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  • Articles  (5,889)
  • Chemistry  (5,889)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (1,532)
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  • ddc:330
  • 2015-2019
  • 1985-1989  (5,889)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (5,889)
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  • Articles  (5,889)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Auswirkung der Extraktionsmittel- Zusammensetzung auf den Stoffaustausch und die Apparateauswahl am Beispiel der Essigsäure-ExtraktionVortrag von M. Siebenhofer auf dem Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure, 19. bis 21. Sept. 1984 in München. (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 57 (1985), S. 558-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Essigsäure-Extraktion ; Extraktion mit chemischer Reaktion ; Lösungsmittel-Entwicklung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330570626
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Flüssig/Flüssig-ExtraktionVortrag von E. Blaß auf dem Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure, 19. bis 21. Sept. 1984 in München. (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 57 (1985), S. 565-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Progress in liquid/liquid extraction. Liquid/liquid extraction continues to increase in importance. Classical areas of application, such as aromatic chemistry, hydrometallurgy, and reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels are being supplemented by new uses in biotechnology, in pharmaceutical production, and in water treatment. This upswing would be unthinkable without intensified R & D in chemistry and process engineering. Deeper knowledge of the physical chemistry of solvents permits purposeful choice of solvents for special separation tasks, advances in engineering elucidation of flow and mass transfer in proven and in newly designed extractors creates a basis for calculation or at least assessment criteria for the choice and operating behaviour of equipment. Yet much remains to be clarified. This article describes the current state of the art in the analysis of flow and mass transfer in countercurrent gravity feed columns with and without pulsation or agitator energy and in centrifugal extractors. A brief look at new designs demonstrates that scientific knowledge gave birth to the new ideas expressed therein.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330570702
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ergänzung (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 57 (1985), S. 596-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330570705
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kontinuierliche Polymerisation von Vinylacetat in Masse (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 57 (1985), S. 612-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330570709
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaktionskinetische Beschreibung chemischer Veränderungen von bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gelagerter und erhitzter MilchVortrag von H.-G. Kessler auf dem Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure, 19. bis 21. Sept. 1984 in München. (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 57 (1985), S. 610-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330570708
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Schadensuntersuchung an organischen Werkstoffen im Chemie-ApparatebauVortrag von H. Schindler auf der Dechema-Jahrestagung, 24./25. Mai 1984 in Frankfurt/M. (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 57 (1985), S. 597-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Investigation of damage to organic materials in chemical apparatus engineering. There are many different possible causes for the failure of structural elements or of linings and coatings made of organic materials under such load conditions as those found in chemical plant. Despite the general suitability of the engineering plastics used, design and manufacturing defects are often the cause of premature failure. Installation faults are also found on occasion. Other sources of damage include the chemical and physical effects of media on organic materials. These are due in part to the unsuitability of the material used, the effect of corrosive components in the media involved often being either not recognized or underestimated; on the other hand, the damage may also be caused by inherent stresses in the structural elements in conjunction with the physical or chemical effects of the media, resulting in stress cracking or stress corrosion cracking. Damage cases of this type are described on the basis of numerous examples, the causes ascertained through intensive investigation of the damage and suitable remedies described.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330570706
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exergoökonomische Bewertung einer Luftzerlegungs-AnlageVortrag von K. F. Knoche auf dem Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure, 19. bis 21. Sept. 1984 in München. (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 57 (1985), S. 602-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Exergoeconomic evaluation of an air-fractionation plant. This article presents a method for minimization of capital investment and energy costs for process plants. To this end the operating parameters are divided into two groups, i. e. into those affecting only the operation of individual components or groups of components and those of importance for operation of the entire plant. Optimization can therefore be undertaken in two steps: (1) optimization of plant components or group of components with regard to the operating parameters of the first group, (2) optimization of the entire plant with regard to operating parameters of the second group. This approach is illustrated by investment cost/exergy loss diagrams.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330570707
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimierung der Betriebsbedingungen einer Mitteltemperatur-Mitteldruck-Elektrolyse zur Herstellung von Wasserstoff (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 57 (1985), S. 614-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330570710
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lösungsmittel-Auswahl bei der Flüssig/Flüssig-Extraktion unter physikalisch-chemischen AspektenÜberarbeitete Fassung eines Vortrages auf dem 303. Dechema-Kolloquium am 9. Februar 1984 in Frankfurt/M. (1985)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 57 (1985), S. 669-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Selection of solvents in liquid-liquid extraction according to physico-chemical aspects. Selection of appropriate solvents for liquid-liquid extraction is frequently necessary in process design. High selectivity and capacity are important, but not the only considerations in choosing suitable solvents. In comparing the various solvents, their selectivity and capacity should be examined at infinite dilution of the solute in the solvent. The required limiting activity coefficients may be estimated if no experimental data are available. A preselection of solvents may be accomplished by considering the interactions of the molecules. There are certain parameters quantifying the ability of the components to interact. Therefore, a selection based merely on dielectric constants or solubility parameters is hardly conclusive.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330570805
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition among flow, dissolution, and precipitation in porous media (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1177-1185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental study has been carried out on flow, dissolution, and precipitation in porous media. Flow experiments were performed on linear carbonate cores using acidic ferric chloride solutions. Dissolution of the carbonate by the acid causes an increase in the solution pH, thereby precipitating ferric hydroxide. This precipitate plugs up the pore throats in the medium and increases the resistance to fluid flow. Fluctuations in the permeability ratio were observed during core flood experiments, confirming the competition between channel formation due to dissolution and pore plugging due to precipitation. The evolution of the pore structure was characterized by Wood's metal castings.A network model has also been developed to describe flow and reaction in porous media. The model was used to simulate the ferric chloride system, and pressure oscillations predicted by the model show identical trends to those observed experimentally. Additionally, the evolution of pores in the network were graphically represented.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350713
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of porosity loss in limiting SO2 capture by calcium based sorbents (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 988-994 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The extent of high temperature (900-1,300°C), short time (〈1 s) SO2 capture was found to be limited by temperature-dependent losses in the porosity of calcium based sorbents. At 970°C these porosity losses were caused by CO2-activated sintering. Sulfation of the sorbents either prevented or reduced the extent of porosity losses. Differences in SO2 capture between hydroxides from different commercial sources, and significantly lower levels of capture by calcium carbonates compared to hydroxides were attributed to differences in particle size and the degree of porosity loss.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350612
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics and control of quasirational systems (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1017-1028 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Systems having transfer functions of the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ G_P (s) = \frac{{P_1 (s) - P_2 (s)e^{ - t_d s} }}{{Q(s)}}, $$\end{document} where P1(s), P2(s) and Q(s) are polynomials, are called quasirational distributed systems (QRDS). They are encountered in processes modeled by hyperbolic partial differential equations. QRDS can have an infinity of right half-plane zeros which causes large phase lags and can result in poor performance of the closed-loop system with PID controllers. Theory on the asymptotic location of zeros of quasipolynomials is used to predict the nonminimum phase characteristics of QRDS and formulas are presented for factoring QRDS models into minimum and non-minimum phase elements.A generalized Smith predictor controller design procedure for QRDS, based on this factorization, is derived. It uses pole placement to obtain a controller parameterization that introduces free poles which are selected to satisfy robustness specifications. The use of pole placement allows for the design of robust control systems in a transparent manner. Controller selection is generally better, simpler and more direct with this procedure than searching for optimal PID controller settings.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350615
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat and mass transfer during the dissociation of hydrates in porous media (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1049-1052 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350620
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From CA to CAS online. By Hedda Schulz, Translated by Elizabeth Mole, VCH Publishers, 1988, 227 pp (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1053-1053 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350623
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adjustable solute distribution between polymers and supercritical fluids (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1097-1106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sorption of toluene, dilute in CO2, and likewise the distribution coefficient of toluene between silicone rubber and CO2 have been explored from gaseous to supercritical fluid conditions. Sorption and desorption isotherms were determined by frontal analysis using a new inverse supercritical fluid chromatography technique at 35 and 70°C up to 250 bar. Complementary swelling data are presented for pure CO2 in silicone rubber up to 315 bar. A new result is that the sorption of toluene goes through a maximum and is highly adjustable over a continuum in the highly compressible region of carbon dioxide. This behavior is explained physically and predicted quantitatively with the Flory equation and the Peng-Robinson equation of state using only information from binary systems. These results are useful for a wide variety of applications including impregnation of polymers with pharmaceuticals, fragrances and other additives, and polymer purification.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350705
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pellet-model effects on simulation models for fixed-bed desulfurization reactors (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1137-1147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Detailed mathematical models, pore or grain based, describing diffusion, reaction, and pore structure evolution in pellets of porous solids are used to simulate, along with a macroscopic reactor design model, the transient phenomena that take place during desulfurization of coal gas in fixed-bed reactors of pellets of metal oxide sorbents. Our computer simulation results show that the form of the pore- or grain-size distribution strongly influences the predictions of the overall reactor design model.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350709
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature adsorption of alkali vapors on solid sorbents (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1186-1194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Vapors of alkali metal compounds can be removed from coal combustion and gasification flue gases using high-temperature aluminosilicate sorbents. The fundamentals of alkali adsorption on kaolinite, bauxite, and emathlite are compared and analyzed both experimentally and through theoretical modeling. The results show that the process is not a simple physical condensation, but a complex combination of diffusion and reaction. The kinetics of adsorption on these sorbents have similarities: the process is diffusion-influenced, the rate decreases with time, and there is a final saturation limit. There are, however, differences in reaction mechanisms leading to potentially different applications for each sorbent. In adsorbing alkali chloride vapors, kaolinite and emathlite release all the chlorine back to the gas phase while bauxite retains some of the chlorine. Moreover, the products of reaction with emathlite have a melting point significantly lower than those for kaolinite and bauxite. Therefore, emathlite is more suitable for lower-temperature sorption systems downstream of the combustors/gasifiers, while kaolinite and bauxite are suitable as in-situ additives.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350714
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unusual behavior of a pollution abatement system: SO2 capture by red ochre (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1203-1206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350717
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Errata (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1210-1210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350719
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axial dispersion of submicron particles in capillary hydrodynamic fractionation (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1351-1364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the present investigation, Taylor's analysis of the axial dispersion of a solute in a Newtonian fluid undergoing laminar flow through a circular tube was applied to dispersions of colloidal particles, in which effects of size exclusion, inertial and colloidal forces, and wall retardation must be considered. The results indicate that the product of the particle Reynolds and Peclet numbers determines the importance of the inertial forces on both the effective axial diffusion coefficient and the height of a theoretical plate.The height of a theoretical plate as a function of the eluant ionic strength and average velocity, particle diameter, and tube diameter was determined experimentally. Close agreement with the numerical calculations from the diffusion equation was obtained. The height of a theoretical plate was found to attain a maximum value when the product of Reynolds and Peclet numbers was approximately 10.5.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350814
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model for precipitation and dissolution processes with precipitate migration (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1385-1390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350819
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  • 22
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    Effective writing for engineers, managers, scientists. By H. J. Tichy with Sylvia Fourdrinier, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1988 (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1402-1403 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350824
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  • 23
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    Thin liquid films: Fundamentals and applications. I. B. Ivanov, Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1988, 1160 pp., $195.00 (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1403-1404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350825
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  • 24
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    Partial internal wetting of catalyst particles with a distribution of pore size (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1337-1345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The recent model of partial internal wetting of catalyst particles (Bhatia, 1988) is extended to allow for pore-size distribution, multicomponent diffusion, and nonlinear kinetics for spherical particles exposed to condensible vapor undergoing an exothermic reaction. Profiles of liqid filling of the pores are computed, and the influence on mass transfer and effectiveness factor is determined. Under certain circumstances, the effectiveness factor has a maximum with respect to the mole fraction of condensible component suggesting an optimum vapor-phase composition. As the bulk vapor approaches saturation the effectiveness factor and particle temperature can drop sharply because of precipitious increase in liquid filling. However, a significant fraction of the pore space is still dry in contradiction to prior models assuming complete internal wetting of catalyst particles. The new model is more realistic than earlier attempts and lays the framework for proper representation of the physical phenomena involved.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350812
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Wave height estimation in stratified gas-liquid flows (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1346-1350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Andritsos and Hanratty (1978b) have shown that the increase in interfacial drag caused by waves in stratified gas-liquid flows is related to the wave steepness. Recent analyses of finite amplitude Kelvin-Helmholtz waves are used to develop a correlation for the ratio of the wave height to wavelength.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350813
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  • 26
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    Solid flow in the annular region of a spouted bed (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1328-1336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The solid circulation in the annular region of a 0.146 and a 0.292 m ID semicylindrical and cylindrical air spouted beds was investigated for different spouting conditions. Stroboscopic photography, stopwatch and fiber optic methods were used to measure the vertical particle velocities in the annular region. The optical fiber probe enabled the measurement of particle velocities inside the dense annular phase and was validated at the walls. Velocity profiles in half beds were very different from those found in full beds. The work was then limited to full beds. Experimental results show that the solids flow is characterized by a point sink at the nozzle entrance with the solids moving almost in plug flow higher in the bed. There is negligible entrainment of solids along the spout wall and slow, thin wall layers are observed near the walls and spout. The velocity profiles are independent of the total height of the bed. A kinematic model successfully describes the observed velocity field.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350811
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    Deadtime compensation for nonlinear processes (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1535-1542 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many industrially important processes feature both nonlinear system dynamics and a process deadtime. Powerful deadtime compensation methods, such as the Smith predictor structure in state space for linear systems is presented first and then directly extended to nonlinear systems. When combined with input/output linearizing state feedback, this Smith-like predictor makes a nonlinear system with deadtime behave like a linear system with deadtime. The control structure is completed by adding an external linear controller, which provides integral action and compensates for the deadtime in the input/output linear system, and an open-loop state observer. Conditions for robust stability with respect to errors in the deadtime and more general linear unstructured multiplicative uncertainties are given. Computer simulations for an example system demonstrate the high controller performance that can be obtained using the proposed method.
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    Diffusion with instantaneous reaction in a drop with continuous-phase resistance (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1543-1546 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Thermodynamic modeling of electrolyte precipitation from aqueous solutions (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1569-1571 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Masthead (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351001
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    Ultrapyrolysis of propane in a spouted-bed reactor with a draft tube (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1617-1624 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ultrapyrolysis or ultrarapid pyrolysis is a hydrocarbon thermal cracking process which offers the promise of greater product selectivity, higher yield and feedstock flexibility. In this paper, ultrapyrolysis of propane in a spouted bed with a draft tube was used as a test system to demonstrate these advantages. Experiments, carried out on a 20-cm-diameter pilot-scale reactor, illustrate the spouted bed to be capable of achieving the extremely high reactant heating rates of up to 105 K/s and the short gas residence times of less than 500 ms necessary for this process. Moreover, reactant conversion and product yields can be enhanced by controlling the operating temperature of the bed. In addition, application of the propane pryolysis reaction scheme of Sundaram and Froment into a recently developed computer model indicates the ability to correctly simulate the spouted bed as an ultrapyrolysis reactor.
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    Tracer experiments and RTD's in heterogeneous reactor analysis and design (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1651-1658 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper focuses on the problem of scale-up of two-phase (e.g., solid-fluid) reactors. It outlines a class of such reactors which, for first-order reactions, scale in the familiar single-phase manner via an analog of the usual residence time distribution formula. The differences lie in the fact that the appropriate tracer experiment entering the formalism for this reactor class refers to a nonadsorbing tracer, and the analog of the plug flow solution is the solution for a fixed bed with fluid-phase plug flow. Surprisingly, unlike single-phase systems, there exist two-phase reactors, outside of the class defined, that do not scale in this manner, even when, say, the true catalyst surface chemistry is purely first-order. The paper discusses a few examples and implications for the design of two-phase reactors, including fluidized beds.
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    Suspension-to-Surface heat transfer in a circulating-fluidized-bed combustor (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1685-1691 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer coefficients were measured for ciculating beds of sand particles of mean size 222 to 299 μm at temperatures of 340-880° C. Transfer coefficients were obtained for both a 1.22-m-long, 12.7-mm-OD vertical tube and a 1.59-m-long, 148-mm-wide membrane wall near the top of a 152-mm-square by 7.32-m-tall combustion column. For both surfaces and all temperatures, average heat transfer coefficients increased almost linearly with local suspension density which ranged from 0 to 70 kg/m3. Radiation played a significant role, especially at high temperatures and low suspension densities. Heat transfer coefficients also varied significantly with the lateral position of the tube. The vertical length of heat transfer surface is shown to be an important parameter allowing seemingly discrepant published results to be reconciled.
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    Profile equations for film flows at moderate Reynolds numbers (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1719-1727 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An approximate equation for the evolution of finite-amplitude, long disturbances to Newtonian liquid films is found to be accurate over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. A long-wave expansion leads to a film profile equation asymptotically correct when wave number and Reynolds number are small. Solutions of the film profile equation are compared to exact and other approximate solutions of the Navier-Stokes system. An alternative form of the film profile equation results in remarkably accurate solutions, when Reynolds numbers are moderate, in the cases of standing or monotonically decaying waves in horizonatal films, rising film flow, final acceleration of a moving film, and film flow emerging from a slot coater.
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    Effects of heater and heating methods on pool boiling (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1742-1744 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Lubricant retention on a spinning disk (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1753-1756 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Masthead (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351101
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    Aggregation kinetics in salt-induced protein precipitation (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1779-1790 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of protein aggregation in salt-induced precipitation processes were studied as a function of salt type, salt concentration, temperature and protein concentration. α-chymotrypsin (αCT) was used as a model protein. Stopped-flow turbidimetry was used to monitor the progress of precipitations. Analysis of the linear portions of the turbidity trajectories indicates that temperature and salt concentration effects are related to protein solubility; the protein concentration dependence is well described by the Smoluchowski collision equation. The aggregation kinetics of partially-inhibited αCT exhibit poisoning behavior, underscoring the importance of dimerization and monomer addition in the precipitation of αCT. Solute particle radius distributions determined via dynamic laser light scattering for low salt and supernatant αCT solutions indicated that significant aggregation does not occur in the absence of supersaturation. A detailed population balance model was proposed that accounted for specific and nonspecific interactions and monomer addition. The model is expected to find general application to protein aggregation phenomena, in particular for proteins that have specific quaternary interactions.
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    The critical properties of n-alkanes using a low-residence time flow apparatus (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1829-1834 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A low residence time flow method for the measurement of the critical temperatures and pressures of thermally-unstable fluids was developed in this work. The low residence time at elevated temperatures minimizes decomposition and other reactions, making it possible to measure the critical properties of many unstable fluids. An extrapolation procedure was developed to obtain the critical properties of rapidly reacting substances, based on the linear behavior of the apparent critical property with residence time. The measured critical properties of 14 n-alkanes (pentane through octadecane) using this method are reported in this paper. The results extend the available data on the critical properties of the higher alkanes and reveal a possible error in the literature value for the critical pressure of tetradecane.
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    An extended horizon feedback/feedforward self-tuning controller (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1835-1844 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A feedforward/feedback version of a single input/single output self-tuning controller has been developed and tested both via simulation studies and experiments on a section of an absorption/desorption pilot plant. The algorithm is based on the recursive least squares estimation of parameters for the linear models relating the output to the controlled input and to the disturbances; adaptation is achieved using a variable forgetting factor. The control input at each time interval is calculated using one of several single-step extended-horizon control strategies.The results show that the performance of the algorithm is insensitive to the choice of initial parameters, all of which have a readily identifiable intuitive basis. The algorithm is especially robust against deterministic disturbances (measurable and unmeasurable) and unknown and varying time delays. Computational load beyond that of a feedback-only version is minimal.
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    Adsorption of gaseous ethylamine on H-form strong-acid ion exchangers (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1869-1875 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equilibrium isotherms and kinetic data for sorption of ethylamine on two different H-form ion exchangers (a homogeneous gel type and a biporous MR type) have been determined experimentally by the gravimetric method. The gaseous amine is adsorbed on the dry resins according to an acid-base neutralization reaction, and the saturation capacity coincides with the exchange capacity of the resin. For the gel-type resin, the equilibrium is less favorable and the isotherm is almost linear over the experimental range.The kinetic data also reflect the structural difference between the two adsorbents. In the MR-type resin, the sorption rate is controlled by macropore diffusion with rapid equilibration of the adsorbed phase within the microparticles. Since the equilibrium isotherm is highly favorable, approaching the irreversible limit, the uptake curves are well represented by the ‘shrinking core’ model. Diffusion in the gel-type resin is much slower and the pore diffusivities are smaller by several orders of magnitude, presumably reflecting the smaller effective pore diameter.These results suggest that the MR-type resin is a potentially useful adsorbent for removal of traces of light amines from industrial gases.
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    An optimal design technique for multivariable SISO controllers (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1903-1906 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Constitutive equations for polymer melts and solutions, by R. G. Larson, Butterworths, Boston, 1988, 364 pp., $39.95 (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1915-1916 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Lumping nonlinear kinetics in a CSTR (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1927-1932 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The model of uniform nonlinear kinetics recently developed for the continuous description of a multicomponent mixture reacting in a batch or plug flow reactor (Astarita, 1989) is applied to the analysis of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). It is shown that most of the equations can be solved in general, independently of the specific kinetic mechanism. Some specific mechanisms are discussed. The difference between the behavior in a plug flow reactor (PFR) and a CSTR turns out to be quite dissimilar from what one would expect by considering the single-component case.
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    Cocurrently-cooled fixed-bed reactors: A simple approach to optimal cooling design (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1899-1902 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Masthead (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351201
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    Control mechanisms of fluidized solids circulation between adjacent vessels (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1933-1941 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many industrial proceses require the circulation of particles between reacting fluidized compartments at a stable, but flexible rate, so that the processes can be operated at different solids rates. In order to understand the phenomena involved in the circulation and its control, circulation of sand particles has been studied through a new experimental approach, using an open-loop two compartment circulating system.Experimental results show that the control of the circulation rate depends on three phenomena: the vertical resisting force in the fluidized compartments, the contraction of flow in the communication zone, and the bypass of gas between the compartments. For industrial purposes, the first appears to be predominant in the control of the solids rate. The second ensures neither the strict control of this rate nor the required flexibility. The link between the gas bypass and the circulation phenomena is explained and recommendations for the design and operation of circulating systems are given.
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    A simple method for on-line identification and controller tuning (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 2037-2039 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    The growth, dissolution and aging of terephthalic acid crystals (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1749-1752 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Hindered transport of spherical macromolecules in fibrous membranes and gels (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1761-1769 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods are described for calculating the effects of hydrodynamic interactions on the hindered transport of solid spherical macromolecules in ordered or disordered fibrous media. These methods are applied to a medium made up of a square lattice of straight, bead-and-string-type fibers. Hydraulic permeabilities and coefficients governing hindered diffusion and convection are obtained from a detailed hydrodynamic model, and the hindered transport coefficients are shown to be in very good agreement with an effective medium approach based on Brinkman's equation. The use of Brinkman's equation for the calculation of hindered transport rates in fibrous membranes and gels is validated further by comparing with experimental data from the literature.
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    Incipient fault diagnosis of chemical processes via artificial neural networks (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1803-1812 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Artificial neural networks have capacity to learn and store information about process faults via associative memory, and thus have an associative diagnostic ability with respect to faults that occur in a process. Knowledge of the faults to be learned by the network evolves from sets of data, namely values of steady-state process variables collected under normal operating condition and those collected under faulty conditions, together with information about the degree of the faults and their causes.Here, we describe how to apply artificial neural networks to fault diagnosis. A suitable two-stage multilayer neural network is proposed as the network to be used for diagnosis. The first stage of the network discriminates between the causes of faults when fed the noisy process measurements. Once the fault is identified, the second stage of the network estimates the degree of the fault. Thus, the diagnosis of incipient faults becomes possible.
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    Precipitation of microsize organic particles from supercritical fluids (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 35 (1989), S. 1876-1882 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The precipitation of organic particles from supercritical fluids (SF) by expansion (SFX) has become an interesting alternative to milling without thermal decomposition. Through the rapid expansion process, a dramatic change of the solute supersaturation ratio is created causing subsequent precipitation with a narrow particle-size distribution. It was found that β-carotene precipitates from SF ethylene and ethane have the feed material crystallinity. However, SF CO2 reacted with β-carotene and did not give characteristic β-carotene X-ray spectra. The mean particle sizes of these precipitates were in the submicron range (ca 0.3 μm). Increased solubility was obtained by addition of toluene as cosolvent in SF ethylene. It was found that the mean size of β-carotene particles, generally remained unchanged if the toluene concentration was less than 11/2 mol %. The SFX process appears to be in a single fluid phase when up to 11/2 mol % toluene cosolvent is used.
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    Optimization of solid substrate fermentation of wheat straw (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 20-27 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Optimal conditions for solid substrate fermentation of wheat straw with Chaetomium cellulolyticum in laboratory-scale stationary layer fermenters were developed. The best pretreatment for wheat straw was ammonia freeze explosion, followed by steam treatment, alkali treatment, and simple autoclaving. The optimal fermentation conditions were 80% (w/w) moisture content; incubation temperature of 37°C; 2% (w/w) unwashed mycelial inoculum; aeration at 0.12 L/h/g; substrate thickness of 1 to 2 cm; and duration of three days. Technical parameters for this optimized fermentation were: degree of substance utilization, 27.2%; protein yield/substrate, 0.09 g; biomass yield/bioconverted substrate, 0.40 g; degree of bioconversion of total available sugars in the substrate, 60.5%; specific efficiency of bioconversion, 70.8%; and overall efficiency of biomass production from substrate, 42.7%. Mixed culturing of Candida utilis further increased biomass production by 20%. The best mode of fermentation was a semicontinuous fed-batch fermentation where one-half of the fermented material was removed at three-day intervals and replaced by fresh substrate. In this mode, protein production was 20% higher than in batch mode, protein productivity was maintained over 12 days, and sporulation was prevented.
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    Biological removal of pyritic sulfur from coal by the thermophilic organism Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 41-49 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: More than 90% of initial pyritic sulfur was removed from bituminous coal samples (containing 2.1% pyritic sulfur) using the thermophilic organism Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Microbial desulfurization rate was improved nearly ten fold by adjusting the N/P and N/Mg ratios in the nutrient medium. Environmental conditions were optimized. The optimal values of temperature and pH were 70°C and 1.5, respectively. The influence of certain process variables (such as coal pulp density, particle size, and initial cell number density) on the rate of pyritic sulfur removal were determined. A pulp density of 20%, particle size of D¯p 〈 48 μm, and an initial cell number density of 1012 cells/g pyrite in coal were found to be optimal. The carbon dioxide enriched air did not improve the rate of pyritic sulfur removal compared to pure air at 10% pulp density of coal samples containing 2.1% pyritic sulfur. The kinetics of microbial leaching of pyritic sulfur from coal was investigated. The rate of leaching was found to be first order with respect to pyritic sulfur concentration in the reaction medium.
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    Stability and performance of mesophilic anaerobic fixed-film reactors during organic overloading (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 86-93 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The stability of downflow stationary fixed-film (DSFF) reactors was evaluated under extreme organic shock loads. Reactors could handle five- to sevenfold increases in organic loading and recover to normal performance in a relatively short period of time (usually 24-72 h) during treatment of well-buffered sucrose and acetic acid wastewater at 27 and 35°C. Overloading was characterized by elevated volatile-acid concentrations, decreased reactor pH, and excess biofilm sloughing. Reactors could not cope with extreme organic shocks during treatment of poorly buffered sucrose wastewater. The pH of the mixed liquor was observed to be a more important factor than the volatile-acid concentration in determining whether DSFF reactors would recover in a reasonable period of time.
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    Synergistic action of α-amylase and glucoamylase on hydrolysis of starch (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 260-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Synergistic action of α-amylase and glucoamylase on hydrolysis of starch is modeled by the kinetic equations presented in this paper. At the early stage of the reaction α-amylase acts as a contributor of newly formed nonreducing ends of starch molecules to glucoamylase by splitting the original starch molecules. This is expressed by the simultaneous differential equations which consist of each rate equation for α-amylase and glucoamylase. After the molecular weight of the substrate decreases to the value of about 5000, which is obtained experimentally in this work, the action of α-amylase can be neglected and the rate of formation of glucose obeys only the rate equation for glucoamylase.
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    Application of a two-compartment model to the wall growth of Pelobacter acidigallici under continuous culture conditions (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 296-301 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous cultivation of Pelobacter acidigallici on gallic acid is accompanied by biofilm formation. Steady states can be obtained at dilution rates nearly twice the maximum growth rate. A two-compartment model is presented which allows us to determine rate constants of attachment and detachment. The model is based on the assumption that the biofilm is fully penetrated by the substrate. At high dilution rates the outcome of our experiments is mainly determined by the attachment rate. The influence of the thickness of the biofilm is discussed in order to demonstrate the limitations of the model.
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    Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of corn for fuel alcohol (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 321-326 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The integration of enzyme saccharification with fermentation reduces the total time required to produce acceptable levels of ethanol. The use of a more concentrated mash (84.8 L total mash/bu corn) results in a 26.6% increase in ethanol productivity and a 21.4% increase in beer ethanol concentration compared to standard corn mash (96.6 L total mash/bu corn). Thus, the energy requirement and cost of distillation can be reduced. The addition of waste cola syrup at 30 g invert sugar/L total mash gave a 19% increase in ethanol concentration in the final beer and required only a small increase in the period of fermentation. Surplus laundry starch can replace 30-50% of the weight of corn normally used in fermentation without influencing ethanol production or the time required for fermentation. Both of these waste materials reduce the unit cost of ethanol and demonstrate the value of such substances in ethanol systems.
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    Dried calcium alginate/magnetite spheres: A new support for chromatographic separations and enzyme immobilization (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 137-145 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dried spheres made from an alginate solution containing magnetite particles have excellent potential as a support for enzyme immobilization and chromatographic applications. The beads were found to be much stronger than gels such as polyacrylamide and dextran, indicating that high flow rates and pressures could be used in column separations. The support withstood not only temperatures of up to 120°C, but also most pH values and common solvents. While some solutions, such as phosphate buffers, dissolved the spheres, stabilization with Tyzor TE® eliminated this problem. The physical properties of the beads include a glasslike density of 2.2 g/mL, excellent sphericity, low porosity, and a narrow size distribution. The magnetite present in the support allows the beads to be used for magnetic separations such as high gradient magnetic filtration. Their high degree of microroughness provides a large exposed surface area for enzyme and ligand binding. Mixed Actinomyces fradiae proteases and Aspergillus niger α-amylase, two enzymes representative of classes which attack large substrates, were immobilized on the bead's surface with high activity and stability. A cyanuric dye which can be used in chromatographic applications (Cibacron Blue F3GA®) was also readily coupled to the surface of this support with good yield. The support should have a wide range of applications in bioseparation and immobilized biochemical technology.
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    A standard formula for the determination of the initial rate of hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 409-414 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The integrated rate equation of Huang, originally used to describe the hydrolysis of insoluble acid treated cellulose, is shown equally applicable in describing the hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) using a dilution series of Cellulomonas sp. ATCC 21399 crude cellulase as enzyme preparation. Interpretation of the progress curves of hydrolysis of CMC according to the integrated rate equation is used to calculate a standard formula for the conversion of the rate of hydrolysis into the initial velocity of hydrolysis. The validity of the standard formula is tested, using enzyme preparations from Cellulomonas grown under varied conditions, and enzyme preparations containing purified endoglucanases from Cellulomonas.
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    Studies on chemically aggregated pepsin using glutaraldehyde (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 415-419 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Porcine pepsin was immobilized by chemical aggregation using glutaraldehyde as a bifunctional crosslinking agent. The immobilzed pepsin followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km = 5.3 × 10-5 M) and the yield of immobilization was 91%. The activation energy of the immobilized preparation was 90,613 cal/mol as compared to 67,532 cal/mol for native pepsin. Using acid-denatured hemoglobin and N-acetyl phenyl-alanyl-3, 5-diiodotyrosine (APDT) as substrates, the activities shown by the immobilized pepsin were, respectively, 67 and 79% that of the soluble pepsin. The immobiized pepsin showed marked stabilization against pH, temperature, urea, and guanidine hydrochloride. The activity of the immobilized preparation in the presence of urea was greater when hemoglobin was used as the substrate than when APDT was used as substrate. Storage of the preparation under refrigerated conditions for 160 days showed 58% retention in enzyme activity. The immobilized pepsin can be removed from the reaction mixture volume easily, retaining nearly 100% of its activity even after being used in seven consecutive assays.
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    The response of a nitrogen-limited chemostat culture of Escherichia coli B/r to pH and dilution rate steps (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 439-446 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of four pH steps and one dilution rate step are described for an ammonia-nitrogen-limited continuous culture of Escherichia coli B/r. Two of the pH steps, 6.06-5.49 and 5.96-5.60, led to prolonged transients in both cell density and rate-limiting nutrient concentration. The other two pH steps, 6.20-5.96 and 5.60-6.20, had almost no effect on the culture. The dilution rate step led to a sharp transition in the steady-state external pyruvate concentration. Monitoring of the external pyruvate concentration for the pH 5.96-5.60 step revealed that the transient phase continued long after the cell density and rate-limiting nutrient concentration returned to steady-state values. The implications for industrial and laboratory fermentations are discussed.
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    Purification and immobilization of rabbit liver aldehyde oxidasePart 14 in “The use of enzymes in organic synthesis.” For part 13 see M. C. R. Franssen and H. C. van der Plas, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas., 103, 99 (1984). (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 447-455 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aldehyde oxidase (E.C. 1.2.3.1) was isolated from rabbit liver and two potential bioaffinity ligands, i.e., 3-aminocarbonyl-1-benzyl-6-methylpyridinium bromide and 3-aminocarbonyl-1-benzyl-4,6-dimethylpyridinium chloride, were tested for their applicability in a purification procedure for this enzyme. Various supports and different coupling methods were investigated for the immobilization of aldehyde oxidase. Adsorption to n-hexyl- and n-octylamine-substituted Sepharose 4B and DEAE Sepharose 6B gave the best retention of aldehyde oxidase activity. The storage stability of free enzyme and enzyme immobilized to n-octylamine-substituted Sepharose 4B was studied in several buffers at pH 7.8 and 9.0. This showed that the stability of immobilized enzyme was much less than that of free enzyme. The apparent operational stability of the immobilized enzyme preparation, however, improved substantially compared to soluble enzyme, although the corresponding product yield is still very poor. Coimmobilization of catalase and/or superoxide dismutase provided no significant increase of the apparent operational stability and product yield. A positive effect on both parameters was found for aldehyde oxidase-n-alkylamine Sepharose 4B preparations by increasing the amount of enzyme adsorbed per unit weight of support, whereas the productivity of these preparations remained about constant.
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    Kinetics of cellobiose hydrolysis using cellobiase composites from Ttrichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 463-470 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose involves the formation of cellobiose as an intermediate. It has been found necessary1 to add cellobiase from Aspergillus niger (NOVO) to the cellobiase component of Trichoderma reesei mutant Rut C-30 (Natick) cellulase enzymes in order to obtain after 48 h complete conversion of the cellobiose formed in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass. This study of the cellobiase activity of these two enzyme sources was undertaken as a first step in the formation of a kinetic model for cellulose hydrolysis that can be used in process design. In order to cover the full range of cellobiose concentrations, it was necessary to develop separate kinetic parameters for high- and low-concentration ranges of cellobiose for the enzymes from each organism. Competitive glucose inhibition was observed with the enzymes from both organisms. Substrate inhibition was observed only with the A. niger enzymes.
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    Oxygen transfer in liquids (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 503-508 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the laboratory-type airlift tower reactor oxygen transfer from air in tap water and/or polyacrylamide solutions (Neuperm WF) was studied. In order to characterize the system, volumetric coefficient of oxygen transfer was determined by the gassing-out method. Two arrangements of the airlift tower reactor were compared, namely the reactor with and without motionless mixer. In addition, mean relative gas holdup and gas power output were determined for both arrangements.
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    Performance of hydrophobic chromatography in purification of α-amylase (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 514-518 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hydrophobic ligands were introduced onto agarose beads, and the adsorption capacity of the beads was measured. The adsorption capacity increased with increase in the carbon number of the ligand, ionic strength of the buffer solution, and temperature. Crude α-amylase was purified with these hydrophobic adsorbents and the breakthrough and elution curves were estimated based on the mass transfer theory. Under strongly hydrophobic conditions, impurities contained in crude feeds and the lack of uniformity of packing caused by aggregation of beads affected adsorption and elution behaviors.
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    Chemical and enzymic pretreatment of corn stover to produce soluble fermentation substrates (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 362-368 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Corn stover was pretreated with various chemical agents, including sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, ethylenediamine, n-butylamine (either alone or in solution with methanol), and acetonitrile or ethanol containing hydrochloric acid. Of these chemicals, n-butylamine was the best reagent for pretreatment of corn stover, considering the degree of loss of total carbohydrate, delignification, cumulative weight loss, cumulative yield of reducing sugars per original total carbohydrate, and the potential ease of recovery and reuse of reagent. In comparison to the other reagents tested, n-butylamine (n-BA) selectively delignified corn stover. The best conditions were as follows: a 12-h presoak of about a 155 g dry wt/L slurry (1 mm average particle size) in 100% n-BA at room temperature, followed by 30 min of refluxing (86.5°C) with 40% (w/w) n-BA-distilled water solution. The cumulative yield of reducing sugars after enzymic hydrolysis was 44.5% of the original total carbohydrate and the cumulative total weight loss (dry basis) was 59%. Degradative loss of total carbohydrate during pretreatment was not detected.
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    Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose: Effect of ethanol on enzymatic saccharification of cellulose (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 389-397 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It was confirmed that simultaneous saccharification and fermentation are effective for accelerating enzymatic saccharification of cellulose. In this work, the effects of ethanol on the saccharification of tissue paper by Trichoderma cellulase (Meicelase CEPB) have been investigated. The following results were obtained. (1) Saccharification was inhibited by at least 0.2M ethanol. (2) Less than 4M ethanol did not affect the enzymatic activities of β-glucosidase and endoglucanase (Cx) at all. The thermal stability of endoglucanase was not also varied by ethanol. (3) It is suggested that ethanol depresses the adsorption of exoglucanase on cellulose. (4) The rate expression of saccharification of cellulose in the presense of ethanol is proposed. (5) The inhibititory effect of ethanol was found to become more significant in the later stages of the reaction than just the initial stage.
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    Immobilization of a soluble chemically thermostabilized enzyme (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 572-578 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellobiase was coupled to a dialdehyde dextran by reductive alkylation in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride. The resulting conjugate, obtained without loss of enzymic activity, presents properties of thermoresistance largely superior to those of native enzyme: the rate of inactivation is reduced compared to that of native enzyme and its optimal temperature of activity is 70-75°C instead of 65°C. Finally the conjugate presents increased longevity when subjected to experiments of operational stability; its hydrolytic activity is maintained at 60°C in a 10% (w/v) cellobiose solution for more than 100 h whereas the native enzyme is inactivated after 45 h. The cellobiase-dextran conjugate was immobilized by covalent coupling on aminated silica by reductive alkylation in the presence of NaBH3CN. The characteristics of thermoresistance of this stabilized and immobilized conjugate were studied and compared to those of a preparation of native cellobiase immobilized on a silica support activated with glutaraldehyde. Analysis of the thermoresistance of these two cellobiase preparations clearly shows that immobilization has maintained and even enhanced their properties. In particular, the operational stability, measured at 68°C on 10% (w/v) cellobiose shows an increased longevity of the stabilized and immobilized enzyme for 120 h compared to 60 h for the native immobilized enzyme. Two successive incubations of these cellobiase derivatives show that it is possible to obtain 2.5 times more glucose with the stabilized-immobilized enzyme than with the immobilized preparation. The procedure described above enables us to prepare a thermostabilized immobilized cellobiase.
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    A mechanistic analysis of the inoculum requirement for the cultivation of mammalian cells on microcarriers (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 585-595 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the cultivation of mammalian cells on microcarriers a minimum inoculum concentration is required to initiate cell attachment and subsequent cell growth. A critical cell number model has been proposed to elucidate the mechanism of the inoculum requirement. In this model it was hypothesized that after inoculation a critical number of cells per microcarrier is required for normal growth to occur; failure to acquire enough cells will impede cell growth. This critical cell number model was expressed mathematically and used to simulate cell distribution and growth on microcarriers under different cultivation conditions. By comparing the simulated growth kinetics with the experimental results, the actual critical cell number per microcarrier was identified. The critical number could be reduced by employing an improved medium for the cultivation.
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    Malic acid production by an electrochemical reduction system combined with the use of diaphorase and methylviologen (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 596-602 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A regenerating reaction combined with the use of native malate dehydrogenase, native diaphorase, methylviologen, NAD, oxalacetic acid as the substrate and lipoamide as a stabilizer was carried out in the presence of electrolysis. Consequently, malic acid was efficiently produced from oxalacetic acid in the regenerating reaction. A glassy carbon bead electrode was used as a cathode. Twenty four milliamperes were passed at a rotation speed of 500 rpm, 29.8 ± 0.3°C and -1.0 V. It was found that lipoamide has a stabilizing effect on malate dehydrogenase and diaphorase. Low concentration (50 μM) of NAD was also effective for the stabilization of malate dehydrogenase. NADH regeneration activity based on malic acid production rate was 4.7 U/mg of the enzyme protein of the commercial diaphorase preparation. The current efficiency was more than 74%, compared with the theoretical yield, in the presence of enough oxalacetic acid.
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    Use of cell affinity chromatography for separation of lymphocyte subpopulations (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 603-612 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We describe the use of affinity chromatography for separation of cell populations that do not differ significantly with respect to gross physical properties such as size, density, or charge. Cell affinity chromatography exploits differences in cell surface macromolecules by passage of mixtures of cell populations through a column containing beads to which are attached chemical ligands with specific binding affinity for particular cell surface receptors. In this article we focus on the application of this concept to separation of mature T lymphocytes from peripheral blood. This serves as a model for the separation of these cells from bone marrow in order to prevent graft-vs.-host disease in bone marrow transplantation. However, the concept of cell affinity chromatography should find more general widespread utility in a variety of biotechnological applications. Thus, we introduce a simple theoretical framework which is necessary in order to understand the results that might be expected in any given situation. Finally, we use this theory to provide a tentative explanation for experimental observation of the effects of temperature and flowrate on the degree of separation achieved for our current pplication.
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    Continuous production of ethanol from fructose by immobilized growing cells of Zymomonas mobilis (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 613-620 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized growing cells of Zymomonas mobilis were found to ferment rapidly and efficiently media containing 100 g/L fructose in a continuous reactor. A volumetric ethanol productivity of 94.8 g/L h was achieved at a substrate conversion of 75.5%. With 97% conversion of substrate the productivity was 28.4 g/L h. At fructose concentrations of 150 and 200 g/L substrate and product inhibitions limited the performance of the reactor. Ethanol production was constant over a period of 55 days.
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    Covalent coupling of microorganisms to a cellulosic support (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 632-637 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for the covalent coupling of microorganisms to a solid support were investigated. Both bacteria and yeast were attached to cellulose particles using cyanuric chloride as the coupling agent, although different experimental procedures were needed for the two types of microbes. This general technique for whole-cell immobilization offers an advantage over entrapment methods in that the cells are attached to the outer surface of the solid, thus eliminating the resistance of a gel to the transfer of nutrients and products. There are also indications that such immobilized cells show high productivities.
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    Biodegradation: Its measurement and microbiological basis (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 660-674 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Filament formation and ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis in adsorbed cell bioreactors (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 626-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zymomonas mobilis immobilized on microporous ion exchange resins has previously been shown to allow the attainment of high ethanol productivities in packed-bed bioreactors. The formation of bacterial filaments after several days of continuous operation, however, had resulted in excessive pressure increases across the reactor bed. The present work examines techniques for controlling filament formation by Z. mobilis in two reactor sizes (161 mL and 7.85 L) and a feed glucose concentration of 100 g/L. By controlling the fermentation temperature at 20-25°C it has been possible to eliminate filament formation by Z. mobilis and to operate the larger bioreactor for 232 h with an ethanol productivity of 50 g/L h (based on total reactor volume). The rate of ethanol production has been shown to be very sensitive to temperature in the range 20-30°C, and it is likely that slightly higher temperatures than those used in this study will improve ethanol productivity while still permitting long-term operation.
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    Calculation of mean cell residence time for unsteady-state activated sludge systems (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 695-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A formulation to calculate the mean cell residence time (MCRT or sludge age) of unsteady-state activated sludge systems is presented. The formulation was studied by applying it to data generated by computer simulation and to data obtained from an actual wastewater treatment plant. The computer simulation study allowed the effects of step and pulse changes in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) loading, and step changes in a control variable, waste sludge flow rate, to be studied independently of each other and of other disturbances. The unsteady-state MCRT formulation (herein called the dynamic sludge age, or DSA) was found to be an improvement over the traditional steady-state calculation, both for process control, and for research into activated sludge dynamics.
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    Scale-down and optimization studies of the gluconic acid fermentation by Gluconobacter oxydans (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 711-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To simulate production-scale conditions of gluconic acid fermentation by Gluconobacter oxydans, different experimental setups are presented in this study. From the determination of the time constants of a production-scale reactor, it can be concluded that mixing and oxygen transfer are the rate-limiting mechanisms. This results in oxygen concentration gradients which were simulated in a one-compartment reactor in which the oxygen concentration was fluctuated by a fluctuated gassing with air and nitrogen. It could be concluded that only very long periods of absence of oxygen (ca. 180 s) results in lower specific oxygen uptake rates by Gluconobacter oxydans. From scale-down studies carried out in a two-compartment system to simulate a production-scale reactor more accurately, it could be concluded that not only the residence time in the aerated part of the system is important, but the liquid flow in between the different parts of the reactor is also an essential parameter. It could also be concluded that the microorganisms are not influenced negatively by the fluctuated oxygen concentrations with respect to their maximal oxidation capacity. The two-compartment system can also be used for optimization experiments in which the “aerated” compartment was gassed with pure oxygen. From these experiments it was concluded that also a short residence of the cells at high oxygen concentrations diminished the growth and product formation rates. These experiments show the necessity of the scale-down experiments if optimization is carried out. The two-compartment system presented in this study is a very attractive tool for reliable scale-down experiments.
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    On-line estimation of mycelial cell mass concentrations with a computer-interfaced filtration probe (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 729-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article deals with the design and operation of a filtration probe for estimating cell concentrations in fermentations involving mycelial organisms such as Penicillium chrysogenum. This device, a much improved version of one developed previously, is placed directly into the fermentor and measures the filtration properties of the fermentation broth, which are correlated to the cell concentration. The probe is connected to a computer system which enables on-line estimation of the cell concentration. Fiber-optic light guides are used in combination with a pair of light sources and receivers to detect the relative position of the filter-cake-fermentation-broth interface. The lower sensor in the filtration tube enables reliable estimation of cell mass upto about 20 g/L (dry wt), while the upper sensor yields useful measurement of the filtration properties upto a concentration of about 40 g/L (dry wt) and appears to have the potential to go even higher. Major advantages of this probe system are the ease of measurement and the on-line ability to measure very frequently, due to its nondestructive mode of operation. Thus, the probe obviates the need for manual sampling and reduces the risk of contaminating the culture. But, more significantly, it enables one to implement on-line schemes including feedback control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270523
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    Improved performance with multiple fermentors for repeated batch cultivation for non-growth-associated products (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 743-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on batch cultivation data for the production of L-glutamic acid from glucose, a comparative evaluation was made for repeated batch cultivations using one and more fermentors. The problem was formulated as maximizing the productivity of metabolic product with the specified conversion with respect to the cell age and the volume fraction used as seed for the subsequent repeated batch cultivation. Simulations were carried out with the assumption of no lag in product formation for the cases where the total operation time was specified as 200 h with reproducible batch cultivation cycles. The product production was assumed to be solely a function of product concentration. The computation results show the advantage of using more than one fermentor from the viewpoints of productivity and conversion, which will apply in general to non-growth-associated product production with delay time. In particular, three fermentors are recommended for the production of L-glutamic acid chosen as an example in this article.
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    Continuous alcohol fermentation in an immobilized cell rotating disk reactor (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 761-768 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The increasing interest in alcohol fermentation over these last years because of the energy crisis has been demonstrated by an increase in scientific research. After a brief analysis of the main results of the literature in the field of alcohol fermentation reactors, the use of a new type of immobilized cell reactor [the rotating biological surface (RBS) reactor] was studied. As is well known, the RBS reactor is a form of fixed-film reactor and can be described as a dynamic trickling filter. Our experimental apparatus employed a spongy material to trap the yeast cells on the disks. The results of fermentations carried out in the RBS reactor working in batch, in continuous with cell support, and in continuous without cell support have been presented in order to compare the different productivities and to assess the performance of the RBS immobilized cell reactor. An ethanol productivity of 7.1 g/L h was achieved in the RBS-ICR at a dilution rate of 0.3 h-1, 2.5 times higher than the maximum productivity obtained in the RBS reactor without support at a lower dilution rate. The adoption of a spongy material as a cell immobilizer, combined with the use of the RBS reactor, enhances the particular advantages of both systems.
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    Kinetics of chitinase production. I. Chitin hydrolysis (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 769-775 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As part of the development of a comprehensive mathematical model for chitinase production by Serratia marcescens QMB 1466 growing on chitin, the different mass transport and kinetic steps involved during chitin hydrolysis were studied. The experimental results for the hydrolysis of chitin by a crude preparation of chitinase show a system kinetically limited by the overall rate of chitin hydrolysis. This rate is linearly related to the concentration of enzyme adsorbed on the chitin particle. Adsorbed and bulk enzyme concentration were found to be related through a Langmuir type of isotherm.
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    Estimation of available efficiency of microbial growth on methanol and ethanol (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 792-799 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The balances of reductivity and high-energy bonds (HEB) during microbial growth on glucose (a standard substrate), methanol, and ethanol are reported. Also, numerical values for the quantities of HEB formation in the respiratory metabolism, HEB consumption in the constructive metabolism, as well as in a number of the other intracellular processes are evaluated. Estimations of maximum cell yields by mass and energy are made during growth on methanol and ethanol with regard to peculiar features of different microbe metabolism.
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    Performance of an upflow anaerobic reactor combining a sludge blanket and a filter treating sugar waste (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 800-806 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new hybrid reactor, the upflow blanket filter (UBF), which combined on open volume in the bottom two-thirds of the reactor for a sludge blanket and submerged plastic rings (Flexiring, Koch Inc., 235 m2/m3) in the upper one-third of the reactor volume, was studied. This UBF reactor was operated at 27°C at loading rates varying from 5 to 51 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L d with soluble sugar wastewater (2500 mg COD/L). Maximum removal rates of 34 g COD/L d and CH4 production rates of 7 vol/vol d [standard temperature and pressure (STP)] were obtained. The biomass activity was about 1.2 g COD/g volatile suspended solids per day. Conversion (based on effluent soluble COD) was over 93% with loading rates up to 26 g COD/L d. At higher loading rates conversion decreased rapidly. The packing was very efficient in retaining biomass.
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    Optimization of the activity in porous media of proton-generating immobilized enzymatic reactions by weak acid facilitation (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 807-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In addition to the role of maintaining the pH, buffers can also facilitate the transport of H+ ions in acid-generating systems. The role of this facilitation in proton transport in porous pellets on acid-generating immobilized enzymic reactions is examined. The activity in these systems can be maximized by a proper control of facilitation, which involves the determination of the appropriate variables out of (1) the concentration of the weak acid, (2) the pH of the medium, (3) the bulk substrate concentration, and (4) the type of weak acid. Since the intrinsic activity (IA) of the immobilized enzyme is such that it exhibits an optimum with respect to the pH, a partial (optimal) removal of diffusional limitation by facilitation maximizes the activity when the bulk pH is larger than this optimum pH. A complete removal of diffusional limitations, however, maximizes the activity when the bulk pH is less than or equal to the above optimum pH. The control of the diffusional resistance can be achieved by controlling the extent of facilitation, hence by adjusting the parameters mentioned above. Computations have been carried out to examine the effect of each of these parameters on the activity of the immobilized enzyme. It is found that when the bulk pH is less than or equal to the optimum pH of the intrinsic activity of the immobilized enzyme, there exists a lower limit on the amount of weak acid required to maximize the activity. However, an optimum amount of weak acid is required to maximize the activity when the bulk pH is higher than that optimum pH. For a given activity the amount of weak acid is minimal if the pK of the weak acid is close to the bulk pH. The effect of coupling between the proton and substrate transport on activity control is also examined and the effect of geometry on activity is evaluated for spherical, cylindrical, and flat-plate configurations.
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    Kinetic characterization of the extracellular xylanases of Thermomonospora sp. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 832-836 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study deals with characterizing the extracellular xylanases produced by a strain of the thermophilic bacterial genus Thermomonospora. Supernatant from centrifuged fermentation broth was used as a crude enzyme preparation. From pH 5.5 to pH 7.7 the temperature optimum based on a 10-min assay of activity was 80°C. The crude enzyme had a half-life of approximately 1 month when stored at 55°C at pH 6.5. The enzyme produced a mixture of xylose oligomers from xylan, with xylobiose occuring in greatest quantity on a molar basis. Only trace quantities of xylose were produced by this hydrolysis.
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    Agitation and pressure effects on acetone-butanol fermentation (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 852-860 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Batch fermentations were run at varying agitation rates and were either pressurized to 1 bar (15.2 psig) or nonpressurized. Agitation and pressure both affect the level of dissolved hydrogen gas in the media, which in turn influences solvent production. In nonpressurized fermentations volumetric productivity of butanol increased as the agitation rate decreased. While agitation had no significant effect on butanol productivity under pressurized conditions, overall butanol productivity was increased over that obtained in the nonpressurized runs. Maximum butyric acid productivity, however, was found to occur earlier and increased as agitation increased. Peak hydrogen productivity occurred simultaneously with peak butyric acid productivity. The proporation of reducing equivalents used in forming the above products was determined using a redox balance based on the fermentation stoichiometry. An inverse relationship between the final concentrations of acetone and acetoin was found in all fermentations studied. The results show that agitation and pressure are important parameters for solvent productivity in acetone-butanol fermentation.
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    Fundamental studies of glucose oxidase immobilization on controlled pore glass (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 842-851 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilization experiments have been performed with glucose oxidase as enzyme and controlled-pore glass of different pore sizes as support for chemical coupling. The experimental results have been analyzed for comparison with the theoretical model predictions. Analysis of the initial stage of the process gives the fundamental characteristic of the immobilization reaction. These investigations allow us to study the influence of the degree of diffusional restriction on the evolution of the immobilization process and spatial distribution of immobilized enzyme. Nonuniformly distributed concentrations have been achieved within the porous matrix, and suggestions have been made in designing such profiles by choosing appropriate experimental parameters.
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    A new technique for the production of immobilized biocatalyst in large quantities (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 870-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new technique is presented for the production of immobilized biocatalysts in large quantities. It consists of breaking up a jet of the biocatalyst/presupport mixture in uniform droplets by means of a resonance technique. Entrapment of yeast and plant cells in calcium alginate has been used as the model. The production capacity of the nozzles used (0.5, 0.8, and 1.1 mm exit diameters) is two orders of magnitude larger than the production capacity of the conventional techniques (maximum capacity with a 1.1-mm nozzle diameter is 24 L/h). Depending on frequency, nozzle diameter, and volumetric flow rate, the bead size varies between 1 and 2 mm, with standard deviations of 3-5% for yeast immobilization and 10-15% for plant cells. The deactivation of both yeast and plant cells is small and comparable to that found in the corresponding conventional procedures.
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    Release of intracellularly stored 5′-phosphodiesterase with preserved plant cell viability (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 890-892 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270621
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    Biogas production in batch and semicontinuous digesters using water hyacinth (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 905-908 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270625
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    Comparison between immobilized Kluyveromyces fragilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae coimmobilized with β-galactosidase, with respect to continuous ethanol production from concentrated whey permeate (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 914-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kluyveromyces fragilis immobilized in calcium alginate gel was compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae coimmobilized with β-galactosidase, for continuous ethanol production from whey permeate in packed-bed-type columns. Four different whey concentrations were studied, equivalent to 4.5, 10, 15, and 20% lactose, respectively. In all cases the coimmobilized preparation produced more ethanol than K. fragilis. The study went on for more than 5 weeks. K. fragilis showed a decline in activity after 20 days, while the coimmobilized preparation was stableduring the entrire investigation. Under experimental conditions theoretical yields of ethanol were obtained from 4.5 and 10% lactose substrates with the coimmobilized system. Using 15% lactose substrate, theoretical yields were only obtained when a galactose-adapted immobilized S. cerevisiae column was run in series with the coimmobilized column. Then a maximum of 71 g/L ethanol was produced with a productivity of 2.5 g/L h. The coimmobilized column alone gave a maximum ethanol concentration of 52 g/L with a productivity of 4.5 g/L h, whereas immobolized K. fragilis only produced 13 g/L ethanol with a productivity of 1.1 g/L h. It was not possible to obtain theoretical yields of ethanol from the highest substrate concentration.
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    Reaction kinetics of cephalexin synthesizing enzyme from Xanthomonas citri (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 953-960 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In enzymatic synthesis of cephalexin from D-α-phenylglycine methyl ester (PGM) and 7-amino-3-deacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) using α-acylamino-β-lactam acylhydrolase from Xanthomonas citri, it was found that this enzyme catalyzes all three reactions including PGM hydrolysis, cephalexin synthesis, and cephalexin hydrolysis. Based on our experimental results, a mechanistic kinetic model for cephalexin synthesizing enzyme system having acyl-enzyme intermediate was proposed. From this kinetic model, the reaction rate equations for three reactions were derived, and the kinetic parameters were evaluated. A good agreement between the simulation results and the experimental results was found.
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    The β-xylosidase of Thermomonospora (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 909-913 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study is concerned with characterizing cell-bound inducible β-xylosidase produced by a strain of the thermophilic bacterial genus Thermomonospora. A crude preparation of this enzyme recovered from sonicated cells of this organism displayed high activity against paranitrophenyl-β-xylopyranoside over a pH range of 5.5-7.7. The temperature optimum, based on a 30-min assay of activity, at pH 6.5 was 70°C. The crude enzyme had a thermal half-life of approximately 1 week at 55°C and pH 6.5. Xylose inhibited the enzyme. Values of Km and Vmax are estimated from the reaction rate data as 0.82 mM and 8 U/L, respectively.
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270701
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    Liquid level control in an aerated continous-flow fermentor (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 917-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An electronic liquid level control system was developed to maintain constant working volume in a continuously fed and aerated fermentor from which spent medium was continously withdrawn by microfiltration in an external recycle loop. The level control system was comprised of an admittance sensor in the fermentor and an external transmitter and controller, which together regulated the speed of a recycle pump and thus the rate of liquid withdrawal from the fermentor. During test bacterial culture the liquid level was maintained usually within ± 1% and always within ± 5%. The control system could be applied to various other types and scales of continuous-flow fermentors.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270628
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Mathematical simulation of a biofilm process (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 921-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model has been developed for a fixed-film biological process (film flow over a flat plate) that describes bulk liquid transport, diffusional transport of oxygen and organics across a stagnant film, diffusional transport of oxygen and organics into the biofilm, biochemical reactions by the individual cells within the biofilm, biofilm growth, and cell density changes within the biofilm due to cellular decay. Simulation studies are presented to show how contact time and diffusion layer thickness affect process performance.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270702
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A direct fuel cell for the production of electricity from lignin (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 972-979 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This report describes the use of an anthraquinone mediated fuel cell for the direct production of electrical energy from sulfonated lignin and Kraft Black Liquor. The cell produces the equivalent of 1 kWh for each 2-3 lb sulfonated lignin and 5-8 lb black liquor combustibles. In the case of the sulfonated lignin, chain session occurs during the oxidation process, reducing the molecular weight from ca. 2 × 104 to less than 1000 D.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270707
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mathematical modelling of growth and substrate conversion of Zymomonas mobilis at 30 and 35°C (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 984-995 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zymomonas mobilis was grown in continuous cultures at 30 and 35°C. The specific substrate consumption rates at 35°C were higher than those at 30°C. An unstructured mathematical model based on the linear equation for substrate consumption provided a statistically adequate description for cultures grown at 35°C but not for cultures grown at 30°C. A structured two-compartment model described growth and substrate consumption well at both temperatures. Some theoretical and practical aspects of the two-compartment model are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270709
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microcalorimetric study of cellulose degradation by Cellulomonas uda ATCC 21399 (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1005-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A newly designed batch calorimeter was used to investigate the degradability of some celluloses having varying degrees of crystallinity. The PTC of an aerobic culture of Cellulomonas uda ATCC 21399 obtained revealed a diauxic growth which is attributed to the presence of hemicellulose contaminating Avicel and MN300 cellulose. The microcrystalline celluloses used were not completely utilized, whereas amorphous cellulose was easily metabolized, indicating that under the growth conditions used here, the physical structure of cellulose strongly influenced its microbial degradability. An equivalent growth yield of ca. 0.44 g/g was found with all the substrates used. The heat evolved by metabolism of 1 g cellulose was -5.86 kJ/g, a value similar to that obtained with glucose culture. The growth rate was the only variable parameter. The data obtained showed as expected that the hydrolysis product of cellulose was consumed in the same way as that of glucose and that the only limiting factor to the biodegradability of cellulose was the breakdown of the polymeric substrate. It is concluded that data obtained with glucose metabolism can be used to evaluate the extent of cellulose degradation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270711
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