11.3%; n = 32) and very strong for the Lithuanian dataset with r = 0.94 (RMS = 29.5% and MNB = −1.5%; n = 35). Then, the turbidity was derived from the MERIS standard SPM product using the new in situ SPM model, but retrieving turbidity from SPM instead. The derived image was then compared to existing in situ data and showed to be in the right range of values for each sub-area. The new SPM model provides a robust and cost-efficient method to determine SPM from in situ turbidity measurements (or vice versa). The developed SPM model predicts SPM concentration with high quality despite the high coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) range in the Baltic Sea. By applying the developed SPM model to already existing remote sensing data (MERIS/Envisat) and most importantly to a new generation of satellite sensors (in particular OLCI on board the Sentinel-3), it is possible to derive turbidity for the Baltic Sea.
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    On growth of the octopus Eledone cirrhosa (1982)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 62 (2). pp. 277-296.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: The growth of the octopus Eledone cirrhosa has been studied in a population from the North Sea off Aberdeen. Data are presented for the growth of individuals isolated in aquarium conditions; the growth of size classes in thefieldpopulation; and preliminary information on the growth relationships of gonad, somatic, cardiac and brain components of the body. At 15 °C Eledone cirrhosa is capable of growing from 10 to 1000 g in 270 days. From octopuses which feed readily in captivity, weight specific growth rates of up to about 3–5 % day-1 for animals of 100 g body weight are recorded, falling to a maximum of about 1–5 % day-1 at body sizes above 500 g. Females stop growing when sexually mature, but in the sample captured they were consistently larger than males, a feature which may account for the 7:1 bias towards the incidence of females. On a wet-weight basis, the mean food incorporation into growth is 37 % of the food ingested, which is 49% of the gross weight of crabs killed. Field data for 1978/79 suggest that animals recruited to the population at the beginning of the year grew steadily until December, overwintered without growing, then grew rapidly for several months in the subsequent year before disappearing from the samples. The estimated average age of those animals and by implication, the life span, is 20 months.
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  • 52
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    Release of mineral-bound water prior to subduction tied to shallow seismogenic slip off Sumatra (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 356 (6340). pp. 841-844.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Plate-boundary fault rupture during the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman subduction earthquake extended closer to the trench than expected, increasing earthquake and tsunami size. International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362 sampled incoming sediments offshore northern Sumatra, revealing recent release of fresh water within the deep sediments. Thermal modeling links this freshening to amorphous silica dehydration driven by rapid burial-induced temperature increases in the past 9 million years. Complete dehydration of silicates is expected before plate subduction, contrasting with prevailing models for subduction seismogenesis calling for fluid production during subduction. Shallow slip offshore Sumatra appears driven by diagenetic strengthening of deeply buried fault-forming sediments, contrasting with weakening proposed for the shallow Tohoku-Oki 2011 rupture, but our results are applicable to other thickly sedimented subduction zones including those with limited earthquake records.
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  • 53
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    Bladder wrack (Fucus vesiculosus) as a multi-isotope bio-monitor in an urbanized fjord of the western Baltic Sea (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 53 (6). pp. 563-579.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-02
    Description: The spatial variations in the elemental and stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur isotope composition of bladder wrack (Fucus vesiculosus) growing along the shore line of the semi-enclosed urbanized Kiel Fjord (western Baltic Sea) was investigated at more than 60 sites. The analyses of the carbon-nitrogen-sulphur (CNS) stoichiometry and C and N stable isotope signature of F. vesiculosus displayed substantial differences between the north-western and the south-eastern parts of the Kiel Fjord. Different size classes displayed in part differences in C:N and C:S ratios, and the carbon isotope composition, reflecting the impact of the boundary conditions during growth. Whereas the sulphur isotope composition was controlled by the assimilation of seawater sulphate, the carbon isotope composition reflected the difference in the composition of surface waters. The δ15N values of the organic tissue tend to be an integrated monitor of anthropogenic impacts on the fjord. Results are compared to the composition of surface waters.
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  • 54
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    Breeding biology of Fluttering Shearwaters (Puffinus gavia) on Burgess Island in northern New Zealand (2018)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Emu - Austral Ornithology, 118 (2). pp. 173-182.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: The fluttering shearwater (Puffinus gavia) is an abundant seabird endemic to breeding colonies in northern and central New Zealand. The species remains poorly studied, and here we present the first study to examine its breeding biology in detail. Fluttering shearwater nests were monitored daily from laying in September 2015 to fledging in January 2016 on Burgess Island (Mokohinau Islands group) in the outer Hauraki Gulf, northern New Zealand. Burrows were generally simple and non-branched. Eggs were laid over a period of 39 days with laying peaking 12th September. Incubation was 50 ± 3.7 days and chicks fledged after an average of 74 ± 4.3 days, from late December to the end of January. Chick development corresponds to the pattern observed for other Procellariiformes, gaining body mass rapidly to a maximum of 115% of adult mass, and then losing weight until fledging. Chicks were fed most nights throughout chick-rearing, indicating adult birds have access to a stable food supply close to the colony. Breeding success was 63.8% and similar to other Puffinus species. This study provides baseline biological data for a poorly studied, yet common, New Zealand endemics seabird. The obtained new information will allow for further ecological investigations and improved conservation management for the species
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    The sponge microbiome project (2017)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  GigaScience, 6 (8).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) are a diverse, phylogenetically deep-branching clade known for forming intimate partnerships with complex communities of microorganisms. To date, 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies have largely utilised different extraction and amplification methodologies to target the microbial communities of a limited number of sponge species, severely limiting comparative analyses of sponge microbial diversity and structure. Here, we provide an extensive and standardised dataset that will facilitate sponge microbiome comparisons across large spatial, temporal and environmental scales. Samples from marine sponges (n = 3569 specimens), seawater (n = 370), marine sediments (n = 65) and other environments (n = 29) were collected from different locations across the globe. This dataset incorporates at least 269 different sponge species, including several yet unidentified taxa. The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced from extracted DNA using standardised procedures. Raw sequences (total of 1.1 billion sequences) were processed and clustered with a) a standard protocol using QIIME closed-reference picking resulting in 39,543 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) at 97% sequence identity, b) a de novo protocol using Mothur resulting in 518,246 OTUs, and c) a new high-resolution Deblur protocol resulting in 83,908 unique bacterial sequences. Abundance tables, representative sequences, taxonomic classifications and metadata are provided. This dataset represents a comprehensive resource of sponge-associated microbial communities based on 16S rRNA gene sequences that can be used to address overarching hypotheses regarding host-associated prokaryotes, including host-specificity, convergent evolution, environmental drivers of microbiome structure and the sponge-associated rare biosphere.
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    Application of the perfectly matched layer in 3-D marine controlled-source electromagnetic modelling (2018)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Geophysical Journal International, 212 (1). pp. 333-344.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: In this study, the complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer (CFS-PML) in stretching Cartesian coordinates, is successfully applied to three-dimensional (3D) frequency-domain marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) field modelling. The Dirichlet boundary, which is usually used within the traditional framework of EM modeling algorithms, assumes the electric or magnetic field values are zero at the boundaries. This requires the boundaries be sufficiently far away from the sources in the area of interest. To mitigate the boundary artifacts, a large modelling area may be necessary even though cell sizes are allowed to grow toward the boundaries due to the diffusion of the electromagnetic wave propagation. Compared with the conventional Dirichlet boundary, the PML boundary is preferred as the modelling area of interest could be restricted to the target region and only a few absorbing layers surrounding can effectively depress the artificial boundary effect without losing the numerical accuracy. Furthermore, for joint inversion of seismic and marine CSEM data, if we used the PML for CSEM field simulation instead of the conventional Dirichlet, the modeling area for these two different geophysical data collected from the same survey area could the same, which is convenient for joint inversion grid matching. We apply the CFS-PML boundary to 3D marine CSEM modelling by using the staggered finite-difference (SFD) discretization. Numerical test indicates that the modeling algorithm using the CFS-PML also shows good accuracy compared to the Dirichlet. Furthermore, the modeling algorithm using the CFS-PML shows advantages in computational time and memory saving than that using the Dirichlet boundary. For the 3D example in this study, the memory saving using the PML is nearly 42 % and the time saving is around 48% compared to using the Dirichlet.
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    New C13lipids from the marine-derived fungusTrichoderma harzianum (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 17 (5). pp. 468-474.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-04
    Description: Chemical examination of the fermentation broth of a sponge-associated fungus Trichoderma harzinum HMS-15-3 led to the isolation of four pairs of new C13 lipid enantiomers namely harzianumols A–H (1a–4b). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic (IR, MS, 1D, and 2D NMR) data analysis, including the modified Mosher's method for the assignment of their absolute configurations. The new compounds were evaluated for antihyperlipidemic effects in HepG2 cells.
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  • 58
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    Analysis of shape variability and life history strategies of Illex argentinus in the northern extreme of species distribution as a tool to differentiate spawning groups (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Natural History, 51 (43-44). pp. 2585-2605.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: This study aimed to differentiate local and migratory spawning groups of the shortfin squid Illex argentinus caught in Brazilian waters using geometric and traditional morphometric methods and size-selective processes. The back-calculated length distributions reconstructed from daily growth increments deposited in the gladius allowed the identification of size-selective processes that may be related to different life history strategies. Landmark analysis on body shape (geometric morphometric) revealed that spawning groups presented significant ontogenetic variations in terms of body outline. In addition, traditional morphometric methods, based on multivariate analysis, associated juveniles of the expected migratory group (large size) and differentiated them from the local group individuals (small size). The changes in form, probably linked to the environmental gradients experienced by individuals throughout ontogeny, were interpreted as adaptations to improve swimming capacity. Migrant individuals have being differentiated from the smaller sizes group by body characteristics (broad fins, elongated and thicker mantle), which may increase the ability to perform long migrations.
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    Microbial Community Structure Associated with Biogeochemical Processes in the Sulfate–Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) of Gas-hydrate-bearing Sediment of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Geomicrobiology Journal, 34 (3). pp. 207-219.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-30
    Description: We investigated the biogeochemical constituents, microbial communities and functional genes (mcr and dsr) associated with anaerobic methane oxidation and sulfate reduction, and metabolic activities by sulfate reduction in the sulfate–methane transition zone (SMTZ) of gas-hydrate-bearing sediment of the Ulleung Basin in the East Sea. Maxima in the sulfate reduction rate (12.6 nmol cm¡3 d¡1), CO concentration (83 mM), and gene abundances of dsrA (9.1 £ 106 copies cm¡3) and mcrA (11.6 £ 106 copies cm¡3) occurred in the SMTZ. The peaks of CO consistently found in the SMTZ suggested that CO is an intermediate metabolic product related to methane oxidation. Candidate division JS1, the predominant bacterial group that comprised 59.0–63.7% of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, was recognized as an important organic carbon oxidizer. Both Marine Benthic Group D (MBGD) and Marine Benthic Group B (MBGB), which constituted 40.8–52.9 and 10.3–43.9% of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, respectively, were the dominant archaeal groups. Analysis of functional gene diversity revealed that anaerobic methanotroph-1-related phylotypes appeared to be the major CH4 oxidizer, whereas Firmicutes-like group was a predominant sulfate reducer in the 0.8 mbsf in SMTZ with low SO42¡ concentration. Overall results indicated that JS1 and two archaeal groups (MBGB and MBGD) seem to play a significant role in carbon and elements cycles in the gas-hydrate-bearing subsurface sediment of the Ulleung Basin.
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    Greater role for Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 356 (6335). pp. 285-291.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Arctic sea-ice loss is a leading indicator of climate change and can be attributed, in large part, to atmospheric forcing. Here, we show that recent ice reductions, weakening of the halocline, and shoaling of intermediate-depth Atlantic Water layer in the eastern Eurasian Basin have increased winter ventilation in the ocean interior, making this region structurally similar to that of the western Eurasian Basin. The associated enhanced release of oceanic heat has reduced winter sea-ice formation at a rate now comparable to losses from atmospheric thermodynamic forcing, thus explaining the recent reduction in sea-ice cover in the eastern Eurasian Basin. This encroaching “atlantification” of the Eurasian Basin represents an essential step toward a new Arctic climate state, with a substantially greater role for Atlantic inflows.
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    Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 359 (6371). eaam7240.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: As plastic waste pollutes the oceans and fish stocks decline, unseen below the surface another problem grows: deoxygenation. Breitburg et al. review the evidence for the downward trajectory of oxygen levels in increasing areas of the open ocean and coastal waters. Rising nutrient loads coupled with climate change—each resulting from human activities—are changing ocean biogeochemistry and increasing oxygen consumption. This results in destabilization of sediments and fundamental shifts in the availability of key nutrients. In the short term, some compensatory effects may result in improvements in local fisheries, such as in cases where stocks are squeezed between the surface and elevated oxygen minimum zones. In the longer term, these conditions are unsustainable and may result in ecosystem collapses, which ultimately will cause societal and economic harm.
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    The antibiotic pipeline: reviving research and development and speeding drugs to market (2017)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 15 (5). pp. 425-433.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-17
    Description: Introduction: The combination of growing antimicrobial resistance with a dry pipeline has resulted in infections that can no longer be treated. Specific reasons have led to companies’ exit from the antibacterial space, however recent incentives are spurring interest to reinvigorate the pipeline. Areas covered: This article summarizes the available information on the discovery, developmental, and regulatory challenges in antibacterial development that have led to disinterest in the space, as well as ongoing incentives such as public-private partnerships and streamlined pathways to mend these challenges and bring new antibiotics to patients in need. Expert commentary: Clinicians should not only understand the reasons for the decline in antibiotic development that have resulted in the dry pipeline, but also the ongoing initiatives in place to build an appropriate supply. Doing so will result in greater appreciation and prudent use of these life-saving drugs when they become available.
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    Breakup of last glacial deep stratification in the South Pacific (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 359 (6378). pp. 900-904.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Stratification of the deep Southern Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum is thought to have facilitated carbon storage and subsequent release during the deglaciation as stratification broke down, contributing to atmospheric CO2 rise. Here, we present neodymium isotope evidence from deep to abyssal waters in the South Pacific that confirms stratification of the deepwater column during the Last Glacial Maximum. The results indicate a glacial northward expansion of Ross Sea Bottom Water and a Southern Hemisphere climate trigger for the deglacial breakup of deep stratification. It highlights the important role of abyssal waters in sustaining a deep glacial carbon reservoir and Southern Hemisphere climate change as a prerequisite for the destabilization of the water column and hence the deglacial release of sequestered CO2 through upwelling.
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    ElevatedpCO2drives lower growth and yet increased calcification in the early life history of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) (2016)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73 (3). pp. 970-980.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Ocean acidification is an escalating environmental issue and associated changes in the ocean carbonate system have implications for many calcifying organisms. The present study followed the growth of Sepia officinalis from early-stage embryos, through hatching, to 7-week-old juveniles. Responses of cuttlefish to elevated pCO(2) (hypercapnia) were investigated to test the impacts of near-future and extreme ocean acidification conditions on growth, developmental time, oxygen consumption, and yolk utilization as proxies for individual fitness. We further examined gross morphological characteristics of the internal calcareous cuttlebone to determine whether embryonically secreted shell lamellae are impacted by environmental hypercapnia. Embryonic growth was reduced and hatching delayed under elevated pCO(2), both at environmentally relevant levels (0.14 kPa pCO(2) similar to predicted ocean conditions in 2100) and extreme conditions (0.40 kPa pCO(2)). Comparing various metrics from control and intermediate treatments generally showed no significant difference in experimental measurements. Yet, results from the high pCO(2) treatment showed significant changes compared with controls and revealed a consistent general trend across the three treatment levels. The proportion of animal mass contributed by the cuttlebone increased in both elevated pCO(2) treatments. Gross cuttlebone morphology was affected under such conditions and cuttlebones of hypercapnic individuals were proportionally shorter. Embryonic shell morphology was maintained consistently in all treatments, despite compounding hypercapnia in the perivitelline fluid; however, post-hatching, hypercapnic animals developed denser cuttlebone laminae in shorter cuttlebones. Juvenile cuttlefish in acidified environments thus experience lower growth and yet increased calcification of their internal shell. The results of this study support recent findings that early cuttlefish life stages are more vulnerable towards hypercapnia than juveniles and adults, which may have negative repercussions on the biological fitness of cuttlefish hatchlings in future oceans.
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    Parasitic copepods of marine fish cultured in Japan: a review (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Natural History, 49 (45-48). pp. 2891-2903.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-23
    Description: This paper reviews aspects of the biology of copepods infecting marine fish commercially cultured at fish farms or held as broodstock at governmental hatcheries in Japan. In total, 20 species of parasitic copepods have been reported from these fish: they are mostly caligids (12 spp.), followed by lernaeopodids (4 spp.), pennellid (1 sp.), chondracanthid (1 sp.), taeniacanthid (1 sp.), and unidentified species (1 sp.). The identified copepods are: Caligus fugu, C. lagocephalus, C. lalandei, C. latigenitalis, C. longipedis, C. macarovi, C. orientalis, C. sclerotinosus, C. spinosus, Lepeophtheirus longiventralis, L. paralichthydis, L. salmonis (Caligidae); Alella macrotrachelus, Clavella parva, Parabrachiella hugu, P. seriolae (Lernaeopodidae); Peniculus minuticaudae (Pennellidae); Acanthochondria priacanthi (Chondracanthidae); and Biacanthus pleuronichthydis (Taeniacanthidae). The fish recorded as hosts include carangids (4 spp.), sparids (2 spp.), monacanthids (2 spp.), salmonids (2 spp.), scombrid (1 sp.), tetraodontid (1 sp.), pleuronectid (1 sp.), paralichthyid (1 sp.), and trichodontid (1 sp.). Only five species (C. orientalis, L. longiventralis, L. salmonis, C. parva and A. priacanthi) parasitize farmed fish in subarctic waters, while all other species (15 spp.) infect farmed fish in temperate waters. No information is yet available on copepods from fish farmed in subtropical waters. Three species of Caligus (C. fugu, C. sclerotinosus and C. longipedis) are serious pests in aquaculture of Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes), red seabream (Pagrus major), and striped jaw (Pseudocaranx dentex), respectively. Due to its one-host life cycle that is unique among pennellids, P. minuticaudae is considered as a potentially serious pest with further development of aquaculture of its filefish hosts, threadsail filefish (Stephanolepis cirrhifer) and black scraper (Thamnaconus modestus). Infection of farmed salmonids by L. salmonis is not a serious problem in Japan
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    Calcium Carbonate Hexahydrate from Organic-Rich Sediments of the Antarctic Shelf: Precursors of Glendonites (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 216 (4550). pp. 1128-1131.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-08
    Description: Large euhedral crystals of calcium carbonate hexahydrate were recovered from a shelf basin of the Bransfield Strait, Antarctic Peninsula, at a water depth of 1950 meters and sub-zero bottom water temperatures. The chemistry, mineralogy, and stable isotope composition of this hydrated calcium carbonate phase, its environment of formation, and its mode of precipitation confirm the properties variously attributed to hypothetical precursors of the glendonites and thereby greatly expand their use in paleoceanographic interpretation.
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    Effects of variations in light intensity on life processes of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides Sacculifer in laboratory culture (1981)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom UK, 62 . pp. 435-451.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-27
    Description: The planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady) was cultured under two different light intensities and in continuous darkness. High light intensity (HLI = 4oo-soo einsteins/m2/s) resulted in a longer lifespan, a greater number of chambers formed, and a larger final shell size compared with individuals cultured under low light intensity (LLI = 20-50 einsteins/m2/s) or in continuous darkness. Shell growth rates were unaffected by increasing light intensity, but gametogenesis was delayed. Continuous darkness induced a rapid onset of gametogenesis in organisms with shell lengths larger than 250 m. Feeding frequency had a greater effect on growth and reproduction than light intensity under conditions of LLI and HLI, but continuous darkness had an overriding effect on growth and reproduction owing to the rapid onset of gametogenesis which terminated the life of the mother cell. Our previous data indicated that the longevity of G. sacculifer was dependent on feeding frequency, and that G. sacculifer cultured under LLI had a lifespan of approximately 2-4 weeks. Present results suggest that the lifespan can vary from a minimum of 8 days for organisms fed daily in continuous darkness to a maximum of 54 days for organisms fed once every 7 days and maintained in HLI. It is concluded that individual G. sacculifer attain a shell size greater than 6oo ,urn only if they maintain their position in the euphotic zone. Prolonged existence below the euphotic zone would result in premature death or gametogenesis following stunted shell growth.
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    Validation of SMOS sea ice thickness retrieval in the northern Baltic Sea (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Tellus A: Dynamic meteorology and oceanography, 67 . p. 24617.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-03
    Description: The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission observes brightness temperatures at a low microwave frequency of 1.4 GHz (L-band) with a daily coverage of the polar regions. L-band radiometry has been shown to provide information on the thickness of thin sea ice. Here, we apply a new emission model that has previously been used to investigate the impact of snow on thick Arctic sea ice. The model has not yet been used to retrieve ice thickness. In contrast to previous SMOS ice thickness retrievals, the new model allows us to include a snow layer in the brightness temperature simulations. Using ice thickness estimations from satellite thermal imagery, we simulate brightness temperatures during the ice growth season 2011 in the northern Baltic Sea. In both the simulations and the SMOS observations, brightness temperatures increase by more than 20 K, most likely due to an increase of ice thickness. Only if we include the snow in the model, the absolute values of the simulations and the observations agree well (mean deviations below 3.5 K). In a second comparison, we use high-resolution measurements of total ice thickness (sum of ice and snow thickness) from an electromagnetic (EM) sounding system to simulate brightness temperatures for 12 circular areas. While the SMOS observations and the simulations that use the EM modal ice thickness are highly correlated (r2=0.95), the simulated brightness temperatures are on average 12 K higher than observed by SMOS. This would correspond to an 8-cm overestimation of the modal ice thickness by the SMOS retrieval. In contrast, if the simulations take into account the shape of the EM ice thickness distributions (r2=0.87), the mean deviation between simulated and observed brightness temperatures is below 0.1 K.
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    Explicit Planktic Calcifiers in the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model, Version 2.9 (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Atmosphere-Ocean, 53 (3). pp. 332-350.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-19
    Description: Marine calcifiers as a plankton functional type (PFT) are a crucial part of the global carbon cycle, being responsible for much of the carbon export to the deep ocean entering via biological pathways. Deep ocean carbon export through calcifiers is controlled by physiological, ecological, and biogeochemical factors. This paper describes the implementation of a calcifying phytoplankton PFT in the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model, version 2.9 (UVic ESCM), and mechanistic improvements to the representation of model carbon export (a full calcite tracer, carbonate chemistry dependent calcite dissolution rates, and a ballasting scheme). An iterative method for stabilizing and tuning the biogeochemistry is furthermore described. The UVic ESCM now fills a niche in Earth system modelling that was previously unoccupied in that it is relatively inexpensive to run, yet resolves the complete Earth system carbon cycle including prognostic calcium carbonate and a separate phytoplankton calcifier PFT. The model is now well suited to testing feedbacks between the carbonate and carbon cycles and the climate system as transient simulations. The modifications described improve the UVic ESCM's mechanistic realism without compromising performance with respect to observed carbon and nutrient fluxes. Primary production, export production, particulate organic carbon, and calcite fluxes all fall within independently observed estimates.
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    Development of an interactive identification key for Oncaeidae (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Journal of Natural History, 49 (45-48). pp. 2727-2741.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-11
    Description: The current state of development of an interactive electronic identification key for females of the marine pelagic microcopepod family Oncaeidae is presented. To date, 112 species have been described, allocated to seven genera (Archioncaea, Conaea, Epicalymma, Monothula, Oncaea s.str., Spinoncaea, and Triconia) and 16 species groups within the speciose paraphyletic taxon Oncaea s.l. Only two species of Oncaea s.l. show an uncertain group status. Of all described oncaeids, seven species are not yet included in the key due to inadequacies in morphological description and/or lack of type material for re-examination. In addition, seven morphologically distinct species and two new species groups are considered that have not yet been formally described. The key uses easily distinguishable morphological characters as far as possible (e.g. body size, proportional lengths of urosomites, length of P5 exopod) and includes more difficult characters (e.g. spine counts on swimming legs, proportional spine lengths) where required for unequivocal identification. The characters used in the key allow the identification of genera and species groups by investigators with limited taxonomic experience; species separation in most cases requires some advanced dissection skills. Potential identification problems caused by difficulties discerning minute morphological features or intraspecific morphometric variability are discussed. The present version of the identification key still requires complementary illustrations of character states and inclusion of fact sheets summarizing the characteristics of each species with notes on taxonomic uncertainties and links to databases providing zoogeographical and genetic information.
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    Olivine Major and Trace Element Compositions in Southern Payenia Basalts, Argentina: Evidence for Pyroxenite–Peridotite Melt Mixing in a Back-arc Setting (2015)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Petrology, 56 (8). pp. 1495-1518.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Olivine major and trace element compositions from 12 basalts from the southern Payenia volcanic province in Argentina have been analyzed by electron microprobe and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The olivines have high Fe/Mn and low Ca/Fe and many fall at the end of the global olivine array, indicating that they were formed from a pyroxene-rich source distinct from typical mantle peridotite. The olivines with the highest Fe/Mn have higher Zn/Fe, Zn and Co and lower Co/Fe than the olivines with lower Fe/Mn, also suggesting contributions from a pyroxene-rich source. Together with whole-rock radiogenic isotopes and elemental concentrations, the samples indicate mixing between two mantle sources: (1) a pyroxene-rich source with EM-1 ocean island basalt type trace element and isotope characteristics; (2) a peridotitic source with more radiogenic Pb that was metasomatized by subduction-zone fluids and/or melts. The increasing contributions from the pyroxene-rich source in the southern Payenia basalts are correlated with an increasing Fe-enrichment, which caused the olivines to have lower forsterite contents at a given Ni content. Al-in-olivine crystallization temperatures measured on olivine–spinel pairs are between 1155 and 1243°C and indicate that the magmas formed at normal upper mantle (asthenospheric) temperatures of ∼1350°C. The pyroxene-rich material is interpreted to have been brought up from the deeper parts of the upper mantle by vigorous asthenospheric upwelling caused by break-off of the Nazca slab south of Payenia during the Pliocene and roll-back of the subducting slab beneath Payenia. The pyroxene-rich mantle mixed with peridotitic metasomatized South Atlantic mantle in the mantle wedge beneath Payenia.
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    Slave to the rhythm: seasonal signals in otolith microchemistry reveal age of eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) (2016)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73 (4). pp. 1019-1032.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Annual growth zones in cod otoliths from the eastern Baltic stock are less discrete than in other cod stocks leading to biased age reading, which recently led to a failure of age-based assessment in the eastern Baltic cod stock. In this study, we explored the applicability of minor and trace element patterns in cod otoliths for age determination. By first identifying elements of interest in a stock without ageing problems, western Baltic cod, we then tested their applicability on another stock without ageing problems, North Sea cod, and finally applied this knowledge to estimate age of eastern Baltic cod. In western Baltic cod, matching patterns with respect to occurrence of minima and maxima in both otolith opacity and element concentrations were found for Cu, Zn, and Rb, and inverse patterns with Mg and Mn. No match was found for Pb, Ba, and Sr. In the test stock, the North Sea cod, the same patterns in Cu, Zn, Rb, Mg, and Mn signals occurred. All eastern Baltic cod with low visual contrast between growth zones exhibited clearly defined synchronous cycles in Cu, Zn, Rb and Pb. Using a combined finite differencing method and structural break models approach, the statistical significance of the local profile minima were identified, based on which their age could be estimated. Despite extensive environmental differences between the three areas examined, the element concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Rb were strongly correlated in all individuals with similar correlations in all three areas, suggesting that the incorporation mechanisms are the same for these elements and independent of environmental concentrations.
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    Carbon content of Mnemiopsis leidyi eggs and specific egg production rates in northern Europe (2015)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 37 (1). pp. 11-15.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-13
    Description: The comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi is considered to be a successful invasive species, partly due to its high reproduction potential. However, due to the absence of direct carbon measurements of eggs, specific reproduction rates remain uncertain. We show that egg carbon is 0.22 ± 0.02 µg C and up to 21 times higher than previously extrapolated. With maximum rates of 11 232 eggs ind−1 day−1, largest animals in northern Europe invest ∼10% day−1 of their body carbon into reproduction. The comb jelly M. leidyi has received wide public and scientific attention during the last decades due to its commonly observed formation of bloom abundances in native and invaded areas (e.g. Costello et al., 2012; Riisgård et al., 2012). One of the traits suggested to be responsible for M. leidyi's invasion success is its high fecundity. At the northern end of its distribution range in native areas, M. leidyi has been shown to produce up to 9380 and 14 233 eggs ind−1 day−1 (Kremer, 1976a; Graham et al., 2009), with similar rates of 9910 eggs ind−1 day−1 for the native southern population in Biscayne Bay, FL, USA (Baker and Reeve, 1974). Within invaded European waters, rates of up to 3000 and 12 000 eggs ind−1 day−1 have been recorded for northern and southern populations, respectively (Zaika and Revkov, 1994; Javidpour et al., 2009). Since M. leidyi is a simultaneous hermaphrodite and fertilized eggs are produced on a daily basis during favorable conditions (Jaspers, 2012), M. leidyi can circumvent the Allee effect and efficiently seed new populations even from few founding individuals. Although …
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    Seismic velocity structure and deformation due to the collision of the Louisville Ridge with the Tonga-Kermadec Trench (2015)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Geophysical Journal International, 200 (3). pp. 1503-1522.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-10
    Description: New marine geophysical data recorded across the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone are used to image deformation and seismic velocity structures of the forearc and Pacific Plate where the Louisville Ridge seamount chain subducts. Due to the obliquity of the Louisville Ridge to the trench and the fast 128 mm yr−1 south–southwest migration of the ridge-trench collision zone, post-, current and pre-seamount subduction deformation can be investigated between 23°S and 28°S. We combine our interpretations from the collision zone with previous results from the post- and pre-collision zones to define the along-arc variation in deformation due to seamount subduction. In the pre-collision zone the lower-trench slope is steep, the mid-trench slope has ∼3-km-thick stratified sediments and gravitational collapse of the trench slope is associated with basal erosion by subducting horst and graben structures on the Pacific Plate. This collapse indicates that tectonic erosion is a normal process affecting this generally sediment starved subduction system. In the collision zone the trench-slope decreases compared to the north and south, and rotation of the forearc is manifest as a steep plate boundary fault and arcward dipping sediment in a 12-km-wide, ∼2-km-deep mid-slope basin. A ∼3 km step increase in depth of the middle and lower crustal isovelocity contours below the basin indicates the extent of crustal deformation on the trench slope. At the leading edge of the overriding plate, upper crustal P-wave velocities are ∼4.0 km s−1 and indicate the trench fill material is of seamount origin. Osbourn Seamount on the outer rise has extensional faulting on its western slope and mass wasting of the seamount provides the low Vp material to the trench. In the post-collision zone to the north, the trench slope is smooth, the trench is deep, and the crystalline crust thins at the leading edge of the overriding plate where Vp is low, ∼5.5 km s−1. These characteristics are attributed to a greater degree of extensional collapse of the forearc in the wake of seamount subduction. The northern end of a seismic gap lies at the transition from the smooth lower-trench slope of the post-collision zone, to the block faulted and elevated lower-trench slope in the collision zone, suggesting a causative link between the collapse of the forearc and seismogenesis. Along the forearc, the transient effects of a north-to-south progression of ridge subduction are preserved in the geomorphology, whereas longer-term effects may be recorded in the ∼80 km offset in trench strike at the collision zone itself.
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    Crustal structure of the Murray Ridge, northwest Indian Ocean, from wide-angle seismic data (2015)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Geophysical Journal International, 202 (1). pp. 454-463.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The Murray Ridge/Dalrymple Trough system forms the boundary between the Indian and Arabian plates in the northern Arabian Sea. Geodetic constraints from the surrounding con- tinents suggest that this plate boundary is undergoing oblique extension at a rate of a few millimetres per year. We present wide-angle seismic data that constrains the composition of the Ridge and of adjacent lithosphere beneath the Indus Fan. We infer that Murray Ridge, like the adjacent Dalrymple Trough, is underlain by continental crust, while a thin crustal section beneath the Indus Fan represents thinned continental crust or exhumed serpentinized mantle that forms part of a magma-poor rifted margin. Changes in crustal structure across the Murray Ridge and Dalrymple Trough can explain short-wavelength gravity anomalies, but a long-wavelength anomaly must be attributed to deeper density contrasts that may result from a large age contrast across the plate boundary. The origin of this fragment of continental crust remains enigmatic, but the presence of basement fabrics to the south that are roughly parallel to Murray Ridge suggests that it separated from the India/Seychelles/Madagascar block by extension during early breakup of Gondwana.
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    World Squid Fisheries (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, 23 (2). pp. 92-252.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-23
    Description: Some 290 species of squids comprise the order Teuthida that belongs to the molluscan Class Cephalopoda. Of these, about 30-40 squid species have substantial commercial importance around the world. Squid fisheries make a rather small contribution to world landings from capture fisheries relative to that of fish, but the proportion has increased steadily over the last decade, with some signs of recent leveling off. The present overview describes all substantial squid fisheries around the globe. The main ecological and biological features of exploited stocks, and key aspects of fisheries management are presented for each commercial species of squid worldwide. The history and fishing methods used in squid fisheries are also described. Special attention has been paid to interactions between squid fisheries and marine ecosystems including the effects of fishing gear, the role of squid in ecosystem change induced by overfishing on groundfish, and ecosystem-based fishery management.
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    Bacterial formation of struvite (1983)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Geomicrobiology Journal, 3 (2). pp. 151-163.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-08
    Description: We studied the formation of exocellular precipitates of struvite (Mg NH4PO4.6H2O) by 96 kinds of calcite‐pro‐ducing bacterial strains isolated from soil. We also studied the influence of calcium ions on struvite precipitation. The number of strains producing struvite was 20. Only four consistently formed large amounts. These results seem to indicate that the bacterial precipitation of struvite is not a general phenomenon. The strains studied were taxonomically identified, and no relationship was found between the production of struvite and the taxonomic identity of such strains. Calcium, supplied as Ca acetate in the culture medium, appeared to inhibit the biological precipitation of struvite.
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    A warm and poorly ventilated deep Arctic Mediterranean during the last glacial period (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 349 (6249). pp. 706-710.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-04
    Description: Changes in the formation of dense water in the Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas [the “Arctic Mediterranean” (AM)] probably contributed to the altered climate of the last glacial period. We examined past changes in AM circulation by reconstructing radiocarbon ventilation ages of the deep Nordic Seas over the past 30,000 years. Our results show that the glacial deep AM was extremely poorly ventilated (ventilation ages of up to 10,000 years). Subsequent episodic overflow of aged water into the mid-depth North Atlantic occurred during deglaciation. Proxy data also suggest that the deep glacial AM was ~2° to 3°C warmer than modern temperatures; deglacial mixing of the deep AM with the upper ocean thus potentially contributed to the melting of sea ice, icebergs, and terminal ice-sheet margins.
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  • 79
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    Sea ice leads detection using SARAL/AltiKa altimeter (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Marine Geodesy, 38 . pp. 522-533.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-23
    Description: Sea ice leads play an essential role in ocean-ice-atmosphere exchange, in ocean circulation, geochemistry and in ice dynamics. Their precise detection is crucial for altimetric estimations of sea ice thickness and volume. This study evaluates the performance of the SARAL/AltiKa altimeter to detect leads and to monitor their spatio-temporal dynamics. We show that a pulse peakiness parameter (PP) used to detect leads by Envisat RA-2 and ERS-1,-2 altimeters is not suitable because of saturation of AltiKa return echoes over the leads. The signal saturation results in loss of 6–10% of PP data over sea ice. We propose a different parameter: maximal power of waveform, and define the threshold to discriminate the leads. Our algorithm can be applied from December until May. It detects well the leads of small and medium size: from 200 m to 3–4 km. So, the combination of the high-resolution altimetric estimates with low-resolution thermal infra-red or radiometric lead fraction products could enhance the capability of remote sensing to monitor sea ice fracturing.
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  • 80
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    Stoichiometric regulation in micro- and mesozooplankton (2015)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 37 (2). pp. 293-305.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-20
    Description: Aquatic ecosystems experience large natural variation in elemental composition of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), which is further enhanced by human activities. Primary producers typically reflect the nutrient ratios of their resource, whose stoichiometric composition can vary widely in conformity to environmental conditions. In contrast, C to nutrient ratios in consumers are largely constrained within a narrow range, termed homeostasis. In comparison to crustacean zooplankton, less is known about the ability of protozoan grazers and rotifer species to maintain stoichiometric balance. In this study, we used laboratory experiments with a primary producer (Nannochloropsis sp.), three different species of protozoan grazers and one mesozooplankton species: two heterotrophic dinoflagellates (Gyrodinium dominans and Oxyrrhis marina), a ciliate (Euplotes sp.) and a rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) to test the stoichiometric response to five nutrient treatments. We showed that the dependency of zooplankton C:N:P ratios on C: nutrient ratios of their food source varies among species. Similar to the photoautotroph, the two heterotrophic dinoflagellates weakly regulated their internal stoichiometry. In contrast, the strength of stoichiometric regulation increased to strict homeostasis in both the ciliate and the rotifer, similar to crustacean zooplankton. Our study further shows that ciliate and rotifer growth can be constrained by imbalanced resource supply. It also indicates that these key primary consumers have the potential to trophically upgrade poor stoichiometric autotrophic food quality for higher trophic levels.
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  • 81
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    Detecting immediate wildfire impact on runoff in a poorly-gauged mountainous permafrost basin (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Hydrological Sciences Journal - Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques, 60 (7-8). pp. 1225-1241.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-24
    Description: The impact of fire on daily discharges from two mountainous basins located in the permafrost region of Eastern Siberia; the Vitimkan (969 km2) and Vitim rivers (18 200 km2), affected by fire over 78% and 49% of their areas, respectively, in 2003 was investigated. The results of hydrological and meteorological data analysis suggested that the Vitimkan River basin had a rapid and profound hydrological response to wildfire in 2003 expressed through an increased summer flow of 41% (133 mm). Conversely, the larger Vitim River basin showed no significant changes in discharges after the fire. The parameters of the process-based hydrological model Hydrograph were estimated for pre-fire conditions. The results of runoff simulations conducted for continuous pre-fire periods of 1966–2002 and 1970–2002 for the Vitimkan and Vitim River basins respectively on a daily time step showed satisfactory agreement with the observed flow series of both basins. Significant underestimation of precipitation and its poor representativeness for mountainous watersheds was revealed as the main cause of observed and simulated flow discrepancies, especially for high flood events. The set of dynamic parameters was developed based on data analysis and post-fire landscape changes as derived from a literature review. The model was applied to investigate the processes in the soil column and their effect on runoff formation during the post-fire period. The new set of model parameters implied intensification of soil thaw, reduction of infiltration rate and evapotranspiration, and increase of upper subsurface flow fraction in summer flood events following the fire. According to modelling results, the post-fire thaw depth exceeded the pre-fire thaw depth by 0.4–0.7 m. Total evapotranspiration reduced by 40% in summer months, while surface flow increased almost 2.5 times during maximum flood events.
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  • 82
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    Seasonal fluctuations in chemical defenses against macrofouling in Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus from the Baltic Sea (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 31 (4). pp. 363-377.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Macroalgae, especially perennial species, are exposed to a seasonally variable fouling pressure. It was hypothesized that macroalgae regulate their antifouling defense to fouling pressure. Over one year, the macrofouling pressure and the chemical anti-macrofouling defense strength of the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus were assessed with monthly evaluation. The anti-macrofouling defense was assessed by means of surface-extracted Fucus metabolites tested at near-natural concentrations in a novel in situ bioassay. Additionally, the mannitol content of both Fucus species was determined to assess resource availability for defense production. The surface chemistry of both Fucus species exhibited seasonal variability in attractiveness to Amphibalanus improvisus and Mytilus edulis. Of this variability, 50–60% is explained by a sinusoidal model. Only F. vesiculosus extracts originating from the spring and summer significantly deterred settlement of A. improvisus. The strength of macroalgal antifouling defense did not correlate either with in situ macrofouling pressure or with measured mannitol content, which, however, were never depleted.
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  • 83
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    The importance of phytoplankton trait variability in spring bloom formation (2015)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72 (6). pp. 1908-1915.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-19
    Description: About 60 years ago, the critical depth hypothesis was proposed to describe the occurrence of spring phytoplankton blooms and emphasized the role of stratification for the timing of onset. Since then, several alternative hypotheses appeared focusing on the role of grazing and mixing processes such as turbulent convection or wind activity. Surprisingly, the role of community composition—and thus the distribution of phytoplankton traits—for bloom formation has not been addressed. Here, we discuss how trait variability between competing species might influence phytoplankton growth during the onset of the spring bloom. We hypothesize that the bloom will only occur if there are species with a combination of traits fitting to the environmental conditions at the respective location and time. The basic traits for formation of the typical spring bloom are high growth rates and photoadaptation to low light conditions, but other traits such as nutrient kinetics and grazing resistance might also be important. We present concise ideas on how to test our theoretical considerations experimentally. Furthermore, we suggest that future models of phytoplankton blooms should include both water column dynamics and variability of phytoplankton traits to make realistic projections instead of treating the phytoplankton bloom as an aggregate community phenomenon.
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  • 84
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    Effects of high CO2 and warming on a Baltic Sea microzooplankton community (2016)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73 (3). pp. 772-782.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Global warming and ocean acidification are among the most important stressors for aquatic ecosystems in the future. To investigate their direct and indirect effects on a near-natural plankton community, a multiple-stressor approach is needed. Hence, we set up mesocosms in a full-factorial design to study the effects of both warming and high CO2 on a Baltic Sea autumn plankton community, concentrating on the impacts on microzooplankton (MZP). MZP abundance, biomass, and species composition were analysed over the course of the experiment. We observed that warming led to a reduced time-lag between the phytoplankton bloom and an MZP biomass maximum. MZP showed a significantly higher growth rate and an earlier biomass peak in the warm treatments while the biomass maximum was not affected. Increased pCO2 did not result in any significant effects on MZP biomass, growth rate, or species composition irrespective of the temperature, nor did we observe any significant interactions between CO2 and temperature. We attribute this to the high tolerance of this estuarine plankton community to fluctuations in pCO2, often resulting in CO2 concentrations higher than the predicted end-of-century concentration for open oceans. In contrast, warming can be expected to directly affect MZP and strengthen its coupling with phytoplankton by enhancing its grazing pressure.
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  • 85
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    Postdocs reimagined (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 349 (6243). pp. 24-27.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-08
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 86
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    Synthetic communication signals influence wild harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) behaviour (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Bioacoustics, 24 (3). pp. 201-221.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Description: We used our novel and programmable Porpoise Alarm (PAL, patd.) to synthesize life-like, electronic harbour porpoise communication signals based on those described for captive animals. In the Little Belt, Denmark, we employed PAL (source level 158 ± 1 dB p–p re 1 μPa@1 m; centroid frequency 133 ± 8.5 kHz) to synthesize three aggressive click train types termed “A”, “F3” and “M1” to naive, free-living harbour porpoises. Via theodolite tracking (372 h of total visual effort spread over 10 expeditions) we found that, depending on signal type, porpoises either avoid or become attracted to PAL: Signal types “A” and “F3” are slight deterrents, porpoises increasing minimum range (+23 to 32 m, respectively), whereas “M1” attracts porpoises, reducing range (by − 29 m). As determined via archival acoustic detectors (AADs), both signals “F3” and “M1” led the animals to significantly intensify their click rate (by +10% and 68%, respectively) while signal “A” led to a significant reduction ( − 59%). We propose that equipping fishing gear with PAL emitting signal “F3” could potentially reduce porpoise by-catch by increasing (1) awareness through enhanced echolocation and (2) distance to the nets. Detection probability and radius of PAL/AAD tandems could be improved by emitting signal “M1” to focus porpoise echolocation signals on the AAD. The signal may also be useful in luring animals away from hazards, which may be helpful for conservation measures prior to the onset of harmful acoustic activities such as pile-driving, seismic exploration or ammunition clearance.
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  • 87
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    The structural importance of less abundant species in Prince William Sound food web (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution, 61 (2). pp. 77-89.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-13
    Description: Rarity of species is often considered to set priorities for biodiversity conservation. Less abundant species are expected to be at higher risk of extinction and make significant contribution to food web functioning. However, the relationship between species abundance and position in food webs is still unclear. Here we tested possible correlations between species abundance and structural position in Prince William Sound food web. Species abundance was inferred from biomass data and structural position was characterized by 13 centrality indices. We found that less abundant species have higher trophic positions and display more generalist feeding strategies. However, positive correlations link most of the centrality indices to population size. Thus, being locally rare translates into more peripheral food web positions and implies marginal roles in the spread of indirect effects. Species characterized by largest population size are responsible for the transfer of largest amounts of biomass and regulate the transmission of indirect effects. Less abundant species are of marginal structural importance and are exposed to impacts mediated by larger populations. In Prince William Sound ecosystem, rarity is associated with critical food web positions and does not simply reflect a marginal contribution to biodiversity. We suggest that knowing the food web position of rare species might help to formulate more effective, system-level solutions for their conservation, rather than simply focusing on the direct treatment of symptoms.
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  • 88
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    Ocean acidification does not alter grazing in the calanoid copepods Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus glacialis (2016)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73 (3). pp. 927-936.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: It is currently under debate whether organisms that regulate their acid–base status under environmental hypercapnia demand additional energy. This could impair animal fitness, but might be compensated for via increased ingestion rates when food is available. No data are yet available for dominant Calanus spp. from boreal and Arctic waters. To fill this gap, we incubated Calanus glacialis at 390, 1120, and 3000 µatm for 16 d with Thalassiosira weissflogii (diatom) as food source on-board RV Polarstern in Fram Strait in 2012. Every 4 d copepods were subsampled from all CO2 treatments and clearance and ingestion rates were determined. During the SOPRAN mesocosm experiment in Bergen, Norway, 2011, we weekly collected Calanus finmarchicus from mesocosms initially adjusted to 390 and 3000 µatm CO2 and measured grazing at low and high pCO2. In addition, copepods were deep frozen for body mass analyses. Elevated pCO2 did not directly affect grazing activities and body mass, suggesting that the copepods did not have additional energy demands for coping with acidification, neither during long-term exposure nor after immediate changes in pCO2. Shifts in seawater pH thus do not seem to challenge these copepod species.
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  • 89
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    Reply to Andersen et al.(2016) "Assumptions behind size-based ecosystem models are realistic" (2016)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73 (6). pp. 1656-1658.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: In a recent publication (Froese et al., ICES Journal of Marine Science; doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv122), we presented a critique of the balanced harvesting (BH) approach to fishing. A short section dealt with the size-spectrum models used to justify BH, wherein we pointed out the lack of realism of these models, which mostly represented ecosystems as consisting of a single cannibalistic species. Andersen et al. (ICES Journal of Marine Science; doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv211) commented on our paper and suggested that we criticized size-spectrum models in general and that we supposedly made several erroneous statements. We stress that we only referred to the size-spectrum models that we cited, and we respond to each supposedly erroneous statement. We still believe that the size-spectrum models used to justify BH were highly unrealistic and not suitable for evaluating real-world fishing strategies. We agree with Andersen et al. that BH is unlikely to be a useful guiding principle for ecosystem-based fisheries management, for many reasons. The use of unrealistic models is one of them.
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  • 90
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    Food for Thought : Eastern Baltic cod in distress: biological changes and challenges for stock assessment (2015)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72 (8). pp. 2180-2186.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-29
    Description: The eastern Baltic (EB) cod (Gadus morhua) stock was depleted and overexploited for decades until the mid-2000s, when fishing mortality rapidly declined and biomass started to increase, as shown by stock assessments. These positive developments were partly assigned to effective management measures, and the EB cod was considered one of the most successful stock recoveries in recent times. In contrast to this optimistic view, the analytical stock assessment failed in 2014, leaving the present stock status unclear. Deteriorated quality of some basic input data for stock assessment in combination with changes in environmental and ecological conditions has led to an unusual situation for cod in the Baltic Sea, which poses new challenges for stock assessment and management advice. A number of adverse developments such as low nutritional condition and disappearance of larger individuals indicate that the stock is in distress. In this study, we (i) summarize the knowledge of recent changes in cod biology and ecosystem conditions, (ii) describe the subsequent challenges for stock assessment, and (iii) highlight the key questions where answers are urgently needed to understand the present stock status and provide scientifically solid support for cod management in the Baltic Sea.
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  • 91
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    Female ovarian abnormalities and reproductive failure of autumn-spawning herring (Clupea harengus membras) in the Baltic Sea (2015)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72 (8). pp. 2332-2340.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-29
    Description: Fecundity and reproductive potential are important factors to be considered in evaluating trajectories and demographic predictions of fish populations. Therefore, characterizing the nature and quantifying the extent of any reproductive failure should be considered in fisheries studies. Here, we describe morphological changes in developed ovaries of autumn-spawning herring (Clupea harengus membras) caught in the northern Baltic Sea and evaluate the magnitude of this phenomenon during 3 consecutive years. Visibly, abnormal ovaries were histologically characterized by irregular-shaped oocytes in a vitellogenic or final maturation stage with coagulative necrosis and liquefaction of the yolk sphere, degraded follicle membranes, and fibrinous adhesion among oocytes. Such degeneration is presumed to cause complete infertility in the fish. The frequency of fish with abnormal ovaries varied annually between 10 and 15% among all females sampled. However, specific sampling events showed up to 90% females with abnormal gonads. The specific cause of this abnormality remains unknown; however, prevalence was associated with unfavourable environmental conditions encountered before spawning. Thus, ovarian abnormality was positively related to water temperatures, with the highest level found at ≥15°C and negatively related to the frequency of strong winds. The frequency of occurrence of abnormal gonads decreased with the progression of spawning from August to October. The observed abnormality and associated spawning failure will negatively affect the realized fecundity of autumn herring in the Baltic Sea and may act as a limiting factor for recovery of the stock, which has experienced profound depression during the last three decades.
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  • 92
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    Interactions of gelatinous zooplankton within marine food webs (2015)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 37 (5). pp. 985-988.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-12
    Description: Gelatinous zooplankton (GZ) comprise a taxonomically and functionally diverse group of marine organisms which includes ctenophores, cnidarians and pelagic tunicates, sharing a soft, mostly transparent body texture, a high body water content and a lack of exoskeleton. They range in size from less than a millimetre to nearly 2 m for the cnidarian jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai, and comprise some of the fastest growing metazoans on Earth (Hopcroft et al., 1998), sometimes surpassing crustacean zooplankton in their contribution to secondary production (i.e. in subtropical waters; Jaspers et al., 2009). They feed on a wide range of prey sizes, with predator–prey ratios comparable in some cases to those of baleen whales and krill (Deibel and Lee, 1992), and with prey removal rates which are similar to those of their non-gelatinous competitors (Acuña et al., 2011). In spite of early work pointing to gelatinous zooplankton as a trophic dead end (Verity and Smetacek, 1996), evidence is rapidly accumulating which shows that they may potentially channel energy from the picoplankton-sized, microbial loop organisms up to the higher trophic levels, including fish (Llopiz et al., 2010). However, this pathway is still largely neglected in most food web investigations even though it is now becoming clear that GZ represent a major fraction of the diet of several commercially important fish species such as bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) (Cardona et al., 2012).
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  • 93
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    Reproduction rates under variable food conditions and starvation in Mnemiopsis leidyi: significance for the invasion success of a ctenophore (2015)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 37 (5). pp. 1011-1018.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-11
    Description: The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is characterized by high growth rates and a large reproductive capacity. However, reproductive dynamics are not yet well understood. Here, we present laboratory data on food-dependent egg production in M. leidyi and egg hatching time and success. Further, we report on the reproduction of laboratory-reared and field-caught animals during starvation. Our results show that the half-saturation zooplankton prey concentration for egg production is reached at food levels of 12–23 µgC L−1, which is below the average summer food concentration encountered in invaded areas of northern Europe. Furthermore, starved animals continue to produce eggs for up to 12 days after cessation of feeding with high overall hatching success of 65–90%. These life history traits allow M. leidyi to thrive and reproduce in environments with varying food conditions and give it a competitive advantage under unfavourable conditions. This may explain why recurrent population blooms are observed and sustained in localized areas in invaded northern Europe, where water exchange is limited and zooplankton food resources are quickly depleted by M. leidyi. We suggest that these reproductive life history traits are key to its invasion success.
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  • 94
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    Structure and tectonics of the central Chilean margin (31°–33°S): implications for subduction erosion and shallow crustal seismicity (2015)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Geophysical Journal International, 203 (2). pp. 776-791.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-10
    Description: The pre- and current collision of the Juan Fernández Ridge with the central Chilean margin at 31°–33°S is characterized by large-scale crustal thinning and long-term subsidence of the submarine forearc caused by subduction erosion processes. Here, we study the structure of the central Chilean margin in the ridge–trench collision zone by using wide-angle and multichannel seismic data. The transition from the upper to middle continental slope is defined by a trenchward dipping normal scarp with variable offsets of 500–2000 m height. Beneath the scarp, the 2-D velocity–depth models show a prominent lateral velocity contrast of 〉1 s−1 that propagates deep into the continental crust defining a major lateral seismic discontinuity. The discontinuity is interpreted as the lithological contact between the subsided/collapsed outermost forearc (composed of eroded and highly fractured volcanic rocks) and the seaward part of the uplifted Coastal Cordillera (made of less fractured metamorphic/igneous rocks). Extensional faults are abundant in the collapsed outermost forearc, however, landward of the continental slope scarp, both extensional and compressional structures are observed along the uplifted continental shelf that forms part of the Coastal Cordillera. Particularly, at the landward flank of the Valparaíso Forearc Basin (32°–33.5°S), shallow crustal seismicity has been recorded in 2008–2009 forming a dense cluster of thrust events of Mw 4–5. The estimated hypocentres spatially correlate with the location of the fault scarp, and they highlight the upper part of the seismic crustal discontinuity.
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  • 95
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    Pelagic population dynamics of Aureliasp. in French Mediterranean lagoons (2015)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 37 (5). pp. 1019-1035.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-02
    Description: The pelagic dynamics of the cosmopolitan scyphozoan Aurelia sp. was investigated in three French Mediterranean lagoons, Thau, Berre and Bages-Sigean, which harbour resident populations. The annual cycles showed a common univoltine pattern in all lagoons where the presence of pelagic stages in the water column lasted ∼8 months. Field observations showed a release of ephyrae in winter time followed by pronounced growth between April and July, when individuals reached the largest sizes, before disappearing from the water column. Maximum abundance of ephyrae and medusae were registered in Thau. Medusae abundance attained a maximum of 331 ind 100 m-3 in Thau, 18 ind 100 m-3 in Berre and 7 ind 100 m-3 in Bages-Sigean lagoons. Temperature and zooplankton abundance appeared as leading factors of growth, where Bages-Sigean showed the population with higher growth rates (2.66 mm day-1) and maximum size (32 cm), followed by Thau (0.57-2.56 mm day-1; 22.4 cm) and Berre (1.57-2.22 mm day-1; 17 cm). The quantification of environmental windows used by the species showed wider ranges than previously reported in the Mediterranean Sea, which suggests a wide ecological plasticity of Aurelia spp. populations in north-western Mediterranean lagoons.
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  • 96
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    The application of multi-omics and systems biology to identify therapeutic targets in chronic kidney disease (2016)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 31 (12). pp. 2003-2011.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-22
    Description: The quest for the ideal therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been riddled with many obstacles stemming from the molecular complexity of the disease and its co-morbidities. Recent advances in omics technologies and the resulting amount of available data encompassing genomics, proteomics, peptidomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics has created an opportunity for integrating omics datasets to build a comprehensive and dynamic model of the molecular changes in CKD for the purpose of biomarker and drug discovery. This article reviews relevant concepts in omics data integration using systems biology, a mathematical modelling method that globally describes a biological system on the basis of its modules and the functional connections that govern their behaviour. The review describes key databases and bioinformatics tools, as well as the challenges and limitations of the current state of the art, along with practical application to CKD therapeutic target discovery. Moreover, it describes how systems biology and visualization tools can be used to generate clinically relevant molecular models with the capability to identify specific disease pathways, recognize key events in disease development and track disease progression.
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  • 97
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    Molecular phylogenetics of Haustrinae and Pagodulinae (Neogastropoda: Muricidae) with a focus on New Zealand species (2015)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 81 (4). pp. 476-488.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-03
    Description: We investigated the relationships of the muricid subfamilies Haustrinae, Pagodulinae and the genus Poirieria using a molecular phylogenetic approach on a dataset of three mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S and COI). These taxa form a well-supported clade within Muricidae. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that Poirieria is the sister group of Pagodulinae and that Axymene, Comptella, Pagodula, Paratrophon, Trophonella, Trophonopsis, Xymene, Xymenella, Xymenopsis and Zeatrophon are all worthy of genus-level rank within this subfamily. We propose the use of Enixotrophon for a group of species currently classified in Pagodula. The results also support a new taxonomic arrangement in Haustrinae.
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  • 98
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    Abundance distribution patterns of intertidal bivalves Macoma balthica and Cerastoderma edule at the Murman coast tidal flats (the Barents Sea) (2015)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of The Marine Biological Association of The United Kingdom, 95 (08). pp. 1613-1620.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-17
    Description: Density distribution of the common infaunal bivalves, Macoma balthica and Cerastoderma edule, was studied along the Murman Coast of the Barents Sea during 2002–2010. In both species, abundance was generally higher in West Murman in contrast to East Murman. Highest density of Macoma balthica reaching 1535 ind. m−2 was observed in the Kola Inlet. Cerastoderma edule was less abundant; its density rarely exceeded 10 ind. m−2 in all but one site, where 282 ind. m−2 was registered. Reconstruction of abundance distribution across the European geographic range of Macoma balthica revealed that it does not match an ‘abundant-centre’ pattern, having features of ramped north. On the other hand, distribution of Cerastoderma edule abundance across the range generally follows an ‘abundant-centre’ pattern but southern edge populations show relatively higher abundances as compared with those at the north edge (the Barents Sea).
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  • 99
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    Bayesian inversion of marine controlled source electromagnetic data offshore Vancouver Island, Canada (2016)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Geophysical Journal International, 204 (1). pp. 21-38.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: This paper applies nonlinear Bayesian inversion to marine controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) data collected near two sites of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 311 on the northern Cascadia Margin to investigate subseafloor resistivity structure related to gas hydrate deposits and cold vents. The Cascadia margin, off the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada, has a large accretionary prism where sediments are under pressure due to convergent plate boundary tectonics. Gas hydrate deposits and cold vent structures have previously been investigated by various geophysical methods and seabed drilling. Here, we invert time-domain CSEM data collected at Sites U1328 and U1329 of IODP Expedition 311 using Bayesian methods to derive subsurface resistivity model parameters and uncertainties. The Bayesian information criterion is applied to determine the amount of structure (number of layers in a depth-dependent model) that can be resolved by the data. The parameter space is sampled with the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm in principal-component space, utilizing parallel tempering to ensure wider and efficient sampling and convergence. Nonlinear inversion allows analysis of uncertain acquisition parameters such as time delays between receiver and transmitter clocks as well as input electrical current amplitude. Marginalizing over these instrument parameters in the inversion accounts for their contribution to the geophysical model uncertainties. One-dimensional inversion of time-domain CSEM data collected at measurement sites along a survey line allows interpretation of the subsurface resistivity structure. The data sets can be generally explained by models with 1 to 3 layers. Inversion results at U1329, at the landward edge of the gas hydrate stability zone, indicate a sediment unconformity as well as potential cold vents which were previously unknown. The resistivities generally increase upslope due to sediment erosion along the slope. Inversion results at U1328 on the middle slope suggest several vent systems close to Bullseye vent in agreement with ongoing interdisciplinary observations.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Mini-review: Marine natural products and their synthetic analogs as antifouling compounds: 2009–2014 (2015)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  Biofouling, 31 (1). pp. 101-122.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-19
    Description: This review covers 214 marine natural compounds and 23 of their synthetic analogs, which were discovered and/or synthesized from mid-2009 to August 2014. The antifouling (AF) compounds reported have medium to high bioactivity (with a threshold of EC(50) 〈 15.0 mg ml(-1)). Among these compounds, 82 natural compounds were identified as new structures. All the compounds are marine-derived, demonstrating that marine organisms are prolific and promising sources of natural products that may be developed as environmentally friendly antifoulants. However, this mini-review excludes more than 200 compounds that were also reported as AF compounds but with rather weak bioactivity during the same period. Also excluded are terrestrial-derived AF compounds reported during the last five years. A brief discussion on current challenges in AF compound research is also provided to reflect the authors' own views in terms of future research directions.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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